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SA
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ຫງ
YJB;p<3 ;~?XM?B}F ~+-cN=\GBmc?

F >MQR?DXMcN[-;O>?HNDN=SNF ?UAH? >MQR?YXT
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MN?Y+<3 X?Zc=M\A`@M ^N?XMcf M ]W@
> G@?NMN?QR?}~ l NF UQTQR?mA}~ G FX Tl\3 ?mA; YB T3 X?ZbM^
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p I=`\TGB3 [^ YO>?ZOZAb
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11
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^ W3 @SA
I
[NMGB I
=??@+@A
> JB @ZuOA
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>
S IAGB 1
= >??@+@ABWN=]pO
3 B +.J 1893 Yl\TO>A`VS >?
Y=WN 4 D3=I U;T

1. `VAO@J IT
Y[<3 Xmc?
F >MQR?JN;NA:
- X@G\SNHJ@[NSO@c= >AJNA= >??@+@ABWN=J@ZuO>A`VS >?ZA.F
- X@G\SNHMN?b@cHNHp I=ANF ?= >??@+@ABWN=ZWH@]pO
3 B 1893-1954 ZA.F
- X@G\SNHMN?b@cHNHp I=ANF ?= >??@+@ABWN=ZWH@]pO
3 B 1955-1975 ZA.F
- X@G\SNH= >??@+@ABWN=]pO
3 B 1976 Yl\TO>A`VS >?ZA.F
- X@G\SNHW >MJ@?@bXT= >??@+@ABWN=m?ZWH@]pO
3 B 1976 Yl\TO>A`VS >?ZA.F
2. F m?p?p^
Y?<X IF
- J@[NSO@c= >AJNAbXT= >??@+@ABWN=J@ZuO>A`VS >?.
- MN?b@cHNHp I=ANF ?= >??@+@ABWN=]pO
3 B 1893-1954 ]pW
3 @ZWH@.
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3 B 1955-1975.
- = >??@+@ABWN=]pO3 B 1976 Yl\TO>A`VS >?.
- W >MJ@?@bXT= >??@+@ABWN=m?ZWH@]pO 3 B 1976 Yl\TO>A`VS >?.
3. J<3 MN?JX?
- OKF ;]SSQR? ]W@ OKF ;+-;
3 +
< = >F >AG@H I;JKMJNOB GB 7.
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12

4. M\A`@MN^
MN?? ^NYbIFNJ-S
3 IAQR?
I QR?YMI3 NM R3 == ?
+-[ NGIS G=?+< ? S A > ?@+@ABJ @ZuXN` >MWN=W FN ?D NF Tm?
J@p@= >AGB XIV-XVII GB3 ZAQ >F ^NlN;AT
F R?qN3 ?UAHpT+ 3 > ?B:F
+ XN?N` >MWN=WNF ?DNF TQVT3 YQ<XT ]W@ MN?MNY?B
^ A= >??@+@ABbR?;B= >?@+@AB
mA]A?3
- +-]?@? ^Nmc? IF A ]W@ GISG=?+<?S IAQR?YMI3N.
F >MQR?+?+\
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F >MQR?pXS 2-3 + I?.
- +-J >TW=; ]W@ S >?GKM+ ^NpXSbXT? >MQR?UAHcH^mF JM
3 @AN?.
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F TY[<3 XYO>?MN?Y?>? 3 > ?B:F
1) = >??@+@ABO@c= >AJNA.
2) = >??@+@ABJNjN.
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3) = >??@+@AB+ ^NJX?.
4) M@=B?H
\ NH.
ຫງ
4.1 MN?JX?J@[NSO@c= >AJNAbXT= >??@+@ABWN=]p 3 +.J 1893 Yl\TO>A`VS >?.

> F ^NlN;J I?G@?NM >S? >MQR?AT
+-pT+ 3 > ?B:F
ສະ
+ J@[NSO@c= >AJNAbXT= >??@+@ABWN=]p 3 +.J 1893 Yl\TO>A`VS >?YO>?+<

]?=mA?
ສ
- +-]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?XN3 ?]W=
F DXMcN+ ^NpXS.
ວ.
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- +-mc? F 3 ?|O@MXS+
F >MQR?q-X < ^NYc> ?p<3 ;.
ສ.
F `TmcYF c> ?Yl\T+ ^NpXSl<M ]W@ q\A.

