ChE 197 Lecture 01 - Principles of Renewable Energy

ChE 197: Introduction to
Renewable Energy
Lecture 01
Principles of Renewable Energy
August 04, 2018
Outline
• What is Energy
• Units of Energy
• End Uses of Energy
• Energy Resources
• Energy Planning
• Scientific Principles of Renewable Energy
• Technical Implications in Renewable Energy
2
What is Energy?
• Energy is the ability to do work
• Many forms of energy exist, but they all fall into two basic categories:
• Potential energy
• stored energy and the energy of position
• Kinetic energy
• energy in motion
• motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects
3
Definitions from US Energy Information Administration (www.eia.gov)
Potential Energy
• Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and
molecules.
• Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of
chemical energy.
• Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when people burn
wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine.
4
Potential Energy
• Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by tension.
• Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of
stored mechanical energy.
5
Potential Energy
• Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom—the
energy that holds the nucleus together.
• Large amounts of energy can be released when the nuclei are
combined or split apart.
6
Potential Energy
• Gravitational energy is energy stored in an object's height.
• The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is
stored. When a person rides a bicycle down a steep hill and picks up
speed, the gravitational energy is converting to motion energy.
• Hydropower is another example of gravitational energy, where gravity
forces water down through a hydroelectric turbine to produce
electricity.
7
Kinetic Energy
• Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse
waves.
• Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays, and radio
waves.
• Light is one type of radiant energy.
• Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and warmth that
make life on earth possible.
8
Kinetic Energy
• Thermal energy, or heat, is the energy that comes from the
movement of atoms and molecules in a substance.
• Heat increases with increases in the speed that these particles move.
• Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the earth.
9
Kinetic Energy
• Motion energy is energy stored in the movement of objects.
• The faster they move, the more energy is stored.
• It takes energy to get an object moving, and energy is released when
an object slows down.
• Wind is an example of motion energy.
• A dramatic example of motion energy is a car crash—a car comes to a
total stop and releases all of its motion energy at once in an
uncontrolled instant.
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Kinetic Energy
• Sound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves.
• Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to
vibrate. The energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.
• Typically, the energy in sound is smaller than in other forms of energy.
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Kinetic Energy
• Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged particles called
electrons, typically moving through a wire.
• Lightning is an example of electrical energy in nature.
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Laws of Energy
• Law of conservation of energy says that energy is neither created nor
destroyed.
• When people use energy, it doesn't disappear. Energy changes from
one form of energy into another form of energy.
• A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in
gasoline into mechanical energy.
• Solar photovoltaic cells change radiant energy into electrical energy.
• Energy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe
stays the same.
13
Energy Conversions
• Energy efficiency measures the amount of
useful energy obtained from a system.
• A perfectly energy-efficient machine
would convert all of the energy put into
the machine to useful work.
• In reality, converting one form of energy
into another form of energy always
involves a conversion into useable (or
useful energy) and unusable (or unuseful)
forms of energy.
14
Units of Energy
• Joule (J) - equal to the force of one Newton acting through one meter
• Watt (W) - power of a Joule of energy per second
• Power = Current x Voltage (P=IV)
• Watt (W) - power from a current of 1 Ampere flowing through 1 Volt
• kilowatt-hour (kWh) - energy of one kilowatt power flowing for one
hour
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Units of Energy
Alternative units of energy
• calorie (cal) - amount needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water
by 1 degree Centigrade
• British Thermal Unit (BTU) - amount needed to raise temperature of 1
pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit
Alternative unit of Power

• horsepower (hp) = 745.7 Watts
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Units of Energy
Energy density
• The amount of energy that can be stored in a given mass of a
substance or system.
• The higher the energy density of a system or material, the greater the
amount of energy stored in its mass.
• Energy can be stored in many different types of substances and
systems.
• When calculating the amount of energy in a system most often
only useful or extractable energy is measured.
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Definitions from Energy Education Team of University of Calgary
Units of Energy
Energy density
• A material can release energy in four types of reactions - nuclear,
chemical, electrochemical and electrical.
• Energy density is generally expressed in two ways:
• Volumetric energy density
• how much energy a system contains in comparison to its volume
• typically expressed in watt-hours per liter (Wh/L) or Megajoules per liter (MJ/L)
• Gravimetric energy density (Specific energy)
• how much energy a system contains in comparison to its mass
• typically expressed in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg), or Megajoules per kilogram
(MJ/kg)
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Units of Energy
Energy density
• Many different materials can store energy, ranging from food, to
diesel, to uranium.
• These materials are known collectively as fuels, and all of these fuels
are used as energy sources for a variety of systems.
• When the fuels come directly from nature (like crude oil) they are
called primary fuels
• When the fuels have to be modified so they can be used (like
gasoline) they're referred to as secondary fuels.
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Units of Energy
Reaction Density
Fuel Type Typical Uses
Type (MJ/kg)
Energy
Reaction Density (
Wood Chemical
Fuel Type Type16 MJ/kg) Space heating, Cooking
Typical uses
Wood Chemical 16 Space heating, Cooking
Coal Chemical
Coal 24
Chemical Power plants, Electricity generation
24 Power plants, Electricity generation
Ethanol Chemical 26.8 Gasoline mixture, Alcohol, Chemical products
Biodiesel Chemical Gasoline mixture, Alcohol,
38 automotive engine
Ethanol Chemical 26.8
Crude oil Chemical Chemical products
44 Refinery, Petroleum products
Diesel Chemical 45 Diesel engines
Biodiesel Chemical
Gasoline 38
Chemical automotive engine
46 Gasoline engines
Natural
Crude Oil Chemical
gas 44
Chemical Refinery, Petroleum products
55 Household heating, Electricity generation
Uranium-
Diesel Chemical
235 45
Nuclear Diesel engines
3900000 Nuclear reactorelectricity generation
Gasoline Chemical 46 Gasoline engines

Household heating, Electricity
Natural Gas Chemical 55
generation
Uranium- Nuclear reactor, electricity
Nuclear 3,900,000
135 generation
20
Figure from Energy Education Team of University of Calgary
Units of Energy
• You have a natural gas furnace in your home that used 81,300 cubic
feet of natural gas for heating last winter. Your neighbor has a furnace
that burns heating oil that used 584 gallons of heating oil last winter.
How much energy did you and your neighbor use for heating?
Use the following energy densities:

• Natural gas: 1,037 Btu/cubic foot
• Heating oil: 138,500 Btu/gallon
21
Exercise from US Energy Information Administration (www.eia.gov)
Units of Energy
• You need a new furnace for your home, and you are comparing heating
systems that use natural gas with systems that use heating oil. One factor
to consider is the cost of the fuels.
• How can you compare the price of the fuels on an equal basis? Show the
corresponding values for natural gas and heating oil.
Use:
Price and energy density:
• Natural gas: $10.40 per thousand cubic feet | 1,037 Btu/cubic foot
• Heating oil: $2.70 per gallon | 138,500 Btu/gallon
22
Exercise from US Energy Information Administration (www.eia.gov)
Units of Energy
Barrels of oil
• In the United States and throughout the oil industry world-wide, an
oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 159 liters or 35
imperial gallons.
• In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic meters but convert to
barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported
to the US.
• The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic meter = 6.2898 oil barrels,
but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the
border since the exact conversion factor depends on oil density and
temperature.
23
Units of Energy
Barrels of oil
• Mbbl - one thousand barrels
• MMbbl - one million barrels
• Standard barrel of oil - amount of oil that at a standard pressure and

temperature would occupy a volume of exactly 1 bbl.
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Outline
• What is Energy
• Units of Energy
• Energy Planning
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End Uses of Energy
• Buildings sector
• Residential sector
• Commercial sector
• Industrial sector
• Transportation sector
26
End Uses of Energy
• Residential sector
• energy consumed by
households, excluding
transportation uses
• heating, cooling, lighting,
and water heating and
for many other
appliances and
equipment
27
End Uses of Energy
• occurs in profit-seeking and
nonprofit enterprises
engaged in commercial-scale
activity (often called the
service sector)
• consists of businesses,
institutions, and
organizations that provide
services, encompassing many
different types of buildings
and a wide range of activities
and energy-related services
28
End Uses of Energy
• Examples of commercial sector
buildings include retail stores,
office buildings, government
buildings, restaurants, hotels,
schools, hospitals, and leisure
and recreational facilities.
• Some nonbuilding energy use is
included in the commercial
sector, where it contributes to
public services such as traffic
lights and water and sewer
systems.
29
End Uses of Energy
• Industrial sector
• encompasses manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and
construction—and a wide range of activities, such as processing
and assembly, space conditioning, and lighting
• also includes natural gas and petroleum products used as
feedstocks for the production of non-energy products, such as
plastics and fertilizer
30
End Uses of Energy
• Transportation sector
• Energy consumed in moving people and goods by road, rail, air,
water, and pipeline
• Road transport component of transportation energy use includes
light-duty vehicles, such as automobiles, sport utility vehicles,
minivans, small trucks, and motorbikes, as well as heavy-duty
vehicles, such as large trucks used for moving freight and buses
used for passenger travel.
31
Energy Resources
Non-renewable energy resources
• Energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain
underground unless released by human interaction.
• Examples are nuclear fuels and fossil fuels of coal, oil and natural gas.
• The energy is initially an isolated energy potential, and external action
is required to initiate the supply of energy for practical purposes.
• Also referred to as finite supplies or Brown Energy.
32
Energy Resources
Renewable energy resources
• Energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy
occurring in the immediate environment
• Note that the energy is already passing through the environment as
a current or flow, irrespective of there being a device to intercept and
harness this power.
• Such energy may also be called Green Energy or Sustainable Energy.
33
Energy Resources
Renewable vs Non-Renewable
34
Energy Resources
There are five ultimate primary sources of useful energy:
1. The Sun
2. The motion and gravitational potential of the Sun, Moon and Earth
3. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and
radioactive decay in the Earth
4. Human-induced nuclear reactions
5. Chemical reactions from mineral sources
35
Energy Resources
Global data on
natural energy
currents
(in terrawatts
or 1012 W)
36
Energy Resources
• Resources data have little value for practical engineering applications
• Particular sites can have remarkably different environments and
possibilities for harnessing renewable energy.
• Flat regions, have little opportunity for hydro-power but may have
wind power.
• Tropical rain forests may have biomass energy sources, but deserts at
the same latitude have none
• Practical renewable energy systems have to be matched to
particular local environmental energy flows occurring in a particular
region.
37
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Energy sources are classified as non-renewable because they do not form or
replenish in a short period of time.
The four major non-renewable energy sources are

- Crude oil
- Natural gas
- Coal
- Uranium (nuclear energy)
All fossil fuels are non-renewable, but not all non-renewable energy
sources are fossil fuels
38
Crude Oil
• a mixture of hydrocarbons that
formed from plants (diatoms) and
animals that lived millions of years ago
• a fossil fuel, which exists in liquid form
in underground pools or reservoirs, in
tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks,
and near the surface in tar (or oil)
sands
• The word petroleum means rock
oil or oil from the earth.
39
Crude Oil
40
Figure from US Energy Information Administration (www.eia.gov)
Crude Oil
41
Natural Gas
• occurs deep beneath the earth's surface
• consists mainly of methane, but also contains small amounts of
hydrocarbon gas liquids and nonhydrocarbon gases
• colorless, odorless, and tasteless
• used as a fuel and
to make materials
and chemicals
42
Natural Gas
43
Coal
• a combustible black or brownish-
black sedimentary rock with a high
amount of carbon and hydrocarbons
• contains the energy stored by plants
that lived hundreds of millions of
years ago in swampy forests.
• The plants were covered by layers of
dirt and rock over millions of years.
The resulting pressure and heat
turned the plants into the substance
we call coal.
44
Coal
45
Coal
Four main types (ChE 140)
The ranking depends on the types and amounts of carbon the coal
contains and on the amount of heat energy the coal can produce. The
rank of a coal deposit is determined by the amount of pressure and
heat that acted on the plants over time.
46
Coal
• Anthracite contains 86%–97% carbon, and generally has the highest
heating value of all ranks of coal.
• Bituminous coal contains 45%–86% carbon.
• Subbituminous coal typically contains 35%–45% carbon, and it has a
lower heating value than bituminous coal.
• Lignite contains 25%–35% carbon and has the lowest energy content
of all coal ranks. Lignite coal deposits tend to be relatively young and
were not subjected to extreme heat or pressure. Lignite is crumbly
and has high moisture content, which contributes to its low heating
value.
47
Uranium
• There is enormous energy present
in the bonds that hold the nucleus
together.
• This nuclear energy can be
released when those bonds are
broken.
• The bonds can be broken through
nuclear fission, and this energy
can be used to produce electricity.
48
Uranium
• In nuclear fission, atoms are split
apart, which releases energy.
• All nuclear power plants use
nuclear fission, and most nuclear
power plants use uranium atoms.
• During nuclear fission, a neutron
hits a uranium atom and splits it,
releasing a large amount of
energy in the form of heat and
radiation.
49
Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear energy can also be released in
nuclear fusion, in which atoms are
combined or fused together to form a
larger atom.
• This is the source of energy in the sun
and stars.
• Nuclear fusion is the subject of ongoing
research as a source of energy for heat
and electricity generation, but it is not
yet clear whether or not it will be a
commercially viable technology because
of the difficulty of controlling a fusion
reaction.
50
Uranium
• Uranium is the fuel most widely
used by nuclear plants for nuclear
fission.
• Uranium is considered to be a
non-renewable energy source,
even though it is a common metal
found in rocks worldwide.
• Nuclear power plants use a
certain kind of uranium, referred
to as U-235, for fuel because its
atoms are easily split apart.
51
Renewable Energy Resources
Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite, renewable energy sources regenerate.
There are five commonly used renewable energy sources:
• Biomass—includes:
• Wood and wood waste
• Municipal solid waste
• Landfill gas and biogas
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Hydropower
• Geothermal
• Wind
• Solar
52
Biomass
• Biomass is organic material that comes from
plants and animals, and is a renewable
source of energy.
• Biomass contains stored energy from the sun.
Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process
called photosynthesis.
• When biomass is burned, the chemical
energy in biomass is released as heat.
Biomass can be burned directly or converted
to liquid biofuels or biogas that can be
burned as fuels.
53
Biomass
Examples
• wood and wood processing wastes —
burned to heat buildings, to produce
process heat in industry, and to generate
electricity
• agricultural crops and waste materials —
burned as a fuel or converted to liquid
biofuels
• food, yard, and wood waste in garbage —
burned to generate electricity in power
plants or converted to biogas in landfills
• animal manure and human sewage —
converted to biogas, which can be burned
as a fuel
54
Biomass
• Burning is only one way to release the energy in biomass. Biomass
can be converted to other useable forms of energy such as methane
gas or transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
• Methane gas is a component of landfill gas or biogas that forms when
garbage, agricultural waste, and human waste decompose in landfills
or in special containers called digesters.
• Crops such as corn and sugar cane are fermented to produce fuel
ethanol for use in vehicles. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, is
produced from vegetable oils and animal fats.
55
Biofuels
• Biofuels are transportation fuels such as
ethanol and biodiesel that are made
from biomass materials.
• These fuels are usually blended with
petroleum fuels (gasoline and diesel
fuel), but they can also be used on their
own.
• Using ethanol or biodiesel means less
gasoline and diesel fuel is burned, which
can reduce the amount of import crude
oil
• Ethanol and biodiesel are also cleaner-
burning fuels than pure gasoline and
diesel fuel.
56
Biofuels
Feedstock for ethanol production: Feedstock for biodiesel production:
• Corn • Vegetable oils
• Sorghum • Fats
• Barley • Greases
• Sugar cane
• Sugar beets
• Potato skins
• Rice
• Yard clippings
• Tree bark
• Switchgrass
57
Hydropower
Hydropower relies on the water cycle
• Solar energy heats water on the
surface of rivers, lakes, and oceans,
which causes the water to evaporate.
• Water vapor condenses into clouds
and falls as precipitation (rain, snow)
• Precipitation collects in streams and
rivers, which empty into oceans and
lakes, where it evaporates and begins
the cycle again.
58
Hydropower
• The volume of the water flow and the
change in elevation (or fall) from one
point to another determine the
amount of available energy in moving
water
• The amount of precipitation that
drains into rivers and streams in a
