Comparison Bet. Cold & Hot Formed Hollow Sections PDF

2.
Comparison between Hot Finished and

Cold Formed Hollow Sections
Essentials of Structural Hollow Section Tata Steel Slide 21
Comparison Aspects
1 Definition and Manufacture Process.
2 Physical Properties.
3 Mechanical Properties.
4 Design Standards.
5 Workability.
Comparison Aspects
1 Definition and Manufacture process.

Hot Finished (normalised rolled) and Cold Formed
Comparison
Normalised rolled
 Formed at normalising temperature.
 Better metal flow during forming
 Facilitates tight corner profile without corner
cracking.
 Uniform grain structure.
Cold formed
 Formed at ambient temperature
 Some degree of cold working in corners during
forming
 Can be susceptible to corner cracking unless slack
corners maintained
 Non-uniform grain structure
Normalising
Meaning
Comparison Aspects
2 Physical Properties.
Grain Structure and Hardness
Comparison
Normalised rolled
 Uniform grain structure and hardness

values.
 Mechanical properties are stable and
uniform across whole section.
 Slow loss of strength as heat applied
Cold formed
 Varying grain structure and hardness values around
section, particularly in corners and seam weld area.
 Mechanical properties vary around section.
 Rapid and unpredictable loss of strength when heat
is applied.
 Return to parent coil strength on heating
Micro of weld area
Recrystalisation of Heat Affected Zone
Before Furnace… After Furnace…
Heat Affected Zone Weld line
NOT NORMALISED NORMALISED

Comparison Aspects
3 Mechanical Properties.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Test
Fully Normalised
 Test results follow normal load

extension characteristics with clear
indication of yield strength.
 Gives the recommended ratio of yield
to ultimate strength-0.84 maximum.
 High ductility-adequate warning of
dangerous overload condition
indicated by excessive deformation.
Tensile Test
Cold Formed
 Test results differ in samples taken

from corners and flat sides.
 There is no clear yield point-0.2%
proof stress is normally quoted for
yield strength.
 Increase in ratio of yield to ultimate
strength-may be above that
recommended by design standards.
 Lower ductility-less visible warning of
dangerous overload condition-
possibility of brittle fracture.
SHS Profiles
Normalised Cold Formed

Section Properties
Moment of
EN10210 Hot finished Elastic modulus(Z)
Area(A) cm2 Inertia(I)
EN 10219 Cold formed cm3
cm4
120 x 120 x 8 RHS Hot

35.2 726 121
Finished
120 x 120 x 8 RHS Cold

33.6 677 113
Formed
Compression
Normalised
 Negligible residual stresses.
 Design strength from ‘a’ curve.
Cold Formed
 Varying residual stresses extremely
high in corners
 Design strength from ‘c’ curve.
 ‘a’ curve values 15% higher than ‘c’
curve at λ = 40 and 140, and 26%
higher at λ = 80. Compression
capacity can be up to 34% higher
than for the same size cold formed
section
Comparison Aspects
4 Design Standards.
Comparison of strut capacity (kN) : BS5950
Hot finished Cold formed CF/HF

Section l
S355 NH S355J2H Difference
120x120x5 80 533 421 0.79
120x120x10 80 1008 763 0.76
300x300x12.5 80 3337 2576 0.77
406.4 x 8 80 4606 3684 0.80
Comparison of strut capacity (kN) : Eurocode 3
_ Hot finished Cold formed CF/HF

Section l S355 NH S355J2H Difference
120x120x5 0.8 641 526 0.82
120x120x10 0.8 1212 954 0.78
300x300x12.5 0.8 4011 3103 0.75
406.4 x 16 0.8 5536 4607 0.83
Comparison Aspects
5 Workability.
Galvanising & Bending (roll forming)
Comparison between fully normalised and cold formed

Normalised rolled
 Formed at normalising temperature.
 No distortion during welding ,galvanising,
bending due to release of residual
manufacturing stresses.
Cold formed
 Formed at ambient temperature.

 High degree of residual stresses from cold forming,
particularly at the corners..
 Tendency to distort during welding ,galvanising or
bending due to residual manufacturing stresses
Galvanising and Fabrication

Fabrication and Welding

Normalised rolled
 Tight corner profile
 No restrictions on welding in corner
region.
 Full width branch members can be
utilised.
Cold formed
 Large corner profile
 Can have residual stresses in corners.
 Welding in corner region may not be permissible.
 Full width branch connections may not be possible.
 Welding in corner region may be a problem see
table 4.2 EC3 1.8.
Cold forming
Cold forming
20 50 60 50 20
200 x 200 x 10 CF RHS

Cold forming
Material Standard EN10219 has the
following corner radius range :-
 T<`6 mm 1.6T to 2.4T

 6mm<T<10 2.0T to 3.0T
 10<T 2.4T to 3.6T
Summary
Comparison between Fully Normalised and Cold Formed Hollow Section
1 Normalised has no residual stresses from manufacturing.
2 Normalised has uniform grain structure and hardness
3 Normalised has tighter corner profile (2T max – Celsius).
4 Normalised has higher geometric properties.
5 Normalised has higher load capacity.
6 Normalised is fully weldable at corners
7 Normalised has superior ductility for seismic & shock loads.
8 Normalised has greater fire resistance.

Comparison Bet. Cold & Hot Formed Hollow Sections PDF

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2.

Comparison between Hot Finished and

1 Definition and Manufacture Process.

1 Definition and Manufacture process.

Hot Finished (normalised rolled) and Cold Formed

Grain Structure and Hardness

 Uniform grain structure and hardness

Micro of weld area

Recrystalisation of Heat Affected Zone

Before Furnace… After Furnace…

Heat Affected Zone Weld line

NOT NORMALISED NORMALISED

 Test results follow normal load

 Test results differ in samples taken

Normalised Cold Formed

120 x 120 x 8 RHS Hot

120 x 120 x 8 RHS Cold

Comparison of strut capacity (kN) : BS5950

Hot finished Cold formed CF/HF

Comparison of strut capacity (kN) : Eurocode 3

_ Hot finished Cold formed CF/HF

Galvanising & Bending (roll forming)

Comparison between fully normalised and cold formed

 Formed at ambient temperature.

Galvanising and Fabrication

Comparison between fully normalised and cold formed

Fabrication and Welding

Comparison between fully normalised and cold formed

Fabrication and Welding

Fabrication and Welding

200 x 200 x 10 CF RHS

Fabrication and Welding

 T<`6 mm 1.6T to 2.4T

Comparison between Fully Normalised and Cold Formed Hollow Section

1 Normalised has no residual stresses from manufacturing.

2 Normalised has uniform grain structure and hardness

3 Normalised has tighter corner profile (2T max – Celsius).

4 Normalised has higher geometric properties.

5 Normalised has higher load capacity.

6 Normalised is fully weldable at corners

7 Normalised has superior ductility for seismic & shock loads.

8 Normalised has greater fire resistance.

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