STEP 2 – RECOGNIZE THE ELECTRODYNAMIC AND WAVES

APPLICATIONS

PRESENTED BY:

TUTOR:
MAURICIO SAENZ
GROUP: 1

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA AND DISTANCE

DOSQUEBRADAS, RISARALDA
SEPTEMBER 2018

Activities to develop
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using
academic references to support the research:
1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.
Tangent of losses of a medium
The relationship between the conduction current and the displacement current in a
specific medium is constant, whose value depends on the parameters of the
medium and the frequency of the applied signal. The total current flowing through
the medium is the vector sum of the two components.
This relationship is called tangent of losses and is a characteristic of the medium,
in the conductive materials it tends to be very high since the conduction current is
much more important than the displacement; while in dielectric media the behavior
is opposite, so the tangent of losses tends to be small.
The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower
the conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better the quality
of the electrical insulation; The IEEE 400-2001 standard illustrates the basic
elements that must be taken into account when evaluating the quality of power
cable insulation through the tangent of losses.
Example
It is said that a medium is a good conductor if 𝛿 ≫ 𝜔𝜖 and a good insulator if
𝛿𝜔𝜖 ≫ 𝛿 so a material can be a good conductor at low frequencies but have the
properties of a dielectric at very high frequencies for example the humid earth has
a constant dielectric ∈𝑟 and a conductivity 𝛿 of the order of10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 102 (𝑠/𝑚),),
respectively. The tangent of losses 𝛿/𝜔𝜖 of the wet earth is equal to
1.8 𝑥 104 𝑎 1 (𝑘𝐻𝑧) so that it is a pretty good conductor. However 𝜔𝜖/𝛿
1.8 𝑥 10−3 𝑎 10 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)) and the wet earth behaves as an insulator.

2. What kind of information does the velocity of propagation give us in the

propagation of electromagnetic waves?
The velocity of propagation can be measured at the time necessary for a zero
crossing or a maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect

dielectrics and good conductors.
Propagation in free space or vacuum: the propagation of electromagnetic waves by
free space is usually called radio frequency propagation, or simply radio
propagation. Although free space implies a void, propagation through the terrestrial
atmosphere is often called propagation through free space, and can almost always
be considered that way. the main difference is that the earth's atmosphere
introduces losses of the signal that is not found in the void. TEMs (transverse
electromagnetic waves) propagate through any dielectric material, including air.
However, they do not propagate well through leaking conductors, such as
seawater, because electrical changes cause currents to flow into the material that
quickly dissipate the energy of the waves.
Propagation in ideal dielectric media: The treatment of the propagation of flat
electromagnetic waves in ideal dielectric media (without losses), is similar to what
has already been seen for free space (vacuum), since the latter is an ideal
dielectric medium. The only difference with respect to what has already been dealt
with lies in the fact that the ideal dielectric media possess a permitivity different
from that of vacuum, a fact that must be taken into account since it affects the
propagation of flat waves, varying the phase velocity , characteristic impedance of
the medium, refractive index, etc., with respect to the values obtained for the
vacuum.
Propagation in conductive media: Electromagnetic waves are rapidly attenuated
in conductive media, the faster the higher the frequency. The penetration of the
wave is confined to a small portion of the conductive material, thus giving rise to
the concept of penetration depth, which is of particular interest.
The propagation constant has a real and an imaginary part. The real part is
associated with attenuation and is therefore called the attenuation constant, while
the imaginary part is associated with the phase and for this reason is called the
phase constant.
4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of
each type of radiation.
Radiofrequency: Radio waves are usually used by antennas of the appropriate
size (according to the principle of resonance), with wavelengths ranging from
hundreds of meters to approximately one millimeter. They are used for data
transmission, through modulation. Television, mobile phones, magnetic
resonances, or wireless and amateur radio networks are some popular uses of
radio waves.
Microwave: The super high frequency (SHF) and the extremely high frequency
(EHF) of the microwaves are the following in the frequency scale.
Microwaves are absorbed by molecules that have a dipole moment in liquids. In a
microwave oven, this effect is used to heat the food. Low intensity microwave
radiation is used in Wi-Fi.
Rays T: The radiation of terahertz (or Rays T) is a region of the spectrum located
between the far infrared and the microwaves. Until recently, this range was very
little studied, since there were hardly any sources for microwave energy at the high
end of the band (submillimeter waves or also called terahertz waves). However,
applications are appearing to show images and communications. Scientists also
seek to apply T-ray technology to the armed forces, where they could be used to
direct them to enemy troops, since high-frequency waves incapacitate electronic
equipment.
Infrared radiation: The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the
range from approximately 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided
into three parts:

* Far infrared, from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 30 THz (10 μm)

* Medium infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 μm)
* Near infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2500 to 750 nm)
Its applications range from astronomy to night vision equipment.

Visible radiation (light): The frequency above infrared is that of visible light. This
is the range in which the Sun and the stars similar to it emit most of their radiation.
It is probably not a coincidence that the human eye is sensitive to the wavelengths
that the sun emits most strongly. Visible light (and near infrared light) are absorbed
and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level
to another. The light that we see with our eyes is really a very small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical part (visible) of the
electromagnetic spectrum; the infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just
below the red side of the rainbow, while the ultraviolet would be behind the violet.
Ultraviolet light: The next frequency in the spectrum is ultraviolet (or UV), which is
radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum.

Being very energetic, ultraviolet radiation can break chemical bonds, making the
molecules exceptionally reactive or ionizing them, which changes their behavior.
Sunburn, for example, is caused by the damaging effects of UV radiation on skin
cells.
X-rays: X-rays come after the ultraviolet. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths
than soft X-rays. They are generally used to see through some objects, as well as
for high-energy physics and astronomy. The neutron stars and the accretion discs
around the black holes emit X-rays, which allows us to study them.
X-rays pass through most substances, and this makes them useful in medicine and
industry. They are also emitted by the stars, and especially by some types of
nebulae. An x-ray machine works by firing a beam of electrons over an "objective".
If electrons are fired with enough energy, X-rays are produced.
Gamma Rays: After the hard X-rays come the gamma rays. They are the most
energetic photons, and the lowest limit of their wavelength is not known. They are
useful to astronomers in the study of objects or regions of high energy, and are
useful for physicists thanks to their penetrating capacity and their production of
radioisotopes. The wavelength of the gamma rays can be measured with great
accuracy by means of Compton scattering.
5. What is the refractive index and what kind of information does it give us
about the behavior of electromagnetic waves?
The refraction of a wave is the flexion it suffers when it enters a medium with
different propagation velocity. The refraction of the light, when it passes from a
rapid propagation medium to a slower one, doubles the ray of light in the normal
direction to the contact surface between both media. The amount of diffraction
depends on the refractive indices of the two media and is described quantitatively
by Snell's law.
As it is deduced from the definition itself, the higher the absolute refractive index of
a substance, the more slowly the waves will travel inside it.
6. What is a flat wave and a non-flat wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and non-magnetic medium and where are they used?
Flat, circular and spherical waves
On a rope or in a spring, waves can propagate in a single direction along them.
They are called unidirectional waves. However, this does not happen on the
surface of a liquid or solids; in these cases the waves can propagate in all the
surface. These waves are called two-dimensional. Particularly important in two-
dimensional waves are flat and circular.
FLAT WAVE
Example: when the surface of the water is played lightly and rhythmically, the
oscillations of the rod are transmitted to the water particles, which begin to oscillate
with equal frequency and amplitude. The particles that are on the line parallel to
the rod oscillate in phase equality.
The figure shows a set of flat and parallel surfaces, in which oscillations occur in
phase.
CIRCULAR WAVES
It originates when the surface of the water is disturbed by a point object, as shown
in the figure. The oscillations propagate in the radial direction with center at the
point where the oscillations originate, so that all that are in the same circumference
oscillate in phase.
An example of this type of wave is when the surface of the water is disturbed with a
finger. At first the oscillation is distributed in a very small circumference, but as it
propagates, this circumference is enlarged, whereby the number of points that
participates in the oscillation grows. This means that the initial energy of the
oscillation is distributed in a growing region. As a result, the energy corresponding
to each point decreases, and with it the amplitude.
At large distances from the focus and for a small region, circular waves can be
considered as flat waves.

SPHERICAL WAVES
If the source is punctual and the medium is homogeneous, all the points that
oscillate in phase are on a spherical surface, these waves are called spherical.
Like circular waves, as the distance to the source increases, the amplitude of the
spherical waves decreases.
Another important concept for the study of waves is the wave front, defined as the
surface formed by the set of elements of the medium that oscillate in phase
equality to the passage of the disturbance at a certain moment. That is, at that
moment the characteristics of the oscillatory movement of all the elements that
constitute the wavefront are the same
Magnetic and non-magnetic media for wave propagation
The mechanism of energy transport through a medium involves the absorption and
re-emission of wave energy by the atoms of the material. When an electromagnetic
wave hits the atoms of a material, the energy of that wave is absorbed. The
absorption of energy causes the electrons inside the atoms to experience
vibrations. After a short period of vibratory movement, vibrating electrons create a
new electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the first electromagnetic
wave. While these vibrations occur only for a very short time, they delay the
movement of the wave through the medium. Once the energy of the
electromagnetic wave is re-emitted by an atom, it travels through a small region of
space between the atoms. Once it reaches the next atom, the electromagnetic
wave is absorbed, transformed into vibrations of electrons and then re-emitted as
an electromagnetic wave. While the electromagnetic wave will travel at a speed of
c (3 x 108 m / s) through the vacuum of the interatomic space, the process of
absorption and remission causes the net velocity of the electromagnetic wave to be
less than c. This is seen in the animation below.

The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium depends

on the optical density of that medium. Different materials cause a different amount
of delay due to the process of absorption and re-emission. In addition, different
materials have their atoms more tightly packed and, therefore, the distance
between atoms is smaller. These two factors depend on the nature of the material
through which the electromagnetic wave travels. As a result, the speed of an
electromagnetic wave depends on the material through which it travels.
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