geographic area determines the
amount of water available for
producing hydropower
59
Geothermal
• The word geothermal comes
from the Greek words geo
(earth) and therme (heat).
Geothermal energy is heat
within the earth.
• Geothermal energy is a
renewable energy source
because heat is continuously
produced inside the earth.
• The slow decay of radioactive
particles in the earth's core, a
process that happens in all rocks,
produces geothermal energy.
The earth's core is hotter than
the sun's surface.
60
Wind
Wind is caused by uneven
heating of the earth's surface
by the sun. Because the
earth's surface is made up of
different types of land and
water, it absorbs the sun's
heat at different rates. One
example of this uneven
heating is the daily wind
cycle.
61
Wind
• During the day, air above the land heats up
faster than air over water. Warm air over land
expands and rises, and heavier, cooler air
rushes in to take its place, creating wind. At
night, the winds are reversed because air
cools more rapidly over land than it does
over water.
• In the same way, the atmospheric winds that
circle the earth are created because the land
near the earth's equator is hotter than the
land near the North Pole and the South Pole.
62
Solar
• The sun has produced energy for billions of
years and is the ultimate source for all of the
energy sources and fuels that we use today
• People now use many different technologies
for collecting and converting solar radiation
into useful heat energy for a variety of
purposes.
• Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices, or solar cells,
change sunlight directly into electricity.
63
Energy Resources
Global data on
natural energy
currents
(in terrawatts
or 1012 W)
64
Solar
• The sun has produced energy for billions of
years and is the ultimate source for all of the
energy sources and fuels that we use today
• People now use many different technologies
for collecting and converting solar radiation
into useful heat energy for a variety of
purposes.
• Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices, or solar cells,
change sunlight directly into electricity.
65
Primary Supply to End Use
• All energy systems can be visualized as a series of pipes or circuits
through which the energy currents are channeled and transformed to
become useful in domestic, industrial and agricultural circumstances
• Sankey diagram of energy supply, which shows the energy flows
through a national energy system
• End uses:
• Buildings sector (Residential sector and Commercial sector), Industrial sector,
Transportation sector
• Primary Sources:
• Non-Renewable
• Renewable
66
67
68
https://www.iea.org/Sankey/
69
70
Energy Planning
Complete energy systems
• Complete energy systems must be analyzed, and supply should not be
considered separately from end-use.
• Unfortunately precise needs for energy are too frequently forgotten,
and supplies are not well matched to end-use.
• Energy losses and uneconomic operation therefore frequently result.
71
Energy Planning
System efficiency
• System efficiency calculations can be most revealing and can pinpoint
unnecessary losses.
• Efficiency is the ratio of the useful energy output from a process to
the total energy input to that process.
72
Energy Planning
System efficiency
• Consider electric lighting produced from ‘conventional’ thermally
generated electricity and lamps.
• Successive energy efficiencies are: electricity generation ∼30%,
distribution ∼90% and incandescent lighting (energy in visible
radiation, usually with a light-shade) 4–5%.
• The total efficiency is 1–1.5%
73
Energy Planning
System efficiency
• Contrast this with cogeneration of useful heat and electricity
(efficiency ∼85%), distribution ∼90% and lighting in modern low
consumption compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) ∼22%.
• The total efficiency is now 14–18%.
74
Energy Planning
Energy Management
• Energy management is always important to improve overall efficiency
and reduce economic losses.
• No energy supply is free, and renewable supplies are usually more
expensive in practice than might be assumed.
• Efficiency with finite fuels reduces pollution
• Efficiency with renewables reduces capital costs.
75
Outline
• What is Energy
• Units of Energy
• Energy Planning
76
Scientific Principles of Renewable Energy
Energy Currents
• It is essential that a sufficient renewable current is already present in
the local environment. It is not good practice to try to create this
energy current especially for a particular system.
• Renewable energy was once ridiculed by calculating the number of
pigs required to produce dung for sufficient methane generation to
power a whole city.
• It is obvious, however, that biogas (methane) production should only
be contemplated as a by-product of an animal industry already
established, and not vice versa.
77
Energy Currents
• For a biomass energy station, the biomass
resource must exist locally to avoid large
inefficiencies in transportation.
• The practical implication of this principle is that
the local environment has to be monitored and
analyzed over a long period to establish precisely
what energy flows are present.
• The energy current ABC must be assessed before
the diverted flow through DEF is established.
78
Dynamic Characteristics
• End-use requirements for energy vary with time. For example,
electricity demand on a power network often peaks in the morning
and evening, and reaches a minimum through the night.
• If power is provided from a finite source, such as oil, the input can be
adjusted in response to demand.
• Unused energy is not wasted, but remains with the source fuel.
79
Dynamic Characteristics
• However, with renewable energy
systems, not only does end-use vary
uncontrollably with time but so too does
the natural supply in the environment.
• Thus a renewable energy device must be
matched dynamically at both D and E
80
Quality of Supply
• Quality is the proportion of an energy source that can be converted to
mechanical work.
• Electricity has high quality because when consumed in an electric
motor, >95% of the input energy may be converted to mechanical
work; the heat losses are correspondingly small, <5%.
• The quality of nuclear, fossil or biomass fuel in a single stage thermal
power station is moderately low, because only about 33% of the
calorific value of the fuel can be made to appear as mechanical work
and about 67% is lost as heat to the environment.
81
Quality of Supply
Renewable energy supply systems divide into three broad divisions:
• Mechanical supplies (hydro, wind, wave and tidal power).

