Introduc Tion: Me 4 50 6 Lab R Ep Ort

M E 4 5 0 6 L A B R E P OR T
INTRODUCTION
The goal of this experiment was to explore various ways of measuring and calculating variables
generated from the same system. Power can be measured in calculated ways, using current and voltage,
as well as torque and angular velocity. In the experiment, a bicycle powered generator was pedaled by
a group member at different speeds, in order to produce electricity. The voltage output was then
measured by the SensorDAQ data Acquisition system as well as a voltmeter. During pedaling,
difffferent light bulbs were turning on to vary the electrical load put on the system, and the current
was measured using a Hall effect sensor. Additionally, torque was measured using a torque arm and
load cell. The speed of rotation from both the bike wheel and the generator were captured using various
methods, a magnetic sensor which signals the DAQ, and a hadheld tachometer. Once these methods
were all applied, the calculated power results were presented and compared in order to illsutarate the
differeeces in measureemtn systems, and how well they performed.
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
Various sesnors were used in this experiment with the goal of comparing th accuracy of the sensors
on the same system. The SesnorDAq data acquisition system was the first sensor used in a majority of
the measurements taken, including voltage, current, bicycle wheel frequency, and force. It also
calculates the torque, lectrical power, and mechanical power.
To measure voltage, the Vernier Voltage Probe was connected to the sensor DAQ to output
voltage measurements.
Two sensors were used to measure rotational speed of the bike wheel and generator wheel. The
first sensor is a magnetic sensor connected to the bicycle wheel, as well as a stationary sensor that
records the reoltions and sends this output to the data acquisition system, which converts this output
to a frequency of rotaitons in cycles per second. The second method used to measure rotational speed
is the contact tachometer, which measures the rotational speed in rotaions per minute. The sensor has
a dimeter of 1 inch which is taken into account in the calculation of weehn rpm based on tachometer
rpm.
Voltage was also mearued in this experiment, using the CR5411 Hall Effect Current Transducer
Series AC< wwhich outputs the current to the data acquisition system.
Load was measured using a load sensor that outputs data to the SesnorDAQ.
The accuracies for each sensor could be found from the spec sheets provided with each
instrument. The tachometer used was an Extech 461700 PocketTach Mini with an accuracy of 0.1% +
2d. The voltmeter, an Agilent Model 34401A Digital Multimeter, had an accuracy of 0.00015%. The
oscilloscope was a Tektronix Model TD2004C with an accuracy of 2% within a range of 2mV to 5mV.
PROCEDURE
The SensorDAQ and sensor connections were set up properly prior to the lab, however were
checkd by the group to ensure proper connection. To begin the lab, the first member o the group
began pedaling the bicicyle at a low RPM. And the Labview VI was initiated. During the pedaling, the
RPM of both the wheel and the generator were recorded using the hanfdheld tachometer. The maxium
voltage was recorded from the voltmeter screen. The remaining data was screenshotted from the
LabView VI and recordied onto an excel spreadsheet. These steps were repeated 4 dditional times at
the same low RPM, however dirrefet elextrical loads were generated by turning on different light
combinations. The combinations seledted by the group were 0, 50, 100, 150 and 250. The previous
steps were repeated at a medium RPM using all 5 electrical loads, as well as a high RPM using all 5
electrcial loads.
RESULTS
Table 1 and 2 below illustrate the raw data from the experiment, recorded both manually and from
the Labview software. Those values that are highlighted in the tables designate values that were
calculated from the raw data. The theory and equations used to calculate these values can be found
below.
Table 1. Diameter and Radii of Wheel, Generator, and Tachometer
Wheel Diameter (in) 26.50

Wheel Radius (in) 13.25
Generator Diameter (in) 3.00
Generator Radius (in) 1.25
Tachometer Diameter (in) 1.0
Tachometer Radius (in) 0.5
Table 2. Raw Data from Tachometer, Voltmeter, and LabView Software
Low RPM Light Bulb Wattage (Watts) 0 50 100 150 250

RPM (Wheel) 4100 4600 4900 5000 6100
Tachometer RPM Wheel (Converted) 201 226 240 245 299
Generator RPM 3800 4200 4500 4600 6000
RPM Gen. (Converted) 1647 1820 1950 1993 2600
Generator Frequency (Rad/s) 172 191 204 209 272
Voltmeter Voltage (V) 6.330 5.964 6.046 6.321 6.117
Voltage (V) 7.105 6.218 5.856 5.323 5.549
Labview
Current (A) 0.512 3.006 3.097 5.184 9.501
2
E Power (W) 3.637 18.692 18.132 29.184 52.727
Force (N) 3.073 5.991 5.621 12.176 13.095
Torque (N m) 0.104 0.204 0.191 0.404 0.445
Bike Frequency (Hz) 2.882 3.021 3.195 3.610 4.049
Generator Frequency (Hz) 25.46 26.69 28.22 31.89 35.76
Generator Frequency (rad/s) 159.95 167.68 177.32 200.37 224.70
M Power (W) 16.39 33.51 33.25 79.37 98.16
Medium RPM
RPM (Wheel) 4900 5600 5600 6300 6800
Generator RPM 4600 5300 5200 5700 6400
Volatge (V) 7.878 7.975 8.168 8.225 8.386
Current (A) 0.482 3.323 3.330 6.713 12.847
E Power (W) 3.796 26.497 27.201 55.215 107.732
Force (N) 3.304 6.408 6.130 12.755 13.389
Labview Torque (N m) 0.112 0.218 0.208 0.434 0.455
M Power (W) 21.39 45.98 42.04 106.39 126.47
High RPM
RPM (Wheel) 5500 6400 6500 7600 8400
Generator RPM 5100 6000 5700 7200 7700
Voltage (V) 9.337 9.308 8.136 8.499 9.216
Current (A) 0.535 3.692 3.549 9.712 13.487
E Power (W) 4.991 33.368 28.871 82.541 124.217
Force (N) 3.382 6.439 6.069 13.265 13.497
Labview Torque (N m) 0.115 0.219 0.206 0.451 0.459
M Power (W) 23.71 51.83 52.26 134.94 144.81
The RPM of both the bike wheel and generator were measured using a tachometer, which displays the
RPM that its rotating surface undergoes. To relate the RPM of the tachometer to the RPM of both the
bike wheel and generator, the following equation can be used:
𝜔2 𝑅1
𝜔1
= 𝑅2 (1)
Equation 1 was used to calculate the correct RPM for both the bike wheel and the generator, as well
as calculate generator frequency from bike frequency from the LabVIEW data.
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Additional calculations were performed in order to convert RPM data to frequency in radians/second,
in order to be applicable in the power equations. Because the tachometer recorded data in RPM’s, and
the Labview software data was recorded in Hertz, these values were converted to radians/second using
the following relation:
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 60
1 𝑠
= 2𝜋 𝐻𝑧 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑝𝑚 (2)
In this experiment, two methods were used to calculate power in watts. The first method applies
equation 3 below to calculate power from voltage (V) and current (A).
𝑃 =𝑉∗𝐼 (3)
The second method of calculating power relies on torque (Nm) and angular frequency (rad/s) of the
rottining subject. This can be seen in the relation of equation 4 below.
𝑃 =𝜏∗𝜔 (4)
Power was calculated from four different data sets, as shown belwo in table 3. First, the power was
calculated using the voltage and current obtained from the SensorDAQ. The second power
calculation was performed using the voltage recorded from the voltmeter and the current measured
by the SensorDAQ. The third ower calculation relies on the torque from the SensorDAQ and the
generator frequency calculated by the Tachometer, and the fourth and final calculation relied on
torque and frequency both from the SensorDAQ, All power calculations were performed based o the
data from the five varyining light bulb configurations.
Table 3. Power Calculations using Various Methods
Power Data Source Bulbs: 0W 50W 100W 150W 250W

Calculations RPM
P=V*I (W) SensorDAQ Low 3.637 18.692 18.132 27.594 52.726
Medium 3.796 26.497 27.201 55.215 107.732
High 4.991 34.365 28.871 82.541 124.293
P=V*I (W) Voltmeter & Low 3.241 17.928 18.721 32.766 58.120
SensorDAQ Medium 3.686 24.285 25.618 49.041 95.607
High 4.727 31.517 29.553 81.778 117.661
P=T*ω Tachometer Low 18.015 38.824 39.024 84.280 121.224

(W) & SensorDAQ Medium 23.451 52.402 49.183 112.175 132.202
High 26.608 59.609 53.369 147.356 160.340
P=T*ω SensorDAQ Low 16.709 34.157 33.887 80.899 100.045

(W) Medium 21.802 46.864 42.845 108.434 128.901
4
High 24.169 52.828 53.270 137.536 148.798
Once the power was calculated, the data was used to determine the efficiency of the generator. To
determine efficiency, the following equation was used:
Efficiency = Actual Power/Ideal Power (5)
As provided in the lba handout, the expected maximum power output of the generator is 385 W.
Using the maximum power generated at each RPM level, (low, medium, and high), the efficiency was
calculated. The results can be found below in table 4.
Generator Efficiency:
Low 0.315
Medium 0.343
High 0.416
Power curves were created in order to compare power to torque, rpm, current, and voltage, and
additionally compare the power curves generated to those supplied by the g enerator manufacturer.
The torque generated during the experiment was not large enough to show the full shap of the power
curve, however the beginning shapes can be compared. These power curves can be seen in the
figures below.
Torque vs. Mechanical Power

160.00
140.00
Mechanical Power (W)
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500
Torque (Nm)
Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Power (Low RPM) Power (Medium RPM) Power (High RPM)
5
Figure 1: Torque vs. Mechanical Power Curve
Torque vs. Electrical Power

140.000
120.000
Electrical Power (W)
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500
Torque (Nm)

Figure 2: Torque vs. Electrical Power Curve
Torque vs. Current

16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
Current (A)
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500
Torque (Nm)

6
Figure 3: Torque vs. Current Power Curve
Torque vs. Generator RPM

4000
3500
3000
Generator RPM
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500
Torque (Nm)

Figure 1: Torque vs. Generator Power Curve
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Mechanical Power vs. Electrical Power
140.000
120.000
Electrical Power (W)
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
0.10 20.10 40.10 60.10 80.10 100.10 120.10 140.10 160.10
Mechanical Power (W)

Figure 4: Mechanical vs. Electrical Power Curve
Torque vs. Efficiency

0.4500
0.4000
0.3500
0.3000
Efficiency
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500
Torque (Nm)

