CHAPTER A 53

ii;?
DERIVATIVES
i1i;
I.INTRODUCTION
Derivative-efqf 6-f"[{ q-{i {g€ ryqfu-c{. ssr?-el{frIT I {qfl( derivative
FImt <'F C{ qftrf eE/qtft.q-<." *1? q<q
nq uR r st.[ sR "r<,-nq q-$R c
ry-FE (E.lT{l derivative Fl6s TF qR( crl{ (frr.l{ F,c R(r{G) efirr{
word
6rl?tm cwca \e-l{ eFg T.gqfr vr
{<t(\g >ml q5< I

sctc{ L{FFI6 <tqEI Bqlq<q cfil sl4 s 6{..$ {r$ q+F.rq

q{ q-sF efrffi qd9.frq I q;t part

of speech € adjective, .c< qkri
E
qF-<F
Gfi'f) RI,tT<rs flt€TllH_

qqi arge--fiF-{ qd
l:lm'r
"ffi F[q qc]re qrrktr< wd< fr€^r_ r frg part
of speech q.l qTR gd19 adlective. qsfr fi {t-R-q-{
qsr* w'r{j
{T q({ (root) c+r+
'fi trr<r $s r E.RR @-wm. 6{R q$F ett o-+rq
E-
'fi€31{lT-
ltlsil
c<r'll,

frq {{'rqtr{ wda e1 ffi el

^ !tl-o
{ffi qaX\-
Rvfi, v.FT part of speech_rr
{c{ce I

6T14l = adjective
RITRST = noun
vRrE cq?tt c'rE cr 6F1-4 fi6q sfr vrd ry!fr-6 9166
frss o's ,*-l {r{
mF G{F q(-l ,fi\3Tt Grs 9l1c{ I
15 q$F Stn fiq" qd q<i E._sE qfrq
Erqc-E
ql6q vrrs TFr root, ER
<lq t6.t <l q{c{ R <{<l <{ee
qd oQ) Elrs TFr prefix (B"Fd) {w cr FrT rsr{ fr_q.?
€R( root q< 6"tc{ R Ecft{ <{ n <{ee
E{ Efrs TFr suffix (evil) r Sf< qE c?TsrEl ffifrE qq,66
Ae
T,ur morpheme.
stafq E"iLT{ Eqf{<rq morpheme qrEt
FTm"f s
 Gramrnar : Derivatives 903

t-=--l
";:i
/ -t--f
@Fnil
>rH
TcT {l:llc< gd{{ q('tFc+ {6{ free morpheme RI root q<( qdt{
q1:iqpffi (FI bcund morpheme Rl suffix 4R( prefix (qFrq affid \'Rrq
E"rcr< iq..*r q(EItrF fi3-+c1 cq"{11-{ 41-{-

l;;;r"*"t
FRt"tr.tl
J
I I

F*'"d-l @
E I
@
F*fxl
I

FII

E
$.tFA eiFlq c{, root (rRqr {E q('l)=,{< fi-q'{ qd
free morpheme il
qftq, frq bound mo.rpheme-€3l fr-s" c€F qd r{i, 4{l root-qit ck*l {s qc{
q-{ frfr-f,{ q+F -fq <I word bsR or< r 9Rr{ morphemes- q< q(Rlctt word
?'-R qexr< efuxttr fi{-fi"t fiqn sF s

'.q6q|'Rsl" {'qfi< tft{sTq6-{frS-{C"f mq6{l{ S

 904 A passage to.the
Englfsh Language

{<trca o'Tq m fuiF q<'t firE 'Ecl't-'" fifr

root {6{ Onqq rl 'tsio <mq | [6{r'i] <- .=rFr$
vRC{ CulT{l qE-Sci m"lCE fr-qtr{
ffi morpheme-€il qT<lC{ €TF word
"i$-s C{ r Csl{-{t bound €R( unbound 1norph"-n qqrq. Cqrd"S r fr-q qmfZq<
qffi{+qt6<tfr<cs c'trq tsqfi qfi<ErcE
FIT{T 1356e 11am r qtrqt'o1< qqr
fir+ Rr< $e$ sr
C{ltll = adjective

E ** = adjective
qdrs, "c{trlr'"-q{ Eercq prefix '\"
{s s<Er 4T fift-{ qd {116 c'tq firq vIT
part of speech tbn q r csl{ adjective-qn Vk{ ,q. 6q.trt +<re
{T ft-qq< part of speech
;; s+;flr*
qT+Is rl, Grq
IEF-;adjecrive I
adjectivel
E*-
lRrrR-+adjcetive I
$rmm-udie.tiu"l
*E-)ad'ect'ue I
E*- adiectivl ffi r

.m E-*q morpheme F< eFE frrm anfA 6qqf c,lo. !\fl qE s qfr
6fFt root {l word e< qdf$ tffi nf< ft-q vK part of speech fo ,fffi
S6{qt I et?<fibI-t{ morpheme-C$ Tffl inflexional morpheme. q<T C$.F
word Rt root (i (free morpheme €R) qqfro
"rrc6 6qR r q-{rn frrE-<
€qq{"tsrol "tV s

Isl+ adjectivel
:r9ls!-+noun
I

J
CIrB-+ adjectivel
I
c<l'!sll+ nounl

ft-+ adjcetive I
{E-uaun,ul ffi
,!qEllE{.terEI cerr$ ffi"fl crrt G lEIl c<, [@_-orpheme qF< e+F
frnsmiEIEE qi 6{ EkT frFr root f*ora
h"" *o.pn"me) €K ctcat {--s
q'CT Ef{ qqfC$Q e1
"llr* &T il, part of speech C+e tfr6 OX , *q ApA q-if
morpheme-f$ T({ derivational morpheme. ERF 9ll{q C{ CfFt root
$ll-rlE
{l word €3 Ckal derivational morpheme {S S'6{ El{ part of speech
 Grammar : Derivatives 905

