Accepted Manuscript

Multiple Cylindrical Interface Cracks in FGM Coated Cylinders under Torsional

Transient Loading

M. Noroozi, A. Ghassemi, A. Atrian, M. Vahabi

PII: S0167-8442(18)30108-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.08.015
Reference: TAFMEC 2094

To appear in: Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics

Received Date: 4 March 2018

Revised Date: 11 August 2018
Accepted Date: 27 August 2018

Please cite this article as: M. Noroozi, A. Ghassemi, A. Atrian, M. Vahabi, Multiple Cylindrical Interface Cracks
in FGM Coated Cylinders under Torsional Transient Loading, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics (2018),
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.08.015

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 Multiple Cylindrical Interface Cracks in FGM Coated Cylinders
under Torsional Transient Loading
M. Noroozi1,2, A. Ghassemi 1,2*, A. Atrian1,2, M. Vahabi1,2
1
Modern manufacturing technologies research center, Najafabad Branch , Islamic Azad University,
Najafabad, Iran
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad , Iran
noroozifo@smc.iaun.ac.ir , *a_ghassemi@pmc.iaun.ac.ir, atrian@pmc.iaun.ac.ir , m.vahabi@pmc.iaun.ac.ir

Abstract
In the present study, the problem of multiple cylindrical interface cracks between a
homogeneous circular cylinder and its functionally graded materials (FGM) coating under
torsional impact loading is investigated. First, by using the Laplace and complex Fourier
transforms, the solution for Somigliana-type dynamic rotational ring dislocation in a cylinder
and its coating is obtained. Next, the distributed dislocation technique is employed to derive a
set of Cauchy singular integral equations for multiple cylindrical interface cracks situated
between the isotropic cylinder and its FGM coating. These integral equations are solved by
Erdogan’s collocation method; the dislocation densities on the faces of the cracks are
obtained, and the results are used to determine dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs).
Several examples are provided to study the influences of material nonhomogeneity constant,
the FGM layer thickness and crack geometry configuration on the DSIFs at the tips of cracks
and, the interaction between the cracks.

Keywords: Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors; Transient; Cylindrical Interface Cracks;

FGM Coating; Dislocation Density.

1. Introduction

In recent years, functionally graded materials (FGMs) as coating and interfacial zones have
been widely applied in structures exposed to harsh environments and severe thermal shocks.
FGMs coating and FGMs interlayer help reduce mechanically- and thermally-induced
stresses caused by material property mismatch; they also improve bonding strength. Typical
applications of FGMs comprise thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of high temperature
components in gas turbines and as inter-layers in microelectronic and optoelectronic
components. Therefore, fracture analysis of an FGMs coating-substrate system and an FGMs
interlayer is an important design consideration and has attracted the attention of many
researchers [1-3]. Delale and Erdogan identified the stress intensity factors for a crack
situated in the interfacial nonhomogeneous layer between two dissimilar elastic half-planes
under tension [4]. Ozturk and Erdogan determined axisymmetric solutions for a penny-
shaped crack in an interfacial nonhomogeneous layer between two dissimilar elastic half-
spaces under torsion [5] and under tension [6]. The axially symmetric problem of a
cylindrical crack in the nonhomogeneous region of two coaxial elastic cylinder under Mode-
III loading was studied by Han and Wang [7]. Choi et al. investigated the embedded collinear
cracks in a layered half plane with a graded nonhomogeneous interfacial zone under static
mechanical load [8]. Shbeeb and Binienda analyzed an interface crack in an FGM strip

1
sandwiched between two homogeneous layers of finite thickness and determined the stress
intensity factors and strain energy release rate [9]. The axisymmetric problem for a
cylindrical crack in an interfacial zone between a circular elastic cylinder and an infinite
elastic medium under Mode I loading was investigated by Itou and Shima [10]. Itou directed
a study of a crack in an FGM layer between two homogeneous half planes. In his paper, the
integral equation was solved using the Schmidt method, and a stress intensity factor was
calculated [11]. An analytical model for fracture analysis of an FGM interfacial zone with a
Griffith crack under the anti-plane shearing load was developed by Wang et al. [12].
Dhaliwal et al. analyzed the problem of a cylindrical interface crack between two dissimilar
nonhomogeneous coaxial finite elastic cylinders under axially symmetric longitudinal shear
stress. They identified the stress intensity factor using dual series equations [13]. Jin and
Batra [14] investigated the interface cracking between ceramic and/or FGM coatings and a
substrate under anti-plane shear. The interface crack problem between the functionally graded
ceramic coating and the homogeneous substrate was studied by Chen and Erdogan [15]. In
this study, the mixed mode crack problem was formulated for a crack subjected to surface
tractions. Huang et al. developed a brand-new model for the approximate analysis of FGMs,
the properties of which may vary arbitrarily, and solved the problem of a crack in an FGM
coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate under a static anti-plane shearing load [16]. The
crack problem of an FGM coating-substrate structure with an internal or edge crack
perpendicular to the interface was investigated under an in-plane load by Guo et al. [17]. A
multi-layered model for the crack problem of FGMs under plane stress state deformation with
arbitrarily varying Young’s modulus was proposed by Huang et al. [18]. A study by Chen
and Chue [19] dealt with the anti-plane problems of two bonded FGM strips weakened by an
internal crack normal to the interface. Asadi et al. [20] obtained the stress fields for an
orthotropic strip with defects and imperfect FGM coating using the Volterra screw
dislocation. Cheng et al. [21] studied the plane elasticity problem of two bonded dissimilar
FGM strips containing an interface crack in which material properties varied arbitrarily. The
problem of a tubular interface crack in a bi-layered cylindrical composite of finite thickness
under torsion was studied by Li et al. [22]. The fracture analysis on a layered cylinder
consisting of an inner and an outer functionally graded elastic circular tube with a cylinder
interface crack under static torsion was performed by Shi [23]. In many engineering
applications, nonhomogeneous structures may be subjected to dynamic loadings. In relation
to the dynamic crack problem, Ueda et al. [24] reported the torsional impact response of a
penny-shaped crack on a bimaterial interface. They determined the dynamic stress intensity
factor and discussed its dependence on time and material constants. Itou obtained the
dynamic stresses of a crack in a nonhomogeneous interfacial layer between two elastic half-
planes under tension [25]. The problem of a cylindrical crack located in an FGM interlayer
between two coaxial dissimilar homogeneous cylinders and subjected to a torsional impact
loading was examined by Li et al. [26]. Li and Weng [27] investigated the dynamic stress
intensity factor of a cylindrical interface crack located between two coaxial dissimilar
homogeneous cylinders that are bonded with an FGM interlayer and subjected to a torsional
impact loading. Later, they considered the elastodynamic response of a penny-shaped crack
located in an FGM interlayer between two dissimilar homogeneous half spaces and subjected
to a torsional impact loading [28]. The transient response analysis of an FGM coating-

2
substrate system with an internal or edge crack perpendicular to the interface under an in-
plane impact load was carried out by Guo et al. [29]. The problem of a cylindrical interface
crack located between an FGM interlayer and its external homogeneous cylinder and
subjected to a torsional impact loading was considered by Feng et al. [30]. The main
objective of the present study was to provide a theoretical analysis of the dynamic fracture
behavior of multiple cylindrical interface cracks between a homogeneous cylinder and its
FGM coating subjected to torsional transient loading. The technique necessitates the solution
of the Somigliana-type dynamic rotational ring dislocation in the region. Laplace and
complex Fourier transforms were employed to obtain transformed displacement and stress
fields. The dislocation solution and Buckner’s principle were employed in the construction of
integral equations for the homogeneous circular cylinder and its FGM coating weakened by
cylindrical interface cracks. The integral equations were of the Cauchy singular types and
solved numerically to determine the density of the dislocation on a crack’s faces. The
numerical examples are given to show the effects thickness of the FGM layer, the material
properties, and the interaction between the cracks upon the fracture behavior.

2. Formulation of the Problem

In this study, an isotropic circular cylinder with its radius coated by an FGM layer with a
thickness of . The circular cylindrical coordinate was selected such that the -axis was
along the longitudinal direction and the origin was located at the center of the cross-section.
For the problem in question, there is only anti-plane deformation being independent
of , and two other elastic displacements, and , oriented in the and axes vanish.
Consequently, the constitutive equations read as

(1)

where is the shear modulus of elasticity of the isotropic cylinder, and is the shear
modulus in the FGM coating. By using Eq. (1), the equilibrium equation, , for
each region leads to

(2)

where and are the materials mass density of the isotropic cylinder and FGM coating,
respectively. We will assume that material properties of the FGM are approximated by

(3)

3
where , and are the material constants of FGM. Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2), the
equation of motion can be rewritten as

(4)

The values and are the reciprocal of the shear wave velocity in
the isotropic cylinder and FGM coating, respectively. Let a Somigliana-type dynamic
rotational ring dislocation with Burgers vector be situated at with dislocation cut
in axial direction . The stress and displacement fields for the dislocation for the current
problem can be expressed as follows

(5)

where is the Heaviside step-function. The traction-free condition on the curved surface
of FGM coating is

(6)

Applying the standard Laplace transform and letting

(7)

Eq. (4) can be converted into

(8)

To obtain the solution of the spatial differential Eq. (8), the complex Fourier transform is
introduced as follows

(9)

The application of Eq. (9) to Eq. (8) yields

(10)

4
The finite solutions to Eq. (10) as are readily known

(11)

where and and the coefficients and are

unknown functions. Also, In Eq. (10), and are the modified Bessel functions of the
first and second kinds, respectively. From Eq. (9) and Eq. (10), we can obtain the
displacements in the Laplace domain as follow

(12)

Subsequently, the shear stresses and in the Laplace transform domain can be
obtained from Eq. (1) and Eq. (12).

(13)

The application of the Laplace transforms to conditions (4) and (5) results in

(14)

Applying the boundary condition in Eq. (14) to the Eq. (12) and Eq. (13) leads to

(15)

wherein

5
 (16)

Substituting Eq. (15) into Eq. (13), and after a lengthy analysis, the stress components yields

(17)

where

(18)

The integrals in the Laplace transform of the stress component , do not converge for the
points in the vicinity of the dislocation . To circumvent this difficulty, an asymptotic
analysis of the integrands is carried out as , leading to

(19)

From Eq. (19), it may be observed that the Laplace transform of the stress component
exhibits the familiar Cauchy-type singularity at the dislocation location, i.e.
.

6
3. Formulation of Multiple Cylindrical Interface Cracks

To analyze the cylindrical interface crack problems in an isotropic cylinder with FGM
coating, the dislocation solutions obtained in Section 2 can be implemented. With this
technique, the dislocations are distributed in the locations of the crack, and the stress fields
are determined for the cracked medium. Consider an isotropic cylinder bonded to an FGM
coating weakened by an cylindrical interface crack. The geometry of an interfacial crack
may be described in parametric form, as

(20)

where and are the coordinates of the upper and lower tips and half-length of the
j-th crack, respectively. Suppose the Laplace transform of the dislocations with unknown
density are distributed on the infinitesimal segment at the surfaces of the j-th
interface crack located at Employing the principal of superposition, the traction
component caused by the dislocations distributed on the surface of all
cracks is

(21)

From Eq. (16), the kernel of integral (25) become

(22)

The kernel in Eq. (17) represents a Cauchy-type singularity for as . Therefore, by

means of the Taylor series expansion, we have

(23)

Using the definition of dislocation density function, the equation for the crack opening
displacement across the j-th crack yields

(24)

7
The single-valuedness of the displacement field out of the embedded cracks, i.e. the
cylindrical interface cracks, implies that their related dislocation densities are imposed on the
closure requirement as

(25)

To obtain the dislocation density, the Cauchy singular integral (25) and the closure equation
(28) are to be solved simultaneously. The stress field near the interfacial crack tips has a
square-root singularity [31]; therefore, the Laplace transform of the dislocation densities on
the surface of embedded cracks is grouped as [32]

(26)

The substitution of Eq. (26) into Eqs. (21) and (25) and the application of the numerical
technique devised by Erdogan et al. [33] result in , . The DSIFs in
the Laplace transform domain for a cylindrical interface crack are defined as

(27)

The substitution of Eqs. (23) and (26) into (21) and the resultant equations into (27) yield the
Laplace transform of the DSIFs at the crack tips for the j-th crack

(28)

The dynamic stress intensity factor in the time domain can be obtained by the Stehfest’s
method, e.g., see Vafa et al. [34].

4. Numerical Examples

The theoretical analysis developed in the preceding section was used to investigate the effects
of pertinent parameters upon the DSIFs of the multiple cylindrical interface cracks. Several
examples were solved to demonstrate the applicability of the distributed dislocation
technique. Variations in the interface crack length, material nonhomogeneity constant, FGM
layer thickness, and the interaction between the cracks on the DSIFs were investigated. In all
the proceeding examples, the radius of the isotropic cylinder was . Also, the
dynamic shear stress was applied on the surface of the cracks, in which is
the constant twisting load. The DSIFs were normalized as where is
taken and is the half length of the crack. The results of the examples are represented versus
non-dimensional time , where

8
Example 1: An infinite medium with a cylindrical crack

The solution of the dislocation method given in this manuscript was demonstrated and
verified with the published results. For the first example, the problem of an isotropic infinite
medium ( ) containing a cylindrical crack under statically
torsional loading ( ) was considered. Fig. 2 shows the variations in the normalized
stress intensity factor versus the normalized crack length for the crack tip. As can be seen
in Fig. 1, the results obtained from [35] validate the results of this study.

4
Present Study
Refference [32]
3.5

=0
3 1=2
1=2
k III (t) / k0

2.5

1.5

1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
a/l

Fig. 1. Normalized at for infinite isotropic medium with cylindrical crack

Example 2: An isotropic cylinder with FGM coating weakened by a cylindrical interface

crack
The second example dealt with a homogeneous cylinder with radius bound to a
nonhomogeneous layer with a thickness of , which was weakened by a cylindrical crack
at the interface. Considering the crack symmetrically relative to the , we have
, and then they are written as The normalized DSIFs versus
normalized time were calculated, and the results are shown graphically in Figs. 2–4.
From these figures, it is clearly seen that generally, the DSIFs had a main peak value
appearing at about , and after reaching the main peak, those values diminished
gradually and tended to the static values. Fig. 2 shows the influence of the interfacial crack
length on the normalized DSIFs with at and As expected,
normalized DSIFs increased with increases to the interface crack length

9
 3.5
l/a=0.5
l/a=1.0
3 l/a=1.5
b/a=2 l/a=2.0
2.5 =1

2
k III(t) / k0

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c1 t / l

Fig. 2. The variation of normalized DSIFs with crack length

The effect of the FGM thickness, i.e. , on the variation of the normalized DSIFs is shown
in Fig. 3. The other parameters were chosen as and , indicating that the
normalized DSIFs decreased with increases in ; that is, a thicker FGM coating was
beneficial in reducing DSIFs.

3.5
b/a=1.15
b/a=1.25
3
b/a=1.50
b/a=2.0
2.5
l/a=1
=1
2
k III (t) / k0

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c1 t / l

Fig. 3. The effect of the FGM coating thickness on the normalized DSIFs

The normalized DSIFs versus for different values of the nonhomogeneity constants of
the FGM coating is depicted in Fig. 4, while and . As it might be observed,

10
for definite values of and , DSIFs are reduced with growing nonhomogeneity
constants.

2.5
=0.5
=1.5
=2.5
l/a=1 =5.0
b/a=2
2
k III (t) / k0

1.5

1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c1 t / l

Fig. 4. The effect of the nonhomogeneity constant on the normalized DSIFs

Example 3: An isotropic cylinder with FGM coating weakened by two

cylindrical interface cracks

In the last example, an isotropic cylinder with FGM coating containing two concentric
cylindrical interface cracks was analyzed. In this problem, the interaction between the two
cylindrical interfacial cracks was studied. The cracks were symmetrically located relative to
the , where the distance separating the two inner crack tips was The up and down
cracks relative to the were designated cracks 1 and 2, respectively. They were
identical, each having a crack length of Therefore, we have
and The graphs of those versus are plotted in Figs. 5-6,
respectively. Figs. 5-6 illustrate the effect of the interaction between the two cylindrical
interfacial cracks for different values of spacing , where other factors were selected as
, and . In comparison with the previous example, it was observed
that the interaction between cracks enhanced the SIFs of the crack tips, which were more
pronounced at the lower tip of the upper crack (crack number one) and the upper tip of the
lower crack (crack number two), because these are closer to each other. Also, as
approaches infinity, the values of DSIFs are set to the values of a crack.

11
 10 d/a=0.01
d/a=0.10
9
d/a=1.00
8 d/a=Infinity
l/a=1
k III,l1 (t) / k0 , k III,u2 (t) / k0

7 b/a=2
6  =1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c1 t / l

Fig. 5. Interaction between two concentric cylindrical interface cracks

3
d/a=0.01
d/a=0.10
d/a=1.00
2.5 d/a=Infinity

l/a=1
k III,u1 (t) / k0 , k III,l2 (t) / k0

2 b/a=2
 =1
1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c1 t/l

Fig. 6. Interaction between two concentric cylindrical interface cracks

5. Concluding remarks

In this paper, the fracture behavior of multiple cylindrical interface cracks between a
homogeneous circular cylinder and its FGM coating subjected to torsional transient loading
using the distributed dislocation technique was studied. The problem was reduced to a set of
singular integral equations with a Cauchy-type singular kernel by means of Laplace and
complex Fourier transforms. The numerical solutions to integral equations result in the
dislocation density function on a crack surface, thereby determining the SIFs for cracks.
These integral equations were solved with the numerical method, and the SIFs at the
interfacial crack tips were calculated. To study the effect of the nonhomogeneity constant, the
FGM layer thickness and crack length as well as the interaction between cracks and DSIFs
12
were obtained for some examples. From the numerical results, the following key points were
observed: (i) The DSIFs rise rapidly, and after reaching the main peak, they diminish
gradually and tend to the static values. (ii) The DSIFs increase with increases in interface
crack length. (iii) The magnitude of the DSIFs decreases with increases in the material
gradient and FGM coating thickness. (iv) The interaction between cracks is an important
factor affecting the DSIFs of crack tips.

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15
We solve problem of Somigliana-type dynamic rotational dislocation in FGM coated
cylinder.

We use the dislocation distribution technique for analysis of multiple

cylindrical interface cracks.

Nonhomogeneity constant has an efficient effect on DSIFs.

FGM layer thickness and crack length have also a crucial effect on DSIFs.

16