‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫والصالة والسالم علي سيدنا محمد وعلي اله‬

‫وصحبه وسلم‬
Signal Analysis (CR 209)
Ch1 - Signals

2nd Year –BMET Program

2nd-Semester – 2016/2017

Dr. Sahar H. El-khafif

 Signals
References
• Schaum's Outline of Signals and Systems,
(ch1)
• Essentials of Digital Signal Processing using
MATLAB, Vinay K. Ingle and John G. Proakis.
(ch2)
• Applied digital signal processing : theory and
practice / Dimitris G. Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingle.
(ch2)
 Classification of Signals
signals can be classified:
–Continuous-time signal v.s. discrete-time signal
–Analog signal v.s. digital signal
–Finite support v.s. infinite support
–Even signal v.s. odd signal
–Periodic signal v.s. Aperiodic signal
-Deterministic and Random Signals
–Power signal v.s. Energy signal
 Signals
Continuous-Time (CT) and Discrete-Time(DT)
Signals:

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑛 + 𝜃 ሻ
Analog v.s. Digital
Representation of DT signal
Solve
Solution
Even and Odd Signals
Even and Odd Signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
 Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
• A sequence (discrete-time signal) x[n] is periodic with
period N if there is a positive integer N for which
 Deterministic and Random Signals

• Deterministic signals are those signals whose

values are completely specified for any given time.
Thus, a deterministic signal can be modeled by a
known function of time.

• Random signals are those signals that take

random values at any given time and must be
characterized statistically. These signals evolves in
time in an unpredictable manner. (speech, EEG,…)
 Energy and Power Signals

● power signal
An infinite energy signal with finite average power.

● energy signal
A finite energy signal with zero average power.
periodic sequence — power signal
finite-length sequence — energy signal
 Example
Determine the power and energy of the unit
step sequence u(n)
 Basic CT Signal Operations

Applied Digital Signal Processing

DT Signals & Systems- 23 © 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Example: Time Scaling
0.5𝑡 + 1 −2<𝑡 ≤0
𝑥 𝑡 = ቊ
−0.5𝑡 + 1 0<𝑡 ≤2

• Find 𝑥 3𝑡 .

0.5 (3𝑡ሻ + 1 − 2/3 < 𝑡 ≤ 0

𝑥 3𝑡 = ቊ
−0.5(3𝑡ሻ + 1 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 2/3
ELEMENTARY CONTINUOUS-
TIME SIGNALS
 The Unit Step Function
• The unit step function is defined as:
Question: draw u(t-a), u(t+a), u(a-t), and u(-a-t)
The Unit Impulse Function
The Unit Impulse Function
The Unit Impulse Function
 Properties of the Unit Impulse
• Scaling and symmetry

• If x(t) continuous at t=0

• if x(t) continuous at t= t0
Sifting / sampling property
 Importance of sampling property
• Using the sampling property, any continuous-
time signal can be expressed as:
Example on shifting property
Solve
Impulse &Step Relation
General Complex Exponential
Signals
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
Sinusoidal Signals
Solve
Solution
 Basic CT Signals Summary

Applied Digital Signal Processing

DT Signals & Systems- 50 © 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 CT Signal Properties Summary

Applied Digital Signal Processing

DT Signals & Systems- 51 © 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle