Engr.

Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

AC Circuit

 Calculate the value of v

Here i= 4sin (wt+30°) = 4cos (wt+30°-90°) = 4cos (wt-60°) = 4<-60°

v=iR= (4<-60°)*2= 8<-60°

 Calculate the I & PF

R=6+4=10Ω
L= 0.05+0.05= 0.1H
XL= +j377*0.1= +j37.7
C= 200║200= 100µF
Xc= - j26.52

E= √2 *20sin377t= 28.28sin377t= 28.28cos (377t-90°) = 28.28< -90°

𝐸 28.28<−90° 28.28<−90°
I= 𝑍 = 10+𝑗(37.7−26.52)= 10+𝑗 11.18
= 1.88<-138°

Z= 10+j11.18= 15<48.18°
PF= cos48.18°= 0.667 lag

 Calculate I & PF
Z= 1+ (j3║-j2) = 6< -80.5°
120<0
I= 6<−80.5° = 20<+80.5°

PF= cos80.5°= 0.17 lead

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Calculate Is & Vab

100<0
I1= = 20< -53.13°
3+𝑗4
100<0
I2= 8−𝑗6
= 10<+36.86°
Is= I1+I2= 22.36< -26.56°
VR1= 3*I1=3*20< -53.13°= 60< -53.13°
VR2= 8*I2= 8* 10<+36.86°= 80<+36.86°
Applying KVL,
Vab + VR1= VR2
 Vab =VR2-VR1= 80<+36.86° - 60< -53.13° = 100<+73.74°

 Find the I and V

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
+ + +4= 6<+20°
2 6.8 10−𝑗20
 V* 0.67<3.43°= 2.61<51.40°
 V= 3.89<48°
𝑉 3.89<48°
I= 𝑍 = 10−𝑗20
= 0.175<111.5°

 Calculate I, Zt, I1, I2, PF, and average power delivered to the circuit
𝑉−100<0 𝑉 𝑉
4
+8+𝑗6+9−𝑗7 =0

 V* 0.40< -0.88°= 25<0°

 V= 62.5<+0.88°
𝑉
I1= 9−𝑗7= 5.48<38.75°

𝑉
I2= 8+𝑗6= 6.25< -36°

I= I1+I2= 9.33< -1.5°

PF=cos1.5°= 0.99 lag
Zt= 4+ (9-j7) ║ (8+j6) = 10.69+j0.27

Average power deliver to the circuit= 100*9.33*0.99= 924watt= Vrms* Irms*cos∅

[AC symbol means RMS value is given]

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 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Find the PF and average power delivered to the circuit.

XL2= +2𝛑*1000*0.2= +j1257

Xc1= -j159
XL1= +2𝛑*1000*0.1= +j628
Z= (+1257) ║ (-J159) = 182<-90°
Zeq= 182<-90°+ (300+j628) = 538<56°
70.71<0
I= = 0.135<-56°Amp
538<56

PF= cos56°= 0.56

1
Average power deliver to the circuit= *0.135^2 * 300 =2.73watt
2
1
Or, P=2*70.71*0.135*0.56= 2.67watt

 Calculate the current I1

𝑉−2<0 𝑉 𝑉−6<0
𝑗2
+ 4+ −𝑗1
=0

 V* 0.55<63.43°= 5<90°
 V= 9<26.56°
2−9<26.56
I1= 2
= 3.63<-146.37°

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Calculate the average power and reactive power at the terminal

V= 100cos (wt+15°) V
I= 4sin (wt -15°) A
1
S=Vrms×Irms*= 2*100*4<15°+105°= 200<120°= -100+j173.20

Average power= -100watt

Reactive power= 173.20vars
 Calculate V1 & V2

V1 –V2= 10<45°…. (1)

Apply KCL at supernode,
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2
+ + =3<0°
−𝑗3 𝑗6 12
 0.33<90°V1+ 0.186<-63.5°V2=3<0°…(2)

By solving 1 & 2 we get,

1 −1
∆= [ ] = 0.184<63°
0.33 < 90° 0.186 < −63.5°

10 < 45° −1
∆1= [ ] = 4.80<-7°
3 < 0° 0.186 < −63.5°

1 10 < 45°
∆2= [ ] = 5.82< -23.6°
0.33 < 90° 3 < 0°

∆1
V1= ∆
= 26< -70°
∆2
V2= ∆
= 31.63< -86.6°

 Calculate mesh current I1& I2

40<30= j10I1 –j20 (I1-I2)
 -j10I1+j20I2= 40<30°…(1)

-j20 (I2-I1) +40I2+50<0=0

=> +j20I1 + (40 –j20) I2= -50<0… (2)

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 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

By solving 1 & 2 we get,

−𝑗10 +𝑗20
∆= [ ] = 447<-63.43°
+𝑗20 40 − 𝑗20

40 < 30 +𝑗20
∆1= [ ] = 2101<32°
−50 < 0 40 − 𝑗20

−𝑗10 40 < 30
∆2= [ ] = 444<-25.8°
+𝑗20 −50 < 0

∆1
I1= = 4.70<+95°
∆
∆2
I2= ∆
= 1<37°

 Power flow direction

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Determine the average power generated by each source

𝑉 𝑉−60<30
𝑗10
+ −𝑗5
= 4<0
 V* 0.1<90°= 10.6<106°
 V= 106<11°

106<11−60<30
Current supplied by voltage source= −𝑗5
= 10.6<79°

Voltage across current source V1= 20*4<0+ 106<11°= 185<6.3°

1
Average power by current source= - *4*185*cos6.3°= -368watt
2
1
Average power by voltage source= 2*60*10.6*cos (79° -30°) = 209watt

 Determine the load impedance & that maximize the average power drawn from the circuit.

Zth= 4║ (8-j6) +j5= 2.93+ j4.47

ZL= Zth*= 2.93 – j4.47
(8−𝑗6)∗10<0
Eth= 12−𝑗6
= 7.45<-10.30°

7.45<−10.30
I= 2.93+𝑗4.47+2.93−𝑗4.47= 1.27<-10.30°

1.27
Average power drawn from the circuit=( √2 ) 2*2.93= 2.36watt

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Determine the load impedance & that maximize the average power drawn from the circuit.
Zth= [(5║20+j3] ║-j6= 5.76 -j1.68

ZL=Zth*= 5.76+j1.68
𝑉1−20 𝑉1 𝑉1−𝑉2
5
+20 + 𝑗3
=0

 0.41<-53.13°V1 – 0.33<-90°=4…(1)
𝑉2−𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑗3
+−𝑗6=0

 0.33<90°V1 +0.16<-90°V2=0…(2)
By solving 1&2 we get
0.41 < −53.13 −0.33 < −90
So, ∆=│ │=0.0689< -35°
0.33 < 90 0.16 < −90
0.41 < −53 4
∆2=│ │= 1.32<-90°
0.33 < 90 0
∆𝟐
E2=Eth= = 19.2<-55°
∆

19.2<−55
I= 5.76−𝑗1.68+.76+𝑗1.68= 1.67<-55°

1.67
Average power drawn from the circuit=( √2 ) 2*5.76= 8watt

 Determine the load impedance & that maximize the average power drawn from the circuit.

Zth= (40 –j30) ║j20= 9.41+j22.35

RL= │Zth│= 24.25Ω
𝑗20
Eth= 40−𝑗30+𝑗20*150<30°= 72.76<134°

72.76<134
I= 9.41+𝑗22.35+24.25= 1.80<100°

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

1.80
Average power from the circuit= ( √2 ) 2*24.25=39.285W

 Using nodal analysis , find v1&v2

Here 𝜔=2rad/sec
Xc= -j2.5Ω
XL= +j4Ω
𝑣1 𝑣1−𝑣2
+ = 30<0
2 −𝑗2.5
 0.65<38.65°v1 + 0.4<-90°v2= 30<0….(1)
𝑣2−𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣2−3𝑣𝑥
−𝑗2.5
+𝑗4 + 4
=0

𝑣2−𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣2−3𝑣1
 −𝑗2.5 +𝑗4 + 4
=0
 0.85<-152°v1+ 0.3<31°v2=0….(2)

By solving 1 & 2 we get,

0.65 < 38.65° 0.4 < −90°

∆= [ ] = 0.25< -27.3°
0.85 < −152° 0.3 < 31°

30 < 0° 0.4 < −90

∆1= [ ] = 9< 31°
0 0.3 < 31°

0.65 < 36.85° 30 < 0°

∆2= [ ] = 25.5< 28°
0.85 < −152° 0 < 0°
∆1
V1= = 36< 59° in time domain v1 (t) = 36sin (2t+59°) v
∆
∆2
V2= ∆
= 102< 55.3° in time domain v2 (t) =102sin (2t+55.3°) v

 Calculate vx

𝑣−20<−90° 𝑣 𝑣
5
+ 3+𝑗4+ 14−𝑗13 =0
 V*0.37<-19°= 4<-90°
 V= 10.81<-71°
10∗10.81<−71°
Vx= 10+4−𝑗13
= 5.65<-28°

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Find the thevenin equivalent at terminals a and b

Zth= [(6+j2) ║-j4] +10= 12.4 –j3.2Ω

−𝑗4
Eth= 6−𝑗2*75<20°= 47.4< -51.5°

 Find the thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a and b

𝑣1 𝑣1−𝑣2
2−𝑗4
+ 4+𝑗3 =15<0

 0.27<17°V1 – 0.2<-36.86°V2=15<0…(1)
𝑣2−𝑣1
4+𝑗3
+0.5Io=0

𝑣2−𝑣1 𝑣1
 4+𝑗3
+0.5* 2−𝑗4=0
 0.25<117° V1+ 0.2<-36.86°V2=0…(2)

By solving 1 & 2 we get,

0.27 < 17° −0.2 < −36.86°

∆= [ ] = 0.067< 27.3°
0.25 < 117° 0.2 < −36.86°

0.27 < 17° 15 < 0°

∆2= [ ] = 3.75< -63°
0.25 < 117° 0°
∆2
Eth=V2= ∆
= 56< -90°

Zth:

Open the current source & excite the circuit by 1<0°A current source
𝑣
Now Io=6−𝑗1= 0.17<9.5°v
𝑣
6−𝑗1
+0.5Io=1
𝑣
 6−𝑗1
+0.5*0.17<9.5°v=1

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 v*0.25<9.47°=1
 v=3.96-j0.66V
𝑣
Zth= 1<0= 3.96-j0.66Ω

 Find the wattmeter reading

150<0
I=12+𝑗10+8−𝑗6= 7.35<-11.30°

Wattmeter reading= 7.352*8= 432.18watt

Since wattmeter measure real power

 Find the wattmeter reading

12║j9 + (4-j2) = 8.32 + j3.76

120<30
I= 8.32+𝑗3.76= 13.14<5.68°
Wattmeter reading= Irms2*8.32= 1437 watt

 Find the wattmeter reading

𝑣 𝑣 𝑣−12<0
8
+𝑗2+ 4−𝑗3
=3<30°
 0.475 < −53.13°V= 5.4<33°
 V= 11.35<86.18°
1
S= Vrms×Irms*= 2*11.35*3*cos (86.18° -30°) = 9.475 watt

 Find the wattmeter reading

Here w=2 rad/sec

1
-j𝑤𝐶 = -j5Ω
+jwL=+j8
15║ -j5= 1.5- j4.5
120<0
I= 6+𝑗8+1.5−𝑗4.5= 14.5< -25°

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

𝐼𝑚
Irms= √2 = 10.25
Wattmeter reading= 10.252* 1.5= 157.6watt

 Calculate line currents

This is a simple Y-Y connection

Van= 110<0
Vbn= 110<-120
Vcn= 110<-240

110<0
Ia= 5−𝑗2+10+𝑗8= 6.81<-21.80°
Ib= 6.81< -141.80°A
Ic= 6.81< -261.8°A

 A balanced abc sequence Y –connected source with Van= 100<10°V is connected to a ∆

connected balanced load (8+j4) Ω per phase. Calculate the phase and line current

For abc sequence we know,

Van= 100<10°
Vbn= 100<-110°
Vcn= 100<130°

Vab= 173.20<40
Vbc= 173.20<-80
Vca= 173.20<160
173.20<40
Iab= 8+𝑗4
= 19.36<13.43°A= phase current
173.20<−80
Ibc= 19.36<-106.56°= A= phase current
8+𝑗4
173.20<160
Ica= 19.36<133.43°= 8+𝑗4
A= phase current

Ia= √3* 19.36 <13.43 - 30°= 33.53< -16.57°A= line current

Ib= 33.53< -136.56°A= line current
Ic= 33.53< 103.43°A= line current

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Draw the two wattmeter method for 03 phase power measurement

 Determine the wattmeter reading

Vab=208<0
Vbc= 208<-120°
Vca= 208<+120°
𝑉𝑎𝑏
Iab= 𝑍𝑎𝑏 = 20.8<0°
𝑉𝑏𝑐
Ibc= = 8.32<-173°
𝑍𝑏𝑐
𝑉𝑐𝑎
Ica= 𝑍𝑐𝑎 = 12.25<+165°
Ia= Iab+Iac= 32.78<-5.55°
W1= 208*32.78*cos5.55°= 6786watt
Ic= Ica+ Icb= 5.50<130.5°

Vcb= -Vbc= 208<+60°

W2= 208* 5.50*cos (60° - 130.5°) = 382 watt

N.B: Normally wattmeter input are given to RMS unit

 Three wattmeter method for measuring power

Pt= P1+P2+P3

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 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Two wattmeter method for measuring power

Pt= P1+P2

P2=P1=Load is resistive
P2>P1=Load is inductive
P2<P1= load is capacitive

 Two wattmeter method produces wattmeter reading P1= 1560watt, P2= 2100watt when
connected to a ∆ connected load. If the line voltage is 220V. Calculate per phase average
power, per phase reactive power, power factor and phase impedance.

Pt=P1+P2= 1560+2100= 3660watt=total power for 3-phase

So per phase power= 1/3 *3660= 1220watt

Qt= √3*(P2-P1) = 935Var= total reactive power for 3 –phase

So per phase reactive power= 1/3 * 935= 312 var

Per phase VA= √12202 + 3122 = 1259.3VA

1220
So, PF= 1259.23= 0.968 lag since P2>P1

Per phase power, P=VIcos𝜑=220*I*0.968, I= 5.72Amp=per phase current

220
Zp=per phase impedance= 5.72<−14.53°= 38.46<14.53°

 The power in a 3 phase circuit is measured by two wattmeter. If the total power is 100KW
and power factor is 0.66 leading. What will be reading of each wattmeter?

P1+P2=100… (1)
Cos𝜑=0.66
⇒𝜑= 48.7°

𝑃2−𝑃1
We know, tan𝜑= √3 𝑃2+𝑃1… (1)

⇒ P2 –P1= 65.71… (2)

By solving 1&2 we get P1=17.145KW P2=82.855KW

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

 Two wattmeter are used for measuring the input power and the power factor of an over
excited synchronous motor. If the reading of the wattmeter are -2KW and 7KW respectively.
Calculated the input power & power factor of the motor.

P1= -2KW
P2=7KW

√3 (𝑃2−𝑃1) √3 (7+2) √3∗9

tan∅= ⇒tan∅= = ⇒∅= 72.71°
𝑃1+𝑃2 5 5

PF= cos∅= 0.3054 lag since P2>P1 or ∅ is positive

 Considering the following figure, let balanced positive sequence, three phase voltages with
VAB= 100√𝟑<0 V rms be applied to terminal A, B &C. The three phase wye connected
balanced load consists of per phase impedance of (10+j10) Ω. Determine the wattmeter
reading Wa & Wc. Then find the total three phase real & reactive power deliver to the load.
Based on the wattmeter reading Wa & Wc, compute the load power factor & check the sign
associated with power factor angle.

For Positive sequence:-

VAB= 100√3 <0; VBC= 100√3 <-120°; VCA= 100√3 <+120°

VAN= 100 <-30°; VBN= 100 <-150°; VCN= 100 <90°

100<−300
IA= 10+𝑗10
= 7<-75° rms

100<−1500
IB = 10+𝑗10
= 7<165° rms

100<900
IC= 10+𝑗10 = 7<45° rms

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

Wa= 100√3*7* cos75°= 314watt

VCB= 100√3 <+60

Wc= 100√3*7* cos15°= 1172watt

Total power for 3-phase= Wa + Wc= 1486 watt

By checking: √3*100√3*7*cos45°=1486 watt or 3*72*10= 1470 watt [All are near]

Total reactive power delivered= √3(1172-314) = 1486 VAR

√3(1172−314)
tan∅= ⇒∅= 45° [+ sign indicate lag PF & also P2>P1]
1172+314

PF= cos45°= 0.707 lag since [P2>P1]

 Two impedances Z1= 8+j6 and Z2= 3-j4 are connected in parallel. If the total current of the
combination is 25A. Find the current taken & power consumed by each impedance.

Z= (8+j6) ║ (3-j4) = 4-j2= 4.47<-26.56°

I=25<0°
V=IZ= 100-j50= 111.80<-26.56°
111.80<−26.56𝑜
I1= 8+𝑗6
= 11.18<-63.43° ;P1=11.182*8= 999W
111.80<−26.56𝑜
I2= = 22.36<26.57° ; P2= 22.362*3= 1499W
3−𝑗4

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET
ronyeee06@yahoo.com
01768736619

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation