CHAPTER A 18

VERBALS OR NON.FINITE VERBS

qe e|s.r< verb-q< tRD-{ ee qr{Tq verb-qi[lT C{f$ r is{16{ non-finite
verb s.l[-Q Tr{ \51 eE W<slC< q<( fr-s]Rsqr{ cq{F Ecr-[R R q"llcq qst
qfc-{lb-{F T{<Eft fiqs <Etr{ on-c<
1k qsc< W<l( qE q$I{ lv-Rt qlc'f verb
1

sqTcr-< )r eilslF ei6g {€ | qe64 ,sl-+€ EF

'ilr< c
qTs q<lRbR RIdl qrm 4t I

"1fi non-finite verb q{?<FiR srl{l q-<-sK 1 fr66a a1-6i'qrvl elg I

First Person, singular. number: I want ltoTol it.

First Person, plural number : We want F a"l t.
Znd Person, plural number : You want F. aol it.
3rd person, singular number , She il'lutttt lio dol it.
3rd Person, plural number : Th"y *untFo dol it.
E'l(-<-<frG{ person € number €K subject (1, we, you. etc.) q< Tlcal
non-finite verb "to do" Tl{"{R +-fl qcrR f+-q ET< R"car< c+T{ "iffi qgfi r

sfrfr <ffi -cqto do <]<-QE Ectrq | ft-q finite verbF want, wants €sl€{ RGT
{9t{Kq s( I gqrq <qcs ffi c<- number € person Ce64 non-finite €K
mrffi cfl{ "fR<-6{ Q{ {T r Non-finite verb { verbal frq effl-{ r qafi e
I. Infinitive.
II. Participle.
(a) Present Participle
Participre
rrr. 8L:"xl
f+o qrq-d cT(T ffis. ql-c{fF-{t +-{t ?tq r

I. INFIMTIVES
Verb €K present form €K 9l-cef to <frR infinitiun uf5-q rfl E{ I qdlq,
Infinitive = to + verb (present). C<"fi 3
Rro d? r) He told me l@
I want Fo s;l there. (qtfr cc?[c{ tn"
work. (ffiqlrlrs+fqFescs {qe r)
qrF s-{ 3 to = cg,sl{f,{, to do = T-K * c9 = $-<-cg g to go = c{CE I

ll; *u<r.-mnq'-fi'-{" @ + cE" q*qqR

"tbl
r
 294 A Passage to the English Language

fii'Frnrs 6s(cr rpr1n111y"?fgi6 S ;+ -*

(a) Active voice-€ please, see, let, make, know,
Ieel, hear, dare, bid,
need, behold (filff), watch, notice ffi verb efElR el{ s
I saw him (to) go. (qR qTs mcE Ch"lE|{ I q{|r{ to go
= Rcs, ft-E to
E-q crtroe *6q6s" sqR {<[rq r)
,{str{ fr68-{ faUte-q <f} BqRTqsrqT ffi€RI qq I

Sentence (Examp@- Meaning Note

r. rle bade me (to) cc Wqlrs <f9T cqco to go = C{(9; \t{€
go home.
skq-tfrq €qlc{ to Bq <rrcq, +cE
r

go : Cfig
L. Ytease (to) do lt. q Frq T-scs q-{Eq 41If{ Please {fl verb,
P3=w{d{ s'c{ TfqF do .l{
O<r
J. Let hlm (to) stay. qra q?FCs trl€ I to stay = {l€(8, Let-
e*tr'l3I to E-{t ilT'a r

+. Uld you trear me qlq I$ qlqlrs csl{IR to call = 9TS(E, hear-

(to) call you?
sr$tg ardRrqr ${'l{ to E-{ r

c. rle made me (to) ffi ql{]-($ tqr{ E'I-{ to work : Ttq $sf(s
work for him. I

(qr') o.rq okc* frq = made-€il eR to BQ] |

c{ ql'{rrs q< slq

TsICs<l{i T-{{ I

o. I relr rne wind (to) qfiT <rs|{<€Rt qN< feel-qR past tense felt;
blow.
T:Fllq I sk"Kto q 1

/. We watched them qF-<l Elrq-<rs DTE 6{Cs to go : 6{CE; watch-

(to) go away.
cq'?l"if{ |
4Tfi to€-q r

8. I shall behold him qtft ofco q].ccs 6q'{< to come : 9lltv;

come but say ft-qftgaq< n r behold q< eiR to B{ l

noihinq.

EXERCISE j S"rc<< ers-{ rE €sft R-s \9lrc Tlslec{l[r5 ro frffi

BS.|1s1-4+t<"f frc?<qo-< r

1. She saw the thief (to) enter (ggqrf cfl) the room and shouted. 2.
Please (to) stop now. 3. She made me (to) write a letter. 4.
Lei the boy
(to) do whatever (<l ft$ he likes. 5. We watched
them (to) play.

fr-q es verb ac43t 'lR passive voice-q to E-q q-5a it, e{ Let-€i fi E-q
cll-rs: 6T5FT s
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs
295

Let it be done 0Y ntm.

2. He made me (to) go home. I was made to go home bY
him.
3. He made me (to) work for J. I was made to work for him
him. bv him.
4. We watched them (to) go 4. They were watched bY us to
awav. oo awav.
5. I shall behold him (to) come' Fie will- be beheld bY me t o
come.

EXEBCISEI A. exercise-€K 1, 3, 4, 5q(<l+lg(ql-rs passive-€

*"flgRs $13G.li.3 GI s{ let ElVt s{iw verb s{t 5p@ passive-q to E-{ cll64
qIt
B. Correct the following :
qolsl
1. t *u, -uan io ii tqmrre frre qslq $-{ffi q6{R4=qlfr
4-{F<l{lqarQ4r r

2. She was heard by us talk to her brother'

3. The building was felt shake ({.v1. ntffi <ts:tt)'
4. TheY were watched go'
5. Hn *u, lei to go. 1wre mre fiT] qcTen!
b) frr.F-d (RTorql "ls 3

I need to buy a pen. (qffi< '{+fr $-fi cs-{< vi-f,sl-{ l)

He dares to say so. (cli
qTfl €(s {Rq "|F l)
€1f<-< <f+feffl a{firmative 4| ql C<1{$ I need € dare-€i o1-54 16 {ffifQ I

qrtfK-
q-aom nt r)
I need not (to) go there. (91Tl3l c{qlr{ <f<K
fl1tR - rTsl {E-F
I dared not (to) speak the truth' (slft {sl <ETR {lqc
qpq SKf{' to sPeak = <qca)
qqiF-<t, negative <fsf El5lcs need s dare-verb qflf< "lc-< toE-{ <c-qcq r

ql{K_
I don't need to go there = I need not (to) go there.
He dared not (io) sPeak the truth : He did not dare
to speak the
truth.
s|{fq' Cq'?fi <Kq need € negative-{ <I{qs Es{.K t{:lT
dare verb ['fr
qIR< qlcti {fr auxiliary verb (don't, did noi) <I{ds
q{ q-qC{ '4fi-{ el({ to
{68 t

must-Qv.Ib
I (c) can, do, may, shall, should, will' would' have'
g{ cn-r+ t (defeciive verb {E[6{
auxiliary s defective verb €f,4l3t flK to
verb-9{fftR-:tr 6"16 ft64 cn:l t) cna B
 296 A passage to the English Language
I can go (qtft mrs
"llR r e?nn ro + go = 6T6e r ft_q to <t<-{o ql {cl's
wdeS'6qrs't) = I am able to go.
You may do it (= you are allowed to
do it qfr qbt F-{co {-{; q-{qG
{-{llTq ' to do : SrrCE, v_$B A{|H to €-q 1)
You should do it = you ought to do ii (csFil< qslq
F<186s r)
She must dance = She is bound to
dance. (eR-$ q<-RE TID-F q5g 1 1o
dance : ilD-rs t E{€ q?nUT to Bq <rg,6q
r)
I (a) naa better, had sooner, ihan, but, except,
s{ toBq aff{F C\-{ s ffi< fi infinitive
" iit
,J:;
Inc. I had better to go now.
Cor- I had befter go now (qTfr <<f q"F 1lR t)
Inc. He is better able to sing a song than to recite
Cor. He is betrer able to sing u soig than recite a poem.
,Inc" :W $-<f{ cErR fi'ftitE slE
"flr( I than qir
"tooi"_'i* "n_"f
You had sooner to hide. "K E_q <'.cv"cq r)
Cor. you had sooner hide.
Inc. you have nothing to do but to weep.
Cor- You have nothing to do br_rt weep (CEffig.sllt
RlVl q< $-{K ft_R
c€ r)
Inc. He did everything except to kili me.
Cor. He did everything except kili me. (cq qmnn
{ffl i]qs qR C_{
+mEq r)
(e) Better-adjective fi-< Eq epals eflc{; tsetier
"r< to (to) stay here
no*l
Types of Infinitives
Infinitive R q-or< "
(a) Simple or Noun_lnfinitive.
(b) Gerundial or
^ qerETqqrrqlt-qluilsrrq{
frcu - eualifying Inflnitiu".
-"
B'
a. Simple or Noun-Infinitive
(a) Simple or Noun-Iniinitive : fri,riti"" {fi
noun q< <rlq Sf< \jq{
vlfs<'.Cq simple Tl noun-infinitive. qt
eRl-< infiniiive noun_qR I\e= +tq
40al sub.ject, object, complement
AT{
Q\5T|ft Rmf< <l<.ds EII I

(i) As a subject : To tell a iie

is a sin. (frr'.f <EI ,fi,. I d.FI $TI, is €R
<lS"llffi {lb*S subject. {tr_trl( to reil--(tllf{.
unrU +U ,;
(ii) As an object : r want to go. (q?[r.i
want_verb c{.{ qr."fr6r< c-{f{
€ object. qtr*f SE infinitive.) qq-c<, She likes to cook.
(iii) As an object of a preposition
: I can not but (to) laugh (ffi al
Rcc {R ql r)
The man was about to die.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non_Finite Verbs 2g7
(iv) As the complement to a verb : She appears to be tired (vfC+
Frs {r{ q{ t)
I am to do it. (qNrs qsM <r<"cs qr r) €{t-d' to be € to do infinitive
- {afi4fT
Et appears s am verb qF< V<t+ qT.t,S T.cT-6Q | €qr{i e{TI € verb
s{ complement.)
(v) As the complement to an object : We expect you to go. (9ll-<l
utQ cs sl'\e r s?IC{ object
9fr you; € to go-infinitive b ci you -"*;.S,
we Tl subject Cqm TS I qs?=fii to go {f, object €i complement.)
(vi) qi-5q4 4TIrt fte@ €f$ &q1-qls B To live with this
s:n-cs <T sqT
man? (quq Wd c qt ffi|q'tr{ Cf6et T{4C F-{'68 qc<?) To have
so much
mcneyl
NorE : Know + Infinitve qdfq know + to +verb €RT'l {t{qE {f{ to
qR qlcti how {C{ 3
Inc. I know to rea"d. (ffi qVC.c= qtfr r)
Cor. i know how to read. (ffi qlft frq64 TWs q* = qfr 'fsicgi
uIR r)
Inc" He knows to swim.
Cor, He knows how to swim.

