PAPER

CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN MAKASSAR CITY

Arranged by :
Andi Ravida Rahma Syafruddin (K011171807)
Aisyah Meyhdika (K01117180
Siti Wahidah Adwiah (K011171805)

PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2018
 PRAFACE

Praise and gratitude we pray to the presence of Allah SWT who has given his mercy
and guidance, so that we can complete a paper entitled “Child Growth And Development In
Makassar City". The preparation of this course is the task of basic reproductive health and
maternal and child healthcourses. We hope to increase knowledge and insight, especially in
terms of health financing. And readers can find out how and what exactly the zoning referral
system is.
Recognizing the many shortcomings in the preparation of this paper. Therefore, we
really appreciate the criticisms and suggestions from readers to complete all the shortcomings
and mistakes of this paper.
We also thank those who have helped during the process of compiling this paper.

Makassar, October 11, 2018

Authors
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY .............................................................................................. 4
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM ....................................................................... 4
1.3 PURPOSE AND BENEFIT .......................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 6
2.1 CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT............................................................ 6
2.2 THEORY OF CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................... 8
2.3 NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE ....................................................................... 10
2.4 REFERRAL TO HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEMS ............................................... 10
CHAPTER 3 CLOSING........................................................................................................ 15
3.1 CONCLUTION .......................................................................................................... 14
3.2 SUGGESTION ........................................................................................................... 14
REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................... 16
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
Growing and developing is one of the characteristics of living things. Growing and
developing are two different events but influence each other. Growth is related to increase in
size, size or amount. Growth is quantitative, which can be measured in units of weight and unit
length. Development is the increase in ability and function of the cells of the body to become
more mature or complex. Development includes the differentiation process of cells, organs and
organ systems that develop so that it can fulfill its function.
There are two factors that affect child development and development, namely factors
within genetics) and external factors (environment).
Nutrition is also one of the influential factors in the process of growing and developing. Before
birth the child gets nutrition from the mother's breast milk, after birth the child depends on the
food ingredients and the digestive process.
Child development is also influenced by stimulation and psychological factors.
Stimulation is usually carried out by the family for example giving attention and playing tools
that can stimulate motor and psychomotor development in children.
And other important factors in child development are socio-economic where poverty
has always been a major problem that will be related to nutritional problems in children.

1.2 Formulation Of The Problem

Based on the background of this paper is:
how the growth and development of children in the city of Makassar?
1.3 Purpose and benefit
Based on the problem above, then the purpose and benefit is:
a. Purpose
To know the growth and development of children in the city of Makassar
b. Benefit
The creation of this paper is expected to be useful for anyone who wants to add
insight and knowledge about child growth and development in Makassar City.
 BAB II
DISCUSSION
2.1. Child Growth and Development
Growth is related to the problem of changes in size, size, number or dimensions at the
cellular, organ and individual level. Growth is quantitative so that it can be measured in units
of weight (gram, kilogram), unit length (cm, m), age of bone, and metabolic balance (retention
of calcium and nitrogen in the body). Development
(Development) is a more complex ability and structure of body functions. The
development concerns the process of differentiating cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
that develop in such a way that each can fulfill its function. (Soetjiningsih, 1998; Tanuwijaya,
2003).
Growth has special characteristics, namely changes in size, changes in proportions, loss
of old features, and the emergence of new characteristics. The uniqueness of growth is having
different speeds in each age group and each organ also has a different growth pattern. There
are 3 periods of rapid growth, namely the fetal period, 0 - 1 year of infancy, and puberty.
The development process occurs simultaneously with growth, so that each growth is
accompanied by a change in function. Development is the result of the interaction of maturity
of the central nervous system with the organs affected. The development of the initial phase
includes several aspects of functional abilities, namely cognitive, motoric, emotional, social,
and language. Development in this initial phase will determine the development of the next
phase. Deficiencies in one aspect of development can affect other aspects.

2.2 Theory Child Growth And Development

There are several theories about growth and development, such as the theory from
Aristotles which divides the developmental period of growth into 3, namely at the age of 0-7
years is the stage of childhood, 7-14 years is the age of children and at the age of 14-21 years
is adolescence or puberty. Whereas Kartini Kartono divides the growth and development
period into 5, namely, 0-2 years is infancy, 2-5 years of childhood, 6-12 years is a school-age
period, and the age of 14-17 years is the beginning of puberty.

2.3 Factors That Influence Childs Development And Growth

Factors that influence a childs growth, namely:
a. factors before birth, such as lack of nutrition in the mother and fetus
 b. factors at birth, such as bleeding in the baby's head due to pressure from the mother's
uterine wall when she was born
c. factors after birth, such as infections of the brain and brain membranes
d. psychological factors, for example deposited in an orphanage so that
get less attention and love.
Factors that influence childs development, namely:
a. inheritance factor from birth
b. favorable or adverse environmental factors
d. children's activities as free subjects who are willing, can refuse or agree.

2.4 Stage Of Child Growth And Development

Growing up children's flowers are on a regular, interconnected, and continuous basis
from conception to adulthood. Although there are variations, each child will pass through a
certain pattern. Tanuwijaya (2003) describes the stage of childbirth that is divided into two,
namely prenatal period and postnatal period. Each time it has a distinctive and distinction in
anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and character.
Prenatal time is the life of the fetus in the womb. This period is divided into two periods,
namely embryonic period and fetal period. Embryo is a period from conception to 8 weeks of
gestation, whereas the fetus is from 9 weeks to birth.
Postnatal or postnatal period consists of five periods. The first period is the neonatal
period where the baby is 0-28 days to continue the baby until it is 2 years old. Preschool time
is a child aged 2 - 6 years old. Until now, boys and girls have no differences, but when they
enter the next school year or puberty, women aged 6 - 10 years old, while men aged 8 - 12
years old. Girls enter adolescent or adolescent age sooner than boys, ie at age 10 and end up at
age 18. Boys start puberty at age 12 and end up at the age of 20.

2.5 Impaired Of Childs Growth And Development

Problems that often arise in growth and development such as disorders of physical
growth, motor development, emotional language and behavior. Regular physical growth
disorders close to obesity (excess body mass) and also poor nutrition (malnutrition). Motor
development disorder is the ability to think slowly, one of the causes of motor disorders is a
muscle tone abnormality or neuromuscular disease. Factors of the environment and personality
of the child can also affect the delay in motor development. According to widyastuti, 2018
language development disorders involve motor, psychological, emotional, and behavioral
abilities. Language development disorders in children can be caused by various factors, namely
the presence of genetic factors, hearing loss,low intelligence, lack of interaction of children
with the environment, late maturation, and family factors. And the last is emotional and
behavioral disorders anxiety is one of the disorders that arise in children and requires a special
intervention if it affects the social interaction and development of children. Pervasive
developmental disorders in children include autism as well as behavioral disorders and social
interactions.
2.6 Child Growth And Development In Makassar City