Advance

linear
Completed by:Shubham Agrawal.k.
control
system
assignment
no 1
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

Q1.For given set of vectors below find the basis of space span by the vector given in set.

Q2.Find th dimension of space span by vector given in set.

1)v1=[1;0] v2=[1;1]

SOLUTION:

Analytically :

Basis is a set of independent vector.To find basis we consider matrix of given vector

1 1
V=[ ]
0 1
1 0
V = (R2-R1) [ ]
0 1
From the above,

1) No of independent coloum vectors are 2

2) Rank of matrix=2

So basis of space span by given set of vector is as follows:

1 1
Basis = {[ ] , [ ]}
0 1
Dimension of space span by given vector=rank of matrix form by given vector=2

Matlab solution:

v2 = [1;0]; b =2
v1 = [1;1]; m=
v = [v1 v2];
b = rank(v) 1 0
m = rref(v) 0 1

2) v1=[1;0] v2=[0;1] v3=[1;1]

SOLUTION:

Analytically :

Basis is a set of independent vector.To find basis we consider matrix of given vector

2
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 0 1
V=[ ]
0 1 1
From the above,

1) no of independent coloum vectors are 2

2) Rank of matrix=2

So basis of space span by given set of vector is as follows:

1 0 1
Basis = {[ ] , [ ] , [ ]}
0 1 1
Dimension of space span by given vector=rank of matrix form by given vector=3

Matlab solution:

v2 = [1;0];
v1 = [0;1]; b=
v3 = [1;1]; 2
v = [v1 v2 v3]; m=
b = rank(v) 1 0 1
m = rref(v) 0 1 1

3) v1=[1;2;1] v2=[1;0;2] v3=[5;6;7]

SOLUTION:

Analytically :

Basis is a set of independent vector.To find basis we consider matrix of given vector

1 1 5
V = [2 0 6 ]
1 2 7
1 0 3
V = (exchanging R1,R2 and then R1/2)[1 1 5]
1 2 7
1 0 3
V = (𝑅3 − 𝑅1, 𝑅2 − 𝑅1) [0 1 2]
0 2 4

3
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 0 3
V = (R3-2*R2)[0 1 2]
0 0 0
From the above,

1) no of independent coloum vectors are 2

2) Rank of matrix=2

So basis of space span by given set of vector is as follows:

1 1
Basis = {[2] , [0]}
1 2
Dimension of space span by given vector=rank of matrix form by given vector=3

Matlab solution: ans =

v=[1 2 1;1 0 2;5 6 7 ]; 1 0 3

rank(v)=2 0 1 2

rref(v) 0 0 0

4) v1=[1;2;3] v2=[2;1;0] v3=[1;5;9]

SOLUTION:

Analytically :

Basis is a set of independent vector.To find basis we consider matrix of given vector

1 2 1
V = [2 1 5 ]
3 0 9
1 0 3
V = (R3/3,exchanging R1 and R3) [2 1 5]
1 2 1

1 0 3
V = (R2-2*R1,R3-R1) [0 1 −1]
0 2 −2
1 0 3
V = (R3/2,R3-R1) [0 1 −1]
0 0 0

4
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

From the above,

3) no of independent coloum vectors are 2

4) Rank of matrix=3

So basis of space span by given set of vector is as follows:

1 2
Basis = {[2] , [1]}
3 0
Dimension of space span by given vectors=rank of matrix form by given vector=2

Matlab solution: ans = 1 0 3

v=[1 2 1;2 1 0;1 5 9]; 0 1 -1

rank(v)=2 0 0 0

rref(v)

Q3.find inner product & tensor product considering any two vectors in set.

1)v1=[1;0] v2=[1:1]

SOLUTION:

Inner product:it is also called as dot product.

Inner product can be given as 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =uT*v

Let

u=[1;0] v=[1;1]

1
inner product=[1 0] [ ]=1*1+0*1=1
1
inner product= uT*v =1

tensor product:it is also called as cross product.

tensor product can be given as 𝑢 ⊗ 𝑣 =u*vT

1
tensor product=[ ] [1 1]=1*1+0*1=1
0
5
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

Matlab solution:

u=[1;0];

v=[1;1]; u *v'

u' *v ans =

ans =1 1

2) v1=[1;0] v2=[0;1] v3=[1;1]

SOLUTION:

Inner product:it is also called as dot product.

Inner product can be given as 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =uT*v

Let

u=[1;0] v=[1;1]

1
inner product=[1 0] [ ]=1*1+0*1=1
1
inner product= uT*v =1

tensor product:it is also called as cross product.

tensor product can be given as 𝑢 ⊗ 𝑣 =u*vT

1
tensor product=[ ] [1 1]=1*1+0*1=1
0
Matlab solution:

u=[1;0];

v=[1;1]; u *v'

u' *v ans =

ans =1 1

6
3) v1=[1;2;1] v2=[1;0;2] v3=[5;6;7]

SOLUTION:

Inner product:it is also called as dot product.

Inner product can be given as 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =uT*v

Let

u=[1;2;1] v=[1;0;2]

1
inner product=[1 2 1] [0]= 1*1+2*0+1*2=3
2
inner peoduct=𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =3

tensor product:it is also called as cross product.

tensor product can be given as 𝑢 ⊗ 𝑣 =u*vT

1 1 0 2
tensor product=[2] [1 0 2]=[2 0 4]
1 1 0 2

Matlab solution:

u=[1;2;1] ;

v=[1;0;2]; u*v'

u'*v ans =

ans =3 1 0 2
2 0 4
1 0 2

4) v1=[1;2;3] v2=[2;1;0] v3=[1;5;9]

SOLUTION:

Inner product:it is also called as dot product.

Inner product can be given as 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =uT*v

Advance linear control system assignment no 1

Let

u=[1;2;3] v=[2;1;0]

2
inner product = [1 2 3] [1]=1*2+2*1 = 4
0
inner product=𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 =4

tensor product:it is also called as cross product.

tensor product can be given as 𝑢 ⊗ 𝑣 =u*vT

1 2 1 0
tensor product=[2] [2 1 0]=[4 2 0]
3 6 3 0

Matlab solution:

u=[1;2;3]; 2 1 0
u*v'=4 2 0
v=[2;1;0]; 6 3 0

u'*v

ans = 4

Q.4 find one norm,two norm,infinity norm for each of the vectorys given below.

1)v1=[1;0] v2=[1;1]

SOLUTION:

8
 n
a)Norm 1 norm1  x
i 1
i

Analytically : ‖𝑣1‖1 = 1
Matlab solution:
‖𝑣2‖1 = 2
norm(v1,1)

ans=

norm(v2,1)

ans= 2

n 2

b)Norm 2 norm 2  x i 1
i

Analytically : Matlab solution:

‖𝑣1‖2 = √1 + 0 = 1 norm(v1,2)

‖𝑣2‖2 = √1 + 1 = 1.41 ans =1

norm(v2,2)

ans =1.41

c) norm infinity norm infinity=maximum of |𝑥𝑖 |

Analytically :

‖𝑣1‖∞ = 1 Matlab solution:

‖𝑣2‖∞ = 1 norm(v1,inf)

ans =1

norm(v2,inf)

ans =1
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

2) v1=[1;0] v2=[0;1] v3=[1;1]

n
a)Norm 1 norm1  x
i 1
i

Analytically : norm(v1,1)
‖𝑣1‖1 = 1 ans= 1
‖𝑣2‖1 = 1 norm(v2,1)
‖𝑣3‖1 = 2 ans= 1

norm(v3,1)

ans= 2
Matlab solution:

n 2

b)Norm 2 norm 2  x
i 1
i

Analytically : norm(v1,2)

‖𝑣1‖2 = √0 + 1 = 1 ans 1

‖𝑣2‖2 = √0 + 1 = 1 norm(v2,2)

‖𝑣3‖2 = √1 + 1 = 1.41 ans =1

norm(v3,2)

ans =1.41
Matlab solution:

c) norm infinity norm infinity=maximum of |𝑥𝑖 |

Analytically : ‖𝑣3‖∞ = 1

‖𝑣1‖∞ = 1

‖𝑣2‖∞ = 1

10
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

Matlab solution: ans =1

norm(v1,inf) norm(v3,inf)

ans =1 ans=1

norm(v2,inf)

3) v1=[1;2;1] v2=[1;0;2] v3=[5;6;7]

n
a)Norm 1 norm1  x
i 1
i

Analytically : norm(v1,1)
‖𝑣1‖1 = 4 ans= 4
‖𝑣2‖1 = 3 norm(v2,1)
‖𝑣3‖1 = 18 ans= 3

norm(v3,1)

ans=18 18
Matlab solution:

n 2

b)Norm 2 norm 2  x
i 1
i

Analytically : norm(v1,2)

‖𝑣1‖2 = √1 + 1 + 4 = 2.44 ans =2.44

‖𝑣2‖2 = √1 + 4 = 2.23 norm(v2,2)

‖𝑣3‖2 = √25 + 36 + 49 = 10.48 ans =2.23

norm(v3,2)

ans=10.48
Matlab solution:

11
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

c) norm infinity norm infinity=maximum of |𝑥𝑖 |

Analytically : norm(v1,inf)
‖𝑣1‖∞ = 2 ans =2
‖𝑣2‖∞ = 2 norm(v2,inf)
‖𝑣3‖∞ = 7 ans =2

norm(v3,inf)

ans=7
Matlab solution:

4) v1=[1;2;3] v2=[2;1;0] v3=[1;5;9]

n
a)Norm 1 norm1  x
i 1
i

Analytically : norm(v1,1)
‖𝑣1‖1 = 6 ans= 6
‖𝑣2‖1 = 3 norm(v2,1)
‖𝑣3‖1 = 15 ans= 3

norm(v3,1)

ans=15
Matlab solution:

n 2

b)Norm 2 norm 2  x
i 1
i

12
Analytically : norm(v1,2)

‖𝑣1‖2 = √1 + 4 + 9 = 3.74 ans =3.74

‖𝑣2‖2 = √1 + 4 = 2.23 norm(v2,2)

‖𝑣3‖2 = √1 + 25 + 81 = 10.34 ans =2.23

norm(v3,2)

ans=10.34
Matlab solution:

c) norm infinity norm infinity=maximum of |𝑥𝑖 |

Analytically : norm(v1,inf)
‖𝑣1‖∞ = 3 ans =3
‖𝑣2‖∞ = 2 norm(v2,inf)
‖𝑣3‖∞ = 9 ans =2

norm(v3,inf)

ans=9
Matlab solution:

Q5. For the given matricies ,find the basis & dimension of all subspaces.

Q6.find the rank & nullity.

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
1) A=[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏]
−𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟑
Basis=set of independent coloum of matrix A

To find basis we will convert it in echlon form

−2 −4 −3
A = (interchanging R1 and R3) [ 0 0 1]
0 1 0
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

−2 −4 −3
A = (interchanging R2 and R3) [ 0 1 0]
0 0 1

Results:

a)

From the observation all the coloums are independent

0 1 0
So basis={( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 )}
−2 −4 −3
b)

from above , The rank of matrix = 3

c)

Range space of A=R(A)=coloum space of A=no of independent coloums in given matrix

0 1 0
So R(A)= {( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 )}
−2 −4 −3

Dimension of R(A)=Rank of matrix A=3

d)

Row Space = R(AT)

0 0 −2
T
A =[1 0 −4]
0 1 −3

Converting in echelon form

1 0 −4
A = (interchanging R1 and R2)[0 0 −2]
0 1 −3

14
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 0 −4
A’ = (interchanging R2 and R3) [0 1 −3]
0 0 −2

no of independent coloums are 3

0 0 −2
row space=R(𝐴′ )={(1) (0) (−4)}
0 1 −3

Dimension of R(AT)=Rank of matrix AT=3

e)

Null space

0 1 0 𝑥1
A= [ 0 0 1 ] [𝑥2] = 0
−2 −4 −3 𝑥3
AX=0

⇒
2
𝑥1 = − ( ) 𝑥2 − (3/2)𝑥3
3
𝑥2 = 0
𝑥3 = 0

From above,

𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 0, 𝑥3 = 0

So only solution of AX=0 is X=0 null space={0}

f)

Left Null space

ATY=0 OR EATY=0 (E=echelon form)

15
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 0 −4 𝑦1
[0 1 −3] [𝑦2] = 0
0 0 −2 𝑦3

𝑦3 = 0, 𝑦2 = 0
𝑦1 = 2𝑦3 = 0

So only solution of ATY=0 is Y=0 , Left null space={0}

g) The nullity is given by

rank+nullity=no of variable

nullity=0

Matlab solution :

A= [0 1 0;0 0 1;-2 -4 -3] rref(A')

rref(A)
ans =
ans =
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
null(A,'r')
rank(A)
ans = Empty matrix: 3-by-0
ans =3
null(A','r')

ans = Empty matrix: 3-by-0

−1 −1 −1
[2 2 2]
2 1 −1
2)A =

Basis=set of independent coloum of matrix A

To find basis we will try to convert it in echlon form

−1 −1 −1
A = (R2/2) [ 1 1 1]
2 1 −1

16
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 1 1
A = (interchanging R2 and R1) [−1 −1 −1]
2 1 −1

1 1 1
A = (R1+R2,interchanging R2 and R3) [2 1 −1]
0 0 0
1 0 −2
[0 1 3 ]
0 0 0
A = (2*R1-R2)

Results:

a)

From the observation all the coloums are independent

−1 −1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = {[ 2 ] , [ 2 ]}
2 1
b)

from above , The rank of matrix = 2

c) Range space of A=R(A)=coloum space of A=no of independent coloums in given matrix