EXERCISEI 1. Noun infiniiive Ft-rs<cq?EtBffi4Hq

2. frrDT <lslsrEftE Noun-infinitive_€n frcF qTal qT€ r

(a).To rise.garly in the morning is good for health. (b) She

tried 1
break the pot. (c) You seem to be Iiredl (d) He went down to *e"l tn"
suesi(q&fiI) |

3' (a) correct ihe follov,ring : I know to swim (b) I would rather beg
lbr r" ask mcney of him 1ffi r<( Gx.l sK-{ E{ sk o]rq Bfsj utt< { r)
b. Gerundial or eualifuing Infinitive
Infinitive Tfr adjective.{l adverb Kr"l sTq;C.{ (l parenthetically Tf{eE
qT 9R1-q EIC$ <fq gerundial infinitive.
€? tlfi6{-< infinitive 6sF{
(ileqlt- purpose
(ii) T1-R6l-cause
(iii) 16--.on61,1on,
(iv) +-fiS-E-.esult T{f l:t <l
(v) parenthetically (]-{eE qg ;

qR ffi "tr<b 1i, ii, iii, iv, v) EC{ <l{C4 gerundial infinitive l-<tre qR
cs-l4qrclt{r{ql I

Examples :

_ (i) tTq-lT (purpose) :

She came to see me. (6{ qTfc{ cn{cs
qrcEq I q?ffrq Ecqli qq (to see), qqm- ./
 298 A Passage io ihe English Language
We eat to live. (qmiFRsi-li fi r)
€{16{ Infinitive-E adverb T-Cet verb 6S modify s-CtrR r T.l<cl infinitive_€R
glCel verb {cqTq s qdf\ verb . t-:*H+
lnllnltlve -q{11 <r<qs
qr-{ Ers-R. efs1.t
€<rq | .qqK qTqE qcg. ellc<; cr:Fi s This is the milk
@Igq-s
to drink. (eA E{ a11-+ €<R w41' r)
€'6s-G noun 6$ qualify s-<R infinitive fr adjective Rccc< TM TITCR r

{ii) +ldct (cause) : I am sorry to disturb you.

(qifitc-s qlelsl T-<t< srd.i qt& E c{"ls r)
€?[cq'T]K{ Eq to disiurb-g]FrlE;t +<t I q]-{ ,{i s.KcqR c{18 qe{l
E r

He is happy to have got this. (ffi €Bl c9lla nft r)

,s?i|C{ TI{q qE to have goi-celc{ r

{iii} € (condition) : you can take my book to read for only a

week. (qfr rl<'q+ q$[-<3 sall qll]-< <QF frcs "tl< r)
(iv) F{lT-{ (result} : He studied hard to score good marks in the
exam. (cT "ifts'll slq q?-{ "Ils{f{ qdl ndr< qVfs{ omeE. 1;
(v) Parenthetical use. Finite verb €< clcal s*F6A-{ qr{l{ infinitive
<KS\e- E[q \d<t parenthetical use E-T I Cs'lT <E<i { ftsR-{ E"K
cq'K ffi€R-R salT tql <1<.CK E{ I qE qs'lr<T infinitive {Ctrl
sentence ffi qualify T-f< | CTfi 3 To speak frankly, he is
not a good man. (c{lail Tafi Tqrs ft, c{ c+-q-4 els Tl-{s q{ t)
€rllf,{ he is not a good man qq{E qlaiFil <l-ot Rcqr< ofi"ts q6s e|l* ,

1ri<qslqt<clcet qn conqq-6o? r

To speak the truth. I am a poor man. (I'o1 sql {E(g ft, Stfr qsq-{
{fr-< 6qrs 1;

To be brief, we won't go there. ({<r+I'l <ETe ft, qll.{[ cc{|tr{ {K

qf r) wdrs, qs
{fu chfkl, cfus c"rc-s EIs Gt, qlq<} c{{Ic{ {rK {r r qr+-$c{
qiloq r

{I Fl("ls El {fr sfq-s}rE qT-g s-<15 51\3 g]rqTq fur< exercise fr T-{ r

EXERCISE Infinitive Blail noun infinitive 4Tft gerundial

infinitive vt &T?i F-{ I Efu 6srE l(rs-c1 ol-<.t q{e r

1. We went there to
see the river.
2. Mother gave me five taka to buy my tiffin.
3. To take exercise is good for heilth.-
1 I g- sorry to have disturbed you.
5. We eat to live.
6. It proved to be worthless (Earft-a;.
7. She does not like to read.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 299

f\nswers :

No. Infinitive TFr"t <illTt

1. Gerundial purpose <l Grhi'R q<IIcDq I adverb lqlilr{ <I{ds I

2. Gerundial cause {1 sK"t grlre t

a verb €R subjcet S'Cel <f<'ds qCTfq

J. Noun-lnfinitve I

4. Gerundial cause { T'l-<"1 T<lI"cEq adverb {,cal slq s-r{(q I

5. Gerundial purpose <l Bffi$ Stlcu< r adverb {cl <I{qE I

6. Noun-lnfinitve verb €K complement S-('l <l{qs I

t-; a

* 7. Noun-lnfinitive verb €R object SC1 Tf{ds I

PERFECT INFINITIVE
eE Infinitive-q< <r<rqf< {< Drq$f{ 'r<({fu,Ilft 1 fi66s {ai'srEl 19 3

I am sorry. $frq siip)--F6q_-

I have disturbed yod. (91ft cslrtlt-s qmsn +c<& r)
Ti, \{ (lTlF{ tense {dl present perfect. CTCQ q{ {fsift fr[{
qtEf cause
<l4l<"1{ffiq. firq'ql{<l in{initive frc< <f$]'e[El nw s-+re *R r

I am sorry to have disturbed you.

(qft cwTr$ql4sqrr< cgtlcs<l crel{si{iE s{?s l)
Iniinitive fr c+:l-+w<'t$s qRrqqsj sr(q? q<
"fbq
qq-
to + have + verb (past participle)
qm< Rru.< <loi EF< qrd< qrni r3t s
"ilcisl
I am sorry to disturb you (wlR csl{lrs qf{Nq a<f{ q{'i E' cJ?E r <Gl
€{E€ qrqlq{ Q-KR, s-{cs qrqrq | 6T5FI s qfr cgllT< "nrfi <r&,< esfr
acq/ml-T< skslirgq q$F <t uttts r srtq qR 3-a5a 1) affi
I am sorry to have disturbed vou (ffi csT{R-s ql-flf\rf Ff,{ C+-rq
[:flls r qdtq, {s] snrc q.lelv{ Fr< 6+TdrcP r <I€{r< cs-{ q{q <q[q cs cc
qsFF r)
Perfect Infinitive-€< Tlil-qt-{ s

(slT{l s-{l), hope (vp1T-fl), iniend (9lRrc-dq.l ofl, qFfi qfl),

(i) Desire
wish, command ffi verb (K past tense €< 'iC< 641-4 4'fsi C9f, o{f{ Te[
RF, fuqst T-{t q.{R qT1 {<i165 perfect in{initue <K"ds E{ I

I hoped to have helped you. (ffi cslqtl-$ qRI'$ s-{< <rE ql{l
scr&FT{ r)
She wanted to have completed reading the book that day. (c{ & fi-{
<aF "iw 6.t{s-{F oaQq 11

EfEFi 431 hope € want verb

['fr past tense-€ <j:lqs q6Rfq I

(ii) Principal verb €R TM {{{ IelH q{ <t CC-SRE q< qk6t c$];t s.rq rPF
E6$fCdqflIg perfect infinitive <]=l.qE q{ I Cqsl;l 3
He has killed someone. (c{ slBcs {q qcrcq r)
 300 A passage to the English Language
qt{"iTfr qrH I.c{ q{ ERle qr{ qvsR qk't tr-{t $.ffi Rltfrq I eRrE
$
frrDT<lolF 6dc[slr r

He seems to have killed someone.

(:16{ E{ CC stEr$ Er +r<re r)
€9l-[-{ She appears to have done it ({r{ qS C{ .€ <{q +f<fq r)
(iit qclTil gll(e may, might, can, could, would QY& verb €i {ICql
perfect infinitive <Flqs q{ I

I could have done this. (qfr+fqFs-<rtr efKslT r-ft-qo<tetfr r

They might have played well. (vRl sf{ C{-{-Cs eiR\o t--.CsK{tfuftE
W<l\d "tffi r)
He may have heard this. (6{qns qFell s1;4 qlf+-r< r-*t? qFl Wqil,
sr<, qs|{{ qrq cl enrq r)
cs
She would have suqg a song if you requested her. 1qF {fr \oTr$
sqr-<l{ s-{cs sRrq 64' q-sF rfl{ rflqE r--ft-qw{r-<t<s n-fl
E{fr, cc\e ,fiTR l)
Et-rFtT3t, qfuscq to Bq 3R"cq 1

(iv) say 4K( report, hear, believe

TEflfr verb q< elC< indirect narration
€ perfect infinitive <]=Iqs qr
F-" + *idl (c{'F is said, are said) €R(
r q?fi6{

|!1-_19l9rred] (cra-{ is,/are reported)-(i srll {<tcs qr< I qdls <l,TtF sr<
passive voice €K I

He is said to have been killed by X. (ffi'l qCT aIICS C{ Cq X-q< EKI

fiqsqc-<re r)
Kazi Nazrul Islam is said to have married twice or thrice in his life.
(<.{t <l n +tfi +e-.+-E ?qqn ft-<r+ lt<r< { frT<t< frcr +r<fuaq ;;
The manager is reported to have made a good profit. (SKlq 6qTI
qq Els slTR{
qt.Trq cq llTwgilT r

He seemes to have lost his money. (T6T s-<f q{' G cc ER i]-$l

QRnre r)
He is believed to have gone to America. (fuc T-<1 qLT allrs c{ c{
qttqk+t fir<re r)
He was heard to have died. (6-lF{l fffiE R cq {Rl crks t)
qsSci q1a-trl pertect infinitive <l{El-{ SlT
{n-< {S-< <l-Sj 'ft{ Sttrrlf{ I

SaRr? <6{&ffi 6{ perfect infinitve {< {fu$fr r fuq fr-sn-<r Tt{"i .{fr €sfr
ft{<r+ir+ c(ftg Tr< stl{-cs etlc< q<(<trsn at$<tfu-c< cune r

C{T{ 3 It seems that he has accumulated much money (I-Cl <l C< Cl
qr{-$Drfl el{.c1qqt+r<a 1)
<t-$fft-f perfecl infinitive <RqlT F'c< qIr{I q(fr€ T'c{ ql;Tt {l{ s
He seems to have accumulated much money. 1vd c+t).
 Verbs
Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite 301

q{F T3r, qctq <lcsl< qaRF RE It frq ftqT <[$] eT {{Q He (subject)

frcq r

perlect infinitve <FEI-{ T13 Rfrr <lai s-?lcs 5J€? \51{cE frt5-{
e-4.1< 'ft{
exercisefr iri I

Inrinitive-€R'th+ qq [giEyg']AP p)l

@
66ffi 31-5iq6qR-s per{ect infinitue <l{"{l-.< T'6{Iq{slc< 6{"1 s
I

1. It seemed that he was Poor.

2. It seems that she has broken the glass'
3. It appears that vou have {oughi (qVtt oc-<e) against (R-+rn) a

storm (319).
4. I wished that I could rneet her'
1wRfi\d< qfcatllFIET-<cE tK6l{ l)
B. Translate into English'
1. q,Ift €sfq s-{F "tl,<-glT 1 2. vr<l
q|qftqrr{ cRlTl r-{s <fr qtq-fi
ElCq-{co q{cfl{ +-<s'F t 3. C{ ES6ot €il qc+
efl-$r{ |

C(f+g s B. 3. may have 2' would have +-' 1' could

have-or might have+-
SPUT INFTNITIVb
fttu3 qrEi's6ql "fv
1. (a) I told him to do ii. (ffi qn-o q-slq +-+p aaflq 1) q
(b) I told him to do it quicklv (qfi slrs srs-Ig],& al-q r-{cs
<q-{F r)
(c) I told him to quicklv do it' (wdb-q<Iic l)
qsF.j F{, qql <E-si< infinitive qR TlqB (do) csm-sr{ c"'l-{ sc<
q fiF{-l
s-fiqfrqR Klrfilit adverb-quickly. qrlfc{ infinitive €R to
({( verb q< elc<
adverb fr <r<-qrg qc{rq s to do it quicklv" ftqY"fu
iK$i adverb fr (quicklv)
al?I-qs qrR(q to € verb s< {c{i to quickly do it'
qe <rE{< Cql({{ I 4fr1e1
<l{qF Q(4 infinitive-q-?T to C{tr$ verb ft@ (split)Et-"ISIR <'CE
{6{ split
qrS

in{initive. q"q$ <6TP6{ split infinitive f$ 9R cqlcqi

{'6E:{cT FTt qr Tt I
.<''ffisiR qifuK q-{.flqr cE'r@ FIffil r11 qTKt
cq|-G rsF fresl]Et ?iFF"Ff\3 'cfr
I
<KQ<ATF ell{ I

'slrs.{rsB€qR{cf m{ s
2. (a) He told me to believe it' (c{ qq.frs '{Et Rdrc <F-<"es rqq ft$c l)
(b) He told me to believe it firrnlv' (fi vl$rs 'cBt T-'sTr<
a3F <-{q r)
(c) He told me to firmly believe rt {split)'
offi split infinitive q$o ql firn"t s F1-_--"t"Tv"tTl
 302 A passage to the English Language
II' PARTICIPLES
F.ur .rsismr qv
The child is running. (Ftvfr on-vnny
The child came to its mother running" (Fli3F 6fi_gf(*=
dv-Rs vt{ wv< otrq cn r)
qelsl <lr$j V + ing q< qftrt
€Tft 6udl16ry verb (is) {f{q-s {CT6e 1 q6q
4{C{ 'ing' present continuous tense ufh s-<l{ q-{.i <Kq\o
EC_T-cq r fr-q frq{
<lr+l V + ing (running) q< S.krt 6s'FI auxiliary verb (be_verb)
Cql r F6{,
running Csl{ tense q-{I <I{q\9- qgfr i vC< 6$;l run q<
"thq o-gf< Clcel ing {F
qE? Ug{ C{ tlE G, qfi running .fqtr
esE {Ical verb s aa;ectie eu **
s<-rq a6q fiBfr a1IT{ s]rq "mr{ qd{'{" c'tE (fucs
1

gl running {cT present participle.

,avr*l q er{rl
TgCq r "m
ql{Inft5<<ffi "l9
I killed a snake. (ffi .C{6 )il"t GI66.Rq.N t)
{1$IBC$ passive sTCq {R
A snake was killed by me.
freT T[-$ifr60 kill-(R past participle (killed) q< qkq qFfd be_verb (was)
<rq'cq I Passive-q q3sEQ W rfufrrF< <t+iF
"fs r

A killed snake can not bite. (cqc< C+,-qt <l

IE clel 41lgl1u' "flra q1 r)
S{kq' kill (itr past participle (kilied) <Kqro {R.Ce r qclF qfr
purriu" {{ r

Passive {c{ killed €R qlcri be-verb efi$\o r qi{r< *a

csF perfect tense
(present, past, KI future perfec0 iT r gqfE
have,/has, had, shall,/will have
4*FI auxiliary verb {lsg, efr Sq participle. qrs T6q past
participle.
q$e qtq verb € adjective €< TIq
S-C< <,CE participle_Ce double part
of speech {6{ I

participle F* ef+n ;
1. Present pariiciple.
lVerb.irgl
2. Past Participle : GFF{ gone. done.
3. Perfect Participle Having + V(p.p)
[Translation ET$T-{ qR€ S-S'K'6sq.$r{ tl

1. PreSEIVT PARTICIPI-E
1" Present participle : Stc<-* sfref|u{l iqr+q p."ont participle
>nr{ sfs qfdfl C'i{qq i q{lr{ scT-sB EhTE.{"i
rqt t s-r{ sR qk{ qFctrs-qts {_fi
+R(g m*tqrs d participtre ,{St qfCS verb e adedtve qg g.f-6r
T-r{ |

Do not + disturb a sleeplng dog. (TTg wtfh*

T-g<t-$ r;
q"m4 "n
Tr{m c{ {qrq Et T<rt wq I {EFI( eb verb q-< fiq 131q I qt{t?T
t-{-{F r+qq q-+qll qRq (gw-s q-+qx) vt $.lruq {6{ sleeping qq adjective.
ff31i sleeping IrqE 4+? Cket verb € adjective 4R T.fe +-gq r
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 303
qt.<t slT-$ft E{eifR EqR{q 3

Bring me the flower. (gqBqtsT{TltRql-{'r)

It is floating. (cF vnre r)
<I+ ETBrs {s F-{-cs q[E <tqqH <EcE q-s s spf5tFt X-qtr c+ qqkt sl6s
q1.4 r q?
{s s-{f< iF[eF present participle q< {Rk3I D'{ssKsfc< T-{l {l{ s
Bring me the floating flower. (vFql4 XeF sTtil'{ sfcq ql{ r)
rrqB Ct, E"n-s< frft{ RIC€I floating €< q-cti auxiliary verb "is" frq (it
floating). EtlT floating 'fq6 continuous tense t5-{ S,.RE I fr-E {E
" (combined)<IslB1E floating-'l{F< qlc't rsl{ auxiliary very 6{8 t

.S\r-PC<, Do noi get on the bus (4iCFf Eiat;l r1

""- It is running. (cit un'P;
<rsr Etrs F s'G't.lstrl T{,
Do not get on the running bus (l-+s <lcEF Enhn r;
qE C.irs-< <fsiFrc rqnning'TT present participle.
qg[G[, The child went to its mother.
(fietrq<{rK{stcq c're t)
It was dancing. (mllukq)
<lEi EtTo present participle {t€-{ T'6d firqr"t {G q{t{lT s

The child went to its mother dancing.

(Ft$fr {Ers l,16ro sR EfiK< +TcR ('l"T t)

EIEtgIsEl E& cqrw <1orcre xv (combine each pair

sentencesi :

1. (a) Catch the ball.

(b)lt is rolling ('IQ-CT
'i&63 <.|cq)
2. (a) A dog is barking (c<B c<B o-<cq;
(b) It seldom bites ($T{isFqT)
3. (a) Do not shoot the bird.
(b) It ts flying.
4. (a) We went there.
(b)We were running all the way. (qqrl qffl eiq cfr-gtFq4q I

Answers : 4. we went there running all the way (q'{-<l ckl"l{

cl"lf{ Flcl&s]lT r) 3. Do not shoot the flying (E.w) bird. 2. A barking
dog (Cs-rsl g[-{) seldom bites. 1. Catch the rolling ball.

2. PAST PARTICIPI-E
2" Past Partieiple : Verb €-:tr past participle {tF {rl;t <f+l (l{qs
qgT qTE {[C{ verb s adjective-{< $lq oC< Erl.{ Effs past participle {6{ r

Participle qTtrfi qftfi5-ff{ eqfiqt qN-<l sfi {l]{F sF-slr<,ffnqR r q?[F \Tl-?ts
ffilrren< ca-* r

This is a book.
 304 A passage to the English Language
The book is written by Rabindranath. (TlF
<e-q-ftqR Cl-<.I Rfq\r_
{mra 1)
frqT T|€IF passive voice q< Trq €t$tr{ is + verb (p.
^ wm
fi'q <t$i EE?T {F s-d{ qaID be-verb (is) cs <lq.
p) <f<qs {CTCQ r

fr< r e1 write_eK past

participle "written" C$ eRq T-<< I q(ng <f+iF
<-< s
This is a book written by Rabindranath.
(.!m rft-{rftcm Ekt frRo qrF <R r)
_-**ffi.*ritten {d past participle. qfr e$t {kql verb qi,S.lq (F.fT A<t
€i( adjective qT sfq ibook-nour,E< predicative adjective s.C,t)
#aT*,
The days gone are sweeter than the days to
come" (frllo fr-A,em Wq,{
fi-qerqr< 6E.c$ T{K r)
41Ic{ gone {fl past participle, to come
Re gerundiai infinitive ("ln"i qF
qn qk'f{ noun-days C$ qualify
etr6q r)

EIEE9ISEJ Join each pui,

1. (a) The machine is broken.
(b) It is of no use (W5+-6gil;.
^
2. (a) This pen is made in Japan.
(b) It writes well.
3. (a) This water is polluted (?RE)
(b) It can cause (lb6) diseases.
4. (a)A snake is killed.
It cannot bite.
(b)
Answers : 4. A killed snake cannot bite. 3. This polluted water can
cause diseases.2. This pen,made in .lupan,-..irt";^';"ir"i."ial"t?i3l
machine is of no use.

