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Seminar Report Smart Parking Using IoT

1.INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is proving to be an important area that requires further research
and development to accommodate more applications . It has attracted significant interest from
academia, industry, governments, and even individual users not only because of the promised
cost savings, but also because it can improve existing computing services, . In addition, cloud
computing offers opportunities to create new services, e.g., robotics and manufacturing . In
this paper, introduce a new cloud service: industrial automation. We show that the proposed
service reduces the time and cost incurred in deploying new systems since current industrial
automation systems are complex and require large human effort to build . Further, we address
how to migrate vital automation functionality to the cloud without compromising the system
performance .It is noteworthy that the work proposed in this paper fits an ongoing trend that
evolved several decades ago when digital computers were first introduced to control systems
around the year of 1960 in the form of Direct Digital Control (DDC) . Ever since, evolution
of control system has been associated with the advancement of computing devices . Several
functionalities, e.g., monitoring, logging optimization, and asset management, have been
added on top of the core direct digital control functionality, forming an automation system.
As a result, a current industrial automation system is indeed a multi-tiered architecture
entailing several hierarchical layers of computation, communication, and storage [33]. With
such history, we see a great potential in studying the application of an evolving computing
model, such as cloud computing to industrial automation systems, which could provide several
benefits to end users, including cost saving and agility.

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2.LITERATURE SURVEY
1). Kumar et al. proposed an approach for assisting autonomous vehicles in path
planning based on cloud collected remote sensor data. Chen et al. proposed “Robot as a
Service” or RaaS where the service is available in both hardware and software. Also, Wu et
al. explored “Cloud Manufacturing”, which is a cloud-based manufacturing model that is
service-oriented, customer-centric, and demand-driven. RaaS and Cloud Manufacturing focus
on planning and optimization, while we consider the whole automation hierarchy and focus
on direct digital control, which is much more challenging in terms of timeliness and reliability.
Several researchers/enterprises employed feedback controllers to manage their computing
systems. The employed feedback controllers can be acquired as a service through our proposed
cloud-based feedback control approach.
2). It has been recently proposed to offer certain industrial automation components
through the cloud. First, enterprise level (L4) asset management applications, such as SAPr,
are now offered through the cloud. Second, plant optimization (L3) can easily be offered
through the cloud. For example, Honeywell Attune TM [31] offers cloud-based services for
energy optimization. Although, it is mainly offered for building automation, the plant version
is conceptually the same. Third, HMI/SCADA (L2) is now offered in a virtualized fashion as
it is the case with Invensys Wonderworkers System Platform 2012 , which indicates that
offering L2 as a cloud service is only a matter of moving the virtual machines (VMs) to the
cloud. Finally, moving direct digital control (L1) to the cloud is challenging due to timeliness
and reliability requirements. We are not aware of any commercially available system that
offers direct

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3. OVERVIEW
Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things,
cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the
fourth industrial revolution.Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory".
Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical
processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions.
Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with
each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational services
offered and used by participants of the value chain.current usage of the term has been
criticized as essentially meaningless, in particular on the grounds that technological
innovation is continuous and the concept of a "revolution" in technology innovation is
based on a lack of knowledge of the detail .The characteristics given for the German
government's Industry 4.0 strategy are: the strong customization of products under the
conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production. The required automation technology is
improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration, self-
diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex
work.The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the BMBF leading-edge cluster
"Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (it's OWL)". Another major project is
the BMBF project RES-COM,[15] as well as the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative
Production Technology for High-Wage Countries". In 2015, the European Commission
started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (Providing Cloud-based
Rapid Elastic Manufacturing based on the XaaS and Cloud model) as a major initiative
to foster the Industry 4.0 topic .From3D prints to self-driving vehicles,Industry 4.0
technologies are propelling the manufacturing industry with new means of
efficiency,accuracy and reliability. The level of intelligence offered today is only the
beginning for what is to come

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4. TECHNOLOGIES USED

1. IoT

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits
networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete
systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and
performance when applied to any industry or system.IoT systems have applications across
industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be suitable in any environment.
They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more through smart
devices and powerful enabling technology.This tutorial aims to provide you with a
thorough introduction to IoT. It introduces the key concepts of IoT, necessary in using

and deploying IoT systems.Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet. It
makes Objects themselves recognizable, obtain intelligence, communicate information
about themselves and they can access information that has been aggregated by other
things. The Internet of Things allows people and things to be connected Anytime,
Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any service
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.This implies addressing elements such as Convergence, Content, Collections,


Computing, Communication, and Connectivity.
The Internet of Things provides interaction among the
real/physical and the digital/virtual worlds. The physical entities have digital counterparts
and virtual representation and things become context aware and they can sense,
communicate, interact, exchange data, information and knowledge. Through the use of
intelligent decision-making algorithms in software applications, appropriate rapid
responses can be given to physical entity based on the very latest information collected
about physical entities and consideration of patterns in the historical data, either for the
same entity or for similar entities. These paves new dimension of IoT concept in the
domains such as supply chain management, transportation and logistics, aerospace, and
automotive, smart environments (homes, buildings, infrastructure), energy, defence,
agriculture, retail and more. The vision of IoT is to use smart technologies to connect
things any-time, any-place for anything. The IoT was started in the year 1998 and the
term Internet of Things was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. Fig. 1

IoT-product-services
Hardware
logic (based on Fleisch et al. Thing-basedPhysical IT-basedDigital
2014 THING + IT = +
Software function Local service Global

Bulb IoTstack Light Security

Storage Automatic
Bin IoTstack
capacity replenishment

Towing Predictive maintenance,


Tractor IoTstack
vehicle optimization

The Internet of Things has been evolved in a tremendous way over the past decade and
still IoT is an emerging trend for researchers in both academia and industry. Many
findings of IoT reported in literature presents meaningful definitions. According to
CASAGRAS project [1]: “A global network infrastructure linking physical and virtual
objects through the exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities. This
infrastructure includes existing and evolving Internet and network developments. It will

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offer specific object identification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the
development of independent cooperative services and applications. CERP[2], emphasizes
the internetworking between heterogeneous ‘smart’ devices such as sensors, actuators,
computers and smart phones etc., and the use of services over the internet. Any
application development framework for the IoT, therefore, needs to support these
heterogeneous devices. According to the IEEE Internet of Things journal, An IoT system
is a network of networks where, typically, a massive number of
objects/things/sensors/devices are connected through communications and information
infrastructure to provide value-added services via intelligent data processing and
management for different applications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing
concept that describes a future where everyday physical objects will be connected to the
Internet and will be able to identify themselves to other devices. The term is closely
identified with RFID as the method of communication, although it could also include
other sensor technologies, other wireless technologies, QR codes, etc. According to The
Internet of Things European Research Cluster (IERC) definition [3] states that IoT is a
dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things”
have identities,
1 Value Creation in the Internet of Things
At its core, innovation in the Internet of Things is characterized by the combination of
physical and digital components to create new products and enable novel business
models. Thanks to increasingly efficient power management, broadband communication,
reliable memory and advances in microprocessor technologies, it has become possible to
digitalize functions and key capabilities of industrial-age products (Yoo et al. 2010).
Consequently, a range of opportunities is unfolding for companies to generate
incremental value in the Internet of Things. Figure 1 illustrates the logic of such value
creation. It demonstrates that IoT solutions typically combine physical things with IT in
the form of hardware and software. As a result, the primary thing-based physical
functions of a thing can be enhanced with additional IT-based digital services, which can
be accessed not only on a local basis but at a global level. For instance, the primary thing-
based function of a light bulb is to provide light in a specific location. If the light bulb is
however enhanced with IoT technology, it may additionally detect human presence and
serve as a low-cost security system, which in the event of an intrusion activates a flashing
light mode and sends an alert to the owner’s smartphone. Similarly, the primary thing-

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based function of a bin is to provide storage capacity. But when the bin is enriched with
IoT technology it may moreover measure andmonitor its own weight, thus detect levels
of low stock and offer an automatic replenishment service. And while the primary thing-
based function of a tractor may be to tow other farm equipment, a connection of the tractor
to the IoT could facilitate IT-based predictive maintenance and optimization services
(Fleisch et al. 2014). The impact which IoT technologies can have is however not limited
to the value created by individual connected products. Instead, the functions of one
product may be further enhanced if it is connected to related products and thus becomes
part of a product system. For instance, a connected tractor may form part of a larger farm
equipment system, which could include, e.g., additional tractors, harvesters, balers, or
drills, and monitor the location as well as key performance indicators of the machines to
optimize the overall equipment efficiency of the larger fleet. And goingbeyond even such
product systems, the combination of multiple, previously disparate product systems, e.g.,
farm equipment systems, weather data systems, seed optimization and irrigation systems,
may lead to systems of systems, which have the capacity to expand existing industry
boundaries and shake competitive dynamics (Porter andHeppelmann 2014)

