Prepared by Bekir Bediz Step 1) Determine the beams’ internal forces:

Room: B-175 Phone: 5256

E-mail: bbediz@metu.edu.tr Date: 07/11/2008
a) Considering the entire frame
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ME 307 – MACHINE ELEMENTS I

0B

TUTORIAL 6 B C D
“COLUMNS”
1B

4m
Problem 1: Determine the largest load P which may be applied to the structure A E
5m 5m 5m 5m
as shown. The beams are made of AISI 1010 HR (Hot-Rolled) steel having the H G F
RAy REy
material properties of E=210 GPa and Sy=180 MPa. P 2P P

+ (ccw) ∑ M A = 0 = R Ey (20)- [ P(5)+2P(10)+P(15) ] ∴ R Ey = 2 P

B C D
+ ↑ ∑F y = 0 = REy + RAy -4P ∴ RAy = 2 P
4m b) Considering symmetry
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A 5m 5m 5m 5m E Considering symmetry of the structure, it can be concluded that internal forces of

links,
H G F
∴ AB = DE ∴ BC = CD
P 2P P
∴ AH = FE ∴ HG = FG
∴ CH = CF ∴ BH = DF
Cross-section of links
y c) Considering joints (T:in tension, C: in compression)
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Joint G
CG
h1 = 50 mm h2 = 30 mm z c.1) Joint G
HG FG
b2 = 80 mm
+ ↑ ∑F y = 0 = CG − 2 P ∴ CG = 2 P (T)

b1 = 100 mm 2P
c.2) Joint C
Joint C
Solution: The beams should be checked against yielding and buckling failure + ↑ ∑F = 0 = 2CH .cos(α ) − 2 P BC CD
y

(due to bending of the beams about y and z axes). ∴ CH = CF = 1.6P (C) CH α

CF
CG
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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Step 2) Critical load for buckling:
b.3) Joint A
Considering the forces, links AH, FE, BH, CG, DF, HG AND FG are in tension, so
Joint A the consideration of its buckling is redundant. However, the beam AB, DE, BC, CD,
+ ↑ ∑F y = 0 = RAy − AB.cos(α )
AB CH and CF are in compression and they should be checked for buckling.
∴ AB = DE = 3.2P (C) α
First of all, Iyy and Izz should be calculated for beams for the given cross-section.
AH
b1h13 b2 h23
+ → ∑F x = 0 = AH − AB.sin(α ) I zz =
12
−
12
= 8.617 ⋅10−7 m 4
∴ AH = FE = 2.5 P (T)
R Ay hb3 h b 3
I yy = 1 1 − 2 2 = 2.887 ⋅10−6 m 4
12 12
b.4) Joint B
To be sure that these are Euler columns, let’s first calculate the critical slenderness
Joint B
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 = AB.cos(α ) − BH ratio for the beams; (the shortest beam is the critical one, l = 4 m)

∴ BH = DF = 2P (T)
BC
I
I = A.k 2 → k = = 0.018m
α A
+ → ∑F = 0 = AB.sin(α ) − BC AB ⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 220
X

∴ BC = CD = 2.5P (C) BH ⎝ k ⎠cr

Sy/2

b.5) Joint H Joint H

BH CH
+ → ∑F X = 0 = HG − AH − CH .sin(α ) α
Pcr S y
∴ HG = FG = 3.5P (T) AH HG Selecting point T such that = , then (using figure 4.19 in Shigley’s
A 2
Mechanical Engineering Design – 8. Edition)

P 1

⎛ l ⎞ ⎛ 2π CE ⎞ 2
2

⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜= ⎟ = 152
⎝ k ⎠1 ⎝ S y ⎟⎠

which indicates that this is indeed an Euler Column since the actual slenderness ratio
is greater than the value of (l/k)1.

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008

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Before considering beams for buckling analysis, it is more convenient to find the (1) ⋅ π 2 ⋅ (210) ⋅ (109 N
) ⋅ (8.617)(10−7 m4 )
critical plane. Pcr1 = m2
= 71.4 kN
(5m)2
Cxy .I zz = 8.617.10−7 < Cxz .I yy = 3.464.10−6
The critical load of the beam due to buckling is 71.4 kN. However,
where end condition constants are; FBC = Pcr1 = 2.5P
Cxy = 1( pinned − pinned ) Pcr1 71.4
Pb _ BC = Pb _ CD = = =28.6 kN (Critical external load due to buckling for
Cxz = 1.2( fixed − fixed ) 2.5 2.5
beam BC and CD)
Thus, bending in xy plane is more critical. (No need to check of bending in xz
plane)
c) Considering the beam CH & CF;
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In the x-y plane, the beam is rounded at both ends. The recommended value for the
a) Considering the beam AB & DE;
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end condition constant is 1 (C =1)

In the x-y plane, the beam is rounded at both ends. The recommended value for the
end condition constant is 1 (C =1)
(1) ⋅ π 2 ⋅ (210) ⋅ (109 N
) ⋅ (8.617)(10−7 m4 )
Cπ 2 EI Pcr1 = m2
= 43.6 kN
Pcr = (5m)2 + (4m)2
A2
(1) ⋅ π 2 ⋅ (210) ⋅ (109 mN2 ) ⋅ (8.617)(10−7 m4 ) The critical load of the beam due to buckling is 43.6 kN. However,
Pcr1 = = 43.6 kN
(5m)2 + (4m)2 FCH = Pcr1 = 1.6P
The critical load of the beam due to buckling is 43.6 kN. However, Pcr1 43.6
Pb _ CH = Pb _ CF = = =21.8 kN (Critical external load due to buckling for
FAB = Pcr1 = 3.2P 1.6 1.6
beam CH and CF)
P 43.6
Pb _ AB = Pb _ DE = cr1 = =13.6 kN (Critical external load due to buckling for
3.2 3.2
beam AB and DE)
Step 3) Yield failure:
Consider the tensile and compressive stresses in beams. Since the internal force in
b) Considering the beam BC & CD;
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beams HG and FG is the highest, the yield phenomenon can be checked only in this

In the x-y plane, the beam is rounded at both ends. The recommended value for the beam. Thus,

end condition constant is 1 (C =1)

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008

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FHG ( = FFG ) 180⋅10 ⋅ ( 0.05⋅ 0.1− 0.08.0.03)
6
3.5P
σHG = = ≤ σallow = 180 ⋅10 PHG = PFG = = 134 kN
6

A 0.05⋅ 0.1 3.5

The maximum allowable external load due to yielding is, Py = 134 kN (The

critical external load due to yielding)

Step 4) Determine the maximum allowable load P from the above

three criteria:

Clearly for safety reasons, we should pick the lowest value as the allowable load.

P = min { Pb , Py } = 13.6 kN
Buckling is critical in this application.

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008