3" PERFECT PARTICIPLE

3. Perfect Participle : ll-ri"irq
Having + U;;il
V(p.p)
{fr verb € adjective qn FIq Om sfqCq stfre TrE perfect participle.
T6
9kQ perfect infinitive .{s +d{ c+qq Rqr q fiq e a-ox
s llo +ha;l VG pt
B I am sorry to have disturbed
-GIrl-{ vou.
__ *$ n"rteci participle qR rfb{ {fl }raving + verb .{< past participle. ffR
1< [Sot<T{*"f?T<r6s 'i]-q6 |

l+rns<t$j TF ru--"
1. {a) f{e are rice. (figv al{ r)
(b) He rverrt rc bed. (crT tsftr C'IFI t)
qem <f$jfi-{ siq wft4 q<( Er<"rn
AWo if+in* $t'q xrtsk{ r Esr drrsr{
or*rR q6ir* xf,&E r ,{o'{, qfr Btc+<
<r+r qibr+ ntem qqxiFr"' fu* {non-
finite verb)frcS Ts oR rstEIE .lt(s'l-{T fr?ks qit s E-.rE
c{c{ fr e1s 6{q I qdle
srs $\eTt qc{ sRR "i-fi ory ers ceJq r
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 305
qR {{'cffi <fsj'fs perfect participle Et<l efSH o-<t Sl{ r

1 (a +b) : Having eaten rice, he went to bed.

qsl6{, 2. (a) He said this.
(b) He went away.
<lFi EtF {s Tr< "ttsfl <l'3r
2 (a + b) : Having said this, he went away, (€Arll {6{ Cq D'CE
cfi r)
q<l<fir;-{ exercise F o-<, q-{cq { Fftrtq c< qmrg qcq {fr<. tqlrg
<r{qks-trF 'llfc{ I

EXERCISEI A. Join each pair of sentences by using the perfect

participle.
1. (a) I saw her .
(b) I called to c3[rs glsl) her.
(F
2. (a) She passed M. A.
(b) She joined a good job (ElsR)
3. (a) I went to market.
(b) I bought a bis fish.
B. Translate into English.
1. "fptCfi{CT(finish) Cq C{Cs Cti"T I

2. qFeff<rE cc c$mBtE I

3. Rr q{ c{cr 6ry rcl c't{ I

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPLES
(participle- 4tr ?<FtBt;
qT-{l qkq slTslC{? mrqQ CS participle e4t rfffi verb € adjective 4K
s,Mcrr "it6{ r €TrEFrs.Rrq q{Fss(ElRr-rs?<fiaq1(qc
(i) Verb q< IE
Sl-q S-ffi TfE participle CTFI object €lq"t $-trCe fllt-< s

Having eaten rice she went to bed. €rlIF{ Having eaten =

pa't ;Ej.
perfect participle. 43 object {dl rice. $F"l having eaten El6{ qE "C?ft{" I

fii'q'ft" crlcT? qi 'fr" qr{K q-<R R -fqB ol qrs <FT object. €r[6{ objecr
{fl rice. qsi-(.{--
I found him playing_ toot_ball RlrO football {{ object;
part obj.
piaying {fr present parliciple.
{ii) Verb €3 {E participle adverb El-{T modified $ ffi qcs oilr< s
Sg"ggg fast we reached there. (E5e dW v1rrfl c{"ffcq ({.Wt* t)
part adv.'
(iii) Adjective €{ IE noun fs qualify <t ffio +-<crs {fm s
Agyt"g({1{) man wants nothins. ({'{{<ifu1?qm* r;
part
AP'TEL_20
306 A Passage to the English Language
€rlft{ dying € present participle 4{( man {61 noun. participle-fr man-
m<wa{d<fl(q{cE sfr adjective €< Tlq TKcq I qsl6{-
Bring me the floating (9ITl{) flower. vp]{r{TEtrc-sqNKslrqq];{
part n
3l{i floating-present participle fr sf< "f(-<"*f noun-flower Cs qualify
s<'R I

(iv) Adjective-q< IE participle €i degree of comparison qf-e ell6< 3

Positive Comparative Superlative

interesting more/less interesting most,/least interesting
charminq more,/less charming least,/most charming
Rfi 3 She is more charming than her sister.
(v) Adjective 4K XE parliciple adverb El-$ qualified <lffiE ECs flf(< s
The movie (SR-CR) was very interesting.

EXERCISEI ffi fr{ Bg<.l'rsi? {l{j({ fi-ilts c{ participle-

(a) 4it object alls(s gil6(
(b) verb €rtr >Is adverb EKI modified Ets 'lIK
(c) adjective noun C$ modify q{Cs lIL<
4i IE
(d) €.:1 degree of comparison RT
(e) adjective-€K EE adverb EI-RI modified EIE flIr< I

USE OF PARTICIPLES
(Participle-€K <f+q<)
Participle <i{qs E{-
(a) Verb-:tfq +-?t[e 8
(i) Present participle (V+ ing)-4n 9lttl be-verb (am, is, are, etc.) C{Itt
F6{ continuous tense-4K verb ,tt{ S-<t ES I C{:F{ ;
Pres. Cont. Tense : We are playing .
be-verb present part.
Past Cont. Tense: They were reading.
be p. part.
(ii) Past participle ,C{ qktl / have/ had <fr'C{ perfect tense-€3 verb
has
rft{ s-trl q{ I clsl;I s
Present Perfect : I have eaten rice.
Past part.
Past perfect :
We had reached there before sunset (q$v)
(iii) Past participle (cT:H do-- did-done- q< el{F) q< qttt be-verb
(am, is, was etc) CTltl $'Ci passive {1 {t{ s-<t qs I R5FI g
Active :leatrice.
Passive : Rice is eaten by me.
5e past part
€rflC{ be + past participle : is + eaten = is eaten
 Grammar
' Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 307

(b) Adjective ftq;6q "

(i) Noun q< ql-C't {C{ participle attributive adjective q< IE <f<-qs {cs
"llc< | crfi A flying bird (B-W ffit) looks fine.
s
€{t-{ flying + bird : participle + noun : adjective + Noun.
(ii) Noun q< 'lC( {C{ participle predicative adjective €< !i6 <izlqs q65
flI6{ C{T{ s This book is interesting.
P. part
€rltf{ Interesting (present participle : V +ing) 'Fnt noun "book" 6{
modify Tr{rq, fr-q sBr "lr< Tf{qs {c{, qlc{ lll t

(c) Absotute ft3rr< c

Sentence €l finite verb €R ck{ c-f6{9 I'l ejT participle <fr <trcl
{t<"qs qS vf< \51K absolute use {{ | trlFI 3
We will go there, God'willing.
t?{< dRre qT-<t cryIr{ $< = efffi fr"llc{ {R, ?t< <fr Ef{ = q-fl Trfi)l
€1116{ We will go there q({Fi q4,F flft-d <rsj {t4 a-ff< s'ss] R-fc{ |

willing-€ participle {1< q'lcct subject "We" €K el{ c."ld C{?, rTt-d qfcq
s"sfrfu* subject "God" e< clcei t God willing 9(.lq{ € absolute; God {{
nominative absolute. (case qTflf,{< qcl5t frrs cqfffil nominative absolute
{TCT Cqr{RCE I ErflGT{r<lC{ qlI<-S-{F CA-Crlrlv t)
qlT€srrstrEfiqsq 3

The weather being favourable (srggl), we played well. (qf+{e$ q-q

qtsl3t qtT-<t stfl 6{6{RAT r) The sun having set, we shall leave for
(ts[qr{] {l,ql \er +<i-<l) home. g(wu ctft-E q:q-fl-.)
frqrs ql {E(g c'tr{ qlTfcqrrs Q.l{t absolute {Fl{Fl $]rcE q{ I €fr
<Kfi<-{ {l{fc{ qt{-<l qlTl-6q( {sr<l< ,{srqr{fr qr{-${tfi otFcn E-ks 9Ilfa r

absolute-eqd <r{qr{ {F{trs sq"{ {( 6q-{ q<(efrlT €RftT s'c Frc{ | dq{l(
q<<F-{{Ftr+<lrJIdR r

El{(q fr'cb-{ exerciseF F{ t

EXERCISEI cfl?i ws-6tr{ (bold)vi'ti^1 absolute Tf{5f{ S'6

<r+Tsffiln-wr'c{ c{{ I

1. If the weather is dry, we shall buy these goods (rlaifsl'{)' 2 As

the school had been closed, we returned home. 3. We must do it if
we do not fail to collect the money. 4. When the play was over' we
started for home. 5. When they were thoroughly (l!-d"Ift) demoralized
(€sl) they went back to their camp ($E).
Ans. 5. (they being) Thoroughly demoralized, they went back to
camp. 4
their' ramn (heino) over,
nlau (being)
The. play
4" The home' 3. We must
over- we started for home.
do it, not failing to coilect the money. 2. The school being closed, we
returned home. 1. The weather beinq dry, we shall buy these goods.
 308 A Passage to the English Language
(d) PrepositionRrrcq g

He knows everything regarding ({Ttrfi about : prep.) this issue

(Rtdr)
Owing to (= for, Tl{Cct) illness (q{WI), I could not go to school.
The river Pashur flows past (= by, fll.l frCa) our village Bhanderkote.
49fC{ during, considering (frfqu+S), concerning (c-Tffi about),
pending ffi +-rceerq'f participle preposition ftqf< Ofq S54 qTrS r

'r$ I Un-related or Mis-related or Dis-retated participle frcu-<

.:i ' Tr{rQrdrt re'
1. (a) I was walking along the street.
(qfrrmfrc$ c<3ltpltq
(b) I saw a dead cow. (ffi
qstr 'ys-{t tf+ 6qc"tfrF6 r)
<IsIE&re{frfrcr<Tt-qcK{@sR I saw a dead cow walking along
the street.
qqrqq<\Tdqr-qtfr cErlqF{Mfrc{,-{$Fq* rttr RttR1-6q I

sRrE iI{TF c{I;I qT? <tofi gE ittr,\or{ qR {s<1 ft

"tbqrfs fi-o c.fr+
1fupr :r<t'l-tr ft ,tbrs "ttr<r
(R qT{lffi qrbcQ participleq-i {jzf{lcftt qefu
d-g1cf I walking-participlefi
I q< q-{t <I{qs q€TI EGs, fuq €rl|c{ dead cow 4t q-{t <r{qs qcT.cq I qt
slC{ participle g{-4I{ <I{qs qC{ Eff$ TFT mis-related participle. Tf€ttrT
c8sqt qr< c

While walking along the street, I saw a dead cow. (<tvl frrs:{ltnl< cIT
ETfr q$F rfl 'ttr 6qf41{ t)
q\e-l6 S

2. Inc. Making a noise there, I know the girls.

(m?ttrq 6{ffiq s.ifte q-gce \flfr m[n.erfir$ ffi r)
Cor. I know the girls making a noise there.
(\e{In crfr+m F-{cq c{ c{rsentqfr isnq-{rs ffi r)
3. Inc. Climbing on a tree, an interesting view (!I8) can be seen.
Cor. Climbing on a tree, one can see an interLsting view.
4. Inc. Drawn by me, it was a good picture.
Cor. It was a good picture driwn by me.
III. GERUNDS
-qft noun re verb LC< S'fq Sf< El*E Vi-C$ gerund {Cd r

R':FI 3

Taking exercise is a good habit. (<lt{'l{ F-{l .fsB vl{ qsiT{)

Qrll6{ is-verb-,4R <l{ "fl('k c-<F-{ RF subject El3t subject rfi vfi ,4fr
noun Elgf qt< ftqT{ rqFF taking {$F verb€i Ss Sl-q T<rq qf< object {f,
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 309
exercise. iofq({ taking-.F?F (take+ing) .C-€ qkq noun € verb 4{t SM q-l{
$(TCR tqtrSE gerund.
q?fffi qTE frfi{ -1?-."1r{ uTF[v q6q B gerund € present participle ..qR

'flq16 r ThqflE fr-s fr[T-

gerund = verb+ing
present participle=verb+ing.
frg present participle qstccq verb e adjective q< Tl-q oc< r frrx
FrE< n<Xn gerund s adjective q< fr{ s qfr-{ cC-rI|{ ${ s

Gerund Present Participle

fiq 6eIfS 6h-afi <IfQ. C{ gerund €{( present participle E9{t verb q< Tlq
$<t(s ell6{, frq, noun €< Sfq S-{'Cs 'IP({ ts{ gerund €R( adjective q< SIq
S-{cs 'tlf< B{ present participle. (ECE f}m {$-6{ present participle {ll1$
qIK+-<t{ elrydl€ t)
NOTE : Gerund € present participle EETA Rtr part of speech q< Ts
TIq S-C-< <CE qf(-fC{ double part of speech T(eI I

