THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A WAREHOUSE

BY

SIDNEY CLEN RATHFON

AND
JOHN BRUCE SUTHERLAND Jr.

THESIS
FOR THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

1912
 TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

In trod u ction ----------------------------------------- Page 1.

Theory and D e s ig n -------------------------------- Page 2.
Dead Load o f F l o o r s ----------------------------- Page 8.
F lo o r Framing D e s ig n ----------------------------Page 10.
Spandrel Sections ------------------------------ Page 25.
Design o f Pent House f o r E levator ------ Page 32.
Roof F ram in g----------------------------------------Page 36.

Column D e s ig n -------------------------------------- Page 40.

F o o t in g s --------------------------------------------- Page 51.
Plans, E levation s, and D eta ils -----------
 1.

INTRODUCTION
in recent years such marvelous advances have been made
in the fir e p r o o fin g o f la rge warehouses,and so rapid has been
the evolu tion o f the manufacture o f fir e p r o o fin g m ateria ls,
that only two types are in use at the present time. These two
types are namely; rein forced concrete and "s k e leto n ” or "cage"
construction with t i l e and concrete fo r fir e p r o o fin g . The f i r s t
type is considered superior by many in that i t permits o f
longer f lo o r spans.

I t is the ob ject o f th is th esis to d esign ,in cage const­

ruction with t i l e and concrete fir e p r o o fin g ,a warehouse with
the same f lo o r spans and head room as one already designed in
rein forced concrete by the Turner Construction Company. The
f lo o r plans,loads,and story heights were furnished by them
on plans s im ila r to those used in the e re c tio n o f the b u ild in g.

In the design based upon these f lo o r plans the procedure

was as fo llo w s ; new eleva tion s and framing plans were drawn,
a ft e r which the stru ctu ral work was designed.
 2.

THEORY AHD DESIGK

•

Two general types o f construction are used fo r ware­

houses, the fir e p r o o f and the m ill construction. M ill
construction is used in sm aller warehouses where lumber
is cheap and the question o f f i r s t cost o f the building
is o f maximum importance. The fir e p r o o f construction,
however, is much b e tte r and is fa s t superceding the m ill
construction fo r two reasons; the maintenance cost is
much lower and the insurance cost on the b u ildin g and
the goods contained th erein is approximately one tenth
what i t would be i f the b u ild in g were o f the " M i l l ” type.
Although f i r s t cost is higher, th is type o f b u ildin g is
a much more permanent structure and requires very l i t t l e
rep a ir. P r a c t ic a lly a l l la r g e r warehouses are now being
b u ilt as fir e p r o o f b u ild in gs. The usual fir e p r o o f ware­
house is b u ilt by the skeleton or cage construction
method.

Skeleton construction is construction in which a l l

loads external and in tern a l are transm itted from the top
o f the b u ild in g to the foundation by a skeleton or frame­
work o f metal . In such work the beams and g ird ers sh a ll
be r iv e te d to each other at th e ir res p e c tiv e junction
poin ts. The skeleton type o f s te e l framing is designed
to support only the v e r t ic a l loads and is not expected
to take up wind stresses to any extent.

The more approved and more modern construction being

 3.

used is the cage construction in which the s te e l

skeleton is braced to take a l l loads, so that i t is the
whole support fo r the b u ild in g, and w alls and flo o r s
merely held by i t . By means o f th is method heavy ex­
t e r io r or in t e r io r w alls used fo r bracing may be ommit-
ted, and merely thin curtain w alls used. Gage construc­
tio n th e re fo re , as exem plified by the best examples,
con sists o f a s te e l framework with w e ll riv e te d beam
and g ird e r connections, e f f i c i e n t l y sp liced column jo in ts ,
and e f f i c i e n t wind bracing, to secure independent s a fe ty
under a l l conditions o f loading and exposure.
*
Along with the question o f strong construction comes
the problem o f adequate f i r e p ro te c tio n . S c ie n t ific
fir e p r o o fin g o f a b u ildin g does not consist o f proper
s e le c tio n o f m aterials a^one,but the general plan o f
the b u ild in g must be such that the f i r e would be hinder­

ed from spreading. Wherever p ossib le a l l stairways

and e le v a to r shafts should be is o la te d by fir e p r o o f
w a lls . Power and mechanical plants should be confined
so that f i r e can not spread from them. F ire p ro o f
m aterials should be used throughout. These include
te r ra c o tta , cement, concrete, b rick , asbestos, and
m ackolite. A great deal o f care must be taken in d e t a il­
ing, to use these m aterials in «ttch a manner that they
w i l l form a fir e p r o o f construction. G irders, beams,

and columns should be i n t ir e ly surrounded by t i l e ,

concrete or other fir e p r o o f m aterial in such a manner,
 4.

that f i r e can obtain no access to the s te e l. Piping

should be reckoned on in the design so that pipes w i l l
not be put in the fir e p r o o fin g covering in such a way
as to give f i r e access to the member. The general f i r e ­
p roofin g requirements are:
1. General exellen ce o f design.
2. A ll flo o r s o f fir e p r o o f construction.
3. A ll columns o f masonry or s t e e l p rotected
from f i r e .
4. A ll outside p iers and w alls o f masonry
or s te e l protected from f i r e .
5. A ll p a rtitio n s and fu rrin g o f fir e p r o o f
construction.
The problem to be considered by the w rite rs was the

stru ctu ral design o f a warehouse. Our aim was to confine

ourselves to the stru ctu ral phase o f the work and to
omit the planning o f flo o r s ,w ith regard to e f f ic ie n t
handling o f work. To enable us to do th is we made a
redesign o f a concrete warehouse which has already been
b u ilt by the Turner Constrxiction Company. Our purpose was
to work th is b u ildin g up in s te e l, t i l e , and b rick
construction.

A new e x te r io r design o f the eleva tion s was done in

b rick with stone trimmings. These eleva tion s were
designed with the idea o f g iv in g a simple e x te r io r
which should g iv e a suggestion o f the purpose o f the
b u ild in g.
 5.

A fir e p r o o f f lo o r design was necessary. The use o f

long span segmental t i l e arches was determined upon as
"being the most economical. Sizes o f t i l e were obtained
from tab les compiled by the national F ire p ro o fin g
Company. A covering o f cinder concrete was used over the
tile , and a cement fin ish ed topping fo r the f lo o r surface.
Live loads obtained from the Turner Construction Company
were 500 pounds per square fo o t fo r the f i r s t flo o r , 300
pounds per square fo o t fo r the second, th ird , fourth, and
f i f t h flo o r s , and 100 pounds per square fo o t f o r ro o f. Such
heavy loads necessitated the use o f strong beams and g i r ­
ders. Box beams and gird ers were used to save as much
head room as p ossib le. Spans between beams were made uni­
form fo r segmental arches,and fo r ir re g u la r spans, f l a t
arches o f the Johnson type were used. T ie rods were put in
to take up the thrust o f each arch. Between w all columns
separate members r/ere used to take the spandrel and f lo o r

loads. Upon the second, th ird , fourth, and f i f t h flo o r s ,

only s in g le lin e s o f gird ers were needed to support the
arches and a l l beams at rig h t angles to these, running
between columns were merely used as s t iffe n e r s .
The w all design was next taken up. I t was considered
most economical fo r th is height o f b u ildin g to ixse the

s tra ig h t cage construction upon the fro n t and two ends

o f the b u ild in g, but the rear w all which contains
 6.

no windows, was fig iire d as s e l f supporting. A ll f lo o r

loads were carried by columns. The Chicago B uilding
Ordinances allow' a tw elve inch "brick w all as the
minumum thickness fo r curtain w a ll, and th is is what
was used on a l l flo o r s above the f i r s t story. Belowr the
f i r s t s to ry a sixteen inch w a ll was used. The back w all
which was s e l f supporting,was figu red f o r safe bearing
to obtain correct thickness. Spandrels were ca rried
by a channel with an angle rive te d to i t . The t o t a l
spandrel load was computed as being ca rried by the
channel. The angle was not considered as taking any
o f the bending moment.

The columns were designed to carry the f u l l dead

load and not less than the fo llo w in g proportion o f the
l i v e load:

Roof---------------------------------100 per cent

F ift h f l o o r -------------------------85 per cent
Fourth f l o o r ----------------------80 per cent
Third f l o o r --------------------- 75 per cent
Second f l o o r ---------------------- 70 per cent
F ir s t f l o o r --------------------- 65 per cent

The basement f lo o r was not carried on the columns or

on the fo o tin g s , but was supported d ir e c t ly by the
earth under i t . Eccentric loads were taken into con­
sid era tio n where they were o f any importance in the
design o f columns. Where such loads occured, the column
was designed from the fo llo w in g formula:
 7.

f = P/A - 70 L/r - My/l where

f = allow able stress per square inch.

P r load in pounds.
A s area o f column section in square inches.
L = length o f column in inches.
r = radius o f gyra tio n -- le a s t.
M s bending moment in pound inches.
i
y - e c c e n tr ic ity in inches.
I ^ moment o f in e r tia .

Footings were designed in rein fo rced concrete. The

allow able compressive stress used was 600 pounds per
square fo o t. The r e s is tin g pressure o f the s o i l , obtained
from the plans and s p e c ific a tio n s furnished by the
Turner Construction Company,, v/as three and one h a lf tons
per square fo o t. The w all fo o tin g s were placed so that
they would not extend over the bu ilding lin e more than

one and on e-h alf f e e t . For rectangular slabs, such as

column foundations, the common p ra c tic e is to run the

reinforcement by diagonals and squares, and a ft e r de­

ducting the area o f the column base, to consider the
remainder as eight c a n tile v e rs . Four p a r a lle l to the
sides and four on the diagonals, assuming one eighth o f
the load fo r each section , and ca lc u la tin g the re in ­
forcement fo r each overhang as a uniform ly loaded
c a n tile v e r.
r
8.

D B A D LOAD
P I 1R3 T
3ecfm e n ta l Tile A rc h 2<S Lhs
Cmc/er Concrete filling cu. ft.
(<p l/O ^p ^r 4G^~ „
C em en t topping @140* <
> „ „ 83ji
S ea m s t£
Total on JBect/ms 93.0
d ird e rs

T o ta l on G ird e rs 9 8.0

TYPICAL F L O O S
& m e n t a l Arch s
^At e e
C in d e r C o n c r e te filling Q S S’
^ Cement topping @ 140 *• /# t. e.s it

-S e o m s
a_
T o ta / on J 3 0 .i3

RO O F
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