• The mechanical source of power is usually transformed into electricity at high
efficiency.
• The proportion of power in the environment extracted by the devices is
determined by the mechanics of the process, linked to the variability of the
source
82
Quality of Supply
• Heat supplies (biomass combustion and solar collectors)
• Provide heat at high efficiency
• However, the maximum proportion of heat energy extractable as mechanical
work, and hence electricity, is given by the second law of thermodynamics
and the Carnot Theorem, which assumes reversible, infinitely long
transformations.
• In practice, maximum mechanical power produced in a dynamic process is
about half that predicted by the Carnot criteria.
83
Quality of Supply
• Photon processes (photosynthesis, photochemistry, photovoltaic
conversion).
• Example: solar photons of a single frequency may be transformed into
mechanical work via electricity with high efficiency using a matched solar cell.
• In practice, the broad band of frequencies in the solar spectrum makes
matching difficult and photon conversion efficiencies of 20–30% are
considered good.
84
Disperse vs Centralized
• A pronounced difference between renewable and finite energy
supplies is the energy flux density at the initial transformation.
• Renewable energy commonly arrives at about 1kWm−2 (e.g. solar
beam irradiance, energy in the wind at 10ms−1), whereas finite
centralized sources have energy flux densities that are orders of
magnitude greater.
• For instance, boiler tubes in gas furnaces easily transfer 100kWm−2,
and in a nuclear reactor the first wall heat exchanger must transmit
several MWm−2 (ChE 133)
85
Disperse vs Centralized
• Finite energy is most easily produced centrally and is expensive to
distribute.
• Renewable energy is most easily produced in dispersed locations and
is expensive to concentrate.
86
Complex systems
• Renewable energy supplies are intimately linked to the natural
environment, which is not the preserve of just one academic
discipline
• It is necessary to cross disciplinary boundaries from as far apart as
plant physiology to electronic control engineering.
• Example: Energy planning of integrated farming
• Animal and plant wastes may be used to generate methane, liquid and solid
fuels, and the whole system integrated with fertilizer production and nutrient
cycling for optimum agricultural yields.
87
Situation dependence
• No single renewable energy system is universally applicable, since the
ability of the local environment to supply the energy and the
suitability of society to accept the energy vary greatly.
• It is as necessary to ‘prospect’ the environment for renewable energy
as it is to prospect geological formations for oil.
• It is also necessary to conduct energy surveys of the domestic,
agricultural and industrial needs of the local community.
88
Summary:
• Energy Currents
• Dynamic Characteristics
• Quality of Supply
• Disperse vs centralized
• Complex system
• Situation Dependence
89
Recap: Outline
• What is Energy
• Units of Energy
• Energy Planning
90
References
• J. Twidell & T. Weir (2006) ‘Renewable Energy Resources 2nd Edition’,
Taylor & Francis Group
• US Energy Information Administration
• International Energy Agency
• Energy Education Team. University of Calgary
91
End of Lecture 01
Lectures Next Week
1. Lecture 01: Technical Implications
2. Lecture 02: Energy and Society
3. Lecture 03: Economics of Energy Technologies
93
Group Report (5%)
Paper + max 45-minute presentation (with a twist)
• Solar x Spoken Word – August 25
• Geothermal x Indoor Board Game – September 1
• Wind x Outdoor Sports Activity – September 8
• Hydropower x Creative Movement – September 22
• Biomass x Shadow Play – September 29 / October 6
94
Minimum Report Contents
• Brief Global and Local History
• Current Global and Local Status
• Mechanism of Energy Production
• Cost Structure
• Challenges and Issues
• Future Growth Prospects
95
Homework
• Individual: Prepare for Quiz
• Individual: If you will become a superhero with renewable energy
powers, what will your superhero name be? (1/8 yellow pad)
• A4 Printout
• Group Essay: Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development (250
words to 350 words)
• Group Essay: Summarize and state the scientific principles of renewable
energy in your own words (250 words to 350 words)
96
Link to our shared online
repository will be sent
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ChE 197 Lecture 01 - Principles of Renewable Energy

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ChE 197 Lecture 01 - Principles of Renewable Energy

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ChE 197: Introduction to

Alternative unit of Power

Gasoline Chemical 46 Gasoline engines

Use the following energy densities:

• Standard barrel of oil - amount of oil that at a standard pressure and

The four major non-renewable energy sources are

• Mechanical supplies (hydro, wind, wave and tidal power).

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