I Functions of the Gerund (Gerund e< o.Fflr<fr;

Gerund <jR-As E{-
(i) Subject frC'l S Rising early is a good habit.
(c+lrn'q-+tcq slt q-sFsF'qsilc t)
(ii) Object {C"i s Stop writing.
I like playing golf.
(iii)Preposition ST Object frC't B He is fond of catching fish. (qrlf6{
of {4 preposition, catching fish R{ sK object.)
(iv) Verb €R Complement S-C'f B Seeing is believing. Working is
earning (ofq slint E"naf+ r)
(v) Nominative Absolute fr,'C't t Swimming being a good exercise,
I will swim everyday. ((rlt6{ being= Es{tT, C{CQ$ t)
(Participle q< <]-{Ek qk-dlE-{l S-{-Cg FRT nominative absolute qafsfC<
{<I1-{ {.{Tq t)
(vi) Compound Noun q< q(-lfr''Cal B Put aside (cRrfs KI"l) your
reading materials (C{'{'{ <A,qq) and sit for the exam.
€1116{ reading materials eT,F -f{ffi["f <r<ld-s I eF nt -lr{< qq-{c{ {6s
<'6E qfS {6{ compound word (Cellf:{ noun). "reading" gerund F q< q(q I
 310 A Passage to the English Language
This is my reading room.
Give him his walking stick.
NOTE : F[t[i F3l, floating flower€_?t floating frq gerund {{, present
participle. FBrcf floating
(stcffi) EfiltTEETq-{{ FIcI.Fq-{t) {<lllq<'@sI
adjective" Gerund (st adjective f{cqr< SIq T-{rs fltr< TI r stE qfr
{E
participle. 4rllr{ float-Vdtq'W" 4,ffi
T-{ fi1af +-<q r ft-q reading room
sl read ('M) sMF roomfrrsTsTcSnt I room ft q;E1? elgs qlft, qI"
'llIR
<TC CSE lIV I

I Gerund with Possessives

frru< <rq'ern "rs
1. (a) You do this. (Sfr eofw <,-< r)
(b) I like it. (qfr 6t "rq-{sR,;
wrfte, c-c+cn <Ftcs ctfcn, qlfr FN< qplq T-<l qqq a6 I q{ft-{ 6r6f{
your qE possessive pronouh. ({C{ FRT afi?F-FI pronoun g{IlC{
-
O{ r) ug{5q
ft qtv* 1-.gtr a s 6 fifr-u a6ryf6 ficu-< xs fr?r<r
I like your do this.
ql, 4qlF q-Str EE VI6e I
Oorrnrsive pronoun (e{tCT, your) €i ,61.{ff
verb €:l IICeI ing C{l'l $-fis {r<; qdts EI{ (verb €K) gerund Tf<,{f< T-fl5
qr< rERrqq6+<fuo6q< a
1. (a+b) : I like your doing this.
SslK 2. (a) I go ihere.
(b) He does not like it.
31Tt?Frc {s s'6i 'l[s$ {l{I 2(a+b) : He does not like my going there.
(cc qTI-{ fiqln$\eTt lR-naTTn'| ,;

EXERCISEI A. Possessive pronoun << "f<lnrrnd <f<'{R FC{

cTw<l$j{.s€{ s
1. (a) I read in this school.
(b) He is interested in it.
2. (a)l felldown. ("fcp'|fu-T&a6l
(b) He laughed at it.
3. (a) I was kicked out.(qfr.TtR crlr{ Rbrs flWRffi r)
(b) She was shocked at it. (qrs c{ E s{ cal[tfra 1;
B. Correct the form of the verb in bold letters (({1b q.sl{-{) s
1. He saw my go out.
2.1 am astonished (frfu'sl at her work hard.
Ans : B. 2.working 1. going.
A. 3. She was shocked at my being kicked out (wasing T{I).
2. He laughed at my falling (felling 1]I) down.
1. He is interested in my reading in this school.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 311
qsT;q qF'<T C{-*i<[ pronoun€K possessive {-Cefi sqll <T-{& Cc'effl &q
sift <]E€ r fuq qcr-rg-q 9l'ikd< (T-6GI pq55s55ive Sef {I{ds qR'4T I c<:Ft s
The class will be held. (FI"t Ct< t)
-fhere
is a possibiiity of it (€n qFF s'sffi'l qlR t)
<Tst EFrs 3[s s1.< <lSEt-S 6E{t <l{t 3tl'.1R€{l{ qsK{l Emq r

q<( Q(r<&Ls
There is a possibility of the class's being ("i<-{fi be+ing) held. al R'6{
qr<
There is a possibility of the class being held.
{<Iff{ class-Y6Ds;{ {q <IE €13 possessive {"1 € ql I qK {S'K(ct being
(be+ing) CS Llqq 9FI gerund <EI SIC< 41, <-d-Co {C{ participle(adjective).

EXERCISE I A. Correct the follo',ving

1. He is proud ({ffo) of his watch's ({&) keeping exact (16+) time.
2.There is a probability (C€t-fil) of the buitrding's falling down.
3. There is no hope (f$14 q'fi ol) of the business's making a good
profit.
B. Eqr<{ <ls]arE.lcs keeping, building. € making ft gerund? {.llb
icinle?

VERBAL NOUN
q|{fl qssct ft ftEl sr< sF {.cq] qsF q${ frR'{
csn-{Rr csirqQ q'c{-s
{q .{Q c gerund s<{ ftq verb s noun €3 slq sr< r frq gerund <fr +{qe
ts{ noun €< FIq ST{ ERffi vffi 36q verbal noun. Verbal Noun frfn61
qffsqs
The+Gerund+of
-qdn, lTh".V(i-jl;Al
C{ll{ 3 The reading of
The taking of
The making of ffi r

<lc$l EcTl'l +In ch?ll {rs s

The reading of newspaper is a good habit.
(c({q"r€ rut,r+ft qE qqlc t)
The taking of exercise is good to health.
The making of dolls is an interesting job.
(NF qsfr {.qtn slq r)
<T{IGI
$o1K3 a<-sfD nl(-sl the+V(ing) +of srd-{F noun€K sfe TCdCe, verb
,.C< sfq +ffi r qgI-{I qq verbal noun.
q<lsl infinitive, gerund, €l( verbal noun €K q-c<l ft {t?Fsf Et Eql{Kn<
EI<IF ffi"IT{IT 3
Infinitive : To read newspapers is a good habit.
Gerund : Reading newspapers is a good habit.
Verbal Noun : The reading of newspapers ia good habit.
TEI <lFi, {<qrEI <rrsFl q{ qa I
 372 A Passage to the English Language
frCI< fts< EI{JT{ q(($'c'l participle, gerund, € verbal noun€i TEf$.f<
"llef$l efi-qW {<t${ c
Gerund

Noun
veroal Noun
Verbal participle (present)
trAn Vnn s fr€ calrs 6qrfi {lrq c< present participle q<
q< frE cq ql c{ Er{T Esc{ Cftel gerund
verb ftwr rrq <rR; uka< {'$
present participle €Tl adjective "ndsl qg 6{
RCqf< F.fS T-C{ {1. gerund $_Gl :Tf, €<(
gerund (s'f noun fuqC{ T.|Q, T-GI {l present
participle S-[-{ {I I Gerund a
verbal noun q< Tc{i frS' eQ \5fd BsKi ,,oun RcqC< OfO Or<;
c<
tf.f+-l qE qi
6{ gerund verb Q6ry5q FIq s.u { verbar noun s6{ {t r q-q-4 present
participle € verbal noun €K STfq.j II$ COn
fi-q Ot r

ft-q c+<tfi TTcl c{q c< qrsr-qBQ non-finite verb (it <(1o-< s*t verb €i
c-lc{ ing {trqe*mq.l<jr{PEc-q-cq I

O Where to use the Infinitive or the Gerund?

(CslcfiT infinitive cslrlF gerund <cf<?)
(i) Decide (fu 6{ttrl), desire (q-Os{t F<I),
expect (Vl-fl +-{t), dare
(cRc s-fl), promise (effug.l Ffl), wish,
want, offer (El:$R 6Tsl),"hope,
refuse (qs1r314 s3tT), 5vyq61 (TfleJ s-{l),
ffi ysr6_qK ,lC{ gerund Tm a1,
infinitive <fi I RrF{ B

Inc. We decided going there. (qqil

\ vfi"llr{$s{.lTfiqtsfirsRffi r)
9or. We decided i'" s"- th;i". " '"I '

Inc. I hope passi.rglh"

9ot. I hope to p.ri the n*u-.
"*u-.
Inc. She promised speaking the truth.
Cor. She promised to speak the truth. (m w,f Tql3I effu +r*&q
Inc.. I desire going abroad. r)

Cor. I desire ro qo abroad. (qffr' frcF.t

''"' ' <fs{.i< q.l-s.lwfi sfi
Inc. She refused"h;6i;;;;. '' t)

Cor. She reftrsed to hetp me.(cWVl+l-r+ {tqf{j, s-{rs q_rc qlTfE

Inc. He dared saying so. l)
Cor. He dared (to) say so. (fr qsqtT Tqt€ qlqc cfl6T t)
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 313
Inc. want going there.
Cor. want to go there. (wlfr cc"fc{ cscs dt t)
Inc. wish being a rich man.
Cor. wish to be a rich man.
Inc. She swore (swear €{ past form) speaking the truth.
Cor. She swore to speak the truth.
(ii) Attempt (B6dT'f ffff), begin (vKo efl); fear (e{ +-fl), hate (3cfi
+<l), like ("{q{€{l), love, try (cub €<1), start (aF T3tl), continue (ulficn
{s$, q;g6s rll$l), forget^(We {ls$), learn (Fl.s.l T-{l), omit (ntE Ca'{l),
neglect (q-<r{El T-{l) ffi verb ac43t infinitive r: gerund EE{i <r{qs qcs
fir{IGT{S
/He continued reading the book.
I He continued to read the book.
(fr<tB lt-siuqq 1-eiffiql 1)
f We shall begin working.
I We shall begin to work.
(st{-<t +te +TT tstrTT{ l)
Jt snatt try doing ihe sum.
I I shall try to do the sum.
/ t trate living with him.
I I hate to live with him.
JShe fears going out alone.
I She fears to go out alone.
(m cffi <ttc< mcs w eti{ r)
We haue learni fitting the pipe.
f
I We have learnt to fit the pipe.
(iii) frrE{ T16l erfl "lV
The doctor advised taking exercise.
(EtsR <lricrr< $e6q1frr+* r)
<fsjFr5 advise-verbF{ eKef{ qTt €TF verb+ing Tcq'Cq I ,{fr Eq gerund.
<rsiB{fr q*cetffi
The docior advised to take exercise \ol{(E W {6{ | ft-q advise
$TEI take q< {'c{i Sfr CsI{ object (noun 4l pronoun) <6{ sRfq infinitive Trfcq
'llc 3
-['he
doctor advised me taking exercise.
or,The doctor advised me to take exercise.
s.I(qe 6q"{t c'ltT cq, frR ftR ysfu qlcq{l-cq-< ffi"f<e crF gerund <r{q.g ER
frE infi.titiue R}Tqs qI {t, ft-q, <fr ,h *< verb €i 'f< Csli' noun il pronoun
<[q EIetrq '|fiff gerund q< {rq infinitive <clg fl|6{ I q$ttri]T ql{s €\e--sq,C{l
verb frcu ch--{l qE s
mind (464 s.fl), drop, practise (q-{ftd{ n-<l), finish ({'{l€ F{l), delay
(chR {fl{), forbid (frr<< s-fl), endure (wO <t<t;, excuse (sTl s-<T), consider
 314 A Passage to the English Language
(fr(TFCIFSI), srop, fancy^(Ffil T-fl), suggest ({I<lcll
SKI{, {c;I S-SFI, <F5TE
6Tsl) present, prefer (EtE{ w<i coFrF_qfi+-s<
"fqq T-<t), deny (wftE;g
o-{T), enjoy (Eqrq{ F{t), miss (qE $-{t, <lq
frcr <t\srt), frrgi; i** _*1,
escape (Ts qs$, nfu oat, ql9 elT\eTI), avoid (e&r{ <ts$, {iE o-*l), pardon
(ssl€{l)ffi |

Inc. We enjoyed to play fooiball.

