Online Safety Course - Electrical Engineering

0
Online Safety Training Course

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Environment, Health, and Safety Department

KFUPM | DHAHRAN
1
Module Contents
Section-1: General Safety

Basic Terms
Importance of Safety
Emergency Procedures
Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety
Components of Fire
Classification of Fires
Firefighting Techniques
Portable Firefighting
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers

Section-3: Electrical Safety
Common Electrical Terms
Fundamental Rules of
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work
Use of Extension Cords
Section-4: Electrical Protective
Devices
Introduction
Types of Protective Devices
Section-5: Safe System of Work
Visual Inspection
Electrical Circuits in Labs
Isolation
Assessment Test
2
Basic Terms
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs  Safety
PPE
Housekeeping Safety is the state of being safe from harm or danger.
Components of Fire  Hazard
Firefighting Techniques “Anything that has the potential to cause harm is called a Hazard”.
Equipment Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples include any substance,
Portable Fire Extinguishers material, process, practice, etc. that has the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person
under certain conditions.
Electricity  Risk
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
Section-4: Electrical Protective For example: The risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could be expressed as "cigarette
Devices smokers are say 12 times more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers".
Introduction
Section-5: Safe System of Work  Risk Assessment
Visual Inspection Risk Assessment is the formalized process of identifying hazards, evaluating risk and then either
Isolation
eliminating or controlling that risk to an acceptable level.
Assessment Test
3
Basic Terms
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs  Incident
PPE
Housekeeping An unplanned, unwanted event that has led to or could have led to an injury. Incidents include accidents,
Section-2: Fire Safety near misses, and injuries.
Components of Fire
Firefighting Techniques  Accident
Portable Firefighting An unplanned, unwanted event which leads to injury, damage, or loss.
Equipment
Section-3: Electrical Safety  Near Miss
Common Electrical Terms An unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential to lead to injury, damage or loss but did not, in fact,
Electricity
do so.
Body  Emergency
Use of Extension Cords A serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action.
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
4
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs The benefits of maintaining a safe work environment are many, but first and foremost, safety is about what
PPE you can do to protect yourself from hazards. Safety is the responsibility of every person at KFUPM, to take
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety reasonable care for the safety of himself and other human beings and surroundings which may Abe affected
Components of Fire by his acts or omissions.
Firefighting Techniques A serious workplace injury or death changes lives forever - for families, friends, communities, and coworkers
Portable Firefighting too. Human loss and suffering is immeasurable.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers So Safety First turns out to save lives, time, and gain in more progress for the university.
Workplace safety is important for the following reasons:
Electricity
 A safe work environment produces happier employees.
Body  Work premises are kept to higher standards.
Electrical Hazards at Work  Safety programs create productive work environments.
Section-4: Electrical Protective  Absenteeism drops when effective safety programs are introduced.
Devices  Safety reduces business costs and disruption.
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
5
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Introduction:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Nobody expects an emergency or disaster -- especially one that affects them, their employees, and their
Components of Fire business personally. Yet the simple truth is that emergencies and disasters can strike anyone, anytime, and
anywhere.
Equipment A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens your employees, customers, or the
Portable Fire Extinguishers public; disrupts or shuts down your operations; or causes physical or environmental damage.
Emergencies may be natural or manmade, such as floods, fires, toxic gas release, chemical spills,
Fundamental Rules of explosions, workplace violence resulting in bodily harm and trauma etc.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human The best way is to prepare to respond to an emergency before it happens. Few people can think clearly and
Body
logically in a crisis, so it is important to do so in advance, when you have time to be thorough.
Section-4: Electrical Protective Emergency Action Plan:
Devices
Introduction Workplaces need a plan for emergencies that can have a wider impact. Special procedures are needed for
Types of Protective Devices emergencies such as serious injuries, explosion, flood, poisoning, electrocution, fire, release of radioactivity
Visual Inspection and chemical spills.
Isolation Quick and effective action may help to ease the situation and reduce the consequences. However, in
emergencies people are more likely to respond reliably if: (1) they are well trained and competent, (2) they
Assessment Test take part in regular and realistic practice, and (3) have clearly agreed, recorded and rehearsed plans, actions
and responsibilities.
6
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs At minimum, the emergency action plan must include the following:
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety  A preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies.
Components of Fire
 An evacuation policy and procedure.
 Emergency evacuation routes on each floor, showing the emergency exits, primary and secondary
Equipment evacuation routes, locations of fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull stations etc.
Section-3: Electrical Safety  Designated Assembly Point for all employees to assemble outside during evacuation.
Fundamental Rules of  Contacts of Emergency Services such as Security Dept., Medical Center, Maintenance Dept. etc.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human  Names and phone numbers of Emergency Personnel such as Emergency Coordinator, Fire Wardens
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work in each department.
Section-4: Electrical Protective  List of people with disabilities and vulnerable workers.
Devices
Introduction  Procedures for employees who remain to perform or shut down critical plant operations, operate fire
Section-5: Safe System of Work extinguishers, or perform other essential services that cannot be shut down for every emergency
Visual Inspection
alarm before evacuating; and
Isolation
 First Aid Kit accessible and stocked at all times.
 Rescue and medical duties for any workers designated to perform them.
Assessment Test
7
Module Contents

Basic Terms
HOW TO REPORT AN EMERGENCY?

Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers Follow the steps as mentioned below:
Fundamental Rules of  Stay calm and dial 999 from landline phone or 013-8609999 from a mobile phone.
Electricity
Body  Provide the details to emergency operator such as your name, nature of the accident and
Electrical Hazards at Work its exact location.
Devices  Stay on the line, speak clearly and answer the operator's questions.
Introduction
Section-5: Safe System of Work  Don't hang up until operator gets all the required information.
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
8
Module Contents

Basic Terms
EVACUATION PROCEDURE DURING

Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire EMERGENCY
Equipment
In any emergency situation, evacuation of building is mandatory. A general procedure for evacuation of
Portable Fire Extinguishers building is given below:
Common Electrical Terms  Evacuate the building immediately on hearing the fire alarm.
Electricity (Take every Fire Alarm seriously)
Body  Exit the building using nearest emergency exit route.
Use of Extension Cords  Emergency coordinators will help the occupants during building evacuation.
Devices  Do not use elevators during evacuation.
Introduction
 Stay in the designated assembly area outside the building and wait for further instructions.
Section-5: Safe System of Work  Emergency coordinators will conduct head count of occupants gathered at the assembly area.
Visual Inspection
Electrical Circuits in Labs  Do not re-enter the building until it is announced.
Isolation
 Chief Emergency Coordinator or the EHS Department will inform the arriving emergency personnel about
Assessment Test the nature of emergency.
9
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Fire Drills:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety A fire drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other
Components of Fire emergencies. Usually, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building is evacuated as
if the emergency had occurred. Generally, the evacuation is timed to ensure that it is fast enough, and
Portable Firefighting problems with the emergency system or evacuation procedures are identified to be remedied.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers Fire Drill Objectives:
Following are the objectives of the fire drill:
Electricity  Giving employees an opportunity to practice emergency procedures in a simulated but safe
Effect of Electricity on Human environment.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Determining if employees understand and can carry out emergency duties.
Use of Extension Cords  Evaluating effectiveness of evacuation procedures and determining necessary changes or
Section-4: Hazards of Machinery
Mechanical Hazards adjustments to procedures to improve performance.
Non-mechanical Hazards  Complying with requirements of the local fire code.
Machinery Safeguarding
Section-5: Hazards of Tools Fire Drill Evaluation:
Handheld Tools
Portable Power Tools To make sure drill objectives have been met and employees have conducted themselves properly and
Section-6: Manual Handling effectively during the drill, the EHS Department would observe the drill and evaluate it immediately following
Injuries
Risks
the event.
Control Measures
Assessment Test
10
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Emergency
Fire Drills: Procedure for an Electrified Person:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety A fireterm
The drillElectrified
is a method is used
of practicing
when someone
how a receives
building would
an electric
be evacuated
shock and in
they
theremain
event inofcontact
a fire or
with
other
the
Components of Fire electrical
emergencies.source.
Usually, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building is evacuated as
if the emergency had occurred. Generally, the evacuation is timed to ensure that it is fast enough, and
The emergency procedure is as follows:
Portable Firefighting problems with the emergency system or evacuation procedures are identified to be remedied.
Equipment
 Assess the situation: Find where victim is exactly connected to electrical source. Also identify any
Portable Fire Extinguishers Fire Drill Objectives:
Section-3: Electrical Safety high risk areas such as puddles of water, a wet or a damp floor, live equipment etc.
Following are the objectives of the fire drill:
 Take precautions to protect yourself and anyone else in the vicinity: Warn anyone close by of
Electricity  the
Giving employees
dangers an opportunity
that exists, to practice
avoid direct contact emergency
with the victim andprocedures in a simulated but safe
with any equipment.
Effect of Electricity on Human  Calling
environment
Emergency Services: Meanwhile ask somebody around to call emergency services and for
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  medical
Determininghelp.if employees understand and can carry out emergency duties
Use of Extension Cords  Evaluating
Free the Victimeffectiveness of evacuation
from the Electricity: Switchprocedures
off the mainand determining
power necessary
supply. If that changesthen
is not possible, or
Devices adjustments
pull the plugtotoprocedures
disconnecttothe
improve
powerperformance
to the electrical appliance affecting the victim. If that is not
Introduction  Complying
possible, then try to move the victim away fire
with requirements of the local fromcode
the source by using any non-conductive material such
as wooden board, dry newspaper etc.
Fire Drill Evaluation:
Visual Inspection  Move the victim to a safe area and assess the injuries: Make a thorough assessment, check if the
Electrical Circuits in Labs To make sure drill objectives have been met and employees have conducted themselves properly and
person is breathing or not, and check if the person is bleeding.
Isolation effectively during the drill, the EHS Department would observe the drill and evaluate it immediately following
 CPR and First Aid Treatment: If you are trained, then perform CPR if the victim is not breathing.
the event.
Provide first aid treatment.
Assessment Test
 Wait for Emergency Services to arrive.
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11
Safety Signs
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Introduction:
Safety Signs Safety signs combine shape, color, and pictograms to convey specific health and safety information or
PPE
Housekeeping instructions. While there are regional variations, the standard safety signs are divided into five categories:
Components of Fire  Prohibition: Directed at stopping dangerous behavior, e.g. "No Smoking".
Firefighting Techniques  Warning: Tell people to be careful of a particular hazard, e.g. "Toxic Material".
Equipment  Mandatory Action: Instruct people to take a specific action, e.g. "Eye Protection Must Be Worn".
Section-3: Electrical Safety  Safe Condition: Identify safe behavior or places of safety, e.g. "First Aid Station".
Fundamental Rules of  Firefighting Equipment: Identify particular items of equipment, e.g. "Hose Reels".
Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
12
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Introduction:
Safety Signs PPE is an equipment or clothing that is worn or held by a worker that protects them from one or more risks
PPE
Housekeeping to their safety or health. There are instances where none of the control measures can be used, and there
Section-2: Fire Safety are times when some of them can, but residual risk still remains. If this is the case, then it may be necessary
Components of Fire
Classification of Fires to use PPE. Many different types of PPE are available, such as ear defenders, gloves, respiratory protection,
Firefighting Techniques eye protection etc.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers Benefits of PPE:
Section-3: Electrical Safety  PPE can be used as an interim control whilst more expensive or difficult control are put in place.
Fundamental Rules of  In some situations, PPE may be the only control option available.
Electricity  PPE may be needed as a backup for emergencies when other controls fail.
Body  PPE are usually cheap.
Electrical Hazards at Work  PPE gives immediate protection.
Devices Limitations of PPE:
Introduction
 PPE protects only one person.
Section-5: Safe System of Work  PPE may not protect adequately if it is not fitted correctly.
Visual Inspection
 PPE may not be comfortable and may interfere with the wearer's ability to do the job.
Isolation  PPE may increase the overall risk by impairing the senses (e.g. goggles that mist up).
 PPE may not be compatible with other items that have to be worn or used.
Assessment Test  People do not like wearing PPE.
 If PPE fails, it fails to danger (the worker is exposed to risk).
Eliminating the hazard is the most preferred option, while using PPE is the least preferred option.
13
Housekeeping
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
Introduction:
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Workplaces can easily become very untidy if housekeeping is not managed. Good housekeeping starts with
Components of Fire
good design and layout of the workplace. Sufficient space must be allocated for the storage of materials at
Firefighting Techniques the planning stage.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers Maintenance of a Safe Workplace:
Section-3: Electrical Safety Good housekeeping is fundamental to the maintenance of a safe workplace:
 Floors and walkways should be cleaned routinely to ensure that surfaces are kept free of
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human contamination.
Body  Spills will have to be cleaned up quickly and safely.
Use of Extension Cords  Housekeeping routines should be established to ensure that pedestrian routes are free of trip hazards
Section-4: Electrical Protective and obstructions.
Devices
Introduction  Workplaces must be kept waste free by removing waste on a regular basis (e.g. emptying full litter
Types of Protective Devices bins) so that it does not build up and increase the fire risk as a potential fuel source.
Visual Inspection  Workplaces must be tidy, so that combustible and flammable materials are returned to safe storage
Electrical Circuits in Labs after use.
Isolation
 Workplaces must be well-ordered, so that fuel and ignition sources are kept separate.
Assessment Test
14
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire
Equipment

Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
15
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Introduction:
Housekeeping Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures
Components of Fire include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the
Classification of Fires development and effects of a fire after it starts.
Components of Fire:
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers To initiate and sustain a fire, the following things must be present at the same time:
Common Electrical Terms  Fuel: such as wood, paper, plastic, petrol etc.
Electricity  Oxygen: usually from air, but also from gas cylinders or oxidizing agents.
Body  Heat: from ignition sources such as open flames, friction, sparks from electrical equipment etc.
Use of Extension Cords  When these three components join together, a chemical chain reaction occurs.
Devices
All these four components are needed for a fire to start, and they are represented by a Fire Tetrahedron.
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
16
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Classification of Fires:
Housekeeping Fires are classified into five categories according to the fuel type. The classification is useful as the basis for
Components of Fire identifying which type of fire extinguisher to use (see later). The classification of fire is as follows:
Firefighting Techniques  Class A: solid materials, usually organic, such as paper, wood, coal and textiles.
Equipment  Class B: flammable liquids, such as petrol, oil and solvents.
Section-3: Electrical Safety  Class C: gases, such as methane, propane and acetylene.
 Class D: metals, such as aluminum or magnesium.
Electricity
 Class F: high temperature fats and oils, such as cooking fat.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work There is no Class E fire. This was avoided due to the potential confusion between Class E and Electricity.
Use of Extension Cords Electricity is not a fuel (though it can be an ignition source).
Devices Note: The classification of fires shown here is the one used in UK.
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
17
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Firefighting Techniques:
Housekeeping Firefighting techniques are based on the removal of one or more of the elements in the fire tetrahedron.
Components of Fire So, just as there are four elements necessary for combustion, there are also four main methods to
Classification of Fires extinguish fire. They are:
Portable Firefighting  Starvation: removal of fuel from the fire
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers  Smothering: reducing or limiting the amount of oxygen to a fire
Common Electrical Terms  Cooling: removing or reducing the heat of the fire
Electricity  Stopping the chemical chain reaction: involves inhibiting the free radicals which are thrown off
Body the flames of the fire.
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
18
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Portable Firefighting Equipment:
Housekeeping If a fire starts in a workplace, it may be possible to extinguish that fire quickly and effectively using a portable
Components of Fire fire extinguisher. If there is no portable fire extinguisher present, then there may be no choice but to leave
Classification of Fires the fire to burn out of control.
Portable Firefighting The other firefighting equipment found in workplaces are:
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers  Fire Blanket: use to physically smother small fires (useful for cooking areas where fat fires might
Common Electrical Terms occur, smothering burning clothing)
Electricity  Hose Reels: sited in buildings to allow fire teams to fight fire.
Body  Sprinkler Systems: sited in buildings and warehouses to automatically damp down a fire.
Section-4: Electrical Protective Portable Fire Extinguishers:
Devices
Before you use a fire extinguisher to extinguish a fire, there is one thing you must be aware of:
Introduction
Section-5: Safe System of Work "Never attempt to fight a fire unless it is safe to do so."
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
19
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Importance of Safety To employ the extinguisher with proper technique, just remember the acronym “PASS”.
Safety Signs
 Pull the pin
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety  Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire: Hitting the tops of the flame with the extinguisher won’t be
Components of Fire effective. You got to smother the sucker at its base.
Firefighting Techniques  Squeeze the trigger: In a controlled manner, squeeze the trigger to release the agent.
Equipment
 Sweep from side to side: Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out. Keep aiming at
Section-3: Electrical Safety the base while you do so. Most extinguishers will give you about 10-20 seconds of discharge time.
Fundamental Rules of Slowly back away: Even if the fire appears to be extinguished, don’t turn your back on it. There might be
Electricity
unseen hot spots or hidden fires that can ignite into a large flame at any moment. You want to be on guard
Body for that.
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
20
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Importance of Safety Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers:
Safety Signs
The following types of portable fire extinguishers are commonly found in workplaces:
PPE
Housekeeping  Water: suitable for Class A fires. Works by cooling the fire.
Section-2: Fire Safety  Carbon dioxide: suitable for Class B fires. Works by smothering the fire. Used especially for fires
Components of Fire
Classification of Fires involving live electrical equipment.
Firefighting Techniques  Foam: suitable for Class A and Class B fires. Works by smothering the fire, or by preventing
Equipment combustible vapors from mixing with air.
Portable Fire Extinguishers  Dry Powder: suitable for all classes and use on live electrical equipment. Works by smothering the
fire. Can be very messy.
Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
21
Fire Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Care and Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers:
Housekeeping One must ensure the following:
Components of Fire
 Fire extinguishers are inspected regularly (atleast every 3 months).
Firefighting Techniques  The extinguishers are not blocked by equipment, or other objects that could interfere with their
Portable Firefighting access during an emergency.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers  The pressure is at recommended level. The gauge needle should be in the green zone – not too
Section-3: Electrical Safety high and not too low.
Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction  The pin and tamper seal (if it has one) are intact.
Types of Protective Devices  There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and other signs of abuse/wear. Wipe off any
Visual Inspection corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc., that may have landed on the extinguisher.
Electrical Circuits in Labs  Recharge all extinguishers immediately after use regardless of how much they were used.
Isolation
Assessment Test
22
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire
Equipment

Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
23
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
Introduction:
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Electricity is all around us. Our workplace is literally filled with a maze of electrical wires and cables, circuit
Components of Fire
boards, and electrical panels. Most of the time electricity is safe, but it can be hazardous if handled
Firefighting Techniques inappropriately.
Equipment Every year there are numerous fatalities and serious accidents involving electricity. Because we are exposed
to electrical energy, it is important that we understand how it can cause injury and death.
Fundamental Rules of Common Electrical Terms:
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human Following are the commonly used electrical terms:
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Voltage: It is a measure of electrical pressure. It is measured in Volts (V).
Use of Extension Cords  Current: It is a flow of electricity. It is measured in Amperes (A).
Devices  Resistance: It is the ability of the substance to limit (resist) the flow of electricity. It is measured in Ohms
Introduction (Ω).
Section-5: Safe System of Work  Conductor: Any material that has a low electrical resistance, allowing the flow of current through it.
Visual Inspection Example: silver, copper, aluminum, wet wood, people, the earth, water and most liquids.
Isolation  Insulator: Any material that has a high electrical resistance, preventing the flow of current through it.
Example: rubber, plastic, glass, porcelain, ceramic, dry wood, PVC (polyvinylchloride) and PE
Assessment Test
(polyethylene).
 Electric Circuit: It is a continuous pathway of conductors that travel from a power source to load
(electrical device), and, then back to the same power source via a different pathway.
24
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Fundamental Rules of Electricity:
Introduction:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Following
Electricity are
is allthe three us.
around fundamental rules of
Our workplace electricity:
is literally filled with a maze of electrical wires and cables, circuit
Components of Fire boards, and electrical panels. Most of the time electricity is a safe, clean form of energy, but it can be
Classification of Fires  Rule One: Electricity will only travel in a closed circuit.
hazardous.
Portable Firefighting This rule means that before electricity can flow, it must physically have a circuit which is closed to travel
Equipment Every year there are numerous fatalities and serious accidents involving electricity. Because we are exposed
Use of Portable
Fire in. If there
to electrical is no circuit,
energy, then thethat
it is important current cannot flow.how it can cause injury and death.
we understand
Extinguishers
Section-3:
Common Electrical Safety
Electrical Terms
 Rule Two: Electricity will always travel in the path of least resistance.
Common Electrical
Fundamental RulesTerms
of Common Electrical Terms:
This rule means that if there are two pathways, one which has a very low resistance, and another which
Fundamental
Electricity Rules of Following are the commonly used electrical terms:
Effect
Electricity
of Electricity on Human has a very high resistance, then most of the electricity will travel down the pathway which has the least
Effect
Body
of Electricity on Human
 Voltage: It is a measure of electrical pressure. It is measured in Volts (V).
Electrical
Body Hazards at Work amount of resistance
Electrical
Use of Extension
HazardsCords
at Work  Current: It is a flow of electricity. It is measured in Amperes (A).
Section-4:
Use ofElectrical
ExtensionProtective
Cords  Rule Three: Electricity will always try to travel to the ground.
Assessment Devices
Test  Resistance: It is the ability of the substance to limit the flow of electricity. It is measured in Ohms (Ω).
Introduction This rule means that if electricity is offered a pathway to the ground, then providing the resistance of that
Types of Protective Devices  Conductor: Any material that has a low electrical resistance. Example: silver, copper, aluminum, wet
Section-5: Safe System of Work pathway is low enough, the electricity will pass through it to get to the ground. The reason why electricity
Visual Inspection wood, people, the earth, water and most liquids.
Electrical Circuits in Labs always tries to travel to the ground is because, it will complete the circuit, once it reaches the ground.
Isolation  Insulator: Any material that has a high electrical resistance. Example: rubber, plastic, glass, porcelain,
ceramic,
Electricity drytake
can wood,
anyPVC (polyvinylchloride)
conductive path to the and – via a person, a wet tree, a metal ladder, anything
PE (polyethylene).
ground
Assessment Test which offers Circuit:
a direct or
 Electric It isindirect pathwaypathway
a continuous to the ground.
of conductors that travel from a power source to where the
electricity is being used, then back to the same power source via a different pathway.
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25
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Factors Determining the Effects of Electricity on Human Body:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Several factors influence the type and severity of injury associated with receiving an electric shock:
Components of Fire
Classification of Fires  The type of Current:
Firefighting Techniques An alternating current (AC) is usually of more harm to human body than a direct current (DC) of the same
Equipment
magnitude. AC supply can cause ventricular fibrillation, muscle contraction. So, if you touch an AC source
Portable Fire Extinguishers with your hand, it can cause your hand to contract, and tightly grip the electrical source. This increases
Section-3: Electrical Safety the duration of the electric shock. Whereas, DC supply will throw you away from the source.
Fundamental Rules of  The level of Current:
Electricity The higher the level of current that flows through the body, the greater the risk of serious injury and even
Effect of Electricity on Human death.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Body's Resistance:
Use of Extension Cords Lower the body's resistance to electricity, higher the current will pass through the body, resulting in more
Section-4: Electrical Protective damage.
Devices
Introduction  Duration:
Types of Protective Devices Longer the duration of electric shock, greater the severity of injury.
Visual Inspection
 Current Path:
Electrical Circuits in Labs The route that electricity takes as it flows through the body is also critical. If it runs through chest, it is
Isolation likely to affect the heart. If it flows from the hand to the foot, then any injuries received are likely to be
confined to that part of the body.
Assessment Test
26
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs Alternating Current Levels and their Effect on the Human Body:
PPE
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Current Level Effect on the Human Body
Components of Fire
Portable Firefighting 1 mA A slight tingling sensation.
Equipment
Common Electrical Terms 2 – 9 mA A small shock.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human Muscle contraction, causing you to freeze. Burns are often apparent at the
10 – 24 mA
Body point of electrical contact.
Section-4: Electrical Protective Respiratory muscles can become paralyzed. Electrical shock is very
25 – 74 mA
Devices painful and entry and exit burns are often visible.
Introduction
Ventricular Fibrillation. Shock is usually fatal. In most cases entry and exit
Section-5: Safe System of Work 75 – 300 mA
Visual Inspection burns are clearly visible.
Isolation Death is almost certain. If you survive you will more than likely have
Greater than 300
severe burns to your skin, limbs and internal organs. Severely burnt limbs
mA
Assessment Test
often need to be amputated.
Note: Effects can defer depending on the circumstances.
27
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Electrical Hazards at Work:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety The typical electrical hazards found in offices are:
Components of Fire
Classification of Fires  Poorly installed and/or maintained electrical equipment.
 Faulty Wiring.
Equipment  Overloaded, overheated, or shorted outlets.
 The permanent use of flexible leads and extension cables that are prone to damage.
Common Electrical Terms  Working on a live equipment.
 Using electrical equipment near a water source (wet environment) or with wet hands.
Electricity
Body
Minimizing Electrical Hazards at Work:
Electrical Hazards at Work Following are the tips to minimize electrical hazards at work:
Section-4: Electrical Protective  Visually inspect the electrical appliances before use.
Devices
Introduction
 Switch off and unplug any faulty or suspect appliance, label it as faulty and report for maintenance.
Types of Protective Devices  Switch off and unplug the appliances/equipment when not in use, or during repair/maintenance.
Visual Inspection
 Do not force the plug into an outlet if it does not fit.
Electrical Circuits in Labs  Make sure that plugs are pushed fully into the socket, so that the pins are not exposed.
Isolation
 Do not unplug by pulling on the power cord.
 Do not run cords across walkways, high traffic areas, under the furniture or rug.
Assessment Test
 Access to electrical panels must not be blocked by storing items around.
28
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Use of Extension Cords:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety Extension cords are a convenient way to bring power to electrical devices in our homes, offices and schools.
Components of Fire While they are a convenient way to supply power right where you need it, they can also create hazards if
not used safely.
Equipment Proper use of extension cords is critical to our safety. With continuous use over time, an extension cord can
Portable Fire Extinguishers rapidly deteriorate, creating a potential electric shock or fire hazard.
Electricity
Dos:
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Extension cords should only be used on a temporary basis.
Use of Extension Cords  Visually inspect the extension cords for any physical damage before use.
Devices  Fully insert the plug of an extension cord into the power outlet.
Introduction  Pull on the plug and not the cord while removing an extension cord from the outlet.
Section-5: Safe System of Work  Unplug extension cords when not in use.
Visual Inspection  Store the extension cords indoors.
Isolation
 Keep extension cords away from water.
 Whenever possible, use extension cords having inbuilt fuse.
Assessment Test
 At KFUPM, use the fused extension cords provided, with a minimum current rating of 13 A.
29
Electrical Safety
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs Don'ts:
PPE
Housekeeping  Don't tangle the extension cord wire during use.
Components of Fire  Don't plug one extension cord into one another for extending connection length (Daisy Chaining).
Classification of Fires  Don't use an extension cord that has a lower current rating than that of the appliance to be powered.
Portable Firefighting  Don't overload an extension cord by connecting one or more appliances whose combined rating exceeds
Equipment the specified rating of the extension cord.
 Don’t run extension cords under rugs or carpets or in busy areas. This may overheat the extension cord.
Common Electrical Terms  Don't use extension cord in case the cord or the plug is damaged.
Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
30
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire
Equipment

Electricity
Devices
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
< Previous Next>

31
Electrical Protective Devices

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE Introduction:
Housekeeping
Section-2: Fire Safety The devices which are used to protect operators, equipment, machinery, and electrical and electronic
Components of Fire components, against short circuit, over current, and earth fault, are called as electrical protective devices.
Firefighting Techniques 1. Protective Devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against:
Equipment  Short Circuit
Portable Fire Extinguishers  Abnormal variations in the supply voltage
Common Electrical Terms  Electrical Overloads
Fundamental Rules of 2. Protective Devices also protect the operator against accidental contact with the faulty equipment,
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human wherein he may receive an electric shock.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work The commonly used protective devices used in electrical and electronic circuits are:
Section-4: Electrical Protective  Fuses
Devices
 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)
Introduction
Types of Protective Devices  Earthing or Grounding
 Double Insulation
Visual Inspection
Electrical Circuits in Labs  Residual Current Devices
Isolation
Assessment Test
32

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Fuse:
Safety Signs A fuse is a device used to prevent current overload. It consists up of two metal clamps joined by a thin fuse
PPE
Housekeeping wire, which is made up of low resistivity material having low melting point.
Components of Fire When the current drawn by the circuit exceeds the rated current of the fuse wire, the fuse wire melts and
Classification of Fires breaks. This disconnects the supply from the circuit and thus protects the circuit and the components in the
Portable Firefighting circuit.
Equipment
Portable Fire Extinguishers The maximum current that a fuse can carry, without being burnt is called the rating of the fuse wire. Current
Section-3: Electrical Safety rating of the fuse selected for the circuit should be slightly greater than maximum current rating of the
Fundamental Rules of machinery, appliance or components connected in the circuit.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human Fuses are very cheap and reliable, and offer a good level of protection for the electrical equipment against
Body the current overload.
The primary aim of the fuse is to protect the equipment, and not the people.
Devices
Introduction Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs):
Section-5: Safe System of Work MCBs are electromechanical devices that work in a similar way as fuses, to protect equipment from current
Visual Inspection overload. When the current drawn by load exceeds the rated value, it acts and trips the circuit, thus protecting
Isolation
the apparatus, operator and appliance. MCB is more sensitive to current than fuse.
The main advantage of MCBs over fuses is that they don't have to be removed in order to be reset.
Assessment Test
33

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Earthing or Grounding:
Safety Signs Earthing is a way of protecting equipment during electric fault, by allowing safe current flow to earth rather
PPE
Housekeeping than through a person who might be in contact with the equipment.
Components of Fire The earth wire of an electrical equipment is usually connected to the outer metal casing of the equipment. If
Classification of Fires the fault develops, the current in the casing will flow down to earth through earth wire. Any person touching
Portable Firefighting the casing will receive only a minor shock, since the majority of the current will flow safely to earth through
Equipment the low resistance earth wire.
Common Electrical Terms Double Insulation:
Fundamental Rules of As the name suggests, there are two layers of insulation between the user and the conductors. This
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human eliminates the need to provide earth protection. Hence, the double insulated cord will have only the live and
Body the neutral wire. It is commonly used as a means of protection for hand-held electrical equipment such as
Use of Extension Cords hedge-trimmers.
Devices Residual Current Devices (RCDs):
Introduction
Types of Protective Devices RCDs are specifically designed to protect human life in the event of electric shock. The principle of RCD is
Section-5: Safe System of Work that it constantly compares the amount of current flowing down the live and neutral wires, and trips the circuit
Visual Inspection
Electrical Circuits in Labs if an imbalance or loss of current is detected.
Isolation
Although RCDs provide excellent protection for people from electric shock, they do not provide protection
against over current.
Assessment Test
34
Module Contents

Basic Terms
Safety Signs
PPE
Housekeeping
Components of Fire
Equipment
Section-5: Safe Systems of Work

Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
35
Safe Systems of Work

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Routine Visual Inspection of a Portable Appliance:
Safety Signs The things to check during routine visual inspection are as follows:
PPE
Housekeeping
 Body of plug is intact and secure
Components of Fire
 Outer sheath of cord covers the inner cores all the way into the body of the plug and the appliance.
 Plug cable clamp appears to be tight.
Equipment  Cord appears fully insulated, with no splits or severe kinks/pinches.
Section-3: Electrical Safety  Body of appliance is intact.
Fundamental Rules of  Appliance cable clamp appears to be tight.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human  No obvious scorch marks to plug or appliance body.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Plug and appliance are not excessively soiled.
Section-4: Electrical Protective  Plug and appliance are not wet.
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test
36
Safe System of Work

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Electrical Circuits in Labs:
Safety Signs The following points must be kept in mind while working on electrical circuits in the labs:
PPE
Housekeeping
 Never hurry, and work carefully.
Components of Fire
 Connect the power source LAST.
 While working with a lab kit that has internal power supplies, turn the main power switch off before
Equipment beginning the work on circuits. Wait a few seconds for power supply capacitors to discharge.
Section-3: Electrical Safety  While working on a circuit that will be connected to external power supply, switch off the external
Fundamental Rules of power supply before starting to work on the circuit.
Electricity
Effect of Electricity on Human  Check circuit power supply voltages for proper value and type (DC or AC) before energizing the circuit.
Body
Electrical Hazards at Work  Do not run wires over moving or rotating equipment, or on the floor, or string them across walkways
Section-4: Electrical Protective from one bench to the other.
Devices
Introduction  Remove conductive watch bands or chains, finger rings, wrist watches etc., and do not use metallic
pencils, metal or metal edge rulers etc. when working with exposed circuits.
Visual Inspection
 When breaking an inductive circuit, open the switch with the left hand and turn your face away to
Isolation avoid any danger from electric arc which may occur across the switch terminals.
 When using large electrolytic capacitors be sure to wait long enough (approximately five time
Assessment Test
constants) for the capacitors to discharge before working on the circuit.
 All conducting surfaces intended to be at ground potential should be connected together.
37
Safe System of Work

Module Contents

Basic Terms
Emergency Procedures Isolation:
Safety Signs Most of the repair work on the electrical systems should be carried out with the system dead. This requires
PPE
Housekeeping the system to be isolated from its source of electrical power. Isolation involves following steps:
Components of Fire  Breaking of the circuit.
 Physical securing of the break in the circuit.
Portable Firefighting  Tagging (labeling) the circuit break.
Equipment
Electricity
Body
Devices
Introduction
Visual Inspection
Isolation
Assessment Test

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