- +-J >TW=;+ ^NpXSbXT? >MQR? G>TDB]
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F TH^qG
F - BpXSl<MM=N3 u-.3
- +-J@cfV SS IAQR?GB3YO>?YXM@[NSM >?pN;OKF ;]SSQR? ]W=
F ]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?
3 KF ;YO>?YXM@[NSM >?AT
` IAMN3 HmJO 3 > ?B:F
? >S]pG 3 > cf< YXB?
3 NF HJ@p@= >A XIX +<OB 1893, [=M` >MM@[>A{_T F =N3 : [=MWN3
F ]SSYMI3 NZAYF bIFN;NQVMQN? ]W@ hKA+XTYXI NWN=YO>?c=
Y;<XTbK? F . ZWH@A3T>
I Y;<XTbK?
13

M N3 =, [=MYbI N ZA M
F XSUMHYXI N D >S[@HNMX?G ^N;@DNA, YXI NWN=YO>?SX
3 ?`Nj
^ N3 H
J\?+NF , ]ST
3 ]HM+ I?WN= YQ>AmcYF JH+=N;JN; >M+BW@c=N3 TO@DND I?WN=S? > ANYqI3 N.
[=M; >?`NM^ >AX\AJ@W@[NSbXT+ I?WN=, YQ>Amc+ F ;M >???,
F I?WN=M<Mj>TJ< 95%. [X >F
;?H
> >TZAH
F ]
V Hm3 cO
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3 > MN3 =
p^3 jNF J@[NSMN?AT `K3 TYMBA;Bb@S=?MN?W=;MV;
3 bXTO@DND I?WN=S >?AN
YqI3 Nh-p
3 N;GX F p^3 J-M
F Tl\3 ?pN3 T|m?GI3 =O@YGAWVMbK? 3 > . YWB3 ;]pO
F >S[=M{_T IF
3 B 1901 YO>?p?
;NZA;
F b F N?? ^N[NbXT[^3 M@A=A, X IT]M=
B @S=?MN?p^3 J-F UAH[NHmpM F , X ITM I;;@A ^N
F XTO@DND I?WN=YqI3 NX<3 ?|. J=
YÌNF zFNY;<XTJ\T, YÌNF zFNONZ` ]W@ b@S=?MN?p^3 J-b 3 ?
h-=
3 RT` >?M^;b
B @S=?MN?p^3 J-b 3> .
F XT?NH+-+ ^NpNF ?{_T
b@S=?MN?p^3 J-[
F NHmpM
F N?? ^N[NbXTq-? > F Yl\T=N3 S^3 ZA F
F ^NGFXTl\3 ?GB3 MN3 =;N??,
Q >Sq?
I J ^NYW> AM^pN;, ]p;
3 >?ZAJ 3 O@c= >AJNAMN?p^3 J-b
F @]ATmcFYc> ?bBAuNH]cT F XT
O@DND I?WN=q-Q
F >MDNA, J@]ATmcYF c> ?Yl\T`\Am`+RA]+?
F J >Ap-bXTO@DND I?WN=S >?AN
YqI3 Nm?GI3 =O@YGA.
3 > O@WNZDJ IT+N;h-3X\?A-`?
cf T> `NM{_T B m?OB 1954 ]W=
F , ` >MM@[>AXNY;_\MN
cf< YXBF ? = N3 [=MW 3N Y;<X TbKF? ]SSmu3Z A YF bIF N ;NJ<S p^3 QVM QN? ]W@ hK A +XTWN=m?OB
1955. [=MYbINZAA
F ^NY?B??@UHSNHQVMQN? ]W@ pNF ?b@S=?MN?O@p\= >AWN=hN3 T
QNF H]QTM=N3 YMI3 N, ]pH F ?O@DND I?WN=S >?ANYqI3 N;BS IAQR?m?MN?p^3J-p
3 X F NF ?M >S{_ 3T> , ;B
+=N;JN; >M+B] j? F X >?ABTN;;NMX
F ]zF? YD\3 TYO>?;-?YD<X 3 ?]W=
F , S=MM >SGN3 ]QTbXT
b@S=?MN?J >?p\[NSUWM, O@DND I?WN=S >?ANYqI3 N`K3 TJN; >M+BM >?WVMbK?
F p^3 J-U
F AH[NH
F N?? ^N[NbXT[>MO@DND I?WN=m?Y;<3XMX
mp M 3 ?M^+<[M
> O@DND I?O@p\= >AWN=m?O>A`VS?
>
IF `NMMN?OIM +XTbXT` >MM@[A
`K3 TJN;NAOIA O3X HDNAmcFcV f A [ ? > q-Q
F MV QN?J ^NYW> A m?
OB 1975.
=\W@MNm?b@S=?MN?p^3
^ F >S[=MJ >Ap-G3 B;NQVMQN?YM<XSjK3 TJ@p@= >A??,
J-M > F ZA F
J@GFX ?XXMh3N T`@]` TF m?= >??@+@ABO @p\= >A cf < YXB F? = N3 = >??@+@ABJ @Zumu 3.
> F = >??@+@ABbR?J@ZumuM
[FX;??, 3 Z^ AM
F NY?B
^ A ]W@ b@cHNHp I=YO>?W ^NA >S;N[X
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M >Sb@S=?p^3 J-,F MN?O M
I OM
> Q >MJN ]W@ MN?J NF TJN[ A
> G@?NO@YGADNA` I?;N
Yl\TO>A`VS >?.
14