9o". We enjoyed ptaying fooiball.
tnc. We stopped to work.
9ot. We stopped working.
Inc. I suggeit-to do it.
Cor. I suggest doils it. (qET qil o-<f{ "f<fs-{fi? r)
Inc. She forbade (frcs{ st'<kq) to do this.
Cor. She forbade doing this.
';+9 forbjde-qT.efi noun RI pronoun qI+fE
: rlr". )he torbade me-to do this. S

rnc. r have finishefltJrr."o (q1fr

"M 6.F TrTR r)
Cor. I have finished reading.'
Inc. He advises to do it.
He advises doing it. (6q qT.Ms-<-cuU'lcST ch-{ r)
:T.
t$q advises-€{el{ noun,/pronoun cIl$IE S
Cor. He advises me to do it.
trnc. Start to write.
Cor. Start writing.
Inc" I do not mind to go with him.
Cor. I do not mind going with him.
(iv) Can't stand e-q-s-fi;
Can't help (qs'-F, #ol{) * gerund
it's no use (q-<-+]T 6l)
it's no good (vlE <'M T{))
cw{ B I can't help laughing (q.ffr {fr .cvks {R Tt qtft if qFT effi
ql =
r)
It's no use going there
It's no good watching a bad movie (eFffi) r

(v) on /in / of / f or,/at+ gerund fr5Fi 3

Inc. She insisted on me to go there. (C{ Wq'lfs C{?fffd. C{IE

frc-lv"-tmqfcn{s-tr{ t)
Cor. She insisted on my going there.
Inc. We persisted in him to d1 thls-
Cor. We persisted in his doing this.
Inc. She aimed at to pass thJexam.
Cor. She aimed at passing the exam. (aim at qrB $-{t, Efn"g
= 6-A;
Inc. They succeedea (TsoF( <tRq) in do the work.
Cor. They succeeded in doing the work.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 315

Inc. I am desirous of (ffiqlfti to go abroad.

Cor. I am desirous of going abroad.
Inc. She excels in (15\orF qqirs EI&[T {ls{l) draw pictures"
Cor. She excels in drawing pictures.
Inc. Are you right in use the machine?
Cor. Are you right in using the rnachine?
(eIF{ assist in (xfqRi T-rt), fondness for (qFF'lwll), repentof (wfvg
Q€{l), sanguine of (w'll=Ilft), have a chance o-! ({Rf{ eII'FI), passion for
(qT<l i). think of (sT-{f, tql Ffl), diffident of (R-fl'"|). bent on (q]Et, <\e-),
.nditui" on (F$'s-<1), confident of (ffi) ffi<'l6il gerund (v+ing)
<l<dsET I

G'5l{ 3 I know what I am supposed to do.

--v-
(qIR qfi qTR ft sil s-6<I I) <loFro €"lc$il structure fr qtTqK qr<
wKI {q-{ \e q(ftg F-{l {l{ I

<t-$ifts verb : know ; gR"l{ what v[Cq ; iolTel-< structure q{4-C<

infinitive q-ssF I ft-E infinitive (to do) qEq-l am supposed--lEerqF ofr< |

,sE.rqsrqrco <Fr qts I qqrE c(fr9 <m sq r

I know what to ao. (vd 'l+t)

-T- l;T.
He did not know what he was required (or supposed) to say
4v=16{
q< i{(frsml He did not know what to say. (ft <atcs qc{ vl fr'qtq\5 ;Il l)
qFl{ She taught me how I should use the machine.
q< c(fr$ Kel She taught me how to use the machine' (c{ qTlf,s
crFFF cfllglc< <r+{F s-{cs qc< sl FifinsEq r)

A. frrun structure-fr ffic{ "f-<-<rq

<fslerEl structure q-qllr<
qq{ sr<.fr'"| 1

-lE*EF"rE
ask, decide,
discover, how,what,
forget, know, when, why,
learn, remember, where, +lnfinitive
see (:6{l-<ttwd), which,
show + object,
ihink, understand,
wonder (ql{F sTsrl)
 316 A Passage to the English Language
1. I did not understand why we were supposed to go there.
2. He showed her which picture she wai required tio Uuy.
3. I do not know when I shall be required to'go there. '
B. E"iL<-< structure cTc?t aqelrF qRe qtbB <l?Fi R-cs ?ER T-< I

IV. SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH NON.FINITE VERBS

A. Sentence Patterns with Infinitives
(i.) NP+V+lnfinitve (:to+Verb)
q?tt6{ NP qE noun ill pronoun iT phrase
tr:l;{ 3 He
V,, Verb ;? C{IFI 3 wants
Infinitive€ (io + v) ffi5l;I 3 to play.
sfCcq qsF EqI{{"i'ils{t crtq-He wants to play.
ql{€srq-{FBnr<q cqq s
NP V to-Infinitive
I lil<e to clo it.
They are going to open a branch office.
She was proved to be a liar.
I hate (1ffi) to mix with him.

(ii) NP + V + not + to-Infinitive

q{K{, NP = noun,/pronoun,/noun phrase (subject), C{.{-{ S I
V=verb-: decided
El{'K s not

fi"::
gRCE "frn=TT:
'II\3TI C{fl I decided not to go there. (ffi fr{fr{ lI {I<tl< fiq.Ig
FltleqT{ t)
qSl-S-< 3 Affirrnative
: I decided to go there.
Negative : Inc. I decided to do not go there.
eE <-<cl< yq q<K qsra{l {< mft <cq frrua we< T<Ern| <l+l flgrs << r

NP V not to-infinitive
N P
He determined not to go there.
(EBEIsr-{RE)
Rima pretended (sl{ not to see him.
+mQql
We have intended not to continue this business.
They fought not to be defeated bui to defeat the
oDponent.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 317

(iii) NP1 + V + NP2 + to-infiniti

€{16{, NP1 : neirn/pronou,/noun phrase (subject), 6T:FI 3 He
V
= verb (transitive) : told
NP2 = Noun,/Pronoun (object) " :mg
to-infinitive : to + verb " : to dance.
El{r{ qsft EcR<q c'Hl{ s He told me to dance (6Tq]TlcsqlFr <qs l)
qnKtor-q-sDEqRrq s

NPr Tr. V. NPz to-infinitive

N P N P
He advised rfe to study hard.
Mother encouraged him to continue his
({tqfte{) business.
They compelled (Kl{i Rahim to leave (\5l1a1{-<1) that
T<6I) (KR{K) school.
Priti asked rrp to go with her.
They f orc'ed (<lS the boy to climb a tree.
T-<q)
The court entitled (qkd?l lTp to use the land.
6?rstl)
She induced her to steal tuFe+l
(ffi\5s-<l) husband
q<l-{ sfn rrfl {TT EIFFlS EiFF'Cg <r{ 3

. He advised me to study hard.

1gtsql 4-{K u"lrq.i fi-{)
<r$IFrs qigfcT negative s-<1 {l{ 3
He did not advise me to studY hard.
(fr qtllr+ +rtF qWlt o-ffi $c6q't cqrfi r)
(?t( He advised me not to studY hard.
(fr qtEllrc ortm qW{r al-q-a;s $o16q1 fir*Rq r)
-rbi g<lcs 'Il-{q 6q 5JF negative <lf,{lil qd fr{ &X r Qell negative
qfrsir qaf cE "c{ m.FI E"lcfiR (q-{fr,' ft-q fr-qT nesative <f+r< qd qE qR
cq-"fr Eenfrl fiirqRE <tb, ftq fr E Lq"l sE {I-"rgk B"ftqt" r

q<R (iii){( structure r{R u141 4h-s Table 's< <ls]qrEl6s Eq(-{ <f6 Et
frsc{ negative-e olRqs <t{ q<(Efrh-{ qd cq'{ r

B. frCs.{ 1's$ alflt <I{"q]"{ <trs b9r(<< Table Fl w qEerqt cs{ {?Fi <E{]
s-{ 3

allow (q'{:Tft fi-fl1), bribe ({\ 6qrf)' command (qtr"'"| c4sl), enable
(a{ttBa-{t), forbid (fic{{ €fi), Improve G-'{fr <t q{rflq sfl), instruct (fr"cft|
ffiTI), invite (qrq<l{ qFilq, ql:IEIaf T.fl), oblise (<l{l $TI). order (ql&.l TKl),
perrnit (q-$ft G4'{1), pesuacie (erc<tGs nr{l), remind (T<{ sfrc{ cq-$),
 318 A Passage to the English Language
request (q$-<tq ffil), tempt (ffi18 ffi{l{, ETfi s-{t), train (efi6c1 6ritl), urge
(q]I<q-{F{l), wam (cR{rqrc< 6qn'l),
c. B-q< q-{r c{ <tTl'erEI'rh or-<e crers.rrs A_c\,- Eqfu
q<ET
nl E9flm
negative s-{ q<( \5.l(h-{ qd 6{{ I

(iv)
know
find out
:il? explain + to-infinitive
NP+ discover
decide
remember

€1116{ know, find out,..............,remember-€effl € verb.

NP= noun,/pronoun, nodn phrase (subject), 6{T{ E He
4Q-€ verb erEr calrs qSF fiR 3 knows
\513'El 3 how
to-infinitive (to + verb), to swim
slsc-{ qFF {q caWI B He knows how to swim. (6rfur qlr+ r)
q-{K foF-{ Bwc{"tef,Et
"lv e

NP v how etc. to-infinitive.

N p
t1e explained now to do it.
Moiher decided what to cook then.
We remembered when to do it.
Columbus discovered how to go to America.
Thev found out what to tell the people.

