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Saint
Augustine of Hippo
Gerard Seghers (attr) - The Four Doctors of the Western Church, Saint
Augustine of Hippo (354–430).jpg
Saint Augustine of Hippo, Gerard Seghers (attr)
Doctor of the Church, bishop, philosopher, theologian
Born 13 November 354
Thagaste, Numidia (now Souk Ahras, Algeria)
Died 28 August 430 (age 75)
Hippo Regius, Numidia (now modern-day Annaba, Algeria)
Venerated in All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Major shrine San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia, Italy
Feast 28 August (Western Christianity)
15 June (Eastern Christianity)
4 November (Assyrian)
Influences Ambrose, Anthony the Great, Cicero, Cyprian, Monica, Paul
of Tarsus, Plato, Plotinus
Influenced Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy and theology,
including Arendt, Aquinas, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bonaventure, Calvin,
Descartes, Heidegger, Husserl, Jansen, Kierkegaard, Luther,
Malebranche, Negri, Newman, Orosius, Ratzinger, Sartre, Schmitt,
Tolkien, Wittgenstein
Major works Confessions of St. Augustine
City of God
On Christian Doctrine
Augustine of Hippo
Era Ancient philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Christian philosophy
Main interests
Theology
Notable ideas
Predestination, just war theory
Saint Augustine of Hippo (/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/; 13 November 354 – 28 August
430 AD)[1] was a Roman African, early Christian theologian and
philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the development
of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of
Hippo Regius in north Africa and is viewed as one of the most important
Church Fathers in Western Christianity for his writings in the Patristic
Period. Among his most important works are The City of God, On
Christian Doctrine and Confessions.
According to his contemporary Jerome, Augustine "established anew the
ancient Faith".[a] In his youth he was drawn to Manichaeism and later to
neo-Platonism. After his baptism and conversion to Christianity in 386,
Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology,
accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.[2] Believing that
the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, he helped
formulate the doctrine of original sin and made seminal contributions to
the development of just war theory. When the Western Roman Empire
began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined the Church as a spiritual City
of God, distinct from the material Earthly City.[3] His thoughts
profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. The segment of the
Church that adhered to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the
Council of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople[4] closely
identified with Augustine's On the Trinity.

Augustine is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Eastern

Christian Church, and the Anglican Communion and as a preeminent
Doctor of the Church. He is also the patron of the Augustinians. His
memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of his death. Augustine is
the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, the alleviation of sore
eyes, and a number of cities and dioceses.[5] Many Protestants,
especially Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him to be one of the
theological fathers of the Protestant Reformation due to his teachings on
salvation and divine grace.[6][7][8] Protestant Reformers generally, and
Martin Luther in particular, held Augustine in preeminence among early
Church Fathers. Luther himself was, from 1505 to 1521, a member of
the Order of the Augustinian Eremites.

In the East, his teachings are more disputed, and were notably attacked
by John Romanides.[9] But other theologians and figures of the Eastern
Orthodox Church have shown significant appropriation of his writings,
chiefly Georges Florovsky.[10] The most controversial doctrine
associated with him, the filioque,[11] was rejected by the Orthodox
Church.[12] Other disputed teachings include his views on original sin,
the doctrine of grace, and predestination.[11] Nevertheless, though
considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint,
and has even had influence on some Eastern Church Fathers, most
notably Saint Gregory Palamas.[13] In the Orthodox Church his feast
day is celebrated on 15 June.[11][14] Historian Diarmaid MacCulloch
has written: "[Augustine's] impact on Western Christian thought can
hardly be overstated; only his beloved example Paul of Tarsus, has been
more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through
Augustine's eyes."[15]

Contents
1 Life
1.1 Background
1.2 Childhood and education
1.3 Move to Carthage, Rome, Milan
1.4 Christian conversion and priesthood
1.5 Death and veneration
1.5.1 Relics
2 Views and thought
2.1 Theology
2.1.1 Christian anthropology
2.1.2 Creation
2.1.3 Ecclesiology
2.1.4 Eschatology
2.1.5 Mariology
2.1.6 Natural knowledge and biblical interpretation
2.1.7 Original sin
2.1.8 Predestination
2.1.9 Sacramental theology
2.2 Philosophy
2.2.1 Astrology
2.2.2 Epistemology
2.2.3 Just war
2.2.4 Free will
2.3 Sociology, morals and ethics
2.3.1 Slavery
2.3.2 Jews
2.3.3 Sexuality
2.3.4 Pedagogy
3 Works
4 Influence
4.1 In philosophy
4.2 In theology
4.3 Oratorio
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Cited sources
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 General
10.2 Bibliography
10.3 Works by Augustine
10.4 Biography and criticism
Life
Background
Augustine of Hippo (/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/,[1] /əˈɡʌstɪn/,[16] or /ˈɔːɡʌstɪn/;[17]
Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis;[b] 13 November 354 – 28
August 430 AD), also known as Saint Augustine, Saint Austin,[18] is
known by various cognomens throughout the Christian world across its
many denominations including Blessed Augustine, and the Doctor of
Grace[19] (Latin: Doctor gratiae)

Hippo Regius, where Augustine was the bishop, was in modern-day

Annaba, Algeria.

Childhood and education

The Saint Augustine Taken to School by Saint Monica. by Niccolò di

Pietro 1413–15
Augustine was born in the year 354 AD in the municipium of Thagaste
(now Souk Ahras, Algeria) in the Roman province of Numidia.[20] His
mother, Monica or Monnica,[21] was a devout Christian; his father
Patricius was a Pagan who converted to Christianity on his
deathbed.[22] Augustine considered the mother a central figure and
considered the father like a stranger.[23] Scholars generally agree that
Augustine and his family were Berbers, an ethnic group indigenous to
North Africa,[24][25][26][27] but that they were heavily Romanized,
speaking only Latin at home as a matter of pride and dignity.[24] In his
writings, Augustine leaves some information as to the consciousness of
his African heritage. For example, he refers to Apuleius as "the most
notorious of us Africans,"[24][28] to Ponticianus as "a country man of
ours, insofar as being African,"[24][29] and to Faustus of Mileve as "an
African Gentleman".[24][30]

Augustine's family name, Aurelius, suggests that his father's ancestors

were freedmen of the gens Aurelia given full Roman citizenship by the
Edict of Caracalla in 212. Augustine's family had been Roman, from a
legal standpoint, for at least a century when he was born.[31] It is
assumed that his mother, Monica, was of Berber origin, on the basis of
her name,[32][33] but as his family were honestiores, an upper class of
citizens known as honorable men, Augustine's first language is likely to
have been Latin.[32]

At the age of 11, Augustine was sent to school at Madaurus (now

M'Daourouch), a small Numidian city about 19 miles (31 km) south of
Thagaste. There he became familiar with Latin literature, as well as
pagan beliefs and practices.[34] His first insight into the nature of sin
occurred when he and a number of friends stole fruit they did not want
from a neighborhood garden. He tells this story in his autobiography,
The Confessions. He remembers that he did not steal the fruit because he
was hungry, but because "it was not permitted."[35] His very nature, he
says, was flawed. 'It was foul, and I loved it. I loved my own error—not
that for which I erred, but the error itself."[35] From this incident he
concluded the human person is naturally inclined to sin, and in need of
the grace of Christ.