1.

Name:- JAYAKRISHNAN M
2. Educational Details:-
Course Institution University Year of Percentage
/Board passing

B Tech (Electrical & College Of Engineering, CUSAT 2013 69.24

Electronics Engineering) Perumon

STD XII Trinity Lyceum, Kollam CBSE 2009 88.6

STD X Trinity Lyceum, Kollam CBSE 2007 85.87

3. Details of the current research project:- NOISE REDUCTION BY WAVELET

TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES DURING PARTIAL DISCHARGE
MEASUREMENT OF POWER CABLES

INTRODUCTION
Partial discharge (PD) is a localized dielectric breakdown of a small portion of a solid or

fluid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress, which does not bridge the space

between two conductors. While a corona discharge is usually revealed by a relatively steady

glow or brush discharge in air. PD can occur in a gaseous, liquid or solid insulating medium.

It often starts within gas voids, such as voids in solid epoxy insulation or bubbles in transformer

oil. Protracted partial discharge can erode solid insulation and eventually lead to breakdown of

insulation.

Partial Discharge is an undesirable phenomenon which reduces the life expectancy of

power system apparatus and also causes permanent damage to them. PD normally happens at

defect sites such as cavities, voids, cracks, joints and delaminations. It can occur in solids,

liquids and gaseous dielectrics. The damage due to the discharge can be estimated depending

on the type of discharges; like, internal or surface discharge, termination discharge, corona,

electrical treeing, etc. In general, PD does not cause instant breakdown. It indicates the

presence of a defect within the insulation which can affect its performance in a long term. The
significance of partial discharges on the life of insulation has long been recognized. Due to

repetitive nature and confinement to small regions of PD signal, it is very difficult to de-noise

them. There are different methods which are used to detect the PD signal namely, Chemical

detection, Acoustic detection and Electrical detection.

An increasing problem of ageing in cable insulation requires a development of certain

method for online conditioning and offline assessment. Partial discharge monitoring is the best

technique for assessing insulation in cables. As PD activity is often present well in advance of

insulation failure, it is possible by observing PD trends to make strategic decisions about

refurbishing and renewal programmes. Often it may not be necessary to replace an older asset

which is perfectly serviceable, and thereby the capital replacement cost can be deferred by

using condition-based maintenance. Diagnosing cables in the installation facility is a difficult

process due to the large size of cables. The analysis of Partial Discharge includes the detection,

recognition, characterization and classification using various mathematical tools and

techniques. Partial Discharge measurements taken online are severely distorted due to external

disturbances. Rejection of the pulsive type of interference is known to be very difficult. The

time and frequency characteristics of pulsive signal are very similar to Partial Discharge pulses

is the main reason posing difficulty in this separation.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Several Partial Discharge testing systems have been developed to detect partial discharges

occurring in power cables but all these equipments are affected by sever disturbances. These

disturbances have to be eliminated which could be done with the help of various techniques in

Wavelet Transform. Extensive research works have been pursued in the area of application of

digital signal processing techniques to partial discharge signals analysis. T. S. Ramu and H. N.

Nagamani. explained the various issues related to PD measurements for condition monitoring
of HV equipments. They mentioned the different kinds of noise and interferences that affect

the PD signals during online and onsite measurement. Also they proposed the Wavelet

Transform(WT) as a tool to de-noise the PD signals [1].

X. Ma, C. Zhou and I. J. Kemp used the characteristics of the detection circuits to simulate

two types of PD pulses called damped exponential pulse (DEP) and damped oscillatory pulse

(DOP) [2]. C. H. Kim and R. Aggarwal presented the theory of WT and its advantages

compared to the earlier methods like fourier transform(FT) and Short term fourier transform

(STFT) [3].

L. Satish and B. Nazneen proposed a wavelet based de-noising method for extracting PD

signals from severe noise and interferences. They implemented the de-noising scheme on

simulated signals corrupted by severe noise and interferences and evaluated the de-noising

method using de-noising performance indices [4].

C. Zhou proposed a method for selecting the optimal mother wavelet for discrete wavelet

transform (DWT) based de-noising of PD signal [5]. X. Ma proposed a wavelet selection

method and an automatic thresholding rule for the wavelet based de-noising of PD signals [6].

Zhang proposed a new thresholding method for wavelet based de-noising of PD signal. The

thresholding method decomposes the noise using DWT and the threshold values for the PD

signal de-noising are chosen according to the maximum values of noise coefficients at each

level [7].

X. Song, C. Zhou, D. M. Hepburn and G. Zhang applied second generation WT for the

data de-noising in PD measurement [8]. On line noise rejection is explained by H. Zhang, T.

R. Blackburn, B. T. Phung and D. Sen [9]-[10] and removal of interferences in PD signals is

explained by Vidya H.A [11].

Ingrid Daubechies has reported on the possibility of using a wavelet method for denoising PD

signals. He examined use of both soft and hard thresholding of wavelet coefficients and

highlighted its difficulties [12]. Finally, a necessity for exploring more powerful methods is

expressed. Thus, from the literature survey, it is evident that, wavelet analysis is emerging as

a powerful tool and seems to possess many advantages compared to the existing methods for

suppressing interferences from PD signals. Further, it can also be seen that, the application of

wavelet-based technique for removal of pulse-shaped interferences, especially, when PD

signals and multiple interferences overlap- in-time.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, it is proposed

 To study the behavior of Partial Discharges in different power cables.

 To reduce the noise present in PD signals using different Wavelet Transform techniques

in Power Cables.

 To compare the different Wavelet Transform techniques used to reduce noise during

PD measurement.

METHODOLOGY

Wavelet analysis is an extension of Short-Time Fourier Transform. It allows variable-sized

window and produces a time-scale view of the signal (instead of time-frequency). In essence,

the technique decomposes a signal into shifted and scaled versions of an original (or mother)

wavelet. It is capable of providing the time and frequency information simultaneously. There

is requirement of four parameters for WT which are (1) optimal mother wavelet selection: (2)
Optimal decomposition level selection; (3) threshold rule determination and (4) threshold

function determination.

At first PD signal will be extracted using PD measurement system which will be in the form

of an audio signal corrupted with external disturbances. In-order to remove the noises the PD

signal will be analyzed in wavelet toolbox. The PD signal will be simulated and compared with

the extracted PD signal.

PD Measurement Circuit

WT is done through shifting and scaling mother wavelet means delaying or hastening its

onset. Scaling of a wavelet means stretching or compressing it. There is a correspondence

between scaling and frequency. Low scale produces a compressed wavelet suitable for rapidly

changing details and thus corresponds to high frequency. Similarly, high scale gives a stretched

wavelet which characterizes slowly changing features and thus corresponds to know frequency.

The threshold value determines a level which is used for threshold function selection. There

are four common methods used for threshold value determination which are Universal

threshold rule, Minimax threshold rule, Stein unbiased risk threshold rule and Level-dependent

threshold rule. Based on different parameters an optimum method will be chosen.

 Wavelet decomposition removes high-frequency noise from the signal by successive

approximation and it provides a simple method to de-noise the signal. Signal decomposition

can be achieved by various thresholding methods. It includes threshold value determination

and threshold function selection. The PD signal will be extracted from Wavelet Transform and

de-noising will be carried out with the help of various de-noising techniques.

The step by step procedure to be performed for de-noising PD signals are as follows

 Simulation of PD signals for power cables will be done using Matlab.

 PD signals of various power cables will be extracted using PD meter.

 Extracted PD signal has to be stored in processable formats like .mat, .wav, etc.

 Extracted signal will be processed and de-noised using various de-noising techniques
like Fast Fourier Transform, Wavelet Transform.

 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) will be calculated.

 Compare different de-noising techniques and identify the optimum method to de-noise
the PD signal in Power Cables.

POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

 De-noise highly corrupted PD signals for online measurements.

 Obtain a suitable method for reducing noise in PD signals of power cables.

 Assist in formulating a standard value for de-noised PD signal of power cables.

REFERENCES

[1] T. S. Ramu and H. N. Nagamani, Partial Discharge Based Condition Monitoring Of High
Voltage Equipment, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 2010.
[2] X. Ma, C. Zhou and I. J. Kemp, “Interpretation of wavelet analysis and its application in
partial discharge detection,” IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 9, no. 3, pp.
446-457, June 2002.

[3] C. H. Kim and R. Aggarwal, “Wavelet transforms in power systems: Part1 General
introduction to the wavelet transforms,” Power Engineering Journal, pp. 81-87, April 2000.

[4] L. Satish, B. Nazneen, Wavelet-based denoising of partial discharge signals buried in

excessive noise and interference, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
10 (2) (2003) 354–367.

[5] Zhou X., Zhou C., Kemp I. J., “An Improved Methodology for Application of Wavelet
Transform to Partial Discharge Measurement Denoising,”, IEEE Transaction on Electrical
Insulation and Dielectrics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 586-594, June 2005.

[6] X. Ma, C. Zhou and I. J. Kemp, “Automated wavelet selection and thresholding for PD
detection,” IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 37-45, March 2002.

[7] H. Zhang, T.R. Blackburn, B.T. Phung and Z.Liu, Application of signal processing
techniques to on-line partial discharge detection in cables, Intern. Conf. Power System
Technology, Paper No. MB7.2D.L, 2004.

[8] X. Song, C. Zhou, D. M. Hepburn and G. Zhang, “Second generation wavelet transform for
data de-noising in PD measurement,” IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.
14, no. 6, pp. 1531-1537, Dec. 2007.

[9] H. Zhang, T. R. Blackburn, B. T. Phung and D. Sen, “A novel wavelet transform technique
for on-line partial discharge measurements part 1: WT de-noising algorithm,” IEEE Trans.
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3-14, Feb. 2007.

[10] H.Zhang, T.R.Blackburn, B.T.Phung and D.Sen,“A novel wavelet transform technique for
on-line partial discharge measurements Part 2: on-site noise rejection application,” IEEE Trans.
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 15-22, Feb. 2007.
[11] Vidya H.A, Bindiya Tyagi, V Krishnan, K. Mallikarjunappa, “Removal of Interferences
from Partial Discharge Pulses using Wavelet Transform”, TELKOMNIKA, Vol.9, No.1, April
2011, pp. 107-114.

[12] Ingrid Daubechies. '"Ten Lectures on Wavelets," Society for Industrial and applied
mathematics, 1992.

4. Supervisor's brief profile:- Dr. B. Nageshwar Rao was born in 1959 in India. He
received his B.Sc.(PCM) degree in 1979 from Bangalore University, his
M.Sc.(Physics) degree in 1981 from Bangalore University. He joined Central Power
Research Institute, Bangalore in 1983 as Scientist Gr.III and has since been with the
organization He did his M.Sc. Engineering. Degree in 1997 from Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore and Ph.D in 2014 from Kuvempu University. He is the Joint
Director of Powers Cables Lab under Diagnostic, Cables and Capacitors Division,
CPRI, since 2006. He is Senior Member of IEEE. His area of specialization include
high voltage engineering, power cables, flame and smoke characteristics of polymeric
insulating materials, material and forensic studies on polymeric cable materials and
electric field analysis related to gas insulated systems.

5. List of publications:- Jayakrishnan. M, B. Nageshwar Rao, K. P. Meena, R. Arunjothi

“Optimum Threshold Estimator for De-noising Partial Discharge Signal using
Wavelet Transform Technique”, IEEE CATCON 2015, IEEE Second International
Conference on Condition Assessment Technique in Electrical Systems, 10-12
December 2015, Bengaluru, India