1

TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS

Unit 2 - Step 3

Waves in open and enclosure mediums

Tutor:

DORIA LIZETH QUINTERO

Presented by:

Carlos Holmes Fernández

RIVERA
Code:

1061742069

Group: 203058__26

Universidad Nacional Abierta a Distancia

Bogotá Septiembre -2018
 2

INTRODUCTION

A wave propagates freely through a medium without borders or barriers, it is only a first
approximation to the way in which electromagnetic waves actually propagate in a real
condition, this knowledge help us to understand the behavior of the waves in open and
closed media through the investigation and practices exercises with this knowledge we
can learn the theory necessary to solve not only this unit but in the work to be done.
 3

Content.

 Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using
academic references to support the research:

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in

transmission systems.

In the transmission systems used in telecommunications, we can say that refraction and
reflection are two physical principles that are used in the medium by Fiber Optics.

Refraction: it is the change of direction that the waves carry when they pass from one
medium to another. Simply and for better understanding, this is experienced when we
put a spoon in a glass of water and it seems to move within it.
Reflection: it is also the change of direction of the wave, but towards the origin. This
would be what happens when we look in the mirror without reflection; we could not
comb or shave in front of the mirror.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it
could be used.

When a ray of light is transmitted to a new optical medium, the relationship between the
angle retracted.
 4

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

On the faces of people who wear lenses, they deflect the rays of light by means of
refraction. The rays of light that strike a face will deviate from its trajectory and will be
redirected on the other side.
Myopia (near vision): light rays focus on the front of the retina and cause distant objects
to become blurred. The lens to correct this problem is a "negative" lens. The shape of
the lens is concave (thicker at the edge, thinner at the center) to bend the rays outward,
allowing light to focus at the correct point to correct vision.
 5

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

The importance of the refractive index is important, since it allows us to calculate the
speed at which light travels in a fiber. It is necessary to know (along with other
specifications) the refractive index of the fiber. The difference between the refractive
index of the core and the cladding (coating) of the fiber is also responsible for the total
Internal Reflection, which is the basic principle behind the optical transmission of the
fiber. The refractive index also plays an important role in the acceptance / rejection of
the wave of light in the fiber and the acceptance angles there are, due to differences in
the air and fiber interfaces.

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans?

Explain.

The law of refraction indicates that if the lights that impinge on a surface have different
wavelengths, they are refracted with different angles. White light is a mixture of all the
electromagnetic waves of the visible spectrum (from red to violet), therefore, each color
will refract with a different angle. This phenomenon, which is called dispersion, can be
observed in the link.

Of course, if it is possible, the frequency of a wave never changes when passing from
one medium to another, for example, if a wave of white light comes from the air to the
prism that we will have: a decrease in the wavelength that results in a decrease in its
speed of propagation.
 6

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

In practice, it is used in the polarization of light. Polarization by reflection when

light strikes the surface of a transparent medium, part is refracted and part is
reflected in a partially polarized manner. There is a certain angle of incidence IP,
called angle of polarization for which the light that is reflected makes it totally
polarized. In this case, the reflected and refracted light form 90º using the laws of
refraction and reflection.

Result that is known as Brewster's law. As a consequence, if the incident light were
polarized with the plane of vibration coincident with the plane of incidence, there would
be no reflected light
 7

Choose one of the following problems, taken from “Cutnell, J. D., & Johnson, K.
W. (2009), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York & Paz, A. (2013)” solve it and share
the solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group members’
contributions and reply this in the forum.

3. A laser that is inside a tank of water shoots a ray of light upwards. If the laser is
located
h1=12cm under water. At what minimum horizontal distance d1 from the laser pointer
should you shoot so that the beam does not leave the water?

Refractive index of the water is

𝑛 = 15
Calculate the critical angle to the water with

𝑛2 1
sin(𝜃𝐶 ) = = = 0.66
𝑛1 1.5

𝜃𝐶 = sin−1 (0.66) = 41.8°

The trigonometric relation between depth and distance is

𝑑1
= tan 𝜃1
ℎ1
𝑑1 = ℎ1 tan 𝜃1 = 12𝑐𝑚 ∗ tan(41.8°) = 10.7𝑐𝑚
 8

4. In the following figure a 2,5 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a
swimming pool to a point 30cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at angle 𝜃=50𝑜.
What is the length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool?

In the following figure a 2,5 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a
swimming pool to a point 30cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at angle θ = 50o .
What is the length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool?

To develop this exercise, we take into account.

Angle of incidence is θi = 50°
n1 = 1.5 for air

n2 = 1 for water
n1
sin(θ2) = ( ) ∗ sin(θ1)
n2
1
sin θr = sin(50°) = 0.51
1.5

Having this value, we find the angle of refraction, which is given by:
θr = sin−1(0.51) = 30°

Since N2 > N1, we know that the beam bends towards the normal

θ1 = 90° − 60° = 30°

With the theorem

a b c
= =
senA senB senB

a ∙ senB 0.51 ∙ sen(30°)

d1 = = = 0.33mts
senA sen(50°)
 9

Calculate the missing angle

θA = 180° − θB − θC = 180° − 30° − 90° = 60°

a ∙ senB 1.5 ∙ sen(30°)

d2 = = = 0.87mts
senA sen(60°)
 10

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Cetto, A. M. (1987). La luz en la naturaleza y en el laboratorio. Mexico: Fondo de

Cultura Económica.

Paz Parr, A. (2013). Electromagnetismo para Ingenieria Elecgtronica. Cali: Editorial

Javeriano.

Stanley, Marshall, Dubroff, Richard E. Skitek, Gabriel. Electromagnetismo–Conceptos

y aplicaciones. Cuarta edición. México: Prentice Hall hispanoamericana, 1997. Páginas
475-496.
ISBN 968-880-954-3.