Engineering Drawing

An Introduction
 Effectiveness of Graphics Language
Could you write a description of this object?

The word languages are inadequate for describing the size, shape and
features completely.
 What is Engineering Graphics

• Engineering Graphics is the language of Engineers.

• Engineers use graphics to communicate technical information without
ambiguity to executives, fabricators, customers, and each other.
• In general, technical drawings serve one of three purposes:
- Visualization
- Communication
- Documentation
Design Process
1. Problem identification:
First, a clear statement of the need for and
objectives for the design must be written.

2. Ideation:
Technical sketches are often used to convey
concepts to multidisciplinary teams.

3. Refinement/analysis:
Designs may be rethought, based on
engineering analysis. Accurate 2D or 3D CAD
models and drawings are created to refine the
design.

4. Implementation/documentation:
Production and/or working drawings providing
the details of manufacture and assembly are
finalized and approved.
 Composition of Graphic Language

• Graphic language use lines to represent

the surfaces, edges and contours of
objects.

• The language is known as “drawing” or

“drafting” .

• A drawing can be done using freehand,

instruments or computer methods.
 Freehand Drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.
 Instrument Drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely and
accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.
 Computer Drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD,
SolidWorks, CATIA, Pro/ENGINEER etc.
 Elements of Engineering Drawing

Drawing comprises of graphics language and word language.

Graphics
Language

Describe a shape

Word
Language

Describe size, location and

specification of the object.
 Basic Knowledge of Drawing

Graphics Word
Language Language

Line types Projection Geometric Lettering

Method Construction
Engineering Drawing
Lines
 Basic Line Types & Application
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that can not be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts
Example
Example
Good Practice
Practice 1
Engineering Drawing
Projection
 Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the
parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane

• Two standards are commonly in use in orthographic projection of drawings;

the First Angle Projection (European projection) and the Third Angle
Projection (American projection).
• Corresponding views are identical in both methods of projection except for
their relative positions on the drawing paper.
Six Views using Third Angle Projection (American projection)

General Guidelines:
• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of object
• Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the width (or depth)
• Most common combination of views is to use:
– Front, Top, and Side View
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Third Angle Projection (American projection)

Top View

Left View Front View

Symbol:
First Angle Projection (European projection)

Front View Left View

Top View Symbol:

Practice 2a
Solution 2a
Practice 2b
Engineering Drawing
Standards
 Standards Definition
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.

Why Necessary
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code

Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard

UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Engineering Drawing
Drawing Sheet
 Drawing Sheet: Size
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.

Standard sheet size

(JIS)
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing sheet: Margin
 Drawing Layout
Engineering drawing should
feature a title block.

Title block contains:

• Title: title of the drawing
• Name: name of the person who produced the drawing
• Checked: before manufacture, drawings are usually checked
• Version: many drawings are amended, each revision must be noted
• Date: the date the drawing was produced or last amended
• Notes: any note relevant to the drawing
• Scale: the scale of the drawing
• Company name: name of the company
• Projection: the projection system used to create the drawing
Engineering Drawing
Drawing Scale
 Definition
Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

10

20
Drawing Actual
 Designation

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”

followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.

 Standard scale

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Engineering Drawing
Lettering
 Recommendation
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following
GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly vertical.

Uniformity Not uniform in

- Size (or text height) thickness of stroke.

- line thickness Inappropriate space

between letters
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Sentence Composition

Leave the space between words equal to the space

requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Engineering Drawing
Appendix
 Drawing Tools

Triangles

Drawing table
Pencils & Eraser
 Drawing Tools

Compass Protractor