2 Technology Stack and Platforms for the Internet of Things


From a technological perspective, the implementation of a connected product typically
requires the combination of multiple software and hardware components in a multilayer
stack of IoT technologies. As illustrated in Fig. 2, such an IoT technology stack is usually
composed of three core layers, i.e., the thing or device layer, the connectivity layer and
the IoT cloud layer. At the device layer, IoT-specific hardware, such as additional sensors,
actuators, or processors can be added to existing core hardware components, and
embedded software can be modified or newly integrated to manage and operate the
functionality of the physical thing. At the connectivity layer, communication protocols
such as MQTT enable the communication between the individual thing and the cloud.
And at the IoT cloud layer, device communication and management software is used to
communicate with, provision, and manage the connected things, while an application
platform enables

1.1 IoT − Key Features


The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below:
1. AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every

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aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets
to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your
preferred grocer.
2.Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks
can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these
small networks between its system devices.
3.Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system
capable of real-world integration.
4.Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content,
product, or service engagement.
5. Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.

1.2 IoT − Advantages


The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of
some of the advantages that IoT has to offer:
 Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT
completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with
audiences.
 Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field
data.
 Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give
us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more
effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations
and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it

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exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate
picture of everything.

1.3 IoT -Disadvantages


Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues:
 Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating
 over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This
leaves
 users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
 Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme
detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment,
and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
 Flexibility – Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to
integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several
conflicting or locked systems.
 Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must
comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a
battle.

2. Cyber-physical system
A cyber-physical (also styled cyber physical) system (CPS) is a mechanism
that is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the
Internet and its users. In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are
deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting
multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting with each other in a lot of
ways that change with context. Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous
automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, robotics systems, and
automatic pilot avionics.CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of
cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science.[3][4][5] The process control is
often referred to as embedded systems. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be

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more on the computational elements, and less on an intense link between the
computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT),
sharing the same basic architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a higher combination and
coordination between physical and computational elements.
Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in areas as diverse
as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, healthcare,
manufacturing, transportation, entertainment, and consumer Unlike more traditional
embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as a network of interacting
elements with physical input and output instead of as standalone devices.The notion is
closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with intelligence mechanisms
proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway. Ongoing advances in science
and engineering improve the link between computational and physical elements by means
of intelligent mechanisms, increasing the adaptability, autonomy, efficiency,
functionality, reliability, safety, and usability of cyber-physical systems. This will
broaden the potential of cyber-physical systems in several directions, including:
intervention (e.g., collision avoidance); precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level
manufacturing); operation in dangerous or inaccessible environments (e.g., search and
rescue, firefighting, and deep-sea exploration); coordination (e.g., air traffic control, war
fighting); efficiency (e.g., zero-net energy buildings); and augmentation of human
capabilities (e.g. in healthcare monitoring and delivery).

3. Cloud computing
Cloud computing is shared pools of configurable computer system
resources and higher-level services that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal
management effort, often over the Internet. Cloud computing relies on sharing of
resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar to a public utility. Third-
party clouds enable organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of expending
resources on computer infrastructure and maintenance.Advocates note that cloud
computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front IT infrastructure costs.
Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications
up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it
enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable
demand.Cloud providers typically use a "pay-as-you-go" model, which can lead to
unexpected operating expenses if administrators are not familiarized with cloud-pricing

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models.

availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well


as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture, and
autonomic and utility computing has led to growth in cloud computing).

3.2 Service models


Though service-oriented architecture advocates "everything as a service" (with the
acronyms EaaS or XaaS, or simply aas), cloud-computing providers offer their
"services" according to different models, of which the three standard models per NIST
are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a
Service (SaaS).These models offer increasing abstraction; they are thus often
portrayed as a layers in a stack: infrastructure-, platform- and software-as-a-service,
but these need not be related. For example, one can provide SaaS implemented on
physical machines (bare metal), without using underlying PaaS or IaaS layers, and
conversely one can run a program on IaaS and access it directly, without wrapping it
as SaaS.

