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I. OBJETIVOS:
Combustión Gases
Comburente
(Reactivos) (Productos)
) ECUACIÓN QUÍMICA
Donde:
) EXCESO DE AIRE:
(R 𝑎⁄𝑐)Real − (R 𝑎⁄𝑐)Teórico
% Exc. = 𝑥 100
(R 𝑎⁄𝑐)Teórico
a. Analizador Orsat:
Componentes:
Manguera de termocuplas.
Pantalla digital.
Bomba de succión de gases.
Tubo de la toma de muestra.
IV. PROCEDIMIENTO
a) Analizador Orsat
1. Purgar el sistema.
2. Grifo de tres posiciones, en la posición que comunica la toma de muestra
con la pipeta de medición.
3. Abrir el grifo de la pipeta A, y elevar la botella niveladora (El gas
ingresará), esperar unos minutos para que el reactivo reaccione con el
CO2, luego bajar la botella niveladora.
4. Tomar la lectura en la bureta de medición.
5. Abrir el grifo de la pipeta B, y repetir los pasos 3 y 4.
6. Abrir el grifo de la pipeta C, y repetir los pasos 3 y 4.
7. Abrir todas las válvulas para igualar la presión con el medio ambiente.
b) Analizador Digital
V. CÁLCULOS:
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=13.9
%O2=1.59
%CO=1.42
%N2=83.09
Balance:
C: x=13.9+1.42 x=15.32
H: y= 2l y=23.60
O: 2a = (13.9)x(2)+1.42x(1)+ (1.59)x(2)+l l=11.8
N: 3.76x2xa=83.09x2 a=22.10
EC. IDEAL- TEORICA
Balance:
C: m=15.32 m=15.32
H: 23.6= 2n n=11.8
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=21.22
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=79.79
𝑚 22.10[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 ) = ( 𝑚𝑎 ) = = 14.63 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑟 𝑐 𝑟 12(15.32)+1(23.6)
𝑚 21.22[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 ) = ( 𝑚𝑎 ) = = 14.04 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 12(15.32)+1(23.6)
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.63−14.04
%Exc.= x100%= 4.2%
14.04
14.63
%at =14.04x100%=104.20%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.63
(Ra/c)T 14.04
% Exc. 4.2
% aT 104.2
2. TOMA DE DATOS (2):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=14.3
%O2=1.14
%CO=1.39
%N2=83.17
Balance:
C: x=14.3+1.39 x=15.69
H: y= 2l y=23.94
O: 2a = (14.3)x(2)+1.39x(1)+ (1.14)x(2)+l l=11.97
N: 3.76x2xa=83.17x2 a=22.12
Balance:
C: m=15.69 m=15.69
H: 23.94= 2n n=11.97
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=21.68
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=81.52
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 22.12[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.69)+1(23.94)= 14.31 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 21.68[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.69)+1(23.94)= 14.02 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.31−14.02
%Exc.= x100%=2.07%
14.02
14.31
%at =14.02x100%=102.07%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.31
(Ra/c)T 14.02
% Exc. 2.07
% aT 102.07
3. TOMA DE DATOS (3):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=13.9
%O2=1.92
%CO=1.15
%N2=83.03
Balance:
C: x=13.9+1.15 x=15.05
H: y= 2l y=22.74
O: 2a = (13.9)x(2)+1.15x(1)+ (1.92)x(2)+l l=11.37
N: 3.76x2xa=83.03x2 a=22.08
Balance:
C: m=15.05 m=15.05
H: 22.74= 2n n=11.37
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=20.74
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=77.98
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 22.08[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.05)+1(22.74)= 14.91 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 20.74[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.05)+1(22.74)=14 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.91−14
%Exc.= x100%=6.50%
14
14.91
%at = x100%=106.50%
14
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.91
(Ra/c)T 14
% Exc. 6.50
% aT 106.50
4. TOMA DE DATOS (4):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=8.7
%O2=3.72
%CO=6.04
%N2=81.54
Balance:
C: x=8.7+6.04 x=14.74
H: y= 2l y=25
O: 2a = (8.7)x(2)+6.04x(1)+ (3.72)x(2)+l l=12.50
N: 3.76x2xa=81.54x2 a=21.69
Balance:
C: m=14.74 m=14.74
H: 25= 2n n=12.50
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=20.99
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=78.92
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 21.69[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(14.74)+1(25)
= 14.75 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 20.99[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(14.74)+1(25)
= 14.27 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.75−14.27
%Exc.= x100%=3.36%
14.27
14.75
%at =14.27x100%=103.36%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.75
(Ra/c)T 14.27
% Exc. 3.36
% aT 103.36
5. TOMA DE DATOS (5):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=13.7
%O2=1.48
%CO=1.67
%N2=83.15
Balance:
C: x=13.7+1.67 x=15.37
H: y= 2l y=24.38
O: 2a = (13.7)x(2)+1.67x(1)+ (1.48)x(2)+l l=12.19
N: 3.76x2xa=83.15x2 a=22.11
Balance:
C: m=15.37 m=15.37
H: 24.38= 2n n=12.19
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+ n b=21.47
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=80.73
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 22.11[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.37)+1(24.38)= 14.54 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 21.47[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.37)+1(24.38)= 14.11 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.54−14.11
%Exc.= x100%=3.05%
14.11
14.54
%at =14.11x100%=103.05%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.54
(Ra/c)T 14.11
% Exc. 3.05%
% aT 103.05%
6. TOMA DE DATOS (6):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=10.2
%O2=2.89
%CO=4.73
%N2=82.18
Balance:
C: x=10.2+4.73 x=14.93
H: y= 2l y=25.62
O: 2a = (10.2)x(2)+4.73(1)+ (2.89)x(2)+l l=12.81
N: 3.76x2xa=82.18x2 a=21.86
Balance:
C: m=14.93 m=14.93
H: 25.62= 2n n=12.81
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=21.34
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=80.24
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 21.86[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(14.93)+1(25.62)= 14.65 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 21.34[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(14.93)+1(25.62)= 14.31 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.65−14.31
%Exc.= x100%=2.38%
14.31
14.65
%at =14.31x100%=102.38%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.65
(Ra/c)T 14.31
% Exc. 2.38%
% aT 102.38%
7. TOMA DE DATOS (7):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=10.2
%O2=2.93
%CO=5.07
%N2=81.8
Balance:
C: x=10.2+5.07 x=15.27
H: y= 2l y=24.38
O: 2a = (10.2)x(2)+5.07x(1)+ (2.93)x(2)+l l=12.19
N: 3.76x2xa=81.8x2 a=21.76
Balance:
C: m=15.27 m=15.27
H: 24.38= 2l n=12.19
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=21.37
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=80.35
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 21.76[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.27)+1(24.38)= 14.39 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 21.37[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(15.27)+1(24.38)= 14.13 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
14.39−14.13
%Exc.= x100%=1.84%
14.13
14.39
%at =14.13x100%=101.84%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 14.39
(Ra/c)T 14.13
% Exc. 1.84%
% aT 101.84%
8. TOMA DE DATOS (8):
ECUACION QUIMICA
EC. REAL
%CO2=9.8
%O2=3.53
%CO=4.06
%N2=82.61
Balance:
C: x=9.8+4.06 x=13.86
H: y= 2l y=26.44
O: 2a = (9.8)x(2)+4.06x(1)+ (3.53)x(2)+l l=13.22
N: 3.76x2xa=82.61x2 a=21.97
Balance:
C: m=13.86 m=13.86
H: 26.44= 2n n=13.22
O: 2b = (m)x(2)+n b=20.47
N: 3.76x2xb=px2 p=76.97
RELACION AIRE – COMBUSTIBLE
𝑚 21.97[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑟 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(13.86)+1(26.44)=15.65 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑟
𝑚 20.47[32+3.76(28)] 𝐾𝑔 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒
(𝑟𝑎/𝑐 )𝑡 = ( 𝑚𝑎) = 12(13.86)+1(26.44)=14.58 (𝐾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑐 𝑡
EXCESO DE AIRE
15.65−14.58
%Exc.= x100%=7.34%
14.58
15.65
%at =14.58x100%=107.34%
RESULTADOS:
SUSTANCIA
(Ra/c)R 15.65
(Ra/c)T 14.58
% Exc. 7.34%
% aT 107.34%
VI. BIBLIOGRAFÍA