R(A)=
−1 −1
{[ 2 ] , [ 2 ]}
2 1

d) Row Space = R(AT)

−1 2 2
′
𝐴 = [−1 2 1]
−1 2 −1
Converting in echelon form

−1 2 2
′
𝐴 = (𝑅2 − 𝑅3) [−1 2 1]
0 0 0
1 −2 0
𝐴′ = [0 0 1]
0 0 0
17
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

no of independent coloums are 2

−1 2
𝑅(𝐴′ ) = {[−1] , [2]}
−1 2

Dimension of R(AT)=Rank of matrix AT =2

e)Null space

AX=0, EAX=0

1 0 −2 𝑥1
[0 1 3 ] [𝑥2] = 0
0 0 0 𝑥3

𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = −3, 𝑥3 = 1
So nullity =1

null space={2,-3,1}

f) Left Null space

ATY=0 OR EATY=0 (E=echelon form)

1 −2 0 𝑦1
[0 0 1] [𝑦2] = 0
0 0 0 𝑦3

So only solution of ATY=0 is y1=2,y2=1,y3=0

Left null space={2,1,0}

g) The nullity is given by

18
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

rank+nullity=no of variable

nullity=1

Matlab solution: d=

a = [-1 2 2;-1 2 1;-1 2 -1]; 1 0 -2

b = rref(a)
c = rank(a) 0 1 3
d = rref(a')
null(a,'r') 0 0 0
null(a','r')
ans =

Solution: 2

b= 0

1 -2 0 ans =

0 0 1 2

0 0 0 -3

c= 1

3)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
Basis=set of independent coloum of matrix A

To find basis we will convert it in echlon form

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝑨 = (𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝟏, 𝑹𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏) [ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐

19
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝑨 = (𝟐𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟑, (−𝟏) ∗ 𝑹𝟐) [ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

Type equation here.

Type equation here.

Results:
Type equation here.
a)
From the above C1,C2,C4 are independent
1 2
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = {[2] , [4]}
1 2
b)rank of matrix a=2
c) Range space of A=R(A)=coloum space of A=no of independent coloums in given matrix

−2 −3
1 0
𝑅(𝐴) = {[ ] , [ ]}
0 1
0 0
d) Row Space=R(AT)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝑨′ = [ ]
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
𝟒 𝟕 𝟔

A = (2R1-R2,3R1-R34R1-R4)
1 2 1
0 0 0
[ ]
0 0 0
0 −1 2

20
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

from above, C1,C2,C3 are independent coloum

1 2
2 4
𝑅(𝐴′ ) = {( ) , ( )}
3 6
4 7

Dimension of R(AT)=Rank of matrix AT =2

e)Null space

AX=0, EAX=0

𝒙𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝒙𝟐
[𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕] [ ] = 0
𝒙𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
𝒙𝟒

Type equation here.

From above we can write null space as follows

−𝟐 −𝟑
𝟏 𝟎
𝑵(𝑨) = [ ], [ ]
𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎

f) Left Null space

ATY=0 OR EATY=0 (E=echelon form)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
[ ][ ] = 𝟎
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝒚𝟑
𝟒 𝟕 𝟔 𝒚𝟒
21
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

From above we can write Left null space as follows

−𝟓
𝑳𝑵(𝑨) = {[ 𝟐 ]}
𝟏
g) The nullity is given by

rank+nullity=no of variable

nullity=2

Matlab solution:

a = [1 2 3 4;2 4 6 7;1 2 3 6];

b = rref(a)

c = rank(a)
e =null(a,'r') -2 -3
f =null(a','r')
g = rref(a') 1 0

0 1

0 0
b=
f=
1 2 3 0

0 0 0 1
-5
0 0 0 0
2
c=
1
2
g=
e=
1 0 5

22
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

0 1 -2 0 0 0

0 0 0

4)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
A=[𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟎]
𝟎 −𝟖 −𝟖 𝟑
Basis=set of independent coloum of matrix A

To find basis we will convert it in echlon for

𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
[𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
Results:

a)

From the observation all the coloums are not independent

2 2
So basis={(3) (−1)}
0 −8
b)

from above , The rank of matrix = 2

c)

Range space of A=R(A)=coloum space of A=no of independent coloums in given matrix

−2 1 8
So R(A)={(−1) ( 1 ) ( 5 )}
2 −1 −7

Dimension of R(A)=Rank of matrix A=2

23
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

d)

ROW SPACE = R(AT)

𝟐 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟖
AT=[ ]
𝟎 𝟒 𝟖
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟑

Converting in echelon form

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
A’ = [ ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
no of independent coloums are 3

2 3
2 −1
row space=R(𝐴′ )={[ ] , [ ]}
0 4
−1 0
e)

Null space

AX=0

𝑥1
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑥2
[𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓] [ ] = 0
𝑥3
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑥4

X1 = -1,x2=1,x3 = 1,x4 = 0

X1 = 0.125,x2 = 0.375,x3 = 0,x4 = 1

24
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

f)
Left Null space

ATY=0 OR EATY=0 (E=echelon form)

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑 𝑦1
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝑦2
[ ][ ] = 0
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑦3
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

Y1=3,y2=-2,y3=1

Matlab solution:

a = [2 2 0 -1;3 -1 4 0;0 -8 8 3];

b = rref(a)
c = rank(a) e=
e =null(a,'r')
f =null(a','r')
g = rref(a')
-1.0000 0.1250

b= 1.0000 0.3750

1.0000 0

1.0000 0 1.0000 -0.1250 0 1.0000

0 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.3750

0 0 0 0
f=

c= 3

-2

2 1

25
Advance linear control system assignment no 1

1 0 -3

0 1 2

g= 0 0 0

0 0 0

>>

Q7.Find norm 1,norm2,frobenius norm for each of matrix.

1)

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝐴=[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏]
−𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟑
a)norm 1

norm 1=largest absolute coloum sum=5

b)norm 2

norm 2=(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

AA’ ==
0 1 0 0 0 −2
=[ 0 0 1 ] [1 0 −4]=
−2 −4 −3 0 1 −3
0 0 0
[0 0 −4]
0 −4 9

By solving 𝜆 =-1.528,10.528

norm 2= √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =3.24

c) frobenius norm

frobenius norm=√𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐴′ 𝐴)=√9 = 3

Matlab solution:

a=[0 1 0;0 0 1;-2 -4 -3];

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Advance linear control system assignment no 1

norm(a,1)

ans = 5

norm(a,2)

ans = 3.24

norm(a,'fro')

ans =

2)

−1 −1 −1
𝑨=[ 2 2 2]
2 1 −1
a)norm 1

norm 1=largest absolute coloum sum=5

b)norm 2

norm 2=(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

−1 −1 −1 −1 2 2 −1 −2 −2
AA’ = [ 2 2 2 ] [−1 2 1 ] = [−2 4 2]
2 1 −1 −1 2 −1 −2 2 1

by the property of eign value= 𝜆 = −2.3266,0.2846,6.040

norm 2= √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2.45

c) frobenius norm

frobenius norm=√𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐴′ 𝐴)=√1 + 16 + 1 = 4.24

Matlab solution:

A=[2 -2;1 4];

norm(A,1)

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Advance linear control system assignment no 1

ans = 5

norm(A,2)

ans =1

norm(A,'fro')= ans =4.24

3)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔

a)norm 1

norm 1=largest absolute coloum sum=17

b)norm 2

norm 2=(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
AA’= [ 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕] [ ] = matrix multiplication is not possible
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
𝟒 𝟕 𝟔

Solving = 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒

√239.2
norm 2= √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = not possible

c) frobenius norm

frobenius norm=√𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐴′ 𝐴)=not possible

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Advance linear control system assignment no 1

4)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
A=[𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟎]
𝟎 −𝟖 −𝟖 𝟑

a)norm 1

norm 1=largest absolute coloum sum=12

b)norm 2

norm 2=(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

 2  1 2 
AA   1 1  1 = not possible
 8 5  7

(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒

√149.7
norm 2= √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =not possible

c) frobenius norm

frobenius norm=√𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐴′ 𝐴)=√9 + 3 + 138=not possible

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐
5)[ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
a)norm 1

norm 1=largest absolute coloum sum=5

b)norm 2

norm 2=(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒
AA’ = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 ][ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 ] = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟗]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

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Advance linear control system assignment no 1

(𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) ⇒ 𝜆 = 1,1,0

norm 2= √𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =1

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Advance linear control system assignment no 1

ASSIGNMENT 2
For the system,

1)check positive definiteness of A.

2)check open loop stability using Lyapunov method.

3)find controllable and uncontrollable eigen values(use Kalman decomposition as well as

state transfer approach).

4)find controllability indices.

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
1) A=[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 ],
−𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟑
Ans:|𝐴 − αI|=0

so eigen values are

-1,-1+i,-1-i

 Here eigen values are imaginary so we can’t say about definiteness.

 Here the system is stable because all the eigen values are on the left hand side.

𝟏
2)Is a system with impulse response g(t) = (𝒕+𝟏) BIBO stable?How about g(t) =𝒕𝒆−𝒕 .

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