EXERCISE
Stucture (iv) <fE{K sr< "K{q Table-Gt sr1E-{C"f sfr {fE1 <D-{l Tit q<(
qfi-{ qd fr{ I

(v) G;-l
teach what
Itt I
why
[erl+ltett l*lNn,l* when
which
* lG-i"ririti* l
I ,emind I ' where
I advise how

I i't"'*
i

qlCti CafS dt€ B structure (iv)

CqC{ LC< Cft{ €Q structure-.{< o||cfu qE
qt cq qrs Np2q'q<l
"gc{< fts oR r
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 319

NP1 € noun,/pronoun, noun phrase (subject), G:l{ 3He

Et-<1R qsF verb C{rQfiE : taught
(teach-€K
past)
NP2 € noun/pronoun, noun phrase (object), :mg
q<"i{ q-sF word 6{st{FF : how
to infinitive (to + verb) : to swim.
eR-ffi q-{F <rsi "lls{l cfq s He taught me how to swim (c{ qlllfr$
lfq< ct+rn r;
q{r{ q3r€ FcssB Efiq<q 6q-{ 3

NI'T lr. v NPo how, what, to-infinitive

N P N ? etc.
Mother told rr}e. wha t to buy
He informed u5 when to go.
(qlqrq)
She showed the man which book to sell.
The advised ITE when to take exercise
doctor
We told Ram what to do.
Father will teach tTp how' to do the sum.

iExERtISEl table q1:mcl FF structure (v)-€ 4E€ verb {l(

S"lc<-<
interrogative word (what, how etc). <KqR Tr< qsrs 5fr <rsi TE-{l T-< q<(
\5l(q<qdfrq I

(vi) NP + be verb + Adj + to-infinitive

q{l6{, NP = Noun/Pronoun (subject), c{51{ 3 This box

be-verb = am, is, are etc. :IS

Adj : Adjective " : easy (n-{o)
to-infinitive (to + verb) " : to make
q-qq C$TD gqR<"l 'il€$ C'fE 3 This box is easy to make (qE {rqfr ?sR
$-fl >res) |

q'{Ft ECT qks Fl-<-SF Bq',l{{"i ffit 3

NP be-verb Adj. to-infinitive

ls are was wete
The book IS eaSv to read.
The sticks ate nari ioftt; to break (v[{l).
The flower was sweet ie smell.
The goods were costly (Rft) to buy (m4).
The fruit was sour (Fo) to tasie.
The boxes are heavy (9-ft) to carry (TS{ €fl).
The child ls hard to manaqe.
 320 A Passage to the English Language
EXERCISE I A. Et-{-{ Table_(i <TajqrqEs
NP I be + not + 66jl 1o-r1i,r;1p" €l structure q-{ClTT
Negative-{
T1lsR-s $( q<q qcw q'd 6Ert I

B. q<13r s-sR <l.$isfuT Be + NP + Adj + to-infinitive.z

€Q structure q-{{tc< Int"rrogutiuoe;mG T-{ q<(Elcq-{ qd mq r

(vii) see, let

make, know
iil'
'.!:: .
|tlpl+ feel, hear, NP2 + Bare-infinit
dare, bid,
behold, watch,
notice

€rlk{ bare infinitive qd qE "to" frfu infinitive ; VdK, e{ verb €t

present *"1 (srzes-Q$)
NP1 = Noun / Pronoun (Subject), Rrl-{ OT
ol
verb-aHl Cafrs qsF Bq, mFI -3 saw
NP2 = Noun/Pronoun (Object), 6q:1q B him
bare-infinitive 1to-frfu), C.{;I B go
ERcq qsFSq|{{"f 9llsrl crlE B I saw him go. (\ilfr sTcr
cq[e 6q"F]q t)
€tgeB cq, structure-e eF€ verb arqk eK infinitive-€K ,,to,,
Bq q6q I

q?Il;I qRs +m+F SqRdq qEFj

s-d s

sing a song.
go out.
do it.
laugh.
do that.
leave the station-
run away.
run.

q{a q.l,fr ior-s

'csfr 'fF 'fltcs sq"qr{ i fr-\e} GT+.&.T aR61 66s 6h?te I

cq qTqirs qolq <F-{rs:Tl8'{l s-s{ I \i-g8 (6q"]-sl<)

Wfirfirs qlq|q. tqT-a
€sl'sTm c<Ts fr-qfq I
ry" Te fi{bk6 if-fq -,qt"f
cffav sr.o <T{t qqtq I qlTqt vt&?rs elgfts qrcfi fieN
F{Ce- (q?tE I €rs qFFrT
I

Structure (vii)-qa verb a64l <]:i-q|n :F?"K E1fa< er+< rc

qsB tr$ .ir+ qt-ae atr <t-{i M s'G sfcs qrq.ls I <rsj.ezqt{ qd cqq r
 Grammar : Verbals or Non_Finite Verbs 327
,'i:"
,!{rr{, Np = No@cq{-{ B The box
be-verb = am, is, are, was etc, ({Iq Sb

Adi=661".'u",
to-infinitive (to + verb),
tr
trfi
ii?l*r*l
B to camT
El{C{ structure fr< qql qT,E tqlE{q {,tl\3Tl crlq s The box is too heavy to
cany. (<ffi s-s ,g-tfr 6q <.q{ +'{T $T qt)
4rR Tit 3 structure <r rsjfi-{ 6sre[€ ne1 .lqtr 6t \5{€ Err qd
(T$e<lIl{41) r too-to qq wrolc{ uffro qpqis6X q{fit qdqna { c{t{s
<l-{{< Trn <r$rBr$ fr[r{ TRhrT cE{l c{E s
* , n",
The box is so heavy that I can not carry it.
qqln q-sF subject '1" Ef{-Ce qrT6q,
i?6q that (i of+<6 616us. qTrs
passive-4
"fffisT3KE{S, 6qq g
The box is so heavy that it cannot be carried.
aBf's, qfi EqIT{ structure-sit gl?€ nisseffl UqTq3q frCT qrg.s-.T s
NP E-ve6----- too Adj. to-infinitive
ls are was were will be
The hill IS
too hish to climb.
The sticks are too hard to break.
She was too dishonest to speak the
The sums truth.
were too hard to do.
The bou will b€ too danqerous to manaoe-
qE
_v vK (s
L\ g{Lv
LCrsg-JTs,l{ql
vot <ltn .{t IEIDeTEI
tclltJsfEl €-s
S.s:lS R\"-lfl<lSit I C{
qsqtR Ee cT Tsl <es lt
Rlqq*{s qcq c{ Elro {crt qll qtrq qt
r q(<5ErET es s#{ Re c< u,-fl *q}
, u^,-"fr *
r

€tcr'<tabieq<rtr@
(viii)cq-cS cqc{ RGT €foR adjective € verb (to €<
"t6<) <Kqf.{ Fxn qlBF
<lsj <5-{l s-C{ Table Frs q..Ml\e I q<r{ {sl.srqr{ qd oq r

(ix) iNPr + 6"-t.

*lt
Tis_bsx is very heavy. (<l-gfr qiq-s sfft)
NPr
I cannot carry it. (qfr qETatcs "fffulr)
NPz
qFt$iT, qttr <ft-$r<?
subject qiqna ql{FiT (Np1 e Npz), qft ro/ftr_
E.e< qe box fr r <tro "nrs
q cor-Es< qE I. q$ C{ C$ No#prono*. l=jr
€n-sr ?fir-$ \'fi Eq{T-r srructure fr 4-+CtK Ftrce qs , frq
ufr nc# n+i st
qE3
rA\i DTr:i
t \-L-L
D 1
I
322 A Passage to the English Language
He is very weak (c{ q.{E t)
"{<
NR
He can not walk. (o,{tro 4r<{ r)
NPr
\oT{fq qfttF structure (viii)q{cl(< <l-Si tf6\r- Es I Olstci, q{f{ q4Q 5p
It<R<KqsEc{tn-e{e{ NPT{ r c{rn s

He is so weak that he cannot walk. (c{'sT{E m cqqbF "llm4 r)

NE
:
NP;
He is too weak to walk.
NP;
ql{lcq< qqq Bnr{{ct< TlTr Etcs Itr s"r{ c{{t sl{ s

that I
--Nn-
This box is so heavy
NPt
cannot carry it.

This box is too heavy for me to carry.

NP;
-Ne'-
(e? etrTls<t-srtri ctcsq< it<T16<{l)
q-<K \oRrE structure q-fllt-< qoF Eq|{{q ?sR T-<l {fs s

NPt = Noun,/Pronoun (Subject), C{lf{ 3 The sum

vBt'l{ be-verb, ffiir{ 3b
\d-{rl{ 3 too

Adj. = 461".11un, G:FI 3 hard

c]{l{ preposltron-Ior 3 for
- (Sl{'t 3me
NP2-€R objective form Prep 4R 'f6{ <rqcS)
to-infinitive (to + verb), CTsI;I 3 to do.
e[q6q qstr <l=Fl 'fl€Tl ctFI s The sum is too hard for me to do. (sR.nF
..cssE{ csqtfrEtT.?rcs {tRql r)
4tFltE{, @ structure-frcsre not 6{t E{ vR 9d negative <l d't-6{}qs r

frru<Ee GM<t+l qv s
1. (a) The hill is very high.
(b) I cannot climb it.
2. (a) The book is very big.
(b) I cannot complete it within ten days.
3. (a) The luggage (c{<n) is very heavy.
(b)She cannot lift GhC{f) it.
€<tBt structure (ix) w{qlK<fst CIpNr4rc{ssr< {ls{l{F s

1. (a+b) , The hill is too high for me to climb.

2. (a+b) : The book is too big for me to complete within ten days.
3. (a+b) : The luggage is too heavy for her to lift.
"so. . . that" structure <I{qRT(T 3

1. (a+b) The hill is so high that I cannot climb it.

2. (a+b) The book is so big that I cannot complete it within ten
days.
3. (a+b) The luggage is so heavy that she cannot lift it.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 32s

IEXERCISEI A. EeRfir 7,2,s 3 1(<IalerEr{ qd cE"l I

B. Structure (viii) € (ix)s.{E{ist-{

'itdoiEq6qfrcqT+tte r

c. structure (tx)W-qq16u ffi <tol ofh'o3 q<q c{er41-6s 9FIl3t so.......that

qr+lr{ @q t<rsl'QrqRqdoq I

(x) It's (=11 is) timd + to-infinitive

It's time to read. ("lVlR CIT {CmA r)
It's time to play (c"Flfd {{R q(Srq t)
Study when it's time to study and play when it's time to play. ("lgt<
q5R
'lg, clEIFtcT{ RE t)

EXERCISE
V1
V2
It's time to + V3
Vn
V5
V6
E"lrfit structure-€K Vt, Vz, V, tqTfr-{ qcE qr€-sB verb fiTs
scF-sF <f$j ?6R r-c< ER qd @{ r mtb \efr <fs]. qr< I

