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Geochemical variation of Quaternary volcanic

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Indonesia: A role of crustal component

Conference Paper · March 2012

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4473.7048

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 Geochemical variation of Quaternary volcanic rocks in Papandayan
area, West Java, Indonesia: A role of crustal component
Mirzam ABDURRACHMAN *, ** and Masatsugu YAMAMOTO*
*Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology, and Material Resource Engineering, Akita University,
Akita-shi 010-8502, Japan.
** Geological Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.

Papandayan and adjacent Cikuray (Papandayan area) are part of the active
volcanoes in the Triangular Volcanic Complex, surrounding Bandung Basin, West Java.
Papandayan volcanic rocks consist of basaltic andesite (Early Stage), andesite (Middle
Stage) and dacite (Late Stage) belonging to medium-K series, with high 87Sr/ 86Sr
(0.705243 - 0.705907) and low 143Nd/ 144Nd (0.512504-0.512650) ratios. The Cikuray
volcanic rocks are in contrast to Papandayan, belong to low-K series, with low 87Sr/ 86Sr
(0.704172-0.704257) and high 143Nd/144Nd (0.512823-0.512858) ratios. New K-Ar age
data are obtained for two samples of Papandayan Early Stage (3.3 + 0.7 Ma) and Middle
Stage (1.0 + 0.4 Ma). Detailed petrological and geochemical studies indicate that
systematic changes in mineral composition, isotopic, major and trace elements in the
Papandayan volcano are attributed to the variety in intracrustal process. The primary
cause on the diversities in K 2O and isotopic ratios of the Papandayan area is due to the
influence of the Gondwana continental fragment which is contaminated by original low-
K type Cikuray magma to produce the medium-K type Papandayan magma.

Keywords: Papandayan, Cikuray, West Java, isotopic ratios, intracrustal process,

Gondwana continental fragment

INTRODUCTION geochemical variation is not clearly defined.

Petrological and geochemical studies of
Quaternary volcanic rocks from Java have been
presented by many authors, proposing various
contributions to the chemistry of the arc magma,
such as: crustal assimilation (Wheller et al.,
1987; Gerbe et al., 1992; Edwards and Morris,
1993; Gasparon et al., 1994; Gasparon and
Varne, 1998; Abdurrachman and Yamamoto,
2010), slab sediment fluids or melts (Edwards et
al., 1991; Gertisser and Keller, 2001; Handley et
al., 2007; Sendjaja et al., 2009), altered oceanic
crust (AOC) fluids (Handley et al., 2007;
Sendjaja et al., 2009), mantle peridotite
composition and its melting condition (Sunardi
and Kimura, 1997; Sisson and Bronto, 1998).
The Quaternary geology and petrology of
the Papandayan area also has been the subject of
many researches (Asmoro et al., 1989; Soeria-
atmadja et al., 1991; Alzwar et al., 1992;
Sendjaja et al., 2009). These studies were based
mainly on the variety of chemical composition
of the volcanic rocks and the relation between
volcanism and tectonic events. Although much
petrological and geological data have been
reported on Papandayan area, the contrasting
This peculiarity is still subject to ongoing debate.
Therefore to expand on the previous results and
also to obtain more detailed information on the
geochemical variation and magmatic evolution,
we carried out a systematic sampling of lavas
from Papandayan area, including Papandayan,
Cikuray, Geulis, Jaya and Puntang Volcanoes
and also Tertiary volcanic rocks.
The main purpose of our study is to
understand the contrasting geochemical
variation that exists in Papandayan area. Our
approach is to combine stratigraphic relations,
petrographic features, mineral chemistry, whole
rock chemistry and Sr-Nd isotope signatures.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Tectonic settings
Indonesia is situated at the boundaries of
Eurasia, India-Australia and Pacific-Philippine
Plates (Hamilton, 1979). The Indian-Australian
Plate moves northward and is being subducted
beneath the Eurasian Plate, at a convergent rate
of about 7 cm/year (Hall, 2008). The subduction
zone is well defined by volcanic arc which

GEOSEA 2012
 41

stretched about 5000 km from Sumatra to
Molluca Sea and by the seismicity which
extends up to 600 km depth (Hall, 2008).
The end of Cretaceous to Early Eocene, a
micro-continental fragment was detached from
Gondwana and drifted northeastward
approaching subduction zone (Sribudiyani et al.,
2003; Clement and Hall, 2007; Smyth et al.,
2007). The collision of micro-continent
fragment was believed as the cause of
termination of Late Cretaceous subduction as
well as the one which shifted the subduction to
the south of Java. According to Katili (1975),
the suture zone may exist beneath Papandayan
area (Fig. 1a) although the precise location of
suture zone in West Java is not clearly defined.
fault zones (Fig. 1b), which are; sinistral strike-
slip Sukabumi-Padalarang, dextral strike-slip
Cilacap-Kuningan and East-West normal faults.
Sukabumi-Padalarang and Cilacap-Kuningan
Faults are considered as active faults since
several earthquakes and horizontal displacement
of about 1 to 2 cm/year or less occurred in these
regions (Abidin et al., 2009). Papandayan and
Cikuray Volcanoes, south of Bandung Basin,
are in the volcanic front of the TVC and have
been active since Late Pliocene to Holocene
time.
GEOLOGY OF PAPANDAYAN AREA
Overview

Pliocene to Quaternary volcanoes of West Papandayan, Cikuray, Puntang, Jaya and

Java
Volcanic activities in Java continued to at
least since Eocene time (Katili, 1975; Hamilton,
1979). The first activities took place from 40 Ma
to 19-18 Ma (Soeria-atmadja et al., 1994) and
second activities occurred between 12 Ma or 11
Ma to 2 Ma and these volcanic products were
overlaid by Quaternary volcanoes of Sunda Arc
(Soeria-atmadja et al., 1991).
West Java, a number of Pliocene to
Quaternary volcanoes formed a group that are
referred to the Triangular Volcanic Complex
(TVC) (Katili and Sudradjat, 1984) along three
Geulis Volcanoes (Papandayan area) are
situated at the volcanic front of the TVC, West
Java and lies within the boundary of Late
Cretaceous to Early Tertiary suture zone (Fig.
1a).
The geological map of Papandayan area is
shown in Figure 2. We here focus mainly on
Papandayan and Cikuray which are underlain by
Jampang Formation, Jaya and Geulis volcanics,
and contact with Puntang volcanics. The
following summary of geology of Papandayan
and Cikuray is based on previously published
data (Asmoro et al., 1989) and new data
collected during this study.

Fig. 1 (a) Area of investigation. Suture zone (thick dashed line) is taken from Katili (1975). Pp,
Papandayan; Ck, Cikuray; Sl, Slamet; Di, Dieng; Sn, Sundoro; Mr, Merapi; Mu, Muriah; Pa,
Patiayam; Ls, Lasem; Kl, Kelut; Aw, Arjuno-Welirang; Br, Bromo; Sm, Semeru; Lm,
Lamongan, (b) The TVC, West Java (modified from Katili and Sudradjat, 1984). The Position
of suture zone is probably similar to normal fault. PP, Papandayan & CK, Cikuray (research
area, diagonal ruling); PU, Puntang; JA, Jaya; BR, Burangrang; TA, Tangkuban Parahu; BU,
Bukit Tunggul; TM, Tampomas; CA, Cakrabuana; SA, Sawal; CI, Ciremay; GL, Galunggung;
GU, Guntur; MA, Malabar; PA, Patuha; KE, Kendeng; U, Hanging wall; D, Foot wall.

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand

 42
Fig. 2 Geological Map of Papandayan, western flank of Cikuray and other volcanoes (PU, Puntang;
JA, Jaya; GE, Geulis).
The Papandayan’s activity is classified
into early, middle and late stage which are
subdivided into distinct units (here after we
describe these three stages only for Papandayan).
Products of these three stages are mainly lava
flows of basaltic andesite, pyroxene andesite
and pyroxene dacite, respectively. The
Cikuray’s activity can not distinguish the stage
but consists of 9 units. Products of Cikuray are
mainly lava flows of basaltic andesite. The
phenocrysts assemblage of representative rocks
of Papandayan three stages and Cikuray are
listed in Table 1.
GEOSEA 2012
Whole-rock K-Ar dating of two
Papandayan volcanic rocks are made by Actlabs
Ltd, Canada. Samples are lavas of Unit 12
(uppermost of early stage, sample no.: MA-3B)
and Unit 8 (uppermost of middle stage, sample
no.: AK-11). Non–weathered part are crushed
into 60-100 mesh and used for K-Ar dating.
Table 2 shows the result. Obtained data of 3.3 +
0.7 Ma (MA-3B) and 1.0 + 0.4 Ma (AK-11) are
first ages for Papandayan volcano and gives
rough activity range. Relatively high errors of
this study are come from high air Ar
contamination
 43

Papandayan early stage Papandayan late stage

The products are divided into nine units.
All volcanic products of the early stage were
erupted and distributed to the south. The lava
flows are composed of olivine-orthopyroxene-
clinopyroxene basaltic andesite and others are
orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene basaltic andesite.
The early stage had been started at least in the
Late Pliocene based on new age data (Table 2).
Papandayan middle stage
The middle stage was preceded by the
formation of two debris avalanches. The
products were mostly erupted to the south but
some to the north. The lava flows are composed
of orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene andesite. The
volcanic activity during middle
commenced after the Late Pliocene to
Pleistocene based on new age data (Table 2).
The products are divided into seven units.
This stage is characterized by pyroclastic flow
and caldera formation. The caldera at
Papandayan which extends 3 x 5 km in diameter
was formed during or after the eruptions of 7
pyroclastic flow deposits which are distributed
around the edge of the caldera. After caldera
formation,
five dacitic lavas were erupted and
followed by a debris avalanche. All the products
are pyroxene dacite and distributed at northern
area.
Cikuray
Based on topographic, LANDSAT image,
stage digital elevation model (DEM) analyses and
field observation, volcanic activity of Cikuray
Volcano probably has started simultaneously
with the end of early stage of the Papandayan
Volcano. Nine units were recognized at the
western flank of Cikuray. Petrographic
investigation reveals that the lava flows are
characterized by basaltic andesite composition.

Table 1. Phenocrysts assemblage of Papandayan and Cikuray Pl, plagioclase; Qz, quartz; Opx,
orthopyroxene; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Ol, olivine; Fe-Ti, Fe-Ti oxides (magnetite and/or
ilmenite); *, presents; tr, trace; x, absent.

Papandayan Cikuray
Parent/rock Phenocrysts assemblage
Pl Qz Opx Cpx Ol Fe-
Ti
Basaltic
andesite * x * * tr * * x * * x *
Ti Pl Qz Opx Cpx Ol Fe-
Andesite * x * * x *
Dacite * * * * x *

Table 2. K-Ar ages from early and middle stages of Papandayan Volcano
1) SiO 2 content was determined by XRF analysis with uncertainties of about 2%.
2) H 2O contents were determined by the ignition loss method. No correction for
oxidation effect of FeO to Fe 2O 3 was applied. Hence, the uncertainty might exceed 10% for
each value.
3) Age calculations carried out using constants recommended by R. H. Steiger and E.
Jäger (1977) and based on the following decay
e = 0.581 x 10-10/year, = 4.962 x 10-10/year, 40K/K = 1.167 x 10-4 moles/mole.
40 40
Sample Arrad error Arair Age H2 O(+) H2 O(-) SiO2
(mg) [nl/g] [%] [Ma] [%] [%] [%]
7°18'17.5 Basa 0.202 0.62 28.533 0.084 0.01 97.6 0.23 0 54.07
MA-
no. "S
Localities ltic
Rock
type Early,
Stage 0.201
Weight
[g] 0.62
K[%]54.605Weight0.072 0.02 97.6
3B 107°45'5 ande unit 12 0.078(
0.62(Av.)
3.9"E site Av.) 3.3±0.7(Av.)
7°22'6.5" 0.198 1.32 19.771 0.055 0.01 97.4 0.65 0.26 61.35
Middle
S Ande 0.198 1.32 44.911 0.044 0.01 98.2
AK-11 ,
107°41'4 site
unit 8 1.32(Av.) 0.050(
Av.) 1.0±0.4(Av.)
4.7"E

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand


SAMPLES AND ANALITICAL
PROCEDURES
Thirteen samples of Papandayan and
Cikuray Volcanoes were selected
microprobe and EDX mineral analyses. The 35
samples were selected for chemical analyses of
major and trace elements of Papandayan and
Cikuray Volcanoes. All samples are fresh lava
and representing three stages of Papandayan and
Cikuray Volcanoes. Among them, 32 samples
were selected for Sr and Nd isotope analyses.
Chemical analyses of minerals were
carried out by JEOL Super probe JXA-8900 at
AIST (Tsukuba, Japan) and by the combination
of SEM (JEOL JSM-6610LV) and EDX
(Oxford INCA X-act) at Akita University, Japan.
Analyzed minerals were olivine, orthopyroxene,
clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxide.
Several analyzed points are selected from core
to rim in all minerals. We used part of the
results for explanation of mineral chemistry but
all data can be referred in Abdurrachman (in
press).
The major and trace elements are
analyzed using Rigaku 3270 X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (XRF) at Akita University, Japan.
Analyses were carried out on 1.8 g of sample
and 3.6 g of alkali flux (1:2). The alkali flux was
a mixture of LiBO 2 and Li 2B4O 7 in a ratio of 1:4.
Analytical precision is better than 2% for major
elements and 10% for trace elements (Kimura
and Yamada, 1996). The results of XRF
analyses are listed in Appendix 1.
The Sr and Nd isotopes are analyzed
using Finnigan MAT 261 at Akita University,
Japan. The methods chosen for extraction and
acquisition were adapted from Yamamoto and
Maruyama (1996). NBS-987 and La Jolla
standards were also measured in the same runs,
yielding values of 87Sr/ 86Sr = 0.710241 +
0.000008 (2 ) and 143Nd/ 144Nd = 0.511828 +
0.000024 (2 ). The results of Sr and Nd isotopes
are listed in Appendix 1.
GEOSEA 2012
44
PETROGRAPHY AND MINERAL
CHEMISTRY
Rock types
for Representative 130 samples from
Papandayan and Cikulay Volcanoes were
observed by thin section and identified as
basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite.
All types of Papandayan volcanic rocks
are mostly porphyritic with phenocryst-
microphenocryst content ranging from 25% to
45% and some of them are vitrophyric. The
rocks commonly exhibit the flowing textures
which consist of sub parallel orientation of
plagioclase microlaths and needles. The
identified phenocrystic minerals throughout all
of Papandayan volcanic rocks are plagioclase,
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine, quartz
and Ti-magnetite. Basaltic andesite and andesite
of Papandayan Volcano have abundant
plagioclase phenocryst and a small amount of
mafic phenocryst. The content of plagioclase
phenocryst commonly ranges from 20-25%.
Hypersthene and augite phenocrysts are
common in basaltic andesite and andesite.
Pigeonite phenocryst is absent in basaltic
andesite, but in some case it is found in andesite
and dacite. Ti-magnetite is common in basaltic
andesite. The basaltic andesite is characterized
by olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene
phenocrysts. The typical phenocrysts
assemblage of andesite consists of
orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, whereas the
dacite of the late stage is characterized by quartz
phenocryst. The phenocrysts assemblage of
basaltic andesite of Cikuray is similar to the
early stage of Papandayan.
Mineral chemistry
Olivine. Olivine phenocrysts are found
only in the basaltic andesite of the early stage.
The cores have homogeneous compositions of
around Fo76-74 and rims are about Fo75-71. Some
olivine crystals have reverse zoning (Fig. 3a)
and the Mg# of core compositions is not in
equilibrium with the Mg# of co-existing
pyroxene phenocryst as described below.
 45

#Mg (a) Olivine #Mg (b) Clino-pyroxene

80 85

75

70

70 Papandayan's Ol Papandayan's Cpx

65 55
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 mm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 mm
Core Rim Core Rim
An % (c) Plagioclase #Mg (d) Ortho-pyroxene
100 75

55 Papandayan 60
Papandayan
Cikuray
Cikuray

10 45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 mm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 mm
Core Rim Core Rim

Fig.3 Typical zoning of (a) olivine (b) orthopyroxene, (c) plagioclase and (d) clinopyroxene
phenocrysts in Papandayan and Cikuray.

Pyroxene. In the early stage, the
compositional range of the orthopyroxene’s
cores is Mg# 69–76. Reverse zoning in Mg# (up
to 76) just inside the rims of orthopyroxene is
usually observed (Fig. 3b). In the middle stage,
orthopyroxene phenocrysts are Mg# 69–71 in
the core and rims are Mg# 70–72. In the late
stage products, the Mg# of orthopyroxene core
is 59–60 and most of the orthopyroxene rims are
Mg# 59–60. In Cikuray, orthopyroxene
phenocrysts are Mg# 62–67 in the core and rims
are Mg# 50–70. The orthopyroxene Mg# values
of Papandayan volcanic rocks are not in
equilibrium with the core of olivine because
Mg# value of olivine is expected to have lower
when these minerals co-exist in equilibrium
(Matsui and Nishizawa, 1974).
Augite commonly presents as phenocryst.
The compositional range of the augite’s core of
the early stage is Mg# 72–74 and the rims are
Mg# 69–72. In the middle stage, augite
phenocrysts are Mg# 71–72 in the core and the
rims are Mg# 71–72. In the late stage products,
the Mg# of augite core is 59–67 and the rims are
Mg# 64–70. In Cikuray, the Mg# augite core is
73–74 and the rims are Mg# 42–48 (Fig. 3d).
This is simply another proof that the
clinopyroxene Mg# values of Papandayan are
not in equilibrium with the core of olivine
because Mg# value of olivine is expected to
have lower when these minerals co-exist in
equilibrium (Obata et al., 1974).
Pigeonite phenocryst (0.1–0.25 mm) is
found in the middle and late stages. In the
middle stage, the Mg# of pigeonite core is 52–
53 and in the late stage is Mg# 58–59. Pigeonite
of the early stage and Cikuray commonly occur
as groundmass. In the early stage, the Mg# of
pigeonite is 51–53, whereas in Cikuray, Mg# is
47–52.
Plagioclase. In the early stage, the cores
is wide compositional range of An39-91 and some
phenocrysts show narrow normal and reverse
zoning (An46-92 ). In the middle stage, plagioclase
shows wide range of An content (An60-84) and
the rims are An60-78. In the last stage rocks, the
compositional range of the cores is An52-71 and
the rims are An55-72. In Cikuray, the
compositional range of the cores is An85–57, rims
are An 60–53 and the phenocrysts commonly show
normal zoning (Fig. 3c).
Fe - Ti oxides. The ulvÖspinel molecule
of the titano-magnetite is 0.3–0.7 in the early
stage and 0.3–0.4 in the middle and late stages
and in Cikuray.

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand

 46
WHOLE-ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY
Major elements
All major element variation diagrams of
Papandayan volcanic rocks appear to exhibit a
complex trend, compared to Cikuray which
show a simple trend (Fig. 4a). The diagrams of
Papandayan display non-linear trends which are
segmented with inflection point at the
boundaries of each stage, implying that
fractional crystallization is probably not the only
process in the evolution of Papandayan. Crustal
contamination and magma mixing could also be
involved.
The K 2O vs SiO 2 diagram of Papandayan
and Cikuray is shown in Figure 4a. The SiO 2
wt% is consistent with stratigraphy; they range
54.03–58.10 (early stage), 58.66–61.35 (middle
stage), 63.58–75.81 (late stage) and 55.05–59.20
(Cikuray). The K 2O content of Cikuray is lower
than Papandayan.
On the basis on FeO*/MgO vs SiO2 wt%
diagram, it can be observed that the rocks
occurred in all stages of Papandayan and
Cikuray are near the boundary of tholeiitic and
calc-alkaline line (solid line in Fig. 4b).
(a) K2 O [wt%] Late Stage
3 10
Papandayan
Middle
2 7
Early
1 4
Cikuray
0 1
52 57 62 67 72
Fig.4 Selected variation diagrams for major elements in Papandayan and Cikuray volcanic rocks vs
SiO 2 (a) K 2O and (b) FeO*/MgO. Boundary lines in K 2O-SiO 2 are from Peccerillo and Taylor
(1976), the tholeiitic calc-alkaline line is from Miyashiro (1974) and the boundaries between
low-, med- and high- FeO*/MgO suites proposed by Arculus (2003).
GEOSEA 2012
Trace elements
Large ion lithophile elements (LILE;
Rb and Ba). Rb and Ba of both adjacent
volcanoes increase with the increasing of SiO 2.
In the Ba diagram, the least evolved magma
(Cikuray) exhibits slightly low Ba abundance
compared to Papandayan, implying that the
parental magma had different Ba contents
(Figs.5a-5b).
High field strength elements (HFSE; Zr
and Nb). HFSE increases with the increasing of
SiO2. Both Zr and Nb from Cikuray are lower
than Papandayan (Figs.5c-5d).
Multi-elements plot
Compatible and incompatible elements
from the least evolved samples (wt% SiO 2:
52.97– 56.86%) of Papandayan early stage
(MH-7) and Cikuray (IM-5) are normalized to
chondrite, primitive mantle and Normal MORB
(N-MORB) (Figs. 6a–6c). In these three patterns,
both Papandayan and Cikuray have similar
trends, except for Th and Ce. Compared with Th
and Ce, Nb patterns of Figs. 6a-6c show
depressions which indicate subduction type of
volcanic rocks (Pearce, 1982). Compared with
Cikuray, Papandayan sample is enriched in
many trace elements as Rb, Ba, Th, Ce and Zr
(Fig. 6d).
(b) FeO*/MgO Ratio
SiO2 [wt%]
52 57 62 67 72
 47

Rb (ppm) 450
Ba (ppm)

160
Papandayan Late stage
120 350
Middle
80 Earl
250
y
40
Cikuray (a) (b)
0 150
52 57 62 67 72 52 57 62 67 72
Zr (ppm) Nb (ppm)
210
8
175

6
140

4
105
(c) (d)
70
2
52 57 62 67 72 52 57 62 67 72

SiO2 [wt%] SiO2[wt%]

Fig. 5 Selected variation diagrams for trace elements vs SiO 2 (a) Rb, (b) Ba, (c) Zr and (d) Nb in
Papandayan and Cikuray volcanic rocks.

Fig. 6 Profiles for compatible and incompatible elements from least evolved samples normalized to (a)
chondrite (Sun and McDonough, 1989), (b) primitive mantle (McDonough et al., 1992), (c)
N-MORB (Pearce, 1982 and 1983), (d) Enrichment Papandayan relative to Cikuray. Data
source: Indian Ocean MORB (I-MORB) (Chauvel and Blichert-Toft, 2001).

Sr and Nd isotope ratios The 143Nd/ 144Nd ratio of Papandayan

shows no systematic variation with SiO 2. It
The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of Papandayan early ranges from 0.512504 to 0.512650. In all stages,
stage exhibit the greatest range in (0.705243– the ratios of the Papandayan are lower than
0.705907). Whereas, in each subsequent stages Cikuray. The Cikuray has higher ratio than
and Cikuray, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are more Papandayan and covers in the narrow range of
constant, varying 0.705539–0.706133 (middle 0.512823–0.512858 (Fig. 7b).
and late stages) and 0.704172–0.704257
(Cikuray) (Fig. 7a).

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand

 48

0.707
(a) DISCUSSION
0.706
87 Sr/ 86 Sr
Across-arc variation in the TVC
0.705
Many studies on the West Java including
the TVC suggested that LILE and K2O contents
0.704
50 60 SiO2 70 80 increase from the volcanic front to the back arc
0.513
(b) side volcanoes (Whitford, 1975; Whitford et al.,
1979; Soeria-atmadja et al., 1991; Sendjaja et al.,
143Nd/144 Nd

0.512 8 2009). In detail, however, the across-arc

variation of TVC is not so clear (Fig. 8a) and
0.512 6 there is no across arc variation of Sr isotopic
ratios in TVC (Fig. 8b) compared to the
0.512 4 Northeast Japan Arc (N 38° ~ 41°) (e.g., Notsu,
50 60 SiO2 70 80
1983). There is a relation between SiO2 and K2O,
although both have rough or no across arc
Fig. 7 (a) 87Sr/ 86Sr vs SiO 2 and (b) 143Nd/144Nd variations as mentioned above (Fig. 9).
vs SiO 2 showing contrast value of Papandayan and Cikuray are not the only
isotopic ratios in Papandayan area. end members of K 2O and Sr-Nd isotopic ratios
2.5
in TVC but also in all Java (Fig. 10). Therefore,
(a) T CV ( Wes tJ av a)

P ap an d ay an E ar ly S tag e( th is s tu d y ) the genetic relationship between Papandayan

P ap an d ay an ( s en d jaja etal.2 0 0 9 )

Cik u r ay ( th is s tu d y ) and Cikuray magmas can be generalized on the

K2O55

1.5
TV C
Cik u r ay ( s en d jaj aet al.2 0 0 9 )

o th er s diversity of all the TVC volcanic rocks.

C en tr alJ av a( M er ap ian d o th er s )

Eas tJ av a( Br o m o an d o th er s )
N o r th ea s tJ ap an A r c

0.5
225 275 325 375 km
distance from trench 2
0.708
(b)
K2 O

0.706 TV C

1
Sr/86Sr

87Sr/ 86Sr
0.704 N o r th eas tJ ap an A r c
87

> 0.70475 : GU, PP, TA, TM

< 0.70475 : TA, TM, GU, GL, C K

0.702
km
225 275 325 375 0
distance from trench 40 50 60 70 80
SiO2

Fig. 8 Diagram showing across arc variation of

(a) K 2O contents, (b) 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios in Fig. 9 The SiO2 versus K 2O diagram within the
TVC (54 samples from 8 volcanoes) TVC implies that the higher K2O rocks
compared with NE Japan Arc (46 have the higher Sr isotopic ratios. Data
samples from 6 volcanoes). The K 2O source (refer to Figure 1b for symbol of
content of each volcanoes is normalized volcano and its position): TA, TM and
GU (Sendjaja et al., 2009); GL (Gerbe et
to SiO 2 = 55 percent by weight on the
empirically determined regression curve. al., 1992; Sendjaja et al., 2009); PP
Data sources of Java volcanoes (Whitford, 1975; Whitford et al., 1981;
(Whitford, 1975; Gerbe et al., 1992; Sendjaja et al., 2009; this study); CK
Bourdier et al., 1997; Carn and Pyle, (Whitford, 1975; Sendjaja et al., 2009;
2001; Reubi et al., 2002; Gertisser and this study).
Keller, 2003; Bernard and Mazot, 2004;
Sendjaja et al., 2009; this study;); NE
Japan Arc: (Katsui et al., 1979;
Ishikawa et al., 1984; Sakuyama and
Koyaguchi, 1984; Yoshida and Aoki,
1984; Maruyama et al., 1988; Fujimaki
et al., 1990; Ohba and Umeda, 1999;
Kimura and Yoshida, 2006; Yamamoto
et al., 2010).

GEOSEA 2012
 49

elements of Cikuray show more simple relation

I-MO R B
0.51 3 in which only crystal fractionation occurred,
Cikuray indicating a closed system.
143Nd/ 144Nd

0.51 26
Java volcanoes
The role of crustal contamination in the
Papandayan petrogenesis of the Papandayan area magmas

Since both summits of Papandayan and

0.51 22
0.70 2 0.70 3 0.70 4 0.70 5 0.70 6 0.70 7 Cikuray volcanoes are contiguous (~ 14 km), the
87Sr/86Sr
local tectonic conditions under these volcanoes
are expected to be constant (convergent rate of
Fig. 10 The 87Sr/ 86Sr versus 143Nd/ 144Nd isotope
Sunda Arc, Hall, 2008; the depth of the Wadati-
diagram showing the Papandayan and
Benioff Zone, Hamilton, 1979; distance to the
Cikuray data compared to basaltic rocks
trench axis and crustal thickness, Gasparone and
of Java Volcanoes. Symbols as in
Varne, 1998) and the chemical diversities of the
Figure 8: I-MORB (Chauvel and
mantle wedge by subducted sediment as
Blichert-Toft, 2001); Java Volcanoes:
proposed by Edwards et al. (1991), Gertisser
(Edwards et al., 1991; Gerbe et al., 1992;
and Keller (2001), Handley et al. (2007) and
Edwards et al., 1994; Carn and Pyle,
Sendjaja et al. (2009) also to be constant.
2001; Turner and Foden, 2001;
In fact, however, volcanic rocks from
Gertisser and Keller, 2003; Chadwick et
both volcanoes have distinctively differences in
al., 2007; Handley et al., 2009; Sendjaja
K2O and isotopic ratios showing end members
et al., 2009; this study).
of TVC (Fig. 10). These seem to be related to
other condition, e.g., crustal composition.
Identification of the influence of assimilation
Therefore, we suggest there is another local
and crystal fractionation
(short scale) control to explain the magma
diversity between Papandayan and Cikuray.
As Figure 7a shows the 87Sr/86Sr ratios
against SiO 2 concentration are a simple trend for
Source component variability in Papandayan
Cikuray but a ladder relation for Papandayan,
area
indicating an unsteady state process of
assimilation and crystal fractionation which
Mantle source characteristics. If
occurred simultaneously.
Papandayan and Cikuray share the same mantle
The assimilation in the Papandayan area
source then they should have similarity in ratio
is suggested in Figure 9; the higher K 2O rocks
of immobile trace elements that generally
also have the higher Sr isotopic ratios. It
assumed to be unmodified by the subduction
indicates that the magma is affected from
process. Following discussion, we use only
surrounding high Sr isotopic ratio rocks.
Papandayan Early Stage data because the
An intracrustal process played an
condition of crystal fractionation is similar to
important role in Papandayan and it left behind
Cikuray. Figure 11 shows that Zr/Nb ratios do
in the composition of phenocryst in which
not change significantly with differentiation and
Papandayan comparatively is dominated by
are relatively homogeneous in both Papandayan
reverse zoning and bimodal of An content (Fig.
and Cikuray. The Zr/Nb ratios are similar to the
3) compared to Cikuray. Disequilibrium of
Indian Ocean MORB (I-MORB) or N-MORB.
Papandayan phenocrysts might be caused by the
They are flatter and nearly identical to I-MORB
unsteady state processes of assimilation and
rather than N-MORB compared to Kurile-
crystal fractionation as an intracrustal process.
Kamchatka and NE Japan Arc (Fig. 11).
According to the above explanations, and
Therefore, as proposed by Gertisser and Keller
the variations of major and trace elements (Figs.
(2003) and Handley et al. (2007), we suggest
4 and 5), open and periodically closed system
that the mantle wedge beneath Papandayan and
model is appropriate for Papandayan, in which
Cikuray is similar to the source of I-MORB.
the parental magma is undergoing assimilation
in an open system which closes before
fractionation in each stratigraphical unit. In
contrast to Papandayan, major and trace

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand

 50
200
100
Zr
0
0 5 10
Nb
Fig. 11 Zr versus Nb for Papandayan area
compared to Kurile-Kamchatka and
Northeast Japan Arc. Symbols as in
Figure 8. Data sources: I-MORB
(Chauvel and Blichet-Toft, 2001); N-
MORB and OIB (Sun and McDonough,
1989); Kurile-Kamchatka Arc (dashed
line curve; Bindeman and Bailey, 1994);
NE Japan Arc (solid line curve; Shibata
and Nakamura, 1997).
Two-stages, three components model:
I-MORB + AOC component + sediment.
Figures 12a and 12b shows a mixing model,
where I-MORB is first contaminated by AOC
fluid and then with the Indian Ocean sediments
end members. Mixing curves fail to provide a
good fit to isotopic variation of the TVC and
could not explain the steep mixing line. Even
the steepest mixing model by sediment A (Mn
nodule), also cannot explain the downward bend
of Papandayan isotopic trend (Fig. 12b),
suggesting that an additional isotopically
distinct component is needed.
Three-stages, three components model:
I-MORB + AOC component + Australian
Granites. We use the mixture of basaltic
andesite of Cikuray, AOC fluid and crustal
contaminants (Fig. 12c). Older crust (e.g.
Australian granites) has been added to produce
steep mixing lines.
The involvement of AOC fluid is clearly
shown by the enrichment of LILE and LREE
(Light Rare Earth Element) compared to HFSE
(Fig. 6d) and by the starting points of Cikuray
which are not on I-MORB (Fig. 12c).
We do not completely reject the
subducted sediment to the source of I-MORB
mantle wedge because the most Nd radiogenic
rocks of Cikuray are still below than I-MORB–
AOC line (Fig. 12c), although the similar effect
might be given by contamination of granitic
rocks.
The basaltic andesite of Cikuray used
represents the least evolved sample with the
highest Nd isotopic ratio in the TVC area. Since
the Nd content of Cikuray was not determined,
GEOSEA 2012
we assume that IM-7 has similar in Nd content
from Sendjaja’s Cikuray basaltic andesite
(Sendjaja et al., 2009) and use it in the mixing
calculation (Table 3). The crustal contaminant
used represents Australian granites as a possible
micro continent beneath southern Java as
proposed by zircon study (West Java, Clements
and Hall, 2007; Central and East Java, Smyth et
al., 2007) which collided to the eastern margin
of Sunda Land during Late Cretaceous to Early
Tertiary (Sribudiyani et al., 2003; Clements and
Hall, 2007; Smyth et al., 2007). The ages of
contaminant granites used range from Silurian
to Devonian (SE Australian, McCulloch and
Chappell, 1981) and Pre-Cambrian (SW
Australian, Bickle et al., 1989, 1993). They are
older than the initial age of the segregation of
Gondwana Supercontinent (Late Devonian) and
also the formation of micro continent fragments
(Late Jurassic) (Metcalfe, 1996). Papandayan
and Cikuray may be located at the boundary of
Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary suture zone
(Katili, 1975) (Fig. 1a) and on the extension of
East Java continental fragment to West Java
(Clement and Hall, 2007). Therefore, it is
appropriate to use SE and SW Australian
granites as crustal contaminant.
Except one (SE Australia) and two (SW
Australia) data with high Rb, many mixing
curves of granitic rocks produce reasonable fit
to the TVC trends compared to Indian Ocean
sediments (Fig. 12). The present-day data of the
granitic rocks are lower in Nd isotopic ratios
(Table 3) and they can produce steep lines
compared to sediments because present-day Sr-
Nd isotopic compositions of older crust show a
tendency to be at the lower part of IV quadrant
(Fig.12a) (DePaolo and Wasserburg, 1979;
Faure, 1986). Therefore, the contrasting
geochemical variation in Papandayan area is
interpreted as an indication of Australian
granites beneath West Java which is
contaminated by low-K of Cikuray type magma
to produce medium-K of Papandayan type
magma. This interpretation is consistent with
Clements and Hall (2007) and Smyth et al.
(2007) who pointed out that southern Java is
underlain by Gondwana continental fragment.
The contrasting geochemical variation in
Papandayan area coincided with the change in
the basement type of West Java where the
northern part is underlain by part of Sunda Land
and the southern part by a Gondwana
continental fragment (Fig. 13); the last basement
would strongly affect the Papandayan magma.
 51

0.5131
0.5131 (a) I-MORB (b)
TVC AOC
0.5129
Sed D: Terrigenous-biogenic
Sed
Sed C: Average

143 Nd/ 144 Nd

0.5127 TVC Java sediment
0.5121

Sed B: Nanno-ooze
0.5125
Cameroon
Cameroon North China Sed A: Mn nodule
Southwest
Montana 0.5123
0.5111 0.7015 0.7035 0.7055 0.7075
87 Sr/86 Sr
0.5131
I-MORB
(c)
143 Nd/ 144 Nd

AOC
Cikuray
0.5129
0.5101

143 Nd/ 144 Nd

0.5127

Old Granites
0.5125
0.5091
0.7015 0.7215 0.7415 0.7615 0.7815

87 Sr/86 Sr 0.5123
0.7015 0.7035 0.7055 0.7075
87 Sr/86 Sr

Fig. 12 Isotopic mixture of Sr and Nd in Papandayan area showing (a) Australian granites produce
mixing lines compare to sediments (b) mixture of I-MORB (I-MORB*0.1, assuming 10%
melting) and AOC fluid and then mixed with sediments and (c) mixture of basaltic andesite of
Cikuray with crustal contaminant from Australia (SE: thin dashed line; SW: thick line).
Symbols as in Figure 8. Data sources: I-MORB (Chauvel and Blichert-Toft, 2001); basaltic
andesite of Cikuray (this study); Sediment A, Mn Nodule, V34-62 (White and Dupré, 1986;
Ben Othman et al., 1989); B, nanno-ooze, DSDP site 211 (Gasparon and Varne, 1998); C,
average Java sediment (Plank and Langmuir, 1998); D, terrigenous-biogenic average of V33-
75, -77, -79 (Ben Othman et al., 1989; Gasparon and Varne, 1998); AOC fluid (Handley et al.,
2007); AOC (Staudigel et al., 1995); SE Australian granites (McCulloch and Chappell, 1982);
SW Australian granites (Bickle et al., 1989, 1993); Southwest Montana (Meen and Eggler,
1989); Cameroon (Nzolang et al., 2003); North China (Chen et al., 2006); TVC volcanoes
except two data (X) from (Sendjaja et al., 2009): (Whitford, 1975; Gerbe et al., 1992;
Sendjaja et al., 2009; this study).

Fig. 13 A schematic model of Papandayan area (modified from Abdurrachman and Yamamoto, 2010).
Data sources: Fault position (Katili and Sudrajat, 1984). MPVP, Miocene-Pliocene Volcanic
Products; JFM, Jampang Formation; BFM, Bayah Formation.

Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand

 52

Table 3. End-member compositions used in the mixing calculation for Figure 12 Data Sources:
I-MORB (Chauvel and Blichert-Toft, 2001); basaltic andesite of Cikuray (IM-7, this study);
sediment: A, Mn nodule, V34-62 (White and Dupré, 1986; Ben Othman et al., 1989); B,
nanno-ooze, DSDP site 211 (Gasparon and Varne, 1998); C, average Java sediment (Plank
and Langmuir, 1998); D, terrigenous-biogenic average of V33-75, -77, -79 (Ben Othman et
al., 1989; Gasparon and Varne, 1998); AOC fluid (Handley et al., 2007); AOC (Staudigel et
al., 1995); crustal contaminant: SE Australian granites (McCulloch and Chappell, 1982),
SW Australian granites (Bickle et al., 1989, 1993).

143
Sr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sr/Nd 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Nd/144Nd
I-MORB source 13.5 0.97 13.92 0.702915 0.513042
Basaltic andesite of Cikuray 253.31 10 25.33 0.704223 0.512922
AOC fluid 22.42 0.697 32.17 0.704584 0.513070
Sediment
A 857 187.9 4.56 0.709117 0.512236
B 126 51.9 2.43 0.716430 0.512228
C 218 33.95 6.42 0.716820 0.512160
D 398 15.36 25.91 0.708875 0.512411
SE Australian Granites
Tingaringygranodiorite 168 30.34 5.56 0.728400 0.511252
Numbla Vale adamelite 97 25.31 3.85 0.752810 0.511246
Coomagranodiorite 127 70.13 1.82 0.738900 0.511111
Cooma gneiss 114 44.74 2.56 0.758390 0.511193
Jillamatonggranodiorite 139 22.29 6.25 0.737890 0.511186
Ingebyrahgranodiorite 163 32.23 5 0.730180 0.511255
Kalkiteadamelite 117 27.96 4.17 0.744050 0.511242
State Circle shale 23 39.3 0.58 0.879330 0.511094
Buckley Lake adamellite 191 37.12 5.15 0.723520 0.511483
Buckley Lake adamellite 175 33.18 5.27 0.725550 0.511514
Tara granodiorite 252 24.51 10.28 0.712030 0.511441
Namungoadamelite 33 8.98 3.67 0.808030 0.511640
Delegate adamellite 131 34.39 3.81 0.729060 0.511520
Iona granodiorite 264 22.36 11.81 0.713570 0.511452
Wullwyegranodiorite 189 42.26 4.47 0.716170 0.511596
Maffraadamellite 121 25.5 4.75 0.729860 0.511595
Bimbimbiegranodiorite 243 28.48 8.53 0.717630 0.511282
Currowonggranodiorite 231 23.8 9.71 0.717110 0.511339
Merumbagogranodiorite 139 18.42 7.55 0.726910 0.511160
Finistergranodiorite 123 19.79 6.22 0.729480 0.511213
Jindagynetonalite 254 17.96 14.14 0.713620 0.511393
Grosses Plain granodiorite 256 13.95 18.35 0.709020 0.511479
SW Australian Granites
Porphyritic granites
SB 599 398 39 10.21 0.738310 0.510432
Y1-5 364 48 7.58 0.741870 0.510520
Y1-7 376 48 7.83 0.739930 0.510650
Leuco-adamellite
SB 437 203 42 4.83 0.709113 0.510245
SB 450 199 50 3.98 0.814370 0.510248
Contact tonalite
SB 611 739 28 26.39 0.710580 0.510208
SB 615 815 35 23.29 0.709150 0.510191
SB 616 777 32 24.28 0.709970 0.510319

GEOSEA 2012
 53
CONCLUSIONS
Detailed stratigraphy of Papandayan and
west slope area of Cikuray is identified.
Papandayan volcanic rocks can be subdivided
into 3 stratigraphic units referred to as basaltic
andesite (early stage), andesite (middle stage)
and dacite (late stage), belonging to medium-K
series, with high 87Sr/ 86Sr and low 143Nd/ 144Nd.
Cikuray volcanic rocks are low-K series, with
low 87Sr/ 86Sr and high 143Nd/ 144Nd. First K-Ar
data show that Papandayan Early and Middle
Stages are 3.3±0.7Ma and 1.0±0.4Ma,
respectively.
The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of Papandayan
volcanic rocks vary with time and SiO 2 content
within three stratigraphic units, producing a
ladder relation. In contrast, Cikuray volcanic
rocks produce a simple trend.
The phenocrysts of Papandayan volcanic
rocks comparatively are dominated by reverse
zoning and have higher disequilibrium level
compared to Cikuray; indicating the differences
of intracrustal process under Papandayan area.
Magmatic evolution under Papandayan is
controlled by unsteady state processes of
assimilation and fractional crystallization where
the parental magma is undergoing assimilation
in an open system and closes before
fractionation in each stratigraphic unit. Whereas,
Cikuray is a closed system in which only crystal
fractionation occurred.
The diversity in Papandayan and Cikuray
volcanic rocks (Papandayan area) is due to the
influence of the Gondwana continental fragment
which is contaminated by the low-K of Cikuray
type magma to produce the medium-K of
Papandayan type magma at crustal level. This
diversity coincided with the change in the
basement type under Papandayan area (the
northern part is underlain by Sunda Land,
southern part by a fragment of Gondwana
Supercontinent). The suture zone is expected to
be laid between both volcanoes, although the
exact position is not clear.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Prof. Daizo Ishiyama
and Prof. Isao Takashima of Akita University-
Japan and my colleagues from Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. Prof. Shintaro
Hayashi of Akita University for the facility of
XRF and EDX. Mr. Masatsugu Ogasawara of
AIST, Japan for the facility of EPMA. We thank
to Messrs. Suzuki Shingo and Azusa Kondou
for discussion and helps. Finally, thanks extend
to two anonymous reviewers for their important
comments and suggestions. This study was
possibly made by the DIKTI grant, Indonesia.
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