EM Theory Notes

Definition of Inductance
1.
the property of an electric circuit by which a varying current in it produces a
varying magnetic field that induces voltages in the same circuit or in a nearby circuit: it is
measured in henrys
symbol, L
2.
the capacity of an electric circuit for producing a counter electromotive force when the current
changes

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/inductance

Self Inductance

the production of an electromotive force in a circuit when themagnetic flux linked with the
circuit changes as a result of a changein current in the same circuit

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/self-induction

Mutual Inductance

the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a currentchange in a second circuit ma

gnetically linked.

The production of an electric potential in a circuit resulting from a changeof current in a neigh
boring circuit. Mutual induction lies behind theoperation of transformers.

the production of an electromotive force in one circuit by a change incurrent in another circuit.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mutual-induction

Magnetostatic
The rule of thumb to visualize and sketch the magnetic fields produced by currents:
 Magnetic field lines do not originate and terminate on charges; they form closed loops.
 The magnetic field lines that appear to originate on the north pole and terminate on
the south pole of a magnet are actually continuous loops (within the magnet, the field
lines run between the poles).
 The net magnetic field at any point is the vector sum of all magnetic fields present at
that point.
 Magnetic field lines can never cross, since that would indicate that the field points in
two different directions at the same location – if the fields from two or more sources
overlap at the same location, they add (as vectors) to produce a single, total field at
that point.

Student’s guide to Maxwell’s equations

Charge Continuity Equation

A continuity equation for electric charge states that the amount of electric charge at any point
can only charge by the amount of electric current flowing into or out of that point.

Formula…

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_equation

Faraday’s First Law

Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the coil.
This emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will
also circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current.

Method to change magnetic field:

1. By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
2. By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
3. By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4. By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.

https://www.electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/

Faraday’s Second law

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux that
linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil
and flux associated with the coil.

https://www.electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/
Faraday law formula

Consider, a magnet is approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two instants at time T1
and time T2. Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Change in flux linkage,

Let this change in flux linkage be,

So, the Change in flux linkage

Now the rate of change of flux linkage

Take derivative on right hand side we will get The rate of change of flux linkage
But according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of flux linkage

is equal to induced emf.

Considering Lenz's Law.

Where,
flux Φ in Wb = B.A
B = magnetic field strength
A = area of the coil

https://www.electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/

How to increase EMF induced in a Coil

 By increasing the number of turns in the coil i.e N, from the formulae derived above it is
easily seen that if number of turns in a coil is increased, the induced emf also gets
increased.

 By increasing magnetic field strength i.e B surrounding the coil- Mathematically, if magnetic
field increases, flux increases and if flux increases emf induced will also get increased.
 Theoretically, if the coil is passed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be more lines
of force for coil to cut and hence there will be more emf induced.

 By increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet - If the
relative speed between the coil and magnet is increased from its previous value, the coil
will cut the lines of flux at a faster rate, so more induced emf would be produced.

https://www.electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/

Applications of Faraday's Law

Faraday law is one of the most basic and important laws of electromagnetism. This law finds
its application in most of the electrical machines, industries and medical field etc.

 Electrical Transformers work on Faraday's law

 The basic working principle of electrical generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction.

 The Induction cooker, is a most fastest way of cooking. It also works on principle of mutual
induction. When current flows through the coil of copper wire placed below a cooking
container, it produces a changing magnetic field. This alternating or changing magnetic field
induces an emf and hence the current in the conductive container, and we know that flow
of current always produces heat in it.

 Electromagnetic Flow Meter is used to measure velocity of certain fluids. When a magnetic
field is applied to electrically insulated pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing, then
according to Faraday's law, an electromotive force is induced in it. This induced emf is
proportional to velocity of fluid flowing .

 Form the bases of Electromagnetic theory, Faraday's idea of lines of force is used in well
known Maxwell's equations. According to Faraday's law, change in magnetic field gives rise
to change in electric field and the converse of this is used in Maxwell's equations.

 It is also used in musical instruments like electric guitar, electric violin etc.

https://www.electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/

Dielectric polarization

Dielectric polarisation means redistribution of charges in a dielectric.

A dielectric material may consist of polar molecules or non-polar molecules.

A polar molecule have permanent dipole moment . They are randomly oriented so that net
dipole moment of the dielectric is zero.However they align themselves accordingly in a
external electric field and give the dielectric material a net dipole moment.they arrange in
such a way that net charge inside the dielectric is zero but there is a surface charge.on the
whole net charge of the dielectric is zero.
A dielectric may also contain a non- polar molecule in which centre of gravities of +&- chages
coincide.but in the presence of external electric field the centres of+&-charges do not coincide
and thus there is a net dipole moment in the dielectric.

Both of them obey gauss law for dielectrics.

In case of polar dielectrics ,the polar molecules do not allign completely with the electric field
due to thermal agitation.

Mechanism of polarisation: an atom consists of a positively charged nucleus with a negatively

charged electron cloud around it.

In the presence of external electric field, the Electron cloud is distorted and there is net
displacement of these charges from their average equilibrium position as result of the electric
force exerted on them by the electric field.this causes a charge separation and constitutes a
electric dipole.

In case of molecules that make up a dielectric, there are electrostatic interactions that are
taking place between the atoms in the molecule and these electrostatic interactions are what
we call a bond . However they are not equally shared.some atoms can attract the shared
pairs of Electrons than some other atoms in a molecule. It depends on the electronegativity of
those particular atoms.

As a result there is disortment of the Electron cloud and there is charge now associated with
the atoms in a molecule.ex: in H2O, o is - charged while H is + charged.Hence each molecule
have a dipole moment.but the molecules are randomly oriented so net dipole moment is zero.

In a external electric field , they rearrange themselves to give net dipole moment for the
dielectric.

Similarly non polar molecules polarisation can be explained using electron cloud disortments.

Magnetic Vector Potential

Vector magnetic potential exists in regions where J is present. It is

defined in such a way that its curl gives the magnetic flux density, that
is,

where A = vector magnetic potential (wb/m).

https://www.allsyllabus.com/aj/note/ECE/Field_Theory/unit_6/VECTOR%20MAGNETIC%20P
OTENTIAL.php#.Wua3T1WWbIU
Characteristics of Vector Magnetic Potential

1. It exist even when J is present.

2. Vector magnetic potential A, has applications to obtain radiation characteristics of
antennas, apertures and also to obtain radiation leakage from transmission lines,
waveguides and microwave ovens.
3. A is used to find near and far- fields of antennas.

https://www.allsyllabus.com/aj/note/ECE/Field_Theory/unit_6/VECTOR%20MAGNETIC%20P
OTENTIAL.php#.Wua3T1WWbIU