3.2.1 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)


"Infrastructure as a service" (IaaS) refers to online services that
provide high-level APIs used to dereference various low-level details of underlying
network infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning,
scaling, security, backup etc. A hypervisor runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of
hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual
machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying
requirements. Linux containers run in isolated partitions of a single Linux kernel running
directly on the physical hardware. Linux croups and namespaces are the underlying Linux
kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. Containerization
offers higher performance than virtualization, because there is no hypervisor overhead.
Also, container capacity auto-scales dynamically with computing load, which eliminates
the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based billing.[60] IaaS clouds often
offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block
storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area
networks (VLANs), and software bundles.The NIST's definition of cloud computing
describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which

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can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control
the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and
deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components
(e.g., host firewalls).
IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment
installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or
carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks). To deploy their applications, cloud users
install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In
this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application
software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost
reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed.[citation needed]

3.2.2 Platform as a service (PaaS)

The NIST's definition of cloud computing defines Platform as a Service as:[58]


The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages,
libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.PaaS vendors offer a
development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops
toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the
PaaS models, cloud providers d

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3.3 Cloud computing Architecture

3.4
Cloud architecture,[106] the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the
delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging
queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as
applied to mechanisms such as these and others.

Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It
brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization,
standardization, and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining
cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions
from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information technology
engineering, security, platform, risk, and quality engineering.

4. Cognitive Computing
At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive
computing in either academia or industry.In general, the term cognitive computing has
been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that mimics the functioning of the
human brain[5][6][7][8][9][10] (2004) and helps to improve human decision-
making.[11][12] In this sense, CC is a new type of computing with the goal of more
accurate models of how the human brain/mind senses, reasons, and responds to stimulus.

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CC applications link data analysis and adaptive page displays (AUI) to adjust content for
a particular type of audience. As such, CC hardware and applications strive to be more
affective and more influential by design.

Some features that cognitive systems may express are:

 Adaptive: They may learn as information changes, and as goals and requirements
evolve. They may resolve ambiguity and tolerate unpredictability. They may be
engineered to feed on dynamic data in real time, or near real time.
 Interactive: They may interact easily with users so that those users can define their
needs comfortably. They may also interact with other processors, devices, and
cloud services, as well as with people.
 Iterative and stateful: They may aid in defining a problem by asking questions or
finding additional source input if a problem statement is ambiguous or incomplete.
They may "remember" previous interactions in a process and return information
that is suitable for the specific application at that point in time.
 Contextual: They may understand, identify, and extract contextual elements such
as meaning, syntax, time, location, appropriate domain, regulations, user’s profile,
process, task and goal. They may draw on multiple sources of information,
including both structured and unstructured digital information, as well as sensory
inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).

4.2 Cognitive computing Analytics


Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize
the processing and analysis of large, unstructured datasets Word processing documents,
emails, videos, images, audio files,presentations, webpages, social media and many other
data formats often need to be manually tagged with metadata before they can be fed to a
computer for analysis and insight generation. The principal benefit of utilizing cognitive
analytics over traditional big data analytics is that such datasets do not need to be
pretagged.
Other characteristics of a cognitive analytics system include:
 Adaptability: cognitive analytics systems can use machine learning to adapt to
different contexts with minimal human supervision
 Natural language interaction: cognitive analytics systems can be equipped with a

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catboat or search assistant that understands queries, explains data insights and
interacts with humans in natural language

5. DESIGN
5.1

There are four design principles in Industry 4.0. These principles support companies in
identifying and implementing Industry 4.0 scenarios.

 Interconnection: The ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect


and communicate with each other via the Internet of Things (IoT) or the Internet
of People (IoP)
 Information transparency: The transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology
provides operators with vast amounts of useful information needed to make
appropriate decisions. Interconnectivity allows operators to collect immense
amounts of data and information from all points in the manufacturing process,
thus aiding functionality and identifying key areas that can benefit from
innovation and improvement.
 Technical assistance: First, the ability of assistance systems to support humans by
aggregating and visualizing information comprehensively for making informed
decisions and solving urgent problems on short notice. Second, the ability of cyber
physical systems to physically support humans by conducting a range of tasks that
are unpleasant, too exhausting, or unsafe for their human co-workers.
 Decentralized decisions: The ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions
on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the
case of exceptions, interferences, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a

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higher level.

Elements in the system:

5.2 Network architecture

PARKING NETWORK:

The car park network (CPN) architecture is used as the infrastructure/backbone.


The architecture is shown in Fig.4.4, where the dashed lines indicate wireless link and the
solid lines indicates wired link. This type of parking network includes routers that form
as the infrastructure for connected clients. The CPN infrastructure/backbone can be built
to allow sensor networks to connect using wireless radio technologies. The routers form
a self-configuring and self-healing link network.

Figure 5.4. Infrastructure of CPN architecture

6. WORKING
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in our proposed approach, we move all computing functions of the


automation system into the cloud in order to provide full automation as a service. This
makes it easier, faster and less costly for users to deploy, maintain, and upgrade their
automation systems. Moreover, our design supports switching to a different cloud
automation providers since all VMs can be group-migrated to a different provider. Some
components are not movable to the cloud, such as sensors, actuators, and
safety/emergency shutdown control functions. Figure 3 illustrates our proposed
automation architecture. Our proposed approach relaxes the existing systems layers.
Figure 3 reflects the relationship between each component and the layers shown in Figure
2.To connect sensors and actuators to the cloud, we use field-level protocols that run on
top of TCP, such as Mod-bus/TCP and Profibus/TCP, which are either built in the de-
vices or provided through separate I/O modules. For cases where advanced functions, such
as security and message-level scheduling are required, we dedicate a gateway server,
which could be replicated for more reliability. In our approach, direct digital control
algorithms ,run on cloud VMs instead of real hardware in the control room. Also, in
existing automation systems (Figure 2), controllers communicate with sensors/actuators
over a network with mostly deterministic communication delays that are negligibly.
Whereas in our design, communication occurs over the Internet, which adds large and
variable delays to the control loop. Therefore, straightforward migration of direct digital
control algorithms to the cloud may affect the functionality of the control loop or even
make the system unstable, and thus jeopardize the theoretical performance guarantees
offered by traditional controllers. As a result, more components are needed to mitigate the
variable Internet delays and the lack of reliability of Internet links and VMs, which we
design in this paper. We propose providing the HMI/SCADA layer, L2, and all the way
to L4, through Platform or Software as a Service (PaaS and SaaS) models. Thus, we
provide engineers and operators with access to the control room applications through thin
clients. In existing automation systems (Figure 2), a control room is a complex
environment loaded with servers, workstations, network switches, and cables. In our
proposed design, a control room is comprised of a number of thin clients, which requires
less hardware and wiring, making it a tidier environment [26]. In a manner similar to the
field gateway server, we propose a control room redundant gateway server to reliably
carry on advanced functions, such as security and message scheduling. To show how to
maintain the timeliness and reliability of migrated functionalities, we study L1, since it’s
the most challenging layer as we discussed in Section 1.3. We propose (i) an adaptive

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delay compensator (Section 4) which mitigates the effect of communication delays on the
remotely-controlled physical plant, and (ii) a distributed fault tolerance algorithm (Section
5) which enables the controlled plant to maintain operation under controller/link

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PROPOSED DELAY MITIGATION


The roundtrip delay between the cloud controllers and controlled processes varies
with time. In most cases, the Internet roundtrip delay ranges from tens to a few hundreds
of milliseconds. Meanwhile, the sampling periods used in most industrial applications
typically range from a few hundreds of milliseconds to several seconds. Therefore, most
of the roundtrip delay will be absorbed within the sampling periods and will have no effect
on the control loop , because the controlled process will still be receiving one action per
sampling period. However, delay may occasionally change in a random fashion beyond
the sampling period because of the dynamic nature of the Internet. To absorb such random
variations, we need an adaptive delay mitigation approach. In this section, we propose a
method to handle varying communication delays. We start with the traditional feedback
control loop shown in Fig. 4(a). Moving the controllerto a remote server as shown in Fig.
4(b) adds delay in both directions.
We model the loop as shown in Fig. 4(c), where C(z) and P(z) are the transfer
functions of the controller and the controlled process, respectively, and z-k and z-1denote
the feedforward and feedback delays, respectively. We introduce an artificial delay block
equal to z−l at the entrance of the set point as shown in Fig. 4(d). Introducing such delay is
insignificant to the system performance as we discuss at the end of this subsection. We
simplify the loop as shown in Fig. 4(e). Thus, we have managed to reduce our cloud
control problem to what is known as controlling a process with dead-time [32], where
there is a time delay between the application of the process input and its effect on the
output, e.g., when material traverses a long path within the process over a conveyor belt.
To control a process with dead-time, the controller is usually coupled with a delay
compensator. We propos our adaptive version of Smith Predictor [30]. Thus, our
compensator does not require precise knowledge of the delay component at design time.
We first design the controller as if no delay is encountered. Then, we measure
the delay and adjust the Smith Predictor. This is important because the communication
delay over the Internet changes dynamically and cannot be known ahead of time. The
original design of Smith Predictor is as follows. Suppose the process consists of a non-
delay component
P(z) followed or preceded by a pure time delay z−(k+l) If we first consider the
process without delay and design a controller C(z), the closed loop transfer function

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becomes
T(z) = C(z)P(z)/(1+C(z)P(z)).
The objective is to find a controller C¯(z) for the process P(z)z−(k+l)
such that the closed loop transfer function is
T¯(z) = T(z)z−(k+l), whichinvolves solving the following equation
for C¯(z):C¯(z)P(z)z−(k+l)
1+C¯(z)P(z)z
−(k+l)
=
z
−(k+l)C(z)P(z)
1+C(z)P(z)
. (1)
The new controller is therefore given as:
C¯(z) = C(z)
1+ (1−z
−(k+l)
)C(z)P(z)
. (2)
Fig. 5 shows our proposed design of the virtualized controller, which has two main
components: (i) controller with delay compensator, and (ii) communication delay
estimator. The controller with delay compensator is shown in the dashed box which is a
block diagram of the controller described by Eq.( 2) with the combined feedforward and
feedback delays z−(k+l)
, i.e., the roundtrip delay. It uses C(z) which is the original controller designed for
the process P(z) with no delays. It also needs an approximation of the process transfer
function which is denoted by Pˆ(z).
In practice, a simple first or second-order approximation is sufficient [28]. The second
component is shown in the black box in Fig. 5, and it estimates the roundtrip delay
between the process and the remote controller. The roundtrip delay is used in the delay
block z−(k+l) Our delay estimator employs an exponentially weighted moving average to
estimate the communication delay mean as Di = αdi + (1 − α)Di−1, where Di is the
estimated mean delay and di is the measured delay at discrete time instant i.
Similarly, our estimator employs an exponentially weighted moving variance

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to estimate the delay variance as


Vi = α(di − Di)2 + (1 − α)Vi−1
where Vi is the estimated variance at discrete time instant i. The delay value in the delay
block is adjusted to Dc = b(Di +hVi1/2)/Tsc,
where Ts is the sampling period, and h is a positive parameter to accommodate for delay
values larger than the mean.

SYSTEM OPERATIONS:

Thus, the estimator adjusts to changes of delay while not overreacting to short delay spikes.Now, we go
back to the delay block introduced in Fig. 4(d). Introducing such delay is insignificant to the operation of
the system for two reasons. First, set points are kept constant for extremely long periods if not for the entire
system lifetime. In control theory, a delayed version of such constant function is the same constant function.
Second, even in the infrequent cases where set point has to be changed, it is often performed by a human
operator. Adding a few tens or even hundreds of milliseconds of delay is insignificant to the operator
response (several seconds, to reach a knob or software slider and to update the value).In summary, the

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novelty of the proposed approach is that adding a single artificial delay block outside the control loop
transformed the challenging cloud-based control problem to that of controlling a process with dead-
time,which is solved using Smith Predictors. Using our adaptive version of Smith Predictor enables moving
the controllers to a distant cloud provider without changing the design of the original controller or the
process being controlled.
5 PROPOSED FAULT TOLERANCE
In this section, we design a distributed fault tolerance algorithm which guarantees normal
operation under failures, and we theoretically analyze its performance. We also theoretically prove that for
most real-life scenarios, cloud feedback control using our algorithm has virtually no effect on the controlled
process operation. In most practical systems, controller failures are handled by double redundancy as in
[11], or at most triple redundancy as in [20] for mission-critical processes. Upon failure, redundant
controllers take over in a stateful manner. In current automation systems, redundant controllers are closely
located and tightly synchronized. Thus, they easily share the control loop state periodically (typically once
ever a few tens of milliseconds). Providing similar reliability for redundant cloud controllers is quite
challenging because controllers would typically run on different machines and preferably in different data
centers or even different cloud
providers, through different Internet providers (multihoming) as shown in Fig. 6. Using
different machines tolerates machine failures, whereas replicating across different data centers (or cloud
providers) and using different Internet providers add more robustness to situations such as Internet link
failures. Additionally, fine-grained clock synchronization and maintaining the state consistency on short
time scales are complex and costly for geographically distant machines communicating over the best-effort
Internet.

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7. DISCUSSION

 Optimize parking space usage


 improve the efficiency of parking
 help traffic in the city flow more freely
 The Smart Parking system gives your multiple points of entry and exit. Rather
than moving multiple cars around, increasing risk, time and labor, your operators
simply use Smart Parking’s software to access cars.
 Day to day management including payment, compliance and space management
is made easy
 It requires less cost
 It helps improve the probability of successful parking and minimizes the user
waiting time.
 Users can access that occupancy data to determine the availability of spots and
then pay for them with their mobile phones. In addition to lending convenience
and environmental benefits, smart parking improves the utilization of existing
parking, leading to greater revenue for parking owners

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8. CONCLUSION

From this study it is clear that, this method increases the efficiency of the
current cloud-based-parking system and develops a network architecture based on
internet-of-things technology. This system will help users automatically and a free
parking space at the least cost. By using this method it will helps for improve the
probability of successful parking and minimizes the user waiting time. This is the
main advantage. The system benefits of smart parking go well beyond avoiding the
needless circling of city blocks. It also enables cities to develop fully integrated
multimodal intelligent transportation systems. The average waiting time of each
car park for service becomes minimal, and the total time of each vehicle in each
car park is reduced. In the future study, security aspects of the system should be
considered and implement the proposed system in large scales in the real world.

9. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK


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By 2020, there will be nearly a million "smart" parking spaces around the world,
according to navigation research. More municipalities and corporations are
adopting the technology, for a variety of reasons. Chiefly, municipalities are
turning to the tech, which typically consists of sensors installed in parking lots that
alert drivers with compatible interfaces when they open up—but can also send
signals to cops when a car has overstayed its meter share—to clear up congestion.

As Navigant notes, some 30% of a given city's traffic gridlock is caused by


drivers circling the blocks, looking for a spot. Smart parking aims to eliminate both
the unpleasantness and the arterial clog in the city's traffic flows.

IEEE spectrum report on the smart system installed at the


Baltimore/Washington International airport, the first to utilize smart parking tech,
offers a good look at how these systems work in a parking garage-type setting:

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Smart-parking technology for on-street spaces is expensive, and still in its early
stages. The largest examples are pilot projects with costs covered primarily by
grants from the federal Department of Transportation. In San Francisco, the SF
park pilot project uses sensors from Street Smart Technology for 7,000 of the city’s
28,000 meters. In Los Angeles, LA Express Park has installed sensors from Street
line for 6,000 parking spots on downtown streets."

These programs are linked to smart phone apps, and the city encourages drivers to
tune in. And while the Times is right that these efforts are expensive right now,
parking is actually a huge industry: it employs 1 million people and rakes in $27
billion a year. There's room for real competition in who can provide the smartest,
and least painful services. Not to mention an incentive for cities to install the
smartest tech to squeeze to maximize ticket fee revenues.

All of this shows we're moving towards a world where scavenging for a parking
place will increasingly be a thing of the past—both because smart parking tech is
improving and becoming more ubiquitous, and because car ownership itself is
finally stalling out. Navigant says we may have hit "peak car ownership." All of
which is good news; it means a shrinking carbon footprint (driving is the second
biggest emitter worldwide) and less wasted time. If there's one thing we can all
agree on about the future, it's that we don't want to spend it looking for places to
park.

REFERENCE
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[1] A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things


Technologies, THANH NAM PHAM, MING-FONG TSAI1, DUC BINH
NGUYEN1, CHYI-REN DOW1, AND DER-JIUNN DENG date of
publication September 9, 2015, date of current version September 23, 2015.

[2] An Intelligent Car Park Management System based on Wireless Sensor


Networks. Vanessa W.S. Tang, Yuan Zheng, Jiannong , 2006 1st
International Symposium on Pervasive Computing and Applications

[3] UTILIZING RFID FOR SMART PARKING APPLICATIONS, Zeydin


Pala1, Nihat Inanc2, April 18, 2009

[4] Automatic Smart Parking System using Internet of Things (IOT),


International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5,
Issue 12, December 2015 630 ISSN 2250-3153

[5] A Cloud-Based Car Parking Middleware for IoT-Based Smart Cities:


Design and Implementation ,Zhanlin Ji , Ivan Ganchev , Máirtín O’Droma,
Li Zhao and Xueji Zhang .

[6] A Survey on “Smart Parking” System Faiz Shaikh1, Nikhil kumar B.S.2,
Omkar Kulkarni3, Pratik Jadhav4 ,Saideep Bandarkar5

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