4.2 MN?JX?MN?b@cHNHp I=ANF ?= >??@+@ABWN=]pW
3 @ZWH@.
+-pT+ 3 > ?B:F
+ MN?b@cHNHp I=ANF ?= >??@+@ABWN=]pO < ?=mA? `T3 I
3 B 1893-1954 ;B+]
X@G\SNH]pW
3 @ZWH@.
- +-]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?XN3 ? ]W=
F DXMcN+ ^NpXS.
- +-mc?
- +-mc? F 3 ?|O@MXS+
F >MQR?q-X < ^NYc> ?Y[B3 ;YpB;.
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- +-HX
F TH^qG
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F ]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?
3 FK ;YO>?YXM@[NSM >?AT
= >??@+@ABWN=]pO 3 >??@+@ABG3 B M ^NY?BA ]W@ b@cHNHpI=
3 B 1893-1954 ];?=
ລຂິ
F bXT{_T
h-m3 ?ZWH@GB3 O@YGAWN=p IMYO>?c I=Y;<XTbK? 3 > ]W@ MN?p^3 J-b
F XTO@DND I?WN=
ວນ
F {_T
pNF ?[=MWN3 Y;<XTbK? 3 > . m?J@Zu{_T
3 > OIM+XT, [=MYbIN`NM
^ >AMN?mD[
F NJNWN=
ຫງ
]W@ p = > F [NJNGNTMN?

I j>TJ<W N=m?= ITMN?JKM JN ]W@ GNTWND@MN?. J@??,
>F TmD[
Y=WN??`K3 3> .
F NJN{_T
ສະ
Yl\TOB 1941 `K3 T;BjT> J<[\;J@S >SG ^NX\AD<3 =N3 "WN=mcH"3 MNY?B F . j>TJ<[\;J@S >S
^ AbK?
F R?YO>?[NJN{_T
?Bb 3 > ]W@ [NJNWN=, ;BÀ
V O@J ITYO>?` IAuNHYcAWN= YD\3 T]` TF bN3 =
ສ
F h-Y3 ;<XTWN= ]W@ J@YjB=G

pN3 T|GB3 YMBAbK? \ BMN?pN3 T|mcO
F @DND I?WN=Q-YF D>3 ?: JVbN[\SN?
ວ.
M\WN, MN?JNF TJN, MN?DN3 T, MN?O-M{T> , MN?Q >MJNb@jISG ^N?R;X >?ABTN;, +=N;
IF j>TJ<[\; "WN=mcH"3 H >TYO>?Y=GB U+J@?N?@
Q >MDNAQ >MSNF ?YMBAY;<XT?X?YO> ?p?.
ສ.
F XBMA=
UHSNHMN?Y;<XTbXT[=MWN3 Y;<XTbK? F H.
>F
OB 1949 ;BMN?` >ApTMXT= >??@+@AB ]W@ OB 1953 ZAO
F 3R?YO>?+@?@MN;@
^
MN?= >??@+@AB, +@?@M ^N;@MN?A 3T> M N3 =;Bj FN GB3 A ^NY?B? M\A `@MN? M R3 =M >Sp =
I j T>
J< ]W@ [NJNWN=. QXAYA<X ?J\T cN 1953 ZA YF WB3 ;` Nj
^ 3N H "= