IX.

TRUSS and ROOF

SYSTEMS
MODULE 23 – TRUSSES
MODULE 24 – ROOF AND FRAMING SYSTEMS
MODULE 23 - TRUSSES
D E F I N ITIO N A N D CO N C E PT O F A T R U SS SYST EM
BA S I C CHA R AC T E RISTIC S O F T R U SS
FO R M S O F T R U S S
WHAT IS A TRUSS?
A structure comprising one or more triangular
units constructed with straight members whose
ends are connected at joints

A structure composed of a combination of

members, usually in triangular arrangement so as
to constitute a rigid frame work.

A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity

of the triangle and composed of linear members
subject only to axial tension and compression.
 CONCEPT OF TRUSS SYSTEM:
Triangulation of material adds strength by
reducing lateral movement.

The triangle holds up very well to forces

from many directions.

The shape of the triangle can either

consolidate force to one point or split a
force over the base of the triangle.
TYPES OF TRUSS SYSTEM
(CONFIGURATION)

Planar Truss – lies on a single plane, often Space Frame – three dimensional frame work
arranged in parallel. consisting of tetrahedrons with common edges.
PARTS OF A TRUSS
SYSTEM
PANEL – The space within the web of a
truss between any two panel points on
a chord and a corresponding pair of
joints.
PANEL POINT – A joint between two or
more members of a truss. It is also
called a node.
PANEL LENGTH – The space between
two adjacent panel points or joints
CHORD – Either of the two principal
members of a truss extending from
end to end and connected by web 1. Apex 7. Splice Plate
members
2. Apex Plate 8. Heel
WEB – The integral system of 3. Top Chord 9. Point Plate
members connecting the upper and 4. Heel Plate 10. Web
the lower chords of a truss.
5. Point Plate 11. Nominal Span
HEEL – The lower, supported end of 6. Bottom Chord 12. Overhang
an upright timber, rafter or truss
 BASIC TYPES OF PLANAR TRUSS SYSTEMS

PITCHED CHORD PARALLEL CHORD

Common Forms
of Pitched Truss
Systems
KINGPOST
QUEENPOST
FINK
DOUBLE FINK
DOUBLE HOWE
HIP
Common Forms
of Pitched Truss
Systems
HOWE
SCISSORS
FAN
MONOPITCH
MODIFIED QUEENPOST
CAMBERED
Common Forms
of Parallel Truss
Systems
Howe-flat
Pratt-Flat
Warren
Warren-vert
ADVANTAGES OF A TRUSS SYSTEM
Can be installed quickly
even without heavy
Are cost effective.
equipment to lift it into
place.
Unique properties of a
triangular object allow
trusses to span across
longer distances.

A triangular truss The shape of a triangle

maintains its shape, allows all of the weight
preventing shift and sag. applied to the sides to be
Thus giving stability to redistributed down and
the structure. away from the center.
SAVINGS MADE BY TRUSS SYSTEMS
Trusses Save Time Trusses Save on Cost Trusses Save Materials Trusses Save Labor

• Delays are minimal • You know truss cost • Trusses support twice • Construction time is
• Shortages in up front the weight of reduced
materials are • Loss of material due conventional framing
eliminated to shortages or theft • Oversized floor joist
• Construction time is is eliminated eliminated
reduced • Cutting errors are
• Construction eliminated
schedule is • Roof and floor trusses
predictable will allow ease of
remodelling at a later
date
• Interior wall can
possibly be removed
to allow for larger
rooms or no rooms at
all
MODULE 24 – ROOF
FRAMING SYSTEMS
BA S I C PA RTS O F A RO O F F R A M E
BA S I C PA RTS O F A RO O F
RO O F I N G M AT ERI ALS
RO O F DES IGN A N D ST Y L E
The Roof Frame
System
The structural components
that form the support for the
roof system
COMMON PARTS OF A
ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM
RIDGE - is the horizontal line
of intersection at the top
between two sloping planes
of a roof.

HIP - is the inclined projecting

angle formed by the junction
of two adjacent sloping sides
of a roof.

VALLEY - is an intersection of
two inclined roof surfaces
toward which rainwater flows.
COMMON PARTS OF A
ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM
GABLE - is the triangular
portion of wall enclosing the
end of a pitched roof from
ridge to eaves.

DORMERS – are projecting

structures built out from a
sloping roof and housing a
vertical window or louver.

RAKE – is the inclined usually

projecting edge of a sloping
roof.
RAFTERS – Any of a series of small
parallel for supporting the sheathing
and covering of a pitched roof.
COMMON PARTS OF A ROOF
HIP RAFTERS – Rafters that form the FRAMING SYSTEM
junction of the sloping sides of a hip
roof.

VALLEY RAFTER – Rafter that connect

the ridge to the plate along a valley.

JACK RAFTERS – Any rafter that is

shorter than the full length of the roof
slope.

HIP JACK RAFTERS – Jack rafters that

extends from the plate to a hip rafter

VALLEY JACK RAFTERS – Jack rafters

that extend from the ridge to the
valley rafter
ROOF
FRAMING
PLAN (eg. HIP 45 DEGREES
ROOF)
45 DEGREES

45 DEGREES
What’s a Roof?
Definition

• The roof is the external covering on the uppermost part of a building or structure.

Purpose

• Protects the building and its contents from the climate.

• Rain
• Heat
• Sunlight
• Cold or Snow
• Wind
• Generate electricity and recover thermal energy (Solar Roofs)
• Aide in water collection from precipitation (Water Reuse)
• Drying stuff (wheat in Persia)
PARTS OF THE ROOF
Common Roofing Materials
THATCH SHINGLES or SHAKES
Common Roofing Materials
SLATE CERAMIC TILES (IMBREX OR TEGULA)
Common Roofing Materials
CONCRETE TILES ASPHALT SHINGLES
Common Roofing Materials
PVC POLYCARBONATE
Common Roofing Materials
MEMBRANE FABRIC (PTFE)
Common Roofing Materials
METAL ROOF (GALVANIZED STEEL)
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

GABLE GAMBREL HIPPED GABLE

HIP MANSARD BUTTERFLY

COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

BARREL RAINBOW SAWTOOTH

LEAN TO SHED
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

A-FRAME BARREL
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

BONNET BUTTERFLY
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

CONICAL DOME
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

DUTCH HIP FLAT

COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

GABLE GAMBREL
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

HYPERBOLIC MANSARD
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

PYRAMIDICAL RAINBOW
COMMON FORMS OF ROOFS

SAWTOOTH SHED
FIN
“I think constraints are very important. They’re positive,
because they allow you to work off something.”
Charles Gwamthey (1938-2009)