"itFrT mrys word 4lrg{l TIR \5nf<r$ A root Rl word €{ DERIVATIVE

TC{ tqdls-
free morpheme + derivational morph eme = DERIVATIVE ft-q free
morpheme + inflexional morpheme = derivative F3tr |

qr<s *E stm-
Cqlrfj-€< derivative
$-c< " _1!.rlr<M r

ftq- -6q'ltBgl
c{l'li-q< derivative
cqF-q<
,, -_____scq6_" t5nfr
qaC{t Eq "F<€f word --qcTFR----4i
sr{l3l inflexion. qf{tq< ei sTIl{,F Eq
DERIVATIVE cFIK qqiR I q"ff6 Inflexion frCq qlffirD-{l3 q-<-Sl"tq',t al]-s.rEs
q{IlCT<
{4 q(rt eF s-{l{ \Tlctf inflexion €4( derivative ,S< frRE WfqIE-{l{
@t q{T cqsxl <ta r q.cs fiTl{ftq-< Rsc<& 'rq qrft{ s{ qw$l(r{ s-{r< I

T|{{ csqq il({l word- q< ET{rcl] st {] FtqrE lsr<& word €K 656qe 6f
qR's-drqr< €lcqETi I Fl{kq-{ 6{<fi-{ IFq< q{i <lcEl word 4< ql{K{ <i{r{Fcs
Etq"r++a<n r

tcIKfrqTR ffi<s mft cq"lr prefix qsjs e+q'$ word $rq

<F*€ q$ I ET(q{ >[c{i c<ft qR{lrq 3i-qqE F(T-sfr prefix- fiTF cT{l aF t cs<
qm qeIEl{{qs'c( csET I

trREFIXES
Pretix rs \Tel cq-{ tsrMTrT
1. Oe
"lc-${l{, thoroughly adjective,/noun €-n 9TC{ {s SC{
verb uff{ 6[3 inflexion {E +r<;
qd"tt.ftt-s r

l. bl {'{, two part of speech ell-Sl{4 I

J. co with, {ICel inflexion TID Tri I

+. oe down l{q, $\l{ inflexional, verb G\eH TGI

5. dis not, {, apart, {Ci inflexional; qlq< flK{e-d q!-F
o. ln (ll, not-d inflexional; \ma]K cl{;t
'll{'{si
im, ir) +GI
7. mis bad {l<'l"i, badly inflexional; qTaI{ elK{s{ qlT{
qrdflqr{
E. pre before-9lCflll intlexional
9. re again-YKl3l inllexional
1U. un not-1[ inflexional

6{5Fl 3

1. BE+noun,/adj. = VERB
 946 A Passage to the English Language

BE + fool = BEfool-C{St(l{I{; fool-C<l+t (n.)

BE + friend = BE friend-Tfi\ S-sl ; friend-<-i (n.)
BE + numb = BEnumb-Si-l F{l; nurnb-sFl't (adj)
BE + little = BElittle-qq€{ti littte-pq 1661.1
BE + dim = BEdim-q-{-skt F-{l; dim- qq-€F (adj.)
BE + dew = gg6"*-pgfi-sfrs; o-<l; dew-fiftsh.)
BE + devil = BEdevit--F"stfr<r{f; devil_rtSel{ (adj./ n)
2. BI + noun,/ ad;. = nounT u6r.
-{g:t
BI + cycle = Bicycle-{E;rRro-q; cycle-noun.
:ll BI + annual=g16nnml-fr{lff$'; annual-{ff+ (adj.;
BI + focal : Blfocal-(t c+.1-fi{ frFtb focus-ffilsl.{ (n)
3. Co+noun,/adj = noun,/adj.
CO + wife : COwife->rfr{; wife : ft (n)
Co + operate = CO-operate q-$-fq TM Gtl; operate=OFf Ffl (v)
CO + league : COleague: qqFtf; league : t+ft (n)
CO + worker = CO-workq : {{g'ff; worker = s-ff
DE+ adj.,/noun = adjective/noun
DE + fame = DEfame = qfi];t s3trl; fame = {l{ (n)
DE + face = DEface-CE-{kl q? T-{t; face:
{el (n)
Dis + believe = Disbelieve-Vfr{F Ffl; believe= Rttc s-st (u)
Dis + allow=Disallow-S$G rt 6AII; allow-W$G 6n.{I (v)
Dis + join = Disjoin-TFlRs-gt; join-6{C{ 6F4i, (Trt s-{l (v)
Dis+approve:Disapprove- q$Tlhq il F{l; approve_S{Cfih-{ qfi (v)
6. IN + transitive=lry1mnsi11ys-q$'{S; transitive_q-+f-+ (aaj.)
IN + correct : INcorrect-y{l correct- OfE (adj.)
IN + flexible = INflexible-V{'{ft{; flexible = q{fu (aaj.)
MIS + understanding
=misunderstanding-S GltERt;understanding=Gf{g{Rf ,T{F$\TI (n)
MIS + spell = MlSspell-y{ <t-+l+Siil; spell-(ffiq q<t (v)
MIS + match = 1415p31s6-qryF; match-:Rft, {letrltrsTl (n)
8. PRE + position: PREposition; position-VT{{ (n)
PRE + conceive = PREconceive- glcrf cel'cs; {L<;l} F-{t;
conceive- {'l-T{l €$ r (v)
9. RE + start = REstart-1q-{-q str <i<l; start
-tsF s-{l (v)
RE + arrange=REarrange-9I{3t {E{ qC{ {lW.Ff; arrange_Tlql{ (v)
RE + build = REbuild--{F sc{
'ft{ s-fl build_efhq s-fl (v)
10. UN + seen = UNseen-sF?rll; seen-Ch'rlt (adj.)
 Grammar : Derivatives 907

UN + true = UNtrue-S{si; true-TsI (adj.)

UN + easy = UNeas!+$ft'{; easy-)Rq {ad;.;Q-qffi 1

qfiTSs?FerEI{€<Kqs Suffix 6Ert 3

SUFFIX
Suffix 6S q{ CqT c{<tqTrit
1. able ffi5t1 abjective {l noun qf,{ sC{
2. al c"ftr abiective tthq +r<
3. ate cil u"r6 4!{ 4-63
'.$
4. fv GII verb l[}{or<
5. ism frum- xs<fh abstract noun lf}q F6{
6. ist GSr< common .ror.r ufh {6(
7. ive nE- <o6T^:rg; adiective tfbq TI-{
8. lv vlr<,--4T$qF adverb ti'a-q or<
,$q3t sm-sF Eqt-€6t fi"l s

1. believe + ABLE= believABlE believe-RtH {{l (V)

fr{fc Rlrfi; (adj.);
port + ABLE : portABlE-{5'-6{lt[ (adj.); port-T{F T-fl
eat + ABLE = eatABLE-rll€Tl3I RI'll (adj./n) eat-rlleTl (v)ffi r

2. deny + Al = deniAl- qfuB lNl

= deny-9ft$K e<T V); AL--$sI"Btq N)
refuse +Al=refus
= refuse--€9il1T1{ S-fl (V); try + AL = triAL*{CEA, qldt N)
= try-o?t s-{t, <lFtA +-{t (v) ffi r

7. Expense+lVE: expenslvE-<i{-<q{ (adj); expense-Ti-{ (n), <iK T-{t (V)

act + IVE = ActlVE- +S (aaj :); act-S[Fs-{l M ffi r

8. bold + LY = boldlY-cRrc< {Eel (adv.), bota-cRft (adj;)

rude +LY = rudelY fit-i-r-l6{ (adv.) ; rude- ffi (aai;)
fine + LY = finelY-{'t-{9-C< (adv.); fine-qq-4 (adj;)ffi r

,{ fr{c* ffis Eqrq{q q<(qIcEIE-ql qe tsrs< qt€EI <RF <r{ q?IIr{

Fllrfft&< 6o<tt< 1R<t< q-{i qqrm frg Uqtsq q<(qFID-{t rqrt qq' I -rq'itrdm
ft&, nqcl .s{( dqET frm wl co|q <ts ftntR-sstm qrqto-{T s<K Rqt 6{rs<
\r{ <t{ I qr{'tq l.l.tm{ qwq q<( eTTtcT{E cc tqrs {s-{lsr+< "lcct qRffi€
F;TG[ I

{fuqr, Ntl-<t qsnu"t<tftg m{csEKqrfiflqq @ cs,,fin 'nql.rq{fq

F-<l{ csf{ el.{fq-{ oE r qaF {q calrs ss <I .sstf}s -lq rtt{ T.-{R cfr"r{ qT-s
T-{r qr{ -lE qB fi'Stftq< q-r{ Cq',ryR qt
1KCE
1E +r< r
 908 A Passage to the English Language

{RrkK, fro qrmqlq root 4((qf, o.c{-$F prefix € suffix <rTqt{ $Gt
fr-w< qrnoerffi ,ft hR a-$ {T st< q+F wsot< Eqr<q cqrt qq s
2

" rdt
',t l

+
f.-.t I
G"lGr< structure-€ believe-root fri <tn ftq prefix ({*t ffi'fi) ,{<q st-r{
ftR suffix ({r< cqrl) ske r root F< llrq qqrEtrs qR<t s. {w ft< frcD-{
word eT4l'{f,{s-fi{I{ s
(a) believe-fr{F{ o-<t (v) (1)
(b) unbelievable-qR'ttq Rt1l (adj;) (2+1+5)
(c) unbeliever-ffi(n)(2+1+8)
(d) unbelievability-qfrfiryc<ltlfe-l - frftq-{ S1qe Ts €T{ (n)
(2+7+7)
(e) unbelieving-qffi (adj;) (2+1+6)
(f) unbelievingly-qR$G< {'lctl (adv.) (2+ 1 +6+ 1 0)
(g) disbelieve-s{RtF e<t (v) (3+1)
(h) disbeliever-qRtIft (n) (3+ 1 +8)
(i) disbelieving-qfr,ffi (adj;) (3+ 1 +6)
(j) misbelieve-YEsfr< frttq +-<t (v) (4+1)
(k) misbeliever--{fu$, glsfr{|ft (n) (4+ 1 +8)
(l) misbelieving-{{ fr$cc "lq (adj;) (4+1+6)
(m) misbelievingly-p{ R$rT< {ftal (adv. ) (4+ 1 + 6 + 1 0)
(n) disbelievingly-ulR{fcl-< q11rl (adv. ) (3+ 1 + 6+ 1 0)
(o) misbelievable-Rq fu'c q-fi{f< qsFm ql6q €vl (R'{T) (adj.)
(4+1+5)
(p) misbelievability-{fl fr{lrc< {q-fi <t q<{ (n) (4+7+7)
FFrfl
\51'q-rq cqr{q C{ Rfr{ morpheme-Cs 9lT€ ctcs qKcq 4<(
$rsf
qfi-{<KqlT Rfi qF{r ql$rE lcr{& word T{rq qEn {Rrft"t qms ail TN I

q<F EWE derivative e< RfrF FgT q<f EhT{<cl Esl'a-< |

 Grammar : Derivatives 909

A. Nouns from Adiectives

(i) Adjective-Sl el6{ ant RI ent
qlFFCd t q< qcq ce {l cy fts<lsK
eG[ once c{ltt F[{ noun-form {t{ Fd C{ I

Adjective Noun
STIF absence
q$Qe
absent
obedient \tr{Es obedience qntlsi
diligent
qft$ft diligence lfuq
confident ffi confidence fu{
patient ?$ffi-{ Patience ?t{
beneficent
qslE beneficence- q{t

abundant gltr abundance stq{

Bqg arrogance e'69l
arrogant
assistance ql"{Si
assistant {{slft
brilliant tw brilliance EWI
decent
rflft{'cld,q decency Wl
urgent
qt.Tlq{ urgencY SmsTATsl

current qERg currencY qFE-{

accept
'---F €l-E"l s-cl acceptance qS"t
fr-q adiective €K C'lC{ ate R[ et elfs'cE t <l te
q< {'6{ cv {s TIT
noun form utt{FflE{ r

Adjective Noun
accurate <{ld accuracY {qlleg
Brivate -. ctltqfu privacy ctfiqfi{-sl

:;; c{{+{ secrecY c'nlArsl

;;;" cowq, T{e delicacY E4i"1
qT<E.F{S literacY qFf6l4
literate
(iii) Adjective €3 ekq ar {t or qn?Ffq q< fil6{ ity CSItt S13 noun form
uthqp<tqt r

Adjective Noun
familiar qfrEs familiarity - sRht-f

popular - w&R ilopularity - q-dGlTl-st

senior <1-Tl(qf6 seniority - <LqTCqff"st

-
prior "F<ft PrioritY ftr"t
superior q< c{S superiority .--G$$-"-l .
(iv) Adjective fi(< el, ab, il, ite elFF-fE ty ul"ny csltl ft< noun form utf,{
FfiE{ I
 910 A Passage to the English Language

Adjective
Noun
pure _ rya purity _
future sRRis i"trli,v Reh_sl
sR_e__<i
(v) Adjective q< 6-lcs el, ab, il, ite cllfirq
ty <t itv C{lrl sl3 noun form
th*+-stqs r

Adjective Noun
obscure EftORq'S obscurity
able -
q_{_flf
c{d
nobre
cruel frt{ - r{{ ::['f-, : ffi*^u
cruelty _ fit{gl ' "
brutal - "NFRlflT brutality flEER, rcq
casual
- qtsRr casualti _ qroA_+nSr*
civil civility _W.t
equal -WqTf{ equalitY
fertire - E-6 - c{ql
hosti,e
local
-
l1iliY, rm
QAr locality _
mortal - q<qqE mortalitY
T{fll
real - s?ttd T9-I
servire - qrrsFqq :::jllt-, r m
simple - C<q simPlicitY
- "t-^i,^i-.. Tffrst
duplicate
- Feq
(vi) Adjective q< 6-tc{ ain, ane, ,r o,*";t{' ," ***uT,Tm
s-<tq3 t

Adjective Noun
certain
- fr$T certaint5r ftuT-sl
yain - $lt vainity q.qrc13
humane q{l -
-
(vii) Adjective .u 6rR ry q*+rq
Adjective
a #::K .,",;JH r.r qr r

Noun
angry - ilrflfr-s anger @K
hungry Tq6 hunger
-
(viii) Adjective $r 6'ft{ - FI
erF ous 6{ ous 43r q6{ ity Tr ety <frcn noun form 4f,{
s-{tqT I

Adjective Noun
anxious Efu anxiety Efte-sl
audacious RTth-{ audacity - p*
curious - stftRs curiosity _ q14-q
-
- Rq
ferocious ferocity _ Rea-o-l
 Grammar : Derivatives 911

Adjective Noun
q{fiP< generosity
generous
- - {qf$e-l
magnanimity Tql$e-l
rnagnanimous
-T{lN< notoriety - FJile
notorious
- TqIIE f{ftu
various - q54-6 variety
(ix) sueff,t adjective q{ elC{ ness, hood, dom, th CSItt T(? noun form {b{
€flq{ I

Adjective Noun
broad - q{g broadness - eFEsl
dear _ w dearness, dearth
- {Stdgt
deep "B< depth "I+rst
dry R9$ driness \9S'e-f

false - frqn falsehood - fretit+ctt

{ond - fu fondness - qMe
free qlQq freedom - EIfu
happy -- Ifr happiness - {rl
hard - <t0{ hardness - Tt$qi
large - eme largeness - efStwt
little - F, littleness - W-sl
martyr - €c martyrdom tu. <cftq-llfr{lqF
new - fr{ newness 'l<l'licl
knd q{E
- kindness - AII
strong - .lffi strength - 'ifu
true qe-t
- truth
-
C-\9IEI

wide width eE
wise - Elft wisdom -
GF
(d ffi{
brave - qtqft bravery - qt{5
brief - qiftg brevity - c(frg\o-l
sav - qF gaiety q$-sf
high €6
- height -_
B6-rcl

hot -
gtss heat €stq
just - TIT<I{
justice
- {,F
merry qF merriment - elF9t
- qt6 q&6t
moist - Sc-qqfrT moisture -
necessary necessitv - SLT-E-{'
poor - Ef.q' poverty - qffot
young - lsS youth 6fi-fi
 912 A Passage to the English Language

B Nouns from Verbs

(i):lrq, q$-qqs-{ qfra6l s.ci s
Verb Noun
bear {C{$-<l bier -RTl{
bear - Sqnqr${t birth ql
bind - <l1l bond Tfi
bless qfi{qsil bliss - qlq!
choose - 'iqqF<l choice - qqq
die
dig - Xll
1T{
death
ditch
-w 46
do Ctl deed
flow - q{fuqqf flood -$ffT{il
fly -_
give -
WI flight Ewr.q
m\3Tl gift qT
go Slql gait Efininsfr
learn - Ftmt+<t lore fiqrt
lend <R msTl loan
- I,lq
lose qkt{ loss SG
know -- qFTt
knowledge €lT
obey II{I T-{t obedience qA{El
receive flN9{l receipt
- qRfiotr
see mql sight
-
Tr
speak SqtTEI
strike -- qqe S-<1
speech
stroke
- <-wT
qtqE
tell Ft tale
sow --
4H
Rtn seed aw
think - Fsto<t thought fut
try o?Io.fl,frut<qt trial
wake - qHsCstrl watch
- cqr{IE fiEt{

sell R-q+at
(ii) Verb s{-ekS t <l te ells'Cq ,l qftr tion Csl'l S-cS nor.,
- fr-6*
sale
ofh ?rd q-S
Adjective Noun
I

afflict 6q Cq'€Er affliction F t

agitate BcssfiIBs-d agitation egq-{t
aggravate - <ffi$ cGm aggravatlon Ttriit frcre qRqs
alleviate- EIT{ S<l
+-g"r
alleviaticn - qlq-{, boi,.iq
cultivate El{ S-dl caltivation Dl{
<i&-6rt s -
hate- IqT <"{l hatred- lclt
(iii) Verb q"{ 6'fc{ de efi€rq de €n {frrs noun form uft{
el.[a sion F-<t E{ r
 Grammar : Derivatives 913

Verb Noun
allude - ErE"t 4{l allusion bca"l
- frq-rs
decide - Q<m
concede fi-or< osr
decision
concession
- q-{rflq'{EF
provide - WFTF-{I provision -- eWi; {qI; {{[
-
frq verb q'{ 6-l({ d clKfq d q{ 1R<ld tion rqtrt iFG[ noun 1or* e6-4 qil qg 1

Verb Noun
attend
-
:[L[C{Itt Cq€nt attention Ir{NRFI
contend _ sdrqsift contention ffic
pretend
-
\r-Ff€l pretention s{
(iv) Verb -q< Crlc{ eed em$-6{ eed q{ o{R{66 ess <frC{ noun 1or* 1t{ q-g1

{st
Verb Noun
exceed qeR(F-qqI' excess qGfr-s'
- -
proceed
-
\tr|{-{ qs{l process {qC
succeed
- Tssffqs{t success - Tgdftt
(v) Verb qif C.[tT end cllo6{ ance Tt ence Rt{ s(l noun form ttF* oft qg r

Verb Noun
attend - BqFCs{t attendance SqRC
offend - l.* sfut offence -- q"ldq
pretend
- sf{frl pretence - W
(vi) Verb q-{ eIC{ ume clFF-fE ption 6{Id iF-GI t[}q noun form S-fl qn I

Verb Noun
consume <IiI?FiII consumption <RI
- - q'$t{
assume WflFSTI assumption
-
presume - \T-$l{
9mFO<t presumption
resume $U+e-*t -
resumption 16fq.t
(vii) Verb q{ ClC{ tain elFFtF Q {l|q tenanc (I ment {l ten tion <frC{ noun
form {5-q s{t ET
Verb Noun
maintain wql'lFlctcll maintenance qq-calFFl
-
sustain - {ql TT} sustenance qqrftq-sl
retain qtr+m qfs<reEF{
contain-
retention
${"tsnt content s-q?
attain - S"tt6wt attainment
- EF
(iii) Verb Sf 6.R{ x {lrFF ture iI ation GFt $f,{ noun form tt}q F{t E{ I

Verb Noun
mix - ft4F mixture fu{
fix - R<m fixture fr{qfu$t
tax -
q-{ftqqffit taxation c-iqe{
APTEL_58
 914 A Passage to the English Language

(ix) Verb q-?r elC{ se qlt€(f, & qpo sation 6strl sGr noun form utbq s-{tcn
Verb Noun
r

realise - W3l{{fil realisation q{g<{<r{l

civilise - {q'Gil civilisation
-
WIgt
utilise - <I-{{I<CTI utilisation - <l-{qf
(x) Verb q< ck{ suffix 'fu qr{'cq qd {R"{d fication -
<frc{ noun form {hr
F-dIq{ I

Verb Noun
simplify C-?FTF-fi simplification :f+fi-+<q
pacify -- .flgGfl pacification - >lW
crucify - W-tfrqTil crucification
-
ft-q i1q
fu tq-{ qst qT, sfi
{E
- Ftfrh-s<"t
action iil ance c{Ft :F-G[ noun 1orrn e$-4 631
{{I
satisfy c$F$.il
- q{r{{t$<l satisfaction CEP
defy defiance - q{r€l
- -
(xr) Verb qif elf,{ it ellsfe & qlct ission <R6{ noun form
T-<t ES
Verb Noun
"t5-q
I

omit EIPtS'{l omission

commit - oKe* - W qt{qt<-*r.ffi]qvM
commission
remit - bFF'f 6?FqRt remission - Efiq
- -
(xii) suef,{t Verb 4it etGf al C{lrt Ft< noun form utb+ngtqn r

Verb Noun
approve 9.{tTpiTFill approval q-S{.fqq
refuse -- qftsR refusai - qftfG
remove qltfl<"fS-<t removal _ - q'Ef*l
propose
- eERGI proposal
-
{xiii) SveIFfl Verb 4it efiF y <l|sfn V st {fu
- eER
iage {l age <frC-l noun form
Elqr-{ts{ r

Verb Noun
carry _ Tq{GII carriage cslgn
marry - frsRsil marriage - fuS 'fi&
leak fu"I.j leakage &qcq <R'f[{
break stcl breakage -- qfi
pass qfr-ol o$ purrugJ qel
(xiv) sue,I{f- verb €it 6"lc{t ment 6{trt s'rd noun form off*qtqs
Verb Noun
r

conceal TSIT concealment BSqq

argue -- ir--6o-*t argument
.J
\o<tr
judge Rut<o<t judgement <lT
punish .Ilfr m\e$ punishment - .flR
- -
 Grammar : Derivatives 975

kv) ffiq
Verb Noun
allow _ \n_$e allowance vlel
behave <Frcr{RI behaviour
conquer
- qrcfl - <1-€l{
fists
Verb
- conquest
Noun -
deny
- qft-onon
wpo{rwr
denial qATB
qTsrl66t
fail
laugh
- qcl
failure
laughter qry
-
_ Esnsil q-{Q
slay slaughter wll,
oblige - <tfQoqqt obligation hFsnRq
please c-q?qqr pleasure +qp,q;qq
repeat
- repetition
s--<ls TRqfr
sign qia<t
resign
-
--: efq-sl'Ft$-{t
signature
resignation
CR

'f9islFt
SETVE 6fllA{l service ErsR

Formation of Verbs
(i) Prefix 6$Ctt s
trFq
calm - 'lF Secalm .llgs-dt
quiet - -llgs'{l
nisht - 'lF bequiet
CfiKqvo-<l
friend - <lG benight
-
head - {S befriend
- T{-qF.{r

cloud - IFtl behead Ft<cqq€t

Cq's becloud msqs F-{
deck Crflss_q bedeck qR-s€t
drop fiT bedrop
-*w1
- L
fall fls{ befall E6I
g"l3gsrr
fit
flower - Etp befit
-
- F beflower
- TqE|-ctqqfrsr<l
qqq{F<l
.fog - Slrff befog
-*
fool 6{l{t befool eFrr"nq{t
gloom - W[-SF frqmqm
jewel
begloom
- qGso-<t
- TF bejewel
- W
late mR belate qGRsslmcr{atiln'
lace - qfi<cF
little - ffi belace
- stfuqir<t
AD belittle
mean il - fuet
al.l bemean
-
 976 A Passage to the English Language

net _ qFI benet qlT{qr-fl

numb s{-fi benumb
- qrEs-{s-{l
siege
- {<l besiege
- \51-{C3t{T'<l
\firqFF{F-{t
- otc(Um,tfts{r
stir
witch
- \5,RR
bestir
bewitch
- cqtfu{<t
Fl
balm {47 embalm qsfFlgT'{f
- - itqfiLs csdtss-fl
" .t-t";
j:.
bank
-O{ embank
- p'tdr&uo-<t
battle
-T6 embattle
- ql{cqqr{lq{c-{l
bark
- wc'lls embark
- qfuct I

bed
bloom
- frq{t
T{q
embed
embloom
- TflElTlW-tltrgFrl
-
bold
bottle
- crqfr
6{F5E
embold
embottle
ctqfts,-{r
c<lsrE E<t
'qfrr+<r<t
brace
- <fl,ft-e-l embrace
-
plane
power
-_ fiq{
TEEI
emplane
empower
- Rrkq€bl
5q-sH"efd--fl
fr{ri
-_ fre1q]"H€t
peril
- emperil
trENI
c"{d crdF<l
able
-_ qFI
enable
enact
- q{aqqT{sat
act
cage trEI encage
- dmr*ql<6F-fl
camp
- fiR< encamp Ftfuqtlt<t
case encase {rc1qRq s-{t
"lPl
enchain :lsl61l<6$<l
chain
- Ttrq -_
chant
- c(fu enchant $€{t
circle
-FqRtq encircle G?{s{l
\flft'q{s-<l
clasp
counter
- qfe1a enclasp
encounter
- .EirqTQ-{q's{t
compass
- ffifi encompass
- qqftqqt
q-qc -
courage
cumber
-_EK encourage
encumber
- &mrqmssr
{6Erq<r{l
danger R{ri endanger Rqqt"idm
- - ftsm
dear
-EK endear
-
Ieeble
force
- nfrryon enleeble
enforce
- nfto<t
Tqsc{Ftq{t
girdle
-slaF<rfift engirdle c?++<t
gorge
- <tffi engorge gscf?l5;il
- -
 Grammar : Derivatives 917

joy -
qlT{ enjoy EqFHT-{t
large - lCS enlarge -- <f{ia o-<t
light -
qtr{t enlighten - EW1qI
list -
\flft-sl enlist qfr$lq.sT-dt
noble -
:[SS ennoble -- Ep+n
rage @1{ enrage CqtqfisT-$
rapture qFl{ enrapture emftswt
rich - {ft enrich - filEiGtrl
robe c4Ffi-{ enrobe - SRI
roll - qft{
qFrct enroll qR-sfp+-{l
shrine - liFf enshrine -- qfrcffi q"c$ Tsl s-dl
slave - qtr enslave - clcffil
thrall enthrall - qqGll
tansle - entangle - q@wt
IFHR
throne -- fr<qqq enthrone - s&El:-'gt
title - ?9 entitile - irS{FiGl
tomb - qIlR entomb otlr Cqsal
trap - tfrq entrap - +nq {{l
E
press - gl{E Impress - UI"|ERIGRE€i
prison - SlTlttR Imprison - SlslltlTKqf<h'{-df
(ii) suffix C{E t

F-Eq
black - $lE blacken - sFl T<l
broad - eFE broaden q'fsT-.lt
- EffiF-{l
haste - Fl hasten - ft{+-*t
length - ft{ lengthen - odt<+<t
hard - T6{ harden - q-dr$t€f
light - qmsf lighten - <fh+-gt
red - EFT redden - q-?FI s{l
soft -
qiN soften
deep €R deepen 'tS< <qt
height Bo-vl heighten o.-<t
- qllfts+<t E-*s
glad -- qFfts gladden
moist - .{6 moisten - q6o'*t
strength |lG strengthen
-
wide Ew[ widen - '|ffiT-{l
E€VIS-{I
fright q -
frighten - sT cTrlfiFI
 918 A Passage to the English Language

E
air <Fol{ airify <I{[g qRqq r-<I
beauty- cfliRd beautify
-
{r<s,-{l
class c{ft classify cgftRsttq*
electric t<ErF"s electrify t{Aig+.tGcrrldr-dt
example
- Eq6q -
examplify Eq|q3"tffi\ql
fruit -- Fr fruitify
- rrc-qs-dl
glory ctfr<K glorify crffio-<t
horror - q horrify sR cq$r{l
terror - q
ample Etr
terrify
amplify
- wffillnt
cqclstcts<l
just - 6c justify Tsrstfiftqs<l
peace -- {fB pacify
- .flgs-<l
right - eFAq rectify
- eFtqm
srgn tD< signify
- Few<twtso-rt
verse - Ske-l versify
- Rr{'R6S{I
-
F_ISE] oR IrzEi
authority S:lgl authorise sTst q+ts-{t
civil - {q
civilise sill
srst
memory- 1e memorise {rqs-{l
nauon 9lil\9 nationalise c+Rqlfu€ft&sqsTl
agony - {q{l agonise qaqlrsRbRt
sympathy cEEEE sympathise
- {qlT?tr m'"t11-{l
apology
- sqlEld{f
apologise T\leTdl,ts<l
system - eFl[ systemise
- qfl<IRF.-\,]r{
equal -- mF
R{ o-<t
equalise qnEInsls f
special - fiFE specialise RFEm<tRsrl
-
(iii)fifuq{{ffiem g

(a) Vowel-qT qR-{6 s

blood - rc
gold
bleed
sild
- {s{sqs{l
a{qm qllq s-{l
"{
knot - qA knit ftbcsrt
food {lht feed
- {tqlr{t
drop - RT drip Rtfurul
b) e'F Consonant "tfut6q C

half q{ halve q[tr6F-<t

-
 Grammar : Derivatives 979

thief
price
CEEI thieve
prize
- ffio-*r
"lfd< mv{l
- {{i .ilgs-{t
sooth - {R soothe
- qRqqm
cloth -
qal clothe
knee qEt&n<qt
life
ER
- q-<{
kneel
- <l{s<l
(c) Vowel
live
-€{( Consonant {Rl6T s -
frtmm'
*
jl'*
belief - frdF
bath - S'
believe
bathe
- XI{€I
-
breath - {lC breathe
- dlc ffidlt
glass dlc glaze
-
5-S',r$S-{l
grass - FFI graze
-
{H{Ne{t
flower - F flourish G-dGffiI
-
vice 'lFi vitiate "lt"lGl,+€t
advice _ go6qr1 advise Eitq{ mggl
- qq.l{s-d
practice qsilc
-
grief - Es{
Practise
grieve - E3"l Fdl
-
ftOfe : American English-4 practice-6$ verb $(noun RT{6{<lTqFF<l
E{l
Formation of adjectives
angle c$t"l angular
autumn C{Tg autumnal _ ffi$
book - <A bookish _ <tCT.{, "f{ols
boy - <Fls boyish
- <FT-s{{s
brother - sR brotherly - q1slqqffi{,elgqGc
mother - {lEt motherly - rFol q-ffi-T, rl$$
child - ns childish ecnft 1{lT['i\nc4,
childlike 6qcE{qE (sl{onlef)
q{6,'fqET
condition
- {6 conditional -
contempt
- $ contemptible
- $t{
contemptuous lcff{n+
- ?qR-s
day - fi{ daily
-
death - Isl dead w
deadly Il3il\m
- qtr{
earth {Qft earthly
heaven - heavenly -
east "d
"I{ eastern
"frfuffiqr
"F
west qfuT western flFF{ ffift3
empire - CEtEi Imperial -
<IqffT
 920 A Passage to the English Language

enemy - tEF Inimical 1@sRPr{

essence cRlgl essential
- EGqLqqffr
fame -- {'t famous
- s.fa
fire qleq firey EA'F6
gas - -
god - <l!
CrFlsl
gaseous
godly
- <*ar
qltrs
divine
god - "fifu
CFlsl godlike m-<-qsi
:{? home - <'t& homely qtdfoq
demestic
---
Tq"ttfrs
king - <M
kingly <rffiR
royal
- TFTffT
love -
vlaKlttl
loveable, lovely qq3
-
loving fr{,6{cftq
man TI{{ manly
-_ CRft
- qqar
human
-
milk
SENSE
-tr6<Iflfu milch
sensible
- EGrq
fiqq
sensitive
sensual
-sffi
T1{S

sun T{
sensuous
sunny
- EfrRqTs
6fusr
-
solar ffi{
year 3Vl3{ yearly
month -- nc
<tffi$
monthly
- {ffi-s
health - healthy
-
"l{ healthy "lq-{T
stqQh
memory -
- $ memorable
-_ {'<fu
memorial TKS
people @fs>FFdT popular _ qqRF
populous w-{€
bliss qft{q \fl-ft{qF
bind
- irq
blissful
- q-{l]srft{
- bounden
- q{.llrrqlT
binding
cause - Sl-<n - sRn-s
case - S{l
causal
- qrfrs
casual
-
 Grammar : Derivatives 927

centre : cs-€ central cs.sr

courage
-
q-qr
eFt(ct
courageous
-@
s.t(cl? Rlrfi'
credit
ql-<F{
cr,i2ditable
- q"Rft
crime criminal
- -
danger
-ffi dangerous
- fr"fW+
die
force
- T<t
fft
dead
forceful
-w
- rG,tft
_F
forcible
- <Et{o
flower flowery
- Ft4
floral
- F{qrffr
fool C{?H Cqls
a'lq
foolish
-_ $q{
miser
- GIFF miserly T+Mt{
- **cto"
L
coward cowardly 9lllr
<E-wl"r{
friend
-T{ friendly
- qFrs
fright
horror
-q frightful
horrible
-_ qFls
-q
fog - E{f{t foggy
- T{P$q
Gqq
cloud G3 cloudy
snow <.rl'<p- snowy _ <<TIq
- : }Er
ice icy
-{{S.frFrl -:-
gold golden c4{tft
- gilt mffi "1snt-<Iqf{s
hand
jov
-asq;fq handy
joyous
- $<tqqr
qR-4fitr
- - frEmcrftr
judge
- fiEF, judicial
- {ft<5qlqqf
JUdTCIOUS
- qrfl
knot - qR knotty
-
name - 4{ nominal
-
qFqq
life -
q-<q living
- ft<s
lively Fqa
title _ s{R titular
-
qFrflq
mind qsST-?tcl mindful {fiRRfft
-
mental $-{F-s
- fr{tx
night
-dG nighty
nocturnal
- f{.1
-
number c("lfl numeral ccln?il5-s
- numerous
- qrT$ll
-
 922 A Passage to the English Language
.".c
plcture ql< pictorial fiqcrftr
picturesque 13< ER< s\5)
practice qiqt-4fr practical ir{{RT
-
practicable {€l{t
right - 6s righteous qNT<FI

rightful eryE
slave - titr , slavish
qlmtGs
servile frE,t{
" lgt society q{lq social qqlGi-s
,*J -
sociable fre+
substance CRtgt substantial EFE
-
substantive ;_ qft
comprehend comprehensive
- T<lT
- <rPrs
comprehensible - 6{l{rF[
virtue Qct virtuous qltro
virtual
Imagine TEII imaginative
"rF
sg4eFFt
-
imaginary FFfr-s
Industry
- fu industrial fiBqq@tg
industrious nR$fr
moment {q\o momentary sqqft
momentous q*gt{
luxury - <l$Fll luxurious rll
luxuriant <frqq
respect q'qF respectful mr{d
-
respectable c$ft
spirit - Wnq spiritual Et<I&a
spirituous qtqs
time - lSli temporary q{-fr
temporal 1ttr<

L^atin Adjectives :
Nouns Adjectives
blood sanguine q-flfre
sanguinary Tssfr
body corporal -iftncrfiT
corporeal qfiKRFE
city civic {t'tfr-s
 Grammar : Derivatives 923

cow vacclne crilftq, efuq{$ 6 6Efafrq

country rural ,{FI
daughter filial s-r{]Gs, cslr{.tB€
day diurnal ?qfr-s
death mortal E<qftq
earth terrestrial "ilft{
east oriental $DI
Nouns Adjectives
*
iJ*r
'.*:'
egg oval ffir
end final q91.s

e9e ocular DTcrfi-{

father paternal ?"tYs
flesh carnal ilFll(rr{{a< c{ftT
foot pedal tqi'q@fs
friend amicable 1Mfl$
god divine cq-<q-dl

hand manual sg-F

head capital qs-+crAR,ft{ql+{
heart cordial qlgR-{
heaven celestial
"frtu
qKftT
hell infernal
home domestic tq{Cs
home sanguine qHRg
husband conjugal ql-lsi
king loyal <fwftl,w11v
royal <lqar
law legal qtdq{s
li{e vital fi-fi crfr{, q"lRqff
man human {F{<csfiT
marriage nuptial ffio, qR${FFE
mind mental nl{frs
moon lunar w crfr{, 5lg
mother maternal rTgqs
mouth oral dfirs
name nominal m1lq
night nuocturnal H
 924 A Passage to the English Language

root radical dFRt

rule regular fr'{fu
salt saline {firs
sea marine cl{Fs, cfi-stBs
ship naval {rQs
side lateral qfitft,4tsGI$
*gt sky eathersal v& qq, Rer{cr
Nouns Adjectives
s?
spring vernal qqq6ftq ,

sun solar t{crftr

son filial t@lFrc-
tooth dental qscrft{
village rural .$$'
water aquatic WM
west occidental ql5.lsr
will voluntary ei-Edqccllfu
woman feminine, €ffis
effeminate ffis
word verbal <rDR-f
year annual qscR"{
youth juvenile i'trct, vBpcli {qs

lEe,fl fwu(;" ,*fr s"!&'x