Effect of Safety and Security on Travel Motivation

Effect of Tourist Safety and Security on Travel Motivation
2017
in Quezon Province
2017
Khaey Ann D. Gabog
Lovelie Joy L. Saberola
2017
I
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Khaey Ann D. Gabog
Nickname: Khaey Ann
Birthdate: November 14, 1997
Birthplace: Sariaya, Quezon
Permanent Address: Sitio Masunurin, Brgy. Janagdong 2, Sariaya, Quezon
Contact Number: 0948-696-5232
Email Address: gabogkhaeyann@gmail.com
Educational Background:
SCHOOL/ UNIVERSITY INCLUSIVE YEARS
Canda Elementary School 2004-2010
Canda National High School 2010-2014
Southern Luzon State University 2014-present
AcademicAffiliations:
MSH Society Member 2014-2018
Name: Lovelie Joy L. Saberola
Nickname: Lovelie
Birthdate: July 19, 1995
Birthplace: Tayabas City, Quezon
Permanent Address: 4A Felimon Perez Street Brgy. San Isidro Zone 3, Tayabas City,
Quezon
Contact Number: 0948-632-8201
Email Address: saberolaloveliejoy19@gmail.com
Educational Background:
SCHOOL/ UNIVERSITY INCLUSIVE YEARS
Tayabas West Central School 1 2002-2008
Luis Palad National High School 2008-20 12

Southern Luzon State University 2014-present
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Hotel and Restaurant Management, this research paper entitled, Effect of Tourist Safety
and Security on Travel Motivation, has been prepared and submitted by G abog Khaey
Ann D. and Saberola, Lovel ie Joy
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHIII
Approved in partia fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of
Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management by
MANILYN G ZUBIETA
V
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby affirm that this compliance is our own work and that, to the best of our
understanding and certainty, it covers no material previously published by another person nor
material to which to a considerable range has been acknowledge for award of any other degree or
diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due credit is made in
the text.
We also declare that the logical content of the thesis is the product of our own effort,
even though we may have customary assistance from style, presentation, and semantic
expression.
Khaey Ann D. Gabog Lovelie Joy L. Saberola

Signature of advisee over printed name Signature of advisee over printed name
Angelo Shan E. Mendoza

Signature of adviser over printed name
Date
DEDICATIONVI
With humble and sincerity, I heartedly dedicate this paper work to the source of my
strength Lord Almighty for giving me wisdom, guidance and determination. To my
supportive, and caring Tatay and Inay. To my Lola Lydia and Lolo Celso for
always supporting my financial and never stop believing my strength. To my
dearest siblings brothers who are my inspiration and support all this time.
To my adviser for guiding and correcting us. To my thesis partner
Lovelie Joy for the effort, time, being positive and sharing
knowledge. Special thanks to my relatives, board
mates, friends and Church Family who cheer
me up through this year. This would not
been possible if you were not there
and telling that I can do it. This
study dedicate to
all of you
KADG
DEDICATIONVII
This study is hearted dedicated to the following to Lord God that give me knowledge
that I can use and strength. To my Nanay and Tatay who always there to
support me financially and always believing in me. To my adviser
who patiently guiding us and correcting our research. To
my partner Khaey Ann for the time, effort, trust
and for the knowledge to share ideas.
And for all the people around us
I dedicated this all
of you.
LJLS
VIII
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Research like this will never be possible without the help of everyone and the
researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to those who motivate and
inspired them. Regarding this, they would like to thank the following.
Ms. Joanna Paula A. Ellaga, DBA, dean of College of Business Administration, for her
all the constant encouragements to all students undertaking researches of their own.
Ms. CLAIRE ANN M. YAO, Chairman of HRM Department, for giving her finest
thoughts to improve and complete the study.
Mr. Angelo Shan E. Mendoza, research adviser, who always put for the idea of
pursuing this study, for his continuous support and for the patience that he giving us, for all the
guidance and advises to improve the study that he wholeheartedly give us.
Ms. Manilyn Zubieta and Ms. Maria Fatima R. Sabacco, the oral examination committee,
for giving time, guidance, patience and understanding for the improvement of the structure of the
study and for providing valuable comments and suggestions.
Mr. Jed Frank Marquesses, for giving valuable time upon making statistics for the
result of the study.
Respondents, for their kindness and cooperation that make this study possible.
Family, for giving support and financial needs to finish this study and who never failed
to guide and help the researchers to conduct the study.
Friends, who never failed to support the researchers in all of their activities, for always
being there in times of needs and most of joyless times.
X
And most of all, to Almighty God, for guiding the researchers on giving strength,
patience and dedication to finish this study.
KADG
LJLS
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page ............................................................................................................i
Biographical Sketch.................................................................................. ii
Certificate of Originality .....................................................................................iii
Approval Sheet ...................................................................................................iv
Dedication .........................................................................................................v
Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................vi
Table of Contents .................................................................................................vii
List of Tables .......................................................................................................x
List of Figures........................................................................................... xii
List of Appendices.................................................................................
Abstract .............................................................................................................xiv
Chapter I Introduction .........................................................................................1
Background of the Study .....................................................................2

Objective of the Study ........................................................................3
Hypothesis ........................................................................................4
Significance of the Study ....................................................................4
Scope and Limitation ..........................................................................5
Definition of Terms ............................................................................6
Chapter II Review of Literature ...........................................................................9

X
Related Literature and studies .............................................................9
X
I
Conceptual Framework .......................................................................30
Chapter III Methodology ....................................................................................31
Research Locale ..................................................................................31

Population 31
Research Design .................................................................................32
Research Instrument.................................................................... 32
Data Gathering Procedures ..................................................................33
Statistical Treatment ............................................................................33
Chapter IV Results and Discussions ....................................................................36
Tourist Profile ............................................................................. 36
Safety and Security Perception ............................................................41

Travel Motivation ................................................................................46
Difference of Travel Motivation to Tourist profile
50
Relationship of safety and security to travel motivation
.................................................................................................. 54
Chapter V Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................58
Summary......................................................................................... 5 8
Findings .............................................................................................59
Conclusion ........................................................................................62
Recommendations ...............................................................................64
Bibliography ................................................................................................ 66
Appendices .........................................................................................................68
Appendix A- D- Letter of Validation .............................................. 69

Appendix F- Letter for Statistician .............................................................74
XIII
Appendix G- English Language Critic .............................................. 75
Appendix H- Letter for Plagiarism ...........................................................76

Appendix I- Questionnaire ......................................................................77
XIII
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page
1.1 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Age 35
1.2 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Gender 36
1.3 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Civil Status 37
1.4 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Point of Origin 39
2.1 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Crime 40
2.2 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Food Safety 41
2.3 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Health Issues 42
2.4 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Natural Disaster 43
2.5 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Terrorism 44
Travel Motivation of Tourists in terms of Push Factor 45

3.1
3.2 Travel Motivation of Tourists in terms of Pull Factor 47
4.1 Difference of Push Factor Travel Motivation to the Profile 49
4.2 Difference of Pull Factor Travel Motivation to the Profile 51
5.1 Relationship of Tourists Perception on Safety and Security on Push Factor

Travel Motivation 53
5.2 Relationship of Tourists Perception on Safety and Security on Pull Factor

Travel Motivation 54
XV
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page
1 Research Paradigm 29
XV
ABSTRACT
TITLE: Effect of Tourist Safety and Security on Travel Motivation
AUTHORS: Gabog, Khaey Ann D.
Saberola, Lovelie Joy L.
ADVISER: Angelo Shan E. Mendoza
This study sought to know the Effect of Tourist Safety and Security on Travel
Motivation. This study aimed to know the tourists safety and security on terms of crime,
food safety health issue, natural disasters and terrorism and also the travel motivation of
the tourists in terms of push and pull factor. The study also aimed to discuss the
difference of travel motivation and the demographic profile and the relationship of tourist
safety and security perception to travel motivation. The findings of the survey revealed
that crime is the top reason that affect the safety and security perception of the tourist. As
to the tourist motivation to travel is to enhance the kinship relationship and to explore the
cultural and historical resources of the Quezonian. It assess tourist profile and the
motivation of tourists revealed that the civil status and the group composition have
significant differences and the relationship of the tourist perception it is the terrorism that
have the significant relationship in the safety and security of the tourist.
KEYWORDS: Tourist, Safety, Security, Travel, Motivation

