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Introduction Building a Fracture model
Purpose
Create simulation properties for matrix and fractures to
be able to predict reservoir behavior
Why?
Many reservoirs are dual porosity/dual permeability
(Naturally fractured); leading to high flow zones not
representative of the matrix flow capacity
Flow simulators have problems simulating these kind
of reservoirs.
Process
Multi-disciplinary approach;
Use analyzed fracture data from wells
Building a Fracture model (DFN+IFM)
Upscale fracture permeability, porosity and connection
factor between matrix and fractures from the Fracture
model
These data can subsequently be simulated
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Simple Classification of Reservoir types
I. Fractures provide essential Porosity and Permeability
– Requires large reservoir tank or thick pay zones to be economical (no matrix porosity)
II. Fractures provide essential reservoir Permeability
– Most reservoirs with storage in matrix but low matrix permeability
III. Fractures assist Permeability in already producible reservoir
– Higher porosity lithologies
IV. Fractures provide no additional Porosity/Permeability
– Fractures act as Flow Barriers
100% KF
II I
% of Total Perm.
III
IV
Crossflow No Crossflow
II. Fractures provide essential reservoir
Permeability M
– Fluid communication from Matrix to
F
Fractures is important
– Fracture Morphology essential ! M
Reality Approximation
Well Productivity
Field Connectivity
Matrix
In Place Reserves
Recovery
Fluid Flow Simulation Models
Dual Porosity (DP) models
Layered Model
Dual Porosity Model
– Fixed Geometry
– Continuous Fractures
– Equal spacing
– Constant Aperture
Fluid Flow Simulation Models
Standard approaches to fracture modeling
Equivalent Non-Fractured
Medium
Equivalent Continuum
– Bulk response for equivalent porous media
Real Fractured
Medium
Layered Model
Property Model
Combined Model
DFN Model
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
– Physical fracture representation
– Upscaled to Dual porosity properties
Fracture Modeling Workflow
Petrel – Overall Fracture modeling workflow
Model
Upscale Parameters
& Simulate
Create
Fracture model
Fracture Modeling Workflow
Petrel – Specific Fracture modeling processes
DFN
Fracture intensity
Hybrid
IFM IFM / DFN
model
Data Set
Teapot Dome – Wyoming (USA)
Achnowledgements:
Thanks to Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center and
U.S. Department of Energy for using Teapot data
Data Set
– Stratigraphy (Outcrops @ Alcova anticline)
N
0 NPR3 Boundary
0 1 km
Carboniferous
Tensleep Fm
Reworked from:
S.Raeuchle et al, 2006 and Cooper, S. 2000
Data Set
– Mechanical Zones (Mesaverde Fm. Outcrops)
Mechanical zones
Separating units according to mechanical properties is important due
to mechanical influences on fracture characteristics.
Unit 5: Fluvial Ss
Unit 4: Non-Marine Carb.
Sh with localized
coal
Unit 3: White Beach 1
Ss
2
Unit 2: Shoreface/Beach 1 Section
Ss Location, 5
Number
Quaternary
Unit 1: Shallow Marine Alluvium 3
Interbedded Ss Mesaverde Fm
and Sh 10m 4
Undifferentiated
0 NPR3 Boundary
Stratigraphic systems
Separating units according to stratigraphic architecture is also important for
prediction of complex fracture development in low-complex reservoir facies.
covered
0 1m
Illustrations from: Cooper, 2000
Data Set
– Fractures related to Lithology (Outcrops)
Throughgoing
fractures
N
Unit 5: Fluvial Ss
Unit 4: Non-Marine Carb.
Sh with localized
coal
Unit 3: White Beach
Ss
Unit 2: Shoreface/Beach
Ss
B
Data Set
– Infer Outcrop observations to subsurface 3D models?
Surface outline
(boundary) of
subsurface 3D grid
Tensleep Fm top
Overthrust
EXERCISES
Module 1
P.42 - 49