MEILINDA TRI RATNASARI

NPM : 1806270021

PAIN MANAGEMENT

Assalamualaikum

Good afternoon, thank you for the time, today I will present a discussion about Pain Management.

Pain can be found in our duty as medical team in so many cases. Because of a lot of pain cases happened during
patient treatment, or even as a symptom, sometimes we thought it as an ordinary thing. It makes our treatments are
not good enough to get patient’s appreciation. Actually, pain is not only about perception of a sensation, but also
about physiologist, psychologist, social, cognitive, emotion, and behavior. So we also need to concern about every
aspect in medical treatment. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. (Smeltzer, 2001)

Pain is categorized according to its duration, there are two basic categories of pain, those are:

1. Acute pain, usually of recent onset and commonly associated with specific injury, acute pain indicates that
damage or injury has occurred. This pain usually recovers by itself without any medical intervention, acute
pain usually decreases along with healing.
2. Chronic Pain, is constant or intermittent pain that persist beyond the expected healing time and can seldom
be attributed to a specific cause or injury. It may have a poorly defined onset, and it is often difficult to treat
because the cause or origin may be unclear. Although acute pain may be a useful signal that something is
wrong, chronic pain usually becomes a problem in its own right.

According to severity, type, and duration, there are three levels of pain:
1. Mild Pain is intermittent pain, happens especially in daily activities and before sleep.
2. Moderate Pain is continously pain, this pain disappears during sleep.
3. Severe Pain is continously pain, the patient can’t sleep or awakened during their sleep
because of pain.

Pain management is a branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach for easing the
suffering. The typical pain management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological
approachs.
Non-pharmacological pain management is the management of pain without medications. This
method utilizies ways to alter thoughts and focus concentration to better manage and reduce pain.
Methods of non-pharmacological pain include:
- Distraction
Distraction is usually used to help patient using colorful, moving objects, or singing osngs,
telling stories, or looking at books or videos can distract patients from the pain.
- Comfort therapy
Comfort therapy may involve heat/cold application and lotions/massage therapy. Using
cold compress, analgetic balm, and contralateral stimulation. Cold helps numb sharp pain
and reduce inflammation and analgetic balm consists of menthol that helps reduce pain.
- Guided Imaginary
Guiding the patient through imaginary mental images of sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and
feelings can help shift attention away from the pain.
- Relaxation
Guiding the patient through relaxation exercises such as deep breathing and stretching can
often reduce discomfort. This is the most effective method to reduce chronic pain. Three
things that need to concern when we do this method: proper position, restful mind, and
peaceful place.
Pharmacological pain management is the management of pain with medications. There are two
main medications to reduce pain:
1. Narcotic analgesic
2. Non-narcotic analgesic

Okay. There are so many pain management methods that we can try to reduce pain. Can we
conclude what is the best method? The answer is, it depends of patient condition. We have to know
about the pain of every patient like its cause, location, duration, and characteristic so we can choose
the best method for our patient.
That’s all of my presentation. Hope it’s helpful for you. Thank you.
Is there any question?
Refrensi

 Smeltzer, Suzanne C . 2001. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Brunner dan Suddart. Edisi
8, Vol 2. Jakarta : Buku kedokteran
 Ikawati Z. Pain Management. [Online]. Cited on 2015 March 7. Available from:
URL: http://zulliesikawati.staff.ugm.ac.id/uploads/pain-management.pdf
Morgan GE. Pain Management. In: Clinical Anesthesiology. 2nd ed. Stamford: Appleton
and Lange; 1996