Figure 5: Torque vs. Efficiency Power Curve
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ANALYSIS QUESTIONS
1. Compare the power curves you determined experimentally with the expected power
curves from the manufacturer. Which set of experimental conditions are closer to the
expected curves? Why do you think this is so?
When compring the power curves generated to the ones supplied by the manufacturer, it is
difficult to see the entire curve we generated as we didd’treach maximium possible speed, or
very high torques. Due to this, the remainined of the curves we generated aren’t complete,
however it is able to be predicted what they would look like based on the data we do have.
The power curve that is closest to the expected curve is the torque x current curve. I think
thereasonining behind this is current is measured by the SensorDAQ, and is not affected by
the bike being pedal, but by the electrical load put applied by the seletino of light bulbs to turn
on. Because we were able to reach the ranges of current that were controlled, and due to the
power curve beginning at zero and having a linear slope, it is easy to compare these curves.
2. Based on your power curves, did you find an optimum rpm for maximum power?
Which data set gave the highest maximum power value? What were the electrical
loading conditions at that point?
From the power curve generated, the optimum rpm for maximum power was found to be
3337 RPM. The high RPM dataset provided the highest maximum power value of 160.34 W.
At that point, the electrical loading condition was having all bulbs on to create 250 W.
3. Compare electrical power and mechanical power. Is one always higher than the
other? Explain why they are not the same and discuss anything that seems unusual
or unexpected.
Mechanical power is contastly higher than electrical power, during all different electrical
loads, and all RPM speeds. The reason these are not the same is because
4. Compare and contrast the accuracy, precision, and errors you saw for the two
methods of measuring rpm. Did one sensor seem more accurate than the other? Why
do you think that was that the case? Use the manufacturer’s specifications as well as
evidence from your data in your answer.
When comparing the magnetic sensor measurement of RPM and the use of the tachometer,
the magnetic sensor is the more accurante and precise sensor. The tachometer is hadheld,
and depenedent on the decision of the user on when to freeze the reading. It ofen would
vary and wobble during the reading process, so an exact number was hard to obtain. The
magnetic sensor, on the other hand, took a reading evry time the magnet passed the sensor,
and sent it directly to the labview VI, therefore there is less room for human error.
5. Compare and contrast the accuracy, precision, and errors you saw for the two
methods of measuring voltage. Did one sensor seem more accurate than the other?
Why do you think that was that the case? Use the manufacturer’s specifications as
well as evidence from your data in your answer.
The two methods of measuring voltage were the voltmeter and the labview sesordaq.
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DISCUSSION
Overall this experiment went rather smoothly, but there were some large areas of error. The biggest
source of error was within the tachometer. It was extremely difficult to get a proper reading from the
contact tachometer, and almost as difficult to get an equally good value from the voltmeter. Then using
these two in conjunction allowed a lot of error in these measurements. For example, from the
tachometer readings, in the very first trial the RPM of the wheel was 1450 and the RPM of the generator
was 1750, when in every single other trial the RPM of the generator was around 400-500 less than the
RPM of the wheel. While this didn’t skew the data too much and the rest of the values seemed logical,
there was almost no explanation for that except that the tachometer was very hard to read. Another
problem was with the voltmeter, because it did not keep the values stored. The oscilloscope had
everything displayed on one screen and could be found and calculated using the tools on the
instrument. The voltmeter was much simpler and therefore the one value was all that was recorded
from that instrument. However, even with all these errors, the data still accurately showed the
relationship between RPM and power output in the wheel of the bike in a logical way. As the RPM
increased the power output increased. There was no maximum found because of how short the
experiment was and the setting didn’t allow for extreme peddling, but it could be predicted from this
data that at the maximum possible RPM, the maximum power output and current would occur.
REFERENCES
[1] Mccartney, N., Heigenhauser, G., & Jones, N. (1983). Power output and fatigue of human
muscle in maximal cycling exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(1), 218-224.
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M E 4 5 0 6 L A B R E P OR T

Table 1. Diameter and Radii of Wheel, Generator, and Tachometer

Wheel Diameter (in) 26.50

Table 2. Raw Data from Tachometer, Voltmeter, and LabView Software

Low RPM Light Bulb Wattage (Watts) 0 50 100 150 250

Table 3. Power Calculations using Various Methods

Power Data Source Bulbs: 0W 50W 100W 150W 250W

P=T*ω Tachometer Low 18.015 38.824 39.024 84.280 121.224

P=T*ω SensorDAQ Low 16.709 34.157 33.887 80.899 100.045

Efficiency = Actual Power/Ideal Power (5)

Torque vs. Mechanical Power

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Torque vs. Electrical Power

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Figure 2: Torque vs. Electrical Power Curve

Torque vs. Current

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Torque vs. Generator RPM

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Figure 1: Torque vs. Generator Power Curve

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Figure 4: Mechanical vs. Electrical Power Curve

Torque vs. Efficiency

Low RPM Medium RPM High RPM

Figure 5: Torque vs. Efficiency Power Curve

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