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Safety and security is a vital to providing quality in tourism. More than any eco-
nomic activity the success and failure depend on being able to provide safe and secure
environment for travelling visitors (Bano, 2015). Tourism Safety and security is a big
impact to the destination in motivating all people who desire to travel in different coun-
tries. If the tourist perceived the place to be safe and secure, the longer they will stay and
enjoy. This is the purpose for providing positive point of view regarding the tourist desti-
nation. Travelling, is an activity of a person staying in certain destination outside their
home town. Safety is described as a free from danger or risk in the destination. Security is
free from worry and free from hazard like fire, accidents, sabotage, and attack. It include
the safeguard of the person and the property (Kwadlangezwa, 2009).
Tourist are generally both more likely to take certain risks while travelling and
more susceptible to hazard and uncertainty in an unfamiliar environment (Amara, 2012).
The more a tourist feels unsecured, the less has intention to visit in any particular place
(Chui, 2008). The most affected sector of the economy when there is no safety and secu-
rity is tourism (Adeyinka, 2012). The Mainland, tawi tawi, the sulu Archipelago, Basilan
and Jolo are some place in the Philippines generally off limits to tourist beacause of the
possible attacks of the New Peoples’s Army especially in the crowded places where you
can find tourist like in resort and the malls (Bien,, 2012).
Effect of Tourist Safety and Security ... 1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Tourism is one of the major contributors in many ways to the life of human popu-
lation, such as creating revenues, jobs, supporting culture and entertainment (Garg,
2013). Even tourism industry has become fastest growing industry, it also has some ob-
stacles due to the world crime activities such as terrorism and war, the spreading of the
epidemic diseases, world natural disasters and recession crisis in the world’s economy.
These obstacles are giving big impact for the tourism growth and make it one significant
term which is travel risks (Murthy, 2008).
The tourism industry should educate or increase the market understanding about
the travelers’ perception of the safety and security, also at the same time keep the indus-
try to be still in its position or increase in its rapid growth and prevent the unexpected de-
crease. The traveler ’s behavior in the decision making for what destination they are go-
ing to visit will always tie up with the travel risks (Henderson, 2007).The safety, peace
and stability are major concerns for tourists’ and it can affect in their decision choosing
their travel destination. (Garg, 2012).
When traveling in Quezon Province in Quezon Province the tourist must be aware
if there is a risk in safety and security. The safety and security risk that tourists can en-
counter when traveling in Quezon is the typhoon but the risk reduction management of-
ficers of Quezon Province are trained to ensure the safety and security of all the tourist
who are traveling and those who are willing to enjoy the said place.
The researchers want to know the perception of the tourist when they heard this
kind of incidents. They wanted to give importance to the safety and security of every
tourist. Researcher also wanted to determine the effect of safety and security on motiva-
tion in visiting different places specifically in Quezon Province.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of tourist safety and security on
travel motivation in Quezon Province.
1. To determine the tourist profile in terms of:
1.1. age
1.2. gender
1.3. civil status
1.4. point of origin
2. To know the tourists safety and security perception
in terms of; 2.1 crimes
2.2 food safety
2.3 health issues
2.4 natural disaster
2.5 terrorism
3. To determine the travel motivation of tourist in terms of:
3.1 push factor
3.2 pull factor
4. To know the difference of travel motivation on the profile of the respondents.
5. To know if there is a relationship of tourists perception on the safety and security on

travel motivation.
Hypothesis:
1. There is no significant difference in tourists travel motivation to tourist

demographic profile except the group composition that have a significant
difference.
2. There is a significant relationship in tourists perception on safety and

security on travel motivation when it comes to push factor but when it comes to
pull factor motivation there is no significant relationship.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The main interest of this study is to know the safety and security of Quezon Prov-
ince and to promote the safe environment for the tourist not only for the local but also for
the international tourists who want to relax. Also the researchers want to find out what is
the preference of the tourist that gives them the motivation to travel.
Tourists will be the ones who will benefit in this study, they are going to be
aware to check first the place they want to visit. They will acquire a better perception of
the safety and security of the destination and can still go to place even if there are risks or
challenges in the destination.
The resident of selected places in Quezon, Province will know what improve-
ment they should do in their place, in order for the tourists to keep visiting their town.
This study will also promote the different specialty products in Quezon Province has to
offer and every destination that the tourist visit, have a selected people who help the tour-
ist to their safety and security.
The local government of the town will be helped by this study to know what the
tourists want and how they can improve the motivation of the local tourism. They will be
aware about the perception of safety and security of the traveler visiting in the town.
The study will also help the researchers to identify the travel motivation of many
tourists and what are the factors that can affect in the motivation of the tourist.
The future researcher can use the study as a reference and data for their related
study.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study determines the effect of tourist’s safety and security on travel motiva-
tion. The respondents in tourist visiting in Quezon Province are 849, 502 population. The
researcher used the weighted mean and Slovin’s formula to get the total three hundred
ninety eight (398) respondents (local tourist and foreign). The data were gathered self-
construction and adapted questionnaire from study of Manco and Oliveros (2014)
through the use of the checklist questionnaire provide by researcher and conducted on
November 2017.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
For better understanding to this research study. The terms used in the study is de-
fined conceptually.
Crime is the against tourists in crimes of opportunity such as robbery, assault, and rape;
and planned crimes such as terrorism and accidents in tourist’s destination. It
leads to change the behavior of tourists in the destination. (Lauderdale, Yuan,.
Goh &. Fowler, 2011).
Food Safety is the one main facilitating sectors that support the tourists in site experience
in the destination. Food becomes the core of the tourism product that attract
tourists and it will satisfy the quality of food. (Yiamjanya, and Wongleedee
2013).
Health Issues is the competitiveness of travel and tourism sector requires the perception
of tourists the access to good drinking water, to improve the contamination (Bauer,
2008).
Local Tourist is the any person who live in a country who travels to some place within
the country outside in the usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months
and whose main purpose of visit in other than the exercise of an activity remune
rated from the place visited (WTO, 2010)

Motivation is the characteristics that moves us to do or not to do something. The behav-

ior of it’s characterized by willingness and decide. Gredler, Broussard and Gar-
ison (2004) & Lai (2011)
Natural Disaster is the declination tourist arrival in affected areas and create the nega
tive image to visitor and pushing them away from the destination (Zhang., et al
2014).
Safety is the state of being free from hurt and injury, it is the freedom to the tourist from
danger. Safety is the richer word that includes an inner certainty that is all well
(Safety and Security, Maddox)
Security is the state of being free from danger or threat, it is refer to the protection of the
traveler against the criminal activities (Albrechtsen 2003, et al., Neumayer, 2011)
Terrorism is the some different types of weapons, which make tourist suffer and creates
negative impacts upon norms and values of the destination (Renabhat 2015).
Tourists is the traveler and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than
24 hours and not more than one consecutive year for their leisure, business and
other purposes related to an exercise of an activities reward within the place tour-
ists visited. (UNWTO & Garg, 2012)
Travel is the activities specify to the travelers. A traveler is the someone who moves be-
tween the geographic locations, for any purposes of the tourists and any length to
spend their time to the destination (Laimer, 2010)
Travel Motivation is the long been the focus of the tourism study as to recognize as an
essential part to understanding a tourists dynamic (Li and Cai, 2012)

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies in order to pro-
vide knowledge for this study. This chapter will also discuss the safety and security of the
tourist and their travel motivation. The demographic profile of tourist like age, gender,
civil status and the point of origin also discuss.
Demographic Profile
Age
Studies have found that gender and age significantly affect the perceived image of
tourist destinations (Jönsson & Devonish et al, 2008). Older tourists were more likely to
travel for reasons based on cultural exploration and relaxation, whereas younger tourists
were more likely to travel to engage in sports. Older tourists (who are likely to be retired
and have more free time) tend to desire mental stimulation and prefer to visit countries to
increase their knowledge and awareness and learn new experiences. Younger tourists are
more active and are more likely to seek a whole range of physical activities when visiting
a destination. (Jönsson & Devonish, 2008)
Gender
Mceczkowski &Middleton, (2013) has been shown that travel plans between gen-
ders can be differ; men are more likely to choose a destination based on the sporting and
action-adventure activities available, whereas women are likely to choose a destination
based on the culture and security of the place. Men are more likely to be encouraged by
the use of adverts, this has been shown by men making decisions based on small amount
of information, whereas women are more reserved with their decisions and collect as
much information as possible before making decisions (Kim et al, 2007). Research has
shown that more women than men are more likely to travel for leisure purposes; however
women have tended to feel that there are limitations affecting access to tourism, with fac-
tors of physical, social and family constraints creating barriers that may discourage wom-
en in participating in leisure activities (Jackson & Henderson, 1995; Middleton, 2013).
This change in destination difference showed that motives of the push and pull factors
influencing decision making of tourist behaviour, as well as personal preference differ-
ence and similarities of gender considered in different age groups (Meng & Uysal,
2008).
A limit towards the female role is the use of stereotypical images of women, used
to influence decisions of male audiences. With the use of stereotyping adverts being used
to influence male decisions in tourism, women may lose interest in destinations using ste-
reotypical images of women. These adverts have been shown to receive negative percep-
tions from female audience as the images create false advertising of the destination, as
well as false images of women (Liu et al, 2009).
Additionally gender may be a remarkable limiting factor for tourists. Although
women are nowadays closer than ever to gain equality with men, they seem to still feel
more restricted than men when it comes to leisure activities, like tourism. Women tend to
gather much more information about the destinations before making the final decision
compared to men. They feel that they need to rationalize their decisions, to make the cho-
sen destination seem like a smart and secure choice. Men are willing to make decisions a
lot quicker and they rely rather on their own opinions than the facts gathered from other
sources. (Ojala, 2013). Gender seems to be a possible approach to market segmentation,

whether for Guimarães or for other cultural tourism destinations around the world.
(Remoaldo, Vareiro, Ribeiro & Santos, 2014).
Access to tourism can be influence and restricted by many factors, the key factor
of this paper looked at gender and how the differences in male and female roles changed
with the growth of the tourism industry (Lawton, 2009; Pritchard, 2001; Rainisto, 2003).
Issues of inequality, power and control are seen within the growing tourism market be-
tween gender roles showing the limits of access to tourism. A limit towards the female
role is the use of stereotypical images of women, used to influence decisions of male au-
diences. The use of these adverts are used to encourage men to travel more for leisure
purposes, as it is seen that more women than men travel for leisure holidays (Scott, 1986;
Wearing & Wearing, 1996, Middleton et al., 2013).
Gender also affects perception of risk. Although failed to establish the influence
of gender on perception of risk, many other researchers have found that gender does in-
fluence touristic choices (Carr, 2001; Lepp & Gibson, 2003; Pizam et al., 2004; Kozak et
al., 2007). Lepp & Gibson found that women perceived a greater degree of risk regarding
health and food. Kozak et al. found that older male travelers with experiences were less
likely to change their travel plans when faced with potential health, terrorism, or natural
disaster related risks. Pizam et al., using a combined risk and sensation seeking variable,
found that males showed more propensity for adventurous and spontaneous vacations (Qi
. Gibson & Zhang, 2009).

Jönsson & Devonish, (2008) found that the factor structure of a measure of travel
motivations comprised four dimensions of motives: cultural motives, pleasure -
seeking/fantasy-based motives, relaxation-based motives, and physical motives. The mo-
tivational differences between nationalities. British tourists mainly enjoyed mixing with
other fellow tourists and having fun, while German tourists had more nature- and culture
oriented motivations. All tourists was perceived to be alike regardless of nationality, or if
nationality made a difference to perceptions. Origin is not a problem when visiting the
destination. It can become one of the reason of the tourist be motivate to travel.
Safety and Security
Safety and security of tourists is an absolute prerequisite for a successful tourist
operation (Yϋksel & Yϋksel, 2007). The primary goal of the department is prevention
and protection of the public from dangers affecting safety such as crimes or disasters
(USLEGAL, 2016). Tourists are considered to be vulnerable to victimization of crime
due to varying behavior patterns, carrying large amounts of money, lack of familiarity
with their environments, and they also tend to look different, standing out in a crowd.
Some speculate that the propensity of tourists as victims comes from the simple fact that
tourists spend more time outdoors, sightseeing, dining, and shopping. Additionally,
many times tourists involve themselves in risky behavior. Tourists are less likely to be
aware of the local laws and processes of reporting crimes and pressing charges against
criminals. All of these make tourists more susceptible to become a victims of crime.
Effect of Tourist Safety and Security
... 14
While the consequences to the criminal may be very low, the consequences to the local
business community can be devastating. For those individual victims, their future travel
Point of Origin
decisions may adversely be affected. Even more disturbing is that negative publicity re-
duces the demand for the tourist destination. (Lauderdale, Yuan , Goh & Fowler,2011 ).
Nowadays, the issues of safety and security are ever more important not only for
the community at the larger, but also always been indispensable condition for travel and
tourism as well. The issues of safety and security in tourism industry also has been rec-
ognized as one of the forces causing changes in the tourism sector in the new millennium
which are crime rates, terrorism, food safety, health issues and natural disasters as the
main of concern (Ayob & Masron 2014). Organized crime and terrorism are at the bot-
tom of the list of real threats, to tourists, but they are near the top of the list in how they
affect travelers’ perceptions about safety and security of a destinations. An individual
tourist at home may understands the risks and lives with them. But, the same person as a
tourist does not want to be worried about unmeasurable risks from violence when on va-
cation —more languages is strange, by surroundings unfamiliar and official procedures
can be hard to understands — so the traveler will go wherein such risks do not exist.
Therefore, the tourism authorities know how to deal with the tourist by the perceptions of
these phenomena. When an accident involves to the tourists from a major travel generat-
ing another country, the main focus of the tourist is the media to the story of some desti-
nations have a extremely intense. The media coverage, will be considered as exaggerated
and incontinently unfair to the destination (Drakopoulos, 2011).
According to Tourist Safety and Security Practical Measures for Destinations.
Safety and Security are vital to providing quality in tourism, therefore providing high ex-
periences which incorporate principles of safety and security are becoming an overriding
objective of tourism destinations. This requires that the tourism official will coordinate to
the efforts of the others governments, tourism operational sector, media, nongovernmen-
tal organizations, and interested citizens’ groups (WTO, 2011). Safety and security focus
the concerned regarding the tourists travel decision, it does not really have a negative ef-
fects of the desired of travelling to these countries, events, such as 1. Natural disasters, 2.
Terrorist attacks, 3. Accidents to the place, 4. All crime related activities as well as epi-
demic plagues often have a rapid and straight impact on the industry. (Neumayer, 2011).
The reason of the traveler all over the world are interconnected through the world
wide web, makes it possible to easily exchange, gain and spread information. This con-
stantly and easy access to all kinds of media, news, and magazine does not only change
the image of several destinations, it also changes the consumer’s attitudes and percep-
tions towards these regions and finally influences the consumption behavior (Valencia
and Crouch, 2008). For example, the southern part of Sub-Saharan, there are countries
who suffer from relatively high crime rates, risk for the people around and accidents
ranging from petty street crime like theft, pick-pocketing and bag-snatching, to more se-
vere crimes like armed robberies and car-hijackings, muggings, banditry and within some
parts of these countries the Foreign and Common Wealth Office (2011) warns of kidnap-
pings, rape and murder in some parts of these countries. The risk from terrorism is also a
dangerous point in some of these countries. This kind of countries where not help to the
tourist to travel to other country (Neumayer, 2011).
Safety and security has been identified as one of the indispensable factor in boost-
ing the tourism activities in the new millennium. On September 11th, it is believed that
the tourism industry has not been taking seriously in improving the safety and security
although the issues in tourism were known through the evolution of the mass tourism in
the early of 1 950s. These are the reasons that show the safety and security issues need to
gain more attention in the tourism itself has become one of the main sources of the world
economy. The main five forces of safety and security that affects the tourism industry
with new era have been identified: Crime, Terrorism, Food Safety, Health Issues and
Natural Disasters (Tan, Chong and Ho 2017).
Although many disciplines make a clear distinction between security and safety,
tourism scientists and professional tent not to. The reason is simple a ruined vacation and
fixing of blame is therefore secondary activity. Practitioners often view security as the
act of protection of person, place, thing, reputation, or economy against someone (or
someone’s tool) that seeks to harm. From the prospective of the travel and tourism indus-
try both safety and security mishap can destroy not only the vacation but also the industry.
(Tarlow, 2014)
Crimes
Crimes and violent acts occur at tourist destinations to check every minute of eve-
ry day, if an individual perceives an absence of safety and security, both domestic and
international tourism are affected. Specifically, fear of crime leads to change the tourist
behavior, while tourists are often the victims of crimes, this are other victims include:
businesses, local residents, political figures, and movie stars. These kind acts of violence
at a tourist the destination can cause decline in tourist demand. If the tourist are fearful of
personal harm, businesses stand to lose loyalty, customers, and ultimately revenue.
Crimes against tourists can be classified into two broad categories: crimes of opportunity
such as robbery, assault, and rape; and planned crimes such as terrorism and accidents in
tourist’s destination. (Lauderdale, Yuan,. Goh &. Fowler, 2011).
All over the world face issues about safety and security in tourism development,
but many face these issues with much more seriousness. With terrorist attacks occurring
all over the world, terrorism does weigh on the minds of travelers. For example, both the
Bangkok Post and the New York Times report the need to outwardly address safety issues
after recent sexual assaults and killings of foreign tourists in Thailand (Jitpleecheep,
2007; Mydans, 2008).
Criminal activities that occur have recorded as theft, assault, rape and murder
such as those connected with tourism-targeted terrorism, also committed by the tourists
themselves, either against the locals or other tourists. Tourism activity is not inherently
illegal, but it brings with strong criminal association. For example is gambling of this is
indirect relationship, given the involvement of organized crime elements, prostitutes of
the tourists and participants who may engage in criminal activity to feed their gaming ad-
dictions. Tourist activities that have a high probability of come along into criminal behav-
ior because the presence of many people in alcohol. (Kwadlangezwa, 2009). Incidents
that are related to crime can be in the form of: Larceny, Theft, Robbery, Rape, Murder,
Piracy and Kidnapping (Tan, Chong and Ho 2017). Theft is the most common yet least
publicized among crimes. Robbery, rape, physical injury, homicide, piracy, and kidnap-
ping are crimes that figure prominently not only in national and local newspapers, but
also in the Internet — online versions and blogs — accessible to tourists all over the
world. Tourists would rather charge to experience the crime incident that they were in-
volved in rather than report them to the police (Esmeralda, 2013). Tourists particular vul-
nerability to be a victim of any crime-related act, leads to the fact that many of them do
not even consider to take destinations with high crime rates into their choice set and will
prefer travelling to safer destinations. (George, 2009).
Many tourist limit their activities at the destinations because of theirs fear crime;
the tourists who have encountered or experience a crime incident during holiday and free
time more felt less safe; and tourist generally felt wary to going out after dark. According
to Mendiratta (2010) incidents as individual tourists as pick pocketing or price cheating,
and as collective as terrorist attacks or earth tremors, have travelers looking more suspi-
ciously and doubtful at the destinations in the world which one may have been assume
glamour and inviting. Police, presence does not extend a sense of safety. But it creates a
feeling of fear and reason for distrust, a guardian level of police presence is absolutely
acceptable for the tourist to feel that they are safe and secure to the places. Crimes against
travelers in a destination feels to be increasing, like credit card fraud or personal attacks.
Travelers are ever conscious of the presence of personal risk. Safety and security infor-
mation should be provided to tourists at the outset of a programed so that the tourists are
alert for their own safety. The tips from warnings about dangerous city spots and petty
crime hazards, such as pick-pocketing, slippery spots on mountain paths, but first and
foremost those information should feature like used of telephones, tourist help desks, em-
bassies and consulates, multilingual doctors recommended for foreigners, police and oth-
er emergency services as available. Government bodies and international agencies pro-
vide information on potential disruptions to tourism, such as natural disasters, social dis-
turbances, terrorist attacks, threats, severe transport breakdowns, or epidemics and other
threats to health (Drakopoulos, 2011).

Safety issue that concerns tourists most is crime, especially robbery, larceny/ theft and
fraud (Chiu and Lin 2010)
Food Safety
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Collab-
oration with the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), the main goal of food safety
and risk management is to protect public health by controlling food risks as effectively as
possible through the selection as well as the implementation of appropriate measures.
Food risk perception was by identifying three factors including adulteration and contami-
nation, health effects, and production and hygiene. In the tourism industry, the food sec-
tor is one of the main facilitating sectors that support tourists’ in site experience. In many
countries, food becomes the core tourism product that attracts tourists and can satisfy
them (Yiamjanya, and Wongleedee 2013).
Food Safety it is important to understand that health and hygiene factors become
mattered and perceived differently by different tourist demographics. Based on the study
of Siripen & Wongleedee (2013) the senior international tourist are the most important
segment of tourist that have three factors like money, time and willingness to travel but
what they don't have is good health. Wongdeelee (2012) state that most of the senior in-
ternational tourist who visit tourist destination in Thailand were fully aware that they sus-
ceptible to high risk of food and beverage in foreign land and needed to take extra pre-
caution.
Health Issues
Health hazards are more susceptible to people during travelling. Health hazards
such as foodborne and waterborne diseases, vector-borne diseases dengue, pandemic flu,
and SARS. Besides, the medical facilities in some rural areas are poorly facilitated and
trained which has also become an issue to the tourism industry. Therefore, the most
common health issue will be dengue fever. Dengue is associated with the changes in the
climate conditions. This can be observed in the coastal area or low-lying areas swamped
by rising sea levels. Pandemic flu, such as the influenza H1N1 (swine flu) has also af-
fected tourism industry badly. Influenza H1N1 and SARS had badly affected the short
term growth in tourism and economic (Tan, Chong and Ho, 2017).
One of essential important for the competitiveness of travel and tourism sector
(Cooper et al, 2008, 202). Correlation between health and tourism requires the existence
of high level of hygiene and sanitary condition, medical care, as well as good quality of
drinking water. If this level quality is not satisfied health of tourist is at risk (Clave-
Cortes et al, 2007). Health and hygiene evaluation of the competitiveness of travel and
tourism sector requires the perception of access to good drinking water, access to im-
proved sanitation, physician’s density and the number of hospital beds. Access to good
drinking water and sewerage system in a given country is important for tourist comfort
and health. It is necessary to ensure well-developed sewerage system, which enable high
level of sanitary, hygiene and health safety condition in one country. The countries which
are not organized in this way have considerably lower competitiveness of travel and tour-
ism sector. In respect of the destination, tourist attach importance to the hygiene of ac-
commodation, environment as well as the hygiene in restaurants (Bauer, 2008).

Epidemic-disease such as dengue, malaria, severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) and influenza H1N1 are the example of emerging crisis where when it occur the
organization may still deal, stop or minimize the impact. Although SARS is a viral even-
tual 8,0296 cases and some deaths yet it was able to deal and controlled by man govern-
ments (World Health Organization, 2015). Similar to influenza H1N1, this epidemic wich
hit the African and Southeast Asian countries and cause some deaths but able to control
and prevent from widely spreading (World Health Organization, 2010). According to
Mendiratta (2010) today, as H1 N1, Bird Flu, SARS and other diseases travel the world,
travelers now spontaneously respond to sneezing and coughing with a flinch of fear.
Natural Disaster
According to Vincen (2013), natural disasters bring to mind images of destruction,
death and tragedy. Zhang et al., (2014) concluded that natural disaster causes declination
of tourist arrival in affected areas and create the negative image to visitor and pushing
them away from destination. Tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquake, floods and other natural
calamities or disaster have always the biggest effects in subtropical coastal regions which
also happen to be the ideal tourist destination. The emotional, physical and even the fi-
nancial effects of these disaster can be felt for years to come and have a damaging effect
in the country or in a destination. After the disaster strikes, a destination might not be
able to accommodate the guest due to the destruction of infrastructure and it may be risky
to tourist. Guest may cancel their reservation since they know their vacation may not be
what they imagined it to be. Natural disaster can do extensive damaged to the natural en-
vironment. Hurricanes can knock our trees or destroy our houses, earthquake can destabi-
lize mountain side and can give crack to the infrastructure and tsunamis can destroy
beaches. Without certain natural features, a region or destination can be undesirable to
eyes of the tourist. Since tourist are on a vacation for their personal enjoyment, they seek
a different destination that hasn't seen destruction and still have a great vacation (Matulo-
nis, 2015) Disastrous events and their adverse effect would economically threaten, weak-
er or destroy the competitiveness of the tourist destination. The weather related hazard
such as floods, drought, storm and landslides can be the cause of the declination of tourist
arrival (Maaiah, 2014).
Terrorism
Based on Thompson (2008) terrorism is the "premeditated use or threat of use of
violence by individual or subnational groups to obtain a political or social objectives
through the intimidation of a large audience, beyond that of the immediate victim". It can
be unravel a country's tourism industry or can be directly affects tourist decision making.
Tourist may substitute between vacation spots if they feel threatened or unsafe. Gallego
(2016) explains that terrorism is not only instability factor affecting tourism destination
choices. The effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on countries have been investigat-
ed extensively in the academic literature. Terrorism and crime have been acknowledge
as a negative factors entailing both direct costs (value of damaged structures, live lost or
damage, injuries sustained and cleanup) and direct cost (higher insurance premiums,
higher security cost and lost commerce) (Sandfer, 2014; Czahanski et al., 2008 & Nadal,
2016) Yap and Saha et al., (2013) & Fourie (2016) discuss about the terrorism has a
negative effect on tourism demand, but the effect is smaller in countries that have histori-
cal and natural attraction questioning results that had considered terrorism as an isolated
factor.
Renabhat (2015) terrorist used some different types of weapons, which make
people suffer and creates negative impacts upon norms and values of the country. Another
meaning if terrorism must also accommodate reasonable claims to political violence,
particularly against repressive governments and examines the range of exceptions, justifi-
cation, excuses, defenses and amnesties potentially available to terrorist as well as pur-
ported exception such as self-determination struggles. Terrorist mostly attacks cities,
populated areas, thus which affects mostly in the tourism industries, which challenges
traveler's and tourists' security beliefs. When tourists' travel from the another place to dif-
ferent place they do not want to exposed the personal hazards, safety is a paramount con-
cern of the most travelers, terrorist incidents there have reduced people's propensity to
travel.
Travel Motivation
Motivation has also been referred to as psychological/ biological/ social needs and
wants, including internal (or emotional) and external forces. These forces can describe
how individuals are pushed by motivation variables into making travel decision and how
they are pulled or attracted by destination attributes (Chetthamrongchai, 2017). Accord-
ing to Uysal & Hagan (cited by Chetthamrongchai, 2017) "push" factors are defined as
origin related and refer to intangible, intrinsic desires of the individual traveler such as
the desire to escape, rest and relaxation, adventure, health and prestige. Pull factors are
defined as mainly relating to the attractiveness of a given destination and tangible charac-
teristics such as beaches, accommodation and recreation facilities and cultural and histor-
ic resources
Correia, Oom do Valle and Moço (2007) who conducted research on the travel
motivations of tourists to exotic places and Chang (2007) who did an analysis of travel
motivations of package tour travellers. Chang (2007) indicated that the motives for pack-
age tour travelers are: relaxation and pleasure, social relationships, socio-economic fac-
tors and socio-psychological needs.
Yoon & Uysal (2005); Aziz & Ariffin (2009) investigated the causal relationship
between tourists’ motivational factors with satisfaction and destination loyalty. Some of
the important motivational factors measured were exciting, knowledge, escape, achieve-
ment, family togetherness, safety/fun, away from home, modern amenities, wide activi-
ties, natural scenery, night life/local cuisine, water activities, interesting town, different
culture, etc. The results indicate that tourism players should provide greater attention to
traveler’s relaxation, family togetherness, safety and fun in appealing to the internal mo-
tivations of travelers. At the same time, the marketers should also consider the unique-
ness of the destination attributes such as its attractions and activities, focusing on the
emotional aspects of traveler’s needs. Travel motivation has long been the focus of tour-
ism study as it is recognized as an essential part to understanding a tourist’s dynamic be-
havior (Li and Cai, 2012).

Moreover, the relationship between travel motivation and travel intention has re-
cently been empirically tested. For instance, Hung and Petrick (2011) developed a meas-
urement scale for travel motivation and examined the influence of motivation on travel
intention in cruise tourism. Their research found that cruise motivation has a positive in-
fluence on cruising intention. Also, in investigating the relationship between outbound
Chinese tourists’ motivation and behavioral intention, Li and Cai (2012) identified five
dimensions of travel motivation, and found the novelty dimension directly affects behav-
ioral intention. Specifically, tourists motivated by the desire to pursue novelty are likely
to revisit the destination or to recommend the destination to their friends and relatives.
The tourism industry has made a great effort to deliver value to tourists, hoping
that they will have a memorable experience, and desire to revisit and recommend the des-
tination. The perceived value of experience can include several dimensions, such as emo-
tional, social, quality/performance, and price/value for money (Prebensen, Woo, Chen,
and Uysal, 2012). To further understand perceived value in tourism, Prebensen et al.
(2012) used an integrated approach to test empirically the causal relationships between
the motivation, involvement, and perceived value of experience of the destination. They
found tourists’ motivation and involvement performance were antecedents to perceived
value of their destination experience, indicating that tourists co-created their own value
experience. Furthermore, Prebensena, Woo, and Uysalb (2014) extended the scope of re-
search on the perceived value of an on-site trip experience by considering both anteced-
ents and consequences. Specifically, their results indicated that motivation, involvement,
and tourist knowledge served as antecedents to the perceived value of a holiday experi-
ence, which influenced the consequences of behavior, such as satisfaction and loyalty.
Pearce and Lee 2005, Schroeder et al,. 2012 a explored the association between
past travel experience and patterns of travel motivation. Interviews and surveys suggested
that more experienced travelers sought motivations related to nature and host-site in-
volvement. On the other hand, less experienced tourists prioritized the following motiva-
tions: stimulation, personal development, relationship (security), self-actualization, nos-
talgia, romance, and recognition. Findings suggested that both groups (more and less ex-
perienced travelers) were motivated by escape, relaxation, relationship enhancement, and
self-development factors. While seeking educational travel, cultural experiences was a
major motivating factor for both groups, the interview and survey findings indicated that
this motive intensified as past travel experiences increased. Also, younger people were
more likely to have lower levels of domestic and international travel experiences, while
their older counterparts were likely to have greater experience in both domestic and in-
ternational travel. Suggested that a higher travel experience is characterized by high lev-
els of international and domestic travel experience and age. Furthermore, individuals in
the higher travel experience group had achieved a higher education level than the lower
travel experience group.
Motivation to travel had a significant effect on perceptions of health and financial
risk, safety perception, and travel anxiety. Lifestyle did not have an impact on the percep-
tion of risk related to travel, anxiety, or the propensity for international travel. The per-
ceived level of safety was majorly impacted by perceptions of terrorism and sociocultural
risks. Perceptions of safety and intentions to travel were effected considerably by anxiety.
(Schroeder, 2012).
Push Factors
Push motivation is the factors that motivate on intangible or intrinsic desires of
the individual tourist to go on a vacation place. It consists of seven socio-psychological
motives (escape, self-exploratory, relaxation, prestige, regression, kinship enhancement,
and social interaction) and two cultural motives (novelty and education). These push fac-
tors are recognized as the first step and useful tool in explaining the desire for travel and
understanding tourists’ behavior (Khuong and Ha, 2014). According to Tsai and Sakuls-
inlapakornush 2016 push motivation is considered as the personal driver which is attract
the an individual tourist to travel under one’s reasons such as escape from the daily rou-
tine, a need to spend quality time with the family, or the lust for adventure. Push motiva-
tion is the cause of the travel decision-making which will satisfy the internal motives of
the travelers (Niemelä, 2010). The outstanding push motivation in travel purposes is as-
sociated with the social interaction and elevation of kinship relationships, as well as the
relaxation purposes on exploring the new things, new site, and people. The desire of trav-
el can also be linked to the push motivation (Kanagaraj & Bindu, 2013).
Based on Baniya 2014, push motives refers to the need to escape from everyday
surroundings for the purpose of relaxation, and discovering new things, places and people.
Social interaction and enhancement of kinship relationships act as dominant push motives
in the vacation decision. Push factors describe the drive for an individual to participate in
touristic activities or the internal “igniter” that propels the tourist to travel outside of
his/her everyday environment.
Push factors have been conceptualized as a motivational factors or needs that arise
due to a tension in the motivational system. Push factor such as social interaction, origi-
nate from the intangible or intrinsic desires of individual travelers. As discussed above,
escape, prestige, enhancement of relationship and relaxation are primary push factors to
consider in investigating customers motivation in the hospitality industry (Guan, 2014).
Pull Factors
Pull motivation, on the other hand, is the factors that tangible resources and trav-
eler’s perception and expectation towards the features, attractions, or attributes of a spe-
cific destination; therefore, it plays an important role in destination choice of tourists
once the decision to travel has been made. Pull factor is the external forces related to nat-
ural and historic attractions, food, people, recreation facilities, and marketed image of the
destination (Khuong and Ha, 2014).
Pull motivation is stimulated by the destination forces including attractions of
scenery, historical sites, recreation facilities, cultural attractions, etc. (Sirakaya, Sheppard,
& McLellan, 1997; Kanagaraj & Bindu, 2013et.,al Tsai and Sakulsinlapakornush ,2016).
Pull motivation is the factor that attracts tourists to select the destination site. Further-
more, a tourist’s view of a particular destination can be perceived as pull motivation
(Niemelä, 2010).
Pull factors have been conceptualized as the features, attractions, or attributes of
the destination itself. In order to develop a profile of pull factors for tourism destinations,
including budget, culture and history; wildness; ease of travel; cosmopolitan environ-
ment; facilities; and hunting. The identified pull factors were social opportunities and at-
traction; natural and cultural amenities; and recreation activities; and bars and evening
entertainment (Guan, 2014).
Tourist Profile to Travel Motivation
Andreu, Kozac, Avci, & Cifter (2005); Jönsson & Devonish, (2008) Tourists are
not a group that could be easily classified by age, gender, ethnic background, type of trip
or economic understanding of class. They share similar professional and educational
backgrounds and parallel aspects in their family histories (Harrison, 2003 Ambrož and
Ovsenik et al., 2010). The media has a very important affiliation with tourism as it has a
substantial influence on the image of prospective tourist destinations and so affecting po-
tential tourist’ s destination choice (Amara, 2012). Moreover, Kozak 2002, Jonsson, De-
vonish et al,. 2008 argued that there needs to be more focus on other tourist de -
mographics in explaining travel motivations, and this study seeks to examine the roles of
gender and age in determining travel motivations. Hence, the main research objective of
the article is to examine the role that important tourist demographics such as nationality,
gender, and age play in determining travel motivations of tourists.
Enhancement of kinship relationships the respondents viewed that the pleasure
vacation as an opportunity to enhance or enrich family relationships. Family members are
often forced to interact with each other during lengthy periods of traveling to and from
the destination. According to Crompton (1979) et al,. Nurmi (2013), “It is inevitable that
a much greater exchange and understanding of each other is likely to occur than in the
normal routine situation in which family members go in different directions to interacting
only spasmodically Nurmi (2013).
As for the social component, it reviews the degree to which individuals engage in
leisure activities for social reasons. Furthermore it includes two basic needs, firstly the
need for friendship and interpersonal relationships Kassean and Gasitta (201 3).
Conceptual Framework
This model illustrates the conceptual framework of research adopting independent

variable, and dependent variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

2.To know the

safety and secu- 3. To determine
rity perception of
tourist in the the travel moti-
destination. Tourist profile: vation of tourist
in terms of:
· Crime · Age
s · Gender
· Civil
· Push
· Fo Status Factors
od · Point of · Pull
Safety Fac-
· Health
tors
Issues
· Natu
ral
Figure 1. Effect of Tourist Safety and Security on Travel Motivation
As illustrated in Figure 1, the independent includes the tourist safety and security
perception, while the process the formulation of questionnaire, compute and the analysis
of finding the result. The Tourist profile is the mediating of the tourist perception and the
tourist travel motivation. The dependent variables includes the travel motivation of tourist
in terms of push and pull factor.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This chapter describe the research locale, respondents, research design, research
instrument, data collection, statistical treatment. This allows all the readers fully know on
how study conducted and how it arrives such as conclusion.
Research Locale
The researchers choose to conduct the study at Intramuros, Manila, because ac-
cording to the Genes P. Glorioso administrative officer designate in Department of tour-
ism in Quezon and from the tourist arrival of Quezon more tourist are came from Nation-
al Capital Region and it is one of the place have safety and security issue. Some of the
tourist travel to make new friends so travelling to Quezon Province can be a motivation
to tourist to visit the town. The researchers conducted this study to this locale because
they want to contribute something in terms of research and studies specifically the effects
of the tourist safety and security on travel motivation.
Respondents
The study covered a sample comprising of three hundred ninety eight (398) re-
spondents in Intramuros Manila . They are selected through purposive sampling proce-
dure. Respondents in the research are local and international tourist. The respondent came
from the tourist arrival in Quezon Province for the year 2016.
Descriptive research may be characterized as simply the attempt to determine, de-
scribe or identify what is. It is aimed at casting light on current issues or problems
through a process of data collection that enables them to describe the situation more
completely than was possible without employing this method.
The researcher used descriptive method of research in the study, it interprets a sit-
uation in the locale in terms of safety and security and the motivation of the tourist in vis-
iting Quezon, Province. Questionnaire checklist as main instrument in conducting the da-
ta they can get in the respondents. The study aim to know the effect of safety and security
to tourist.
Research Instrument
A questionnaire provides by the researcher was self-constructed and adapted
questionnaire formulated. The adapted questionnaire from the study of Manco and Oli-
veros (2014) in the title of Push and Pull Factors Affecting the Visiting Behaviors of
Tourist in Lucban Quezon. The items collect the relevant data to answer the problems.
The questionnaire is consist of three parts. The first part about the tourist profile
of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and point of origin. Second part
and third part, Likert scale with corresponding value of strongly agree, agree, disagree,
and strongly disagree. After the preparation of the questionnaire, the question are con-
sulted and validated by the research adviser, edited and revised according to the objec-
tives of research.
The following point scale was utilized to interpret and analyze the computed data.
Table 1
Point Range Scale Qualitative Analysis Code
4 3.25- 4.00 Strongly Disagree SA
3 2.50- 3.24 Agree A
2 1.75- 2.49 Disagree D
1 1.00- 1.74 Strongly Disagree SD
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers first presented the questionnaires to the research adviser to vali-
date. After the validation and approval of the questionnaire, a letter of permission was
made to ask the adviser the permission for the to be conducted in I ntramuros Manila. Af-
ter the approval of the letter the actual data gathering procedure was done on October 22,
2017 at Intramuros Manila.
Statistical Treatment
The data and information that are collected from the respondents that were ana-
lyzed presented and interpreted.
The statistical technique used for analysis and interpretation was weighted mean.
The following scales and ranges were used to determine the response of the respondents.
a. Percentage Formula is defined as a number represented as a fraction of

100. Percentages are used to express numbers between zero and one. It is used
to compare things and use it in ratios. It is denoted by the symbol %.
To determine the demographic profile, the formula used is percentage formula.
P- F/N x 100
Where: P= Percentage
F= Frequency
N= Total Number of Population
b. Weighted Mean is a kind of average. Instead of each data point
contributing equally to the final mean, some data points contribute more “weight”
than others. If all the weights are equal, then the weighted mean equals
the arithmetic mean (the regular “average” you're used to).
To determine the enhancement of safety and security on tourist perception

weighted mean arithmetic mean is used. The formula is:
WM = 4f+ 3f+ 2f+ f

N
Where: WM= weighted mean
f= frequency/ number of responses
N= total number of respondents

c. Chi Square Test is a measurement of how expectations compare to results. The
data used in calculating a chi square statistic must be random, raw, mutually
exclusive, drawn from independent variables and drawn from a large enough
sample. The formula for chi- test was:
Where: x2 = chi- square value
O = Observed value
E = Expected value
x2= (O- E)
E
d. Slovin’ s Formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population
size of 849, 502 (N) and a margin of error (e). - it's a random sampling
technique formula to estimate sampling size. -It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
whereas: n = no.
The Slovin’s formula is presented below:
Where: n = (398) respondents
N = (849,502) population
E = error (0.05)
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the result and analysis of the gathered data which will fur-
ther interpreted to the Effect of tourist Safety and Security on Travel Motivation. The
data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted to answer the objectives of the study.
Table 2
Demographic Profile of Tourist in Terms of Age
Age
Frequency Percent
below 25 139 34.9
26-35 113 28.4
36-40 99 24.9
41-60 47 11.8
Total 398 100
Table 2 which is the demographic profile of tourists in terms of ages shows that
the highest percentages of tourists who want to visit Quezon Province is ages that below
25 with 34.9 % and the lowest percentage range between ages 41-60 with 11.8%. Tourist
that ages from below 25 is the highest among all the tourist that travel base on the table
the 139 tourist is below 25 that rank as the top.
As support to this Jönsson & Devonish, (2008) says that younger tourists are more
active and are more likely to seek a whole range of physical activities when visiting a
destination and the older tourists (who are likely to be retired and have more free time)
tend to desire mental stimulation and prefer to visit countries to increase their knowledge
and awareness, and learn new experiences.

It seems that most of the tourist are ages 25 below because tourists like them is
those are more active when it comes in travelling and it will be a bonding with their
friends or the relatives. In this age more tourist travel because not a responsibility like by
their own family and responsibility from children because at this age, teenager want to
travel thinking problem.
Table 3
Demographic Profile of Tourist in Terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percent

Female 225 56.5
Male 173 43.5
Total 398 100.0
As shown in table 3, the demographic profile of tourists in terms of gender, fe-

male respondents with 56.5% are much higher than the male respondents with
43.5%.Female respondent is higher than male respondent base on the table the frequency
of the female tourist is 225.
Supporting to this according to Jackson & Henderson, (1995); Middleton,
(2013)that more women than men are more likely to travel for leisure purposes; however
women have tended to feel that there are limitations affecting access to tourism, with fac-
tors of physical, social and family constraints creating barriers that may discourage wom-
en in participating in leisure activities. Men are more likely to be encouraged by the use
of adverts, this has been shown by men making decisions based on small amount of in-
formation, whereas women are more reserved with their decisions and collect as much
information as possible before making decisions (Kim et al, 2007).

Mceczkowski &Middleton, (2013) has been shown that travel plans between gen-
ders can be differ; men are more likely to choose a destination based on the sporting and
action-adventure activities available, whereas women are likely to choose a destination
based on the culture and security of the place.
Mostly female traveler, because travelling for them will give time to themselves.
More female than male are likely to travel because they want experience new destination
and make a new friends in Quezon Province. Female, also want to travel because they
want to experience the nature to release from the stress.
Table 4
Demographic Profile of Tourist in Terms of Civil Status
Civil Frequency Percent

Status
Single 208 52.3
Widow 2 0.5
Divorced 12 3
Married 173 43.5
Separated 3 0.8
Total 398 100
Results from table 4, the demographic profile of tourists in terms of civil status,
shows that the highest percentage are those who are single with 52.3% and the lowest
percentage are widow with 43.5%.
According to Be (2014) part of being single is learning how to be independ -
ent, and how to kick it on your lonesome. Traveling is a lively hobby, and between
exploring new destinations and meet new people, you stay busy. The transition of
getting to know yourself without the “other half” there is that much more fun (and
easier), when you're doing it while traveling. Lois Friedland (2017) some are single
adults who have never been married, others are divorced or widowed and prefer trips
where all the arrangements are made for them, allowing them to avoid doing any of the
planning. Some are single people actively seeking partners, so they choose "meet other
singles" trips aimed at that specific goal.
Most of the tourist who travel are those who are single, it is because they have
much time in travelling than those with family and children.
Table 5
Demographic Profile of Tourist in Terms of Point of Origin
Nationality Frequency Percent

Filipino 337 84.7
Foreign 61 15.3
Total 398 100
As shown in table 5, the demographic profile of tourists in terms of point of origin,
Filipino respondents with 84.7% are much higher than the foreign respondents with
15.3%.
Tourism statistic visitor’s arrival for the year 2016 from Provincial Tourism Of-
f i c e P r o v - i n c e o f
Quezon Domestic Foreign Total

January 331,179 1,114 332,293
February 299,010 711 299,721
March 394,330 1,012 395,342
April 3,463,597 620 3,464,217
May 463,229 656 436,885
June 277,146 1,218 278,364
July 209,675 1,030 210,705
August 186,570 944 187,514

September 234,194 894 235,088
October 275,595 275,595
November 64,728 64,728
December 3,476 3,476
Highest frequency of tourist is Filipino the table shows that 337 respondents was
mostly Filipino but also there are some foreigners who also want to travel in Quezon
Province. Mostly Filipino wants to travel in their own country and the Filiino are family
oriented. It is because they want to spend time with their family and they want to travel
with them.
Table 6
Demographic Profile of Tourist in Terms of Point of Origin
Group Composition Frequency Percent

Individual tourist 124 31.2
With family 162 40.7
With friends 99 24.9
Organized Tour 11 2.8
Others 2 0.5
Total 398 100
In table 6, the demographic profile of tourists in terms of group composition,
shows that with family is the highest percentage with 40.7% and the lowest percentage
are other group composition with 0.5%.

Family travel is predicted to grow at a faster rate than all other forms of leisure
travel, partly because it represents a way to reunite the family and for family members to
spend time with each other, away from the demands of work (Scha¨ nzel et al., 2012).
Families, like other market segments, seek travel destinations that offer relaxation, novel-
ty, outdoor activities and arts and heritage sites. Increasingly re-connection holidays
across generations become a way for extended families to spend valuable time together
(Butlins, 2012).
Mostly tourist who travel is those with their family, they like travel with the family
because they want their time to spend with their children. It seems that most tourist is a
family oriented in nature and want to travel so that they can have a bond time with each
other.
Table 7
Safety and Security Perception of tourist in Terms of Crimes
Crime WM QD
Theft 2.20 Disagree
Robbery 2.25 Disagree
Kidnapping 2.35 Disagree
Pickpocketing 2.33 Disagree
Murder 2.17 Disagree
Rape 2.16 Disagree
Drug Addiction 2.68 Disagree
General Weighted 2.30 Disagree
Mean
Table 7 shown that
the safety and security perception of tourist in terms of crimes the highest is drug
addiction with 2.68 weighted mean second is kidnapping with 2.35

weighted mean and pick pocketing with 2.33 weighted mean. Tourist disagree that there
is no drug addiction in Quezon Province.
Crimes and violent acts occur at tourist destinations to check every minute of eve-
ry day, if an individual perceives an absence of safety and security, both domestic and
international tourism are affected. These kind acts of violence at a tourist the destination
can cause decline in tourist demand. Tourists particular vulnerability to be a victim of any
crime-related act, leads to the fact that many of them do not even consider to take desti-
nations with high crime rates into their choice set and will prefer travelling to safer desti-
nations. (George, 2009).
Result from the table shown that tourist disagree because the respondents per-
ceived few crimes in Quezon Province.
Table 8
Safety and Security Perception of Tourist in Terms of Food Safety
Food Safety N WM QD
Food Poisoning 398 1.88 Disagree
Contamination of 398 1.86 Disagree
Water
Expired Product 398 1.79 Disagree
General Weighted Mean 1.84 Disagree
safety, food poisoning is the highest with 1.88 weighted mean. Next is the contamination
Effect of Tourist Safety and Security
... 47
Table 8 shown that the safety and security perception of tourist in terms of food
safety, food poisoning is the highest with 1.88 weighted mean. Next is the contamination
Effect of Tourist Safety and Security... 48
of water with 1.86 weighted mean and the lastly the least percentage is the expired prod-
uct that have a 1.79 weighted mean.
According to Yiamjanya, and Wongleedee (2013) the main goal of food safety
and risk management is to protect public health by controlling food risks as effectively as
possible through the selection as well as the implementation of appropriate measures.
Food risk perception was by identifying three factors including adulteration and contami-
nation, health effects, and production and hygiene.
The respondents disagree that food safety is a risk when they are going to visit
and it can’t affect to their willingness to travel in Quezon Province.
Table 9
Safety and Security Perception of Tourist in Terms of Health Issue

Health Issue N WM QD
HIV 398 1.89 Disagree
SARS 398 1.77 Disagree
Swine Flu 398 1.75 Disagree
Dengue 398 2.64 Disagree
Bird Flu 398 1.94 Disagree
In table 9 shown that the safety and security perception of tourist in terms of
health issue the highest is human immune deficiency (HIV) with 1.89 weighted mean.
The lowest weighted mean with 1.75% is Swine Flu.
of sanitary, hygiene and health safety condition in one country. The countries which are
It is necessary to ensure well-developed sewerage system, which enable high level
of sanitary, hygiene and health safety condition in one country. The countries which are
not organized in this way have considerably lower competitiveness of travel and tourism
sector. In respect of the destination, tourist attach importance to the hygiene of accom-
modation, environment as well as the hygiene in restaurants (Bauer, 2008).
Tourist disagree that human immune deficiency (HIV) can affect the perception
of tourist in visiting Quezon Province.
Table 10
Safety and Security Perception of Tourist in Terms of Natural Disaster
Natural Disaster N WM QD
Earthquake 398 2.75 Agree
Hurricane 398 1.88 Disagree
Tsunami 398 2.13 Disagree
Landslide 398 2.60 Disagree
Flashflood 398 2.67 Disagree
Typhoon 398 2.86 Agree
Drought 398 2.06 Disagree
In table 10 shown that the safety and security perception of tourist in terms of
natural disaster the highest is typhoon with 2.86 weighted mean next to that is earthquake
with 2.75 weighted mean and flashflood with 2.67 weighed mean.
The National Risk Reduction and Management Council has said that Quezon ap-
pears to be hardest hit by typhoon based on reports. Region IV-A, which includes the af-
fected provinces of Quezon, Laguna, Batangas, Cavite and Rizal, suffered the most dam-
age (Rappler, 2014).

Mostly tourists disagree that natural disaster affect the perception in visiting Que-
zon Province but the top result shows that they agree that typhoon and earthquake affect
the safety and security perception of the tourist.
Table 11
Safety and Security perception in terms of Terrorism
Terrorism N WM QD
NPA 398 2.17 Disagree
MILF 398 1.78 Disagree
In table 11 shown that the safety and security perception of tourist in terms of ter-
rorism New People’s Army (NPA) is the highest with 2.17 weighted mean. Tourists disa-
gree that NPA affect the perception in visiting Quezon Province. The lowest weighted
mean is MILF with 1.78 that the tourist disagree.
According to De Puma (2015) when the terrorist attack their intention is to instill
fear by threatening the tourist basic safety and security need. This attack has a negative
impact in the tourism area where the attack happens. When tourist is deciding about
whether to take a vacation and where to visit, people take the risks such as victimization
into consideration; individuals are most likely to visit safe destinations.
There are some places in the Philippines that are off limits to tourist due to the
possible attacks of the New People’s Army (NPA) especially in the crowded places
where you can find tourist like malls (Bien, 2012).
Mostly tourists disagree, they perceived less terrorism occur in Quezon province
and this can be a reason for them to travel and visit the beautiful places in Quezon Prov-
ince.
Table 12
Travel Motivation of Tourists in Terms of Push Factor
Escape from Perceive Mundane Environment WM QD
1. The reason why I travel in Quezon Province to escape reali 3.00 Agree
ty from my everyday environment
2. I travel in Quezon Province because I want to get rid of my 2.93 Agree

personal problems.
General Weighted Mean 2.97 Agree

Novelty to Destination WM QD
1. I am motivated to visit Quezon Province because I saw the
destination on TV 3.20 Agree
2. I am motivated to visit Quezon Province because I heard it 3.11 Agree

from my friends.
3. It is my frequency to visit in Quezon Province because I 3.12 Agree

love to visit new destinations and engage in new activities.

Enhancement of Kinship Relationship WM QD
1. I visit Quezon Province because It suitable to interact and 3.19 Agree
have bonding with my family members
2. In Quezon Province, I have a chance to make new friends. 3.21 Agree

Relaxation WM QD
1. I
visit Quezon Province to have activities and do hobbies 3.18 Agree
2. I visit Quezon Province because I want to be relaxed. 3.13 Agree
Legend:
4- Strongly Agree (SA) 2- Disagree (D)

3- Agree (A) 1- Strongly Disagree (SD)
Table 12 shows the general weighted mean of the 2.97 when it comes to escape
from the mundane environment. Novelty to destination got the general weighted mean of
3.15. Enhancement of kinship relationship with 3.20 general weighted mean and lastly
the relaxation got the general weighted mean of 3.1 6.This shows that the enhancement of
kinship relationship is the highest with 3.20 general weighted mean.
Enhancement of kinship relationships the respondents viewed that the pleasure
vacation as an opportunity to enhance or enrich family relationships. Family members are
often forced to interact with each other during lengthy periods of traveling to and from
the destination. According to Crompton (1979) et al,. Nurmi (2013), “It is inevitable that
a much greater exchange and understanding of each other is likely to occur than in the
normal routine situation in which family members go in different directions to interacting
only spasmodically Nurmi (2013).
As for the social component, it reviews the degree to which individuals engage in
leisure activities for social reasons. Furthermore it includes two basic needs, firstly the
need for friendship and interpersonal relationships Kassean and Gasitta (201 3).
Mostly tourists agree that traveling are a chance to make new friends by visiting
in Quezon Province and it is the way to meet a new friends in travelling. Enhance the re-
lationship that they have with their family to enhance or enrich the relationship of each
and to give a whole with family.

Effect of Safety and Security on Travel Motivation

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Effect of Tourist Safety and Security on Travel Motivation

Lovelie Joy L. Saberola

Name: Khaey Ann D. Gabog

Nickname: Khaey Ann

Birthdate: November 14, 1997

Birthplace: Sariaya, Quezon

Permanent Address: Sitio Masunurin, Brgy. Janagdong 2, Sariaya, Quezon

Contact Number: 0948-696-5232

Email Address: gabogkhaeyann@gmail.com

SCHOOL/ UNIVERSITY INCLUSIVE YEARS

Canda Elementary School 2004-2010

Canda National High School 2010-2014

Southern Luzon State University 2014-present

Birthdate: July 19, 1995

Birthplace: Tayabas City, Quezon

Contact Number: 0948-632-8201

Email Address: saberolaloveliejoy19@gmail.com

SCHOOL/ UNIVERSITY INCLUSIVE YEARS

Tayabas West Central School 1 2002-2008

Luis Palad National High School 2008-20 12

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management by

Khaey Ann D. Gabog Lovelie Joy L. Saberola

Angelo Shan E. Mendoza

strength Lord Almighty for giving me wisdom, guidance and determination. To my

always supporting my financial and never stop believing my strength. To my

To my adviser for guiding and correcting us. To my thesis partner

knowledge. Special thanks to my relatives, board

mates, friends and Church Family who cheer

me up through this year. This would not

been possible if you were not there

and telling that I can do it. This

support me financially and always believing in me. To my adviser

who patiently guiding us and correcting our research. To

my partner Khaey Ann for the time, effort, trust

and for the knowledge to share ideas.

And for all the people around us

I dedicated this all

Title Page ............................................................................................................i

Certificate of Originality .....................................................................................iii

Approval Sheet ...................................................................................................iv

Table of Contents .................................................................................................vii

List of Tables .......................................................................................................x

List of Figures........................................................................................... xii

Chapter I Introduction .........................................................................................1

Background of the Study .....................................................................2

Chapter II Review of Literature ...........................................................................9

Conceptual Framework .......................................................................30

Chapter III Methodology ....................................................................................31

Research Locale ..................................................................................31

Chapter IV Results and Discussions ....................................................................36

Tourist Profile ............................................................................. 36

Safety and Security Perception ............................................................41

Chapter V Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................58

Appendix A- D- Letter of Validation .............................................. 69

Appendix G- English Language Critic .............................................. 75

Appendix H- Letter for Plagiarism ...........................................................76

Table No. Title Page

1.1 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Age 35

1.2 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Gender 36

1.3 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Civil Status 37

1.4 Demographic Profile of Tourists according to their Point of Origin 39

2.1 Safety and Security Perception of Tourists in terms of Crime 40