B. Sentence Patterns with participles

t*il
NP V Present Participle
r ne ooy came (€{) running (odv'ks 6fr-glrE)
She walked jumping (FflTftE qffie)
The girl looks charming.
The news seems interesting.
(xii) NP1 + V + NP2 + Present participle
q{-fi, NP1 = Noun,/pronoun (Subject), R:F{ 3 HC
V = Transitive Verb, 6{:FI B kept
NP2 = f\6un,/Pronoun (Object), 6$FT 3 me
Present Participle (v+ing), C{:Fi B waiting.
EI'{q,${FBqR{q 4l€Tl Crlq 3 He kept me waiting. (c{ qffir$ wcersl-{
er"+QE'11
fro< table-q qt<s BqR{q cq$
'fr. V.
€ s
NPr NPz Present Participle
N P N P fv + inol
'lhe police
caught htm stealing.
They saw the boy playing.
Rahman heard her sinoino.
 324 A Passage to the English Language
NPr l-r. V. NPr 2nt rartr
N P N P lv + inol
Y ou watched the girl dancing.
People found htn swimming.
It set Biva thinking.
Shuman noticed her walkino
3 elrqTtsr$EKFTIq{{lR stealins) {3lal I El{l <laf$lttrF C"FIT$ Cq-{fq
(=r5l{l cnrlq R<Fl-sF c{erR r) T€F vt'rs tl]tcE g;rE (=T{{l{ aaET G cq
"il-{
r) qfr<.l,ffirs qTEls crcqRq I 6lrs qrs i.lg<ko ffic{Qq I
rfl-q q(g
'ltq
ft*e-rcr sfR'6{ gr-o r W-{ Etr$ QBrs mrfq r

j+;a

ffiisEl A. Structure (xii) q<( (xi) 'll'tl{ft (<l cqcq) rE{ q<(
SrwF<w.-li q+Fr'6{Eq|{<q cq{ r +ilit structure-[fFdwJTR fltdTIfiF{l
srt I

B. Table cqr{ tF[q \e{-s{ qTF Table .ir+ vfcs caught, saw,
E"15g<
heard, will find .al verb QrqI Tt{qf{ sc< ut-<F <fq Tb-{t T"r{ qfqN I
q<RI

<r$l'erfl-{sdoq r

(xiii) NP1+V+NP2+Past
q{[6, NP1=Noun,/Pronoun (Subject), c{{{ 3 She
V = Transitive Verb, C{T{ 3 had
NP2: llqttTPronoun (Object), ffi'fi 3 her dress
Past Participle (Vp.p), 6{q'{ 3 washed.
sRrE ,{sF Eq|q<q cq"IF s She had her dress washed. ffr sl{ calHfs

C. Sentence Patterns with Gerunds

'+
NP+V+ Gerund
NP V gerunc! {v + tng)
N P
startecl playing.
You have finished reading the book.
Ratna willgive up (qc$ cnr<) smoking.
I shall go on studying in this school.
Ramna enjoyed watching the T. V.
I cannot help lauqhinq.
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 325

N. B. q{l6{ V-Ef<lq{l I?t verb6S 14fl[E{LG['IK infinitive <fq {, ts{

gerund <rA; ft<<t gerund € infinitive ffi <rq I d {il6{{ verb q(El3t <Kq3t
qlqR qFE brs.tl r qi or< R csr{ verb Kfr-cl fiirqt <r+i qr< 41, WR( qR
q{irs R verb a(41 q? Ects c,is$ qrscq frerEt 8"16ffi structure-q qr$q ar{
q{Q-q{s< I

(xv) NP + V + Preposition + Gerund (

' .ji;! NP 1-51161."4, v Preposition Gerund
I oepeno on your helping me.
She excels in singing.
We aim at passing the test.
Matin will ref rain from taking bribe ({1)
(fr<s {rsr<)
qa ellTffr qICtRI CSI{ SF section-€ cq'€fl qc{6q I

GRAND E}(ERCISE
1. Find out the non-finite verbs in the following sentences and classify
them.
(a) I want to go (b) The boy came to his mother dancing (c) I found
the work done (d) Walking is a good exercise.
2. Non finite verb ss eH-{ s ft ftr elsisfu qsF sr< Eqf€q ns I

3. How is an infinitive formed? Give an example. infinitive (fucE

{ft\o E{r s-s6 B?r€"t qts r)
4. Give two examples in which the 'to' of infinitive is omited ([tE
EqR{q q]\e {-(o infinitive q< to E-q <cflcq r)
5. Let, make, have (used as causatives), than-these are some words.
An infinitive used after each of them do not take 'to'. Prove it by 4
examples. Does this rule hold good in the case of passive sentences?
6. When an infinitive does not take 'to' before it, it is called a 'bare
infinitive' or 'verb word'. Now, give four examples and prove that the
verbs 'dare' and 'need' can take either a full infinitive or a bare infinitive.
7. There are some modal verb which do not take the full infinitive
after them.Write those verbs and make one sentence with each.
8. Correct the following.
(a) You had better not to go now.
(qfr e.Fntt<l con-{ r)
(b) I would rather stave than to beg.
(stfr <<R.a cqw <t-+< s-{ fttt +-gq {t 1)

(c) She has nothing to do but to sleep.

(d) I can not but to laugh.
(qlfr 11 6{q "flfr qt r)
(e) He did nothing except to make a doll.
(f) Better to go to him now.
9. How many kinds of infinitives are there? Give an example of each.
 326 A Passage to the English Language
10. Use a gerundial infinitive to express the following meanings :
(i) purpose (€'cn-91
(ii) cause ($R.I)
(iii) condition ('l-v)
(iv)result (T{ITE)
11. Give three examples using the gerundial infinitive parenthetically.
12. Combine each pair of sentences using the perfect infinitive
(to+have+ Vp.p.)
(a) (i) I am sorry.
jr'."
;:::
(ii) I have disturbed you.
(b) (l) He is happy.
(ii) He has passed the test.
(c) (i) I was glad.
(ii) I found him there.
13. What are the uses,of the perfect infinitive? Give two examples
for each type of use.
14. Shorten (Ceti O-<1 the following sentences by using the perfect in-
finitive.
(a) It seems that he has accumulated much money.
(b) I am sorry that I have disturbed you.
(c) It is seemed that he has lost his bag.
(d) It is said that the man has died.
(e) It was believed that he had two children.
15. What do you mean by'split infinitive'? Give two examples.
16. Give an example for each of the following :
(i) present participle
(ii) past participle
(ii) perfect participle
17. Combine each pair of sentences by using the present participle.
(a) (i) Do not annoy (qFfs;t T-<l) the dog.
(ii) It is sleeping.
[Ans. Do not annoy the sleeping dog.]
(b) (i) I saw a dove.
(ii) It was flying.
(c) (i) Bring me the flower.
(ii)lt is floating (slcxq) .
{d) The man is waiting at the station. He wants to get on a bus.
18. Re-write the following sentences by using the present
participle.
(a) The man who is running in the sun is a passer bV (qfaf+)
[Ans. The man running in the sun is a passer-by.]
(b) The boy who is playing in the field is my brother.
(c) Bangladesh which is using energy from water is a poor
country.
19. Fill in the blanks with the past participle form of the verb given in
the brackets against each sentence.
(a) The book- by Nazrul reads good (write)
(b) The tree on the road caused a traffic-jam. (fell)
-
 Grammar : Verbals or Non-Finite Verbs 327

(c)- water can cause diseases. (pollute)

A-needle may become a danger for man. (break)
(d)
20. Combine each pair of sentences using the past participle of the
verb.
(a) (i) The book reads good.
(ii) It is written by Nazrul.
(b) (i) The tree was felled on the road.
(ii) It caused a traffic-jam.
(c) (i)Water is polluted.
(ii) It can cause diseases.
',:i# (d) (i) A needle ({F) is broken.
t.;.
(ii) It can became a danger to man.
21. Re-write the following sentences using the past participle form of
the verb.
(a) The book which is written by Nazrul is good.
(b) The tree which was felled on the road caused a traffic-jam.
(c) Water which is polluted can cause diseases.
(d) A needle that is broken can cause dangers.
22. Give the structure of the perfect participle. compare (s-q'il S<)
it wiih the structure of the perfect infinitive.
23. Fill in the blanks with'having' or'verb(p.p.)'.
(a) said this, he went away.
(b) -Having to market, he bought a book. (go)
(c) -rice, he went out.
24.-eaten
Combine each pair of sentences by using the perfect
participle of the verb.
(a) (i) He said this.
(ii) He went away.
(b) (i) I did ihe work.
(ii) I went to school.
(c) (i) Mother cooked rice.
(ii) She called us to dinner.
(d) (i) The teacher took the class.
(ii) He gave us an assignment ((Iffiolw).
25. What are the characteristics of participles?
Discuss (qlmffi F{) with examples.
26. Absolute Rc{.6{ participle q;l <r-{qF ffiFIcr sfr {sI utFq F-{ r

27. Prepositionfuq6pOP participle q<<I{{-{ fi{ls t

28. frfm <fSlefEICs dis-related participle q< Tt<"{{ qKq I <lsisrql

correct T3[ I

(a) I saw a dead man walking along the street.

(b) Dancing there, I know the girls
(c) Climbing on the tree, an interesting view (!.11) was seen by

29. Gerund 4]rs {C6T? Gerund € present participle q< qC{i Re Cslafl{l
s&-ir {,c{t "nqf+i ftr EqR{q q-q
{<fis !
 328 A Passage to the English Language
30. Gerund,$T<I{{-{ m:fis-
(i) subject {C"l
(ii) verb St object St'l
(iii) preposition €i object S'('l
(iv) verb €il complement T..(et
(v) nominative absolute fr'(ef
31. Possessive-${ {lcql gerund ft9r< <j<qs q{ {.fi siftq s? sT_q[q firu<
llRlrerEItts-{ I

(a) I like playing football. (he)

[Ans. his]
-
(b) We were sorry for his- kicked out (be)
[Ans. being]
(c) I am desirous of your- (pass)
(d) She is interested in- going abroad. (l)
(e) I shall ask about -:illneis. (hahim)
32- verbal noun ft-src{ rf6u qg7 q< r{fiB ftr Gerund € present
participle q< clcq c-{ flaf$j ftr fS dr+
{<rl.g r

33. C{ T{ verb €3t "lr{ infinitive {C{, gerund {r{ ll, slfq< q+.F Elfr_s.l
?sR r-{ r efcsr+F frc{ s-sF s'6 <fsj El-q +< ,

34. 6{ q< verb (Br (-IC{ gerund € participle Eg<t <rn Ekq-< .q-sB qfr-fl
ffi T-{ q<( SrstsF{ q$ EEF a'K Ttsl' ufh o-< r

35. CTC?[ verb €K "lfd infinitiue <-fq ql, gerund <cC ElCh-{ q+-F \rfu
ffi +-< s{( Erslrtr{ q{r eqtr Rr< <l+r T< "itT
l-;;,*;t
36 ;fnt#'t . i;;"* ]- qsrm sF <r$r urh o-<
I I r

it'"o rjooa
I i

37. 7fr T[sj tfb{ sfs cn"lts 6{ except rs but €Q

9{Il{I preposition €Et "lR gerund iN-Cq, infinitive Tfq ql
{$ preposition {lfi,
33. qi q{firr qfr 6qb Ts q-$.R non-finite verb (K il-{Ct< Fk{S,
I

ccBrEt=r {lrr{ qsF qR.-st?sR rn I

39. qirfi-<'fr csl{'k csq-{ qltflr Non-finite verb <K{R s1-<

<Ts< fi_<r{ Efr
T{n T{< <Isj {t{ T-ir(g flltrc{ q R{.R, ER ft qs.{s? \e-Rcq c{ crlq RTCT<
E"r< q{D {r$r-< qsF paragraph cE{ sks rrerrs
<I{q\5qr<,
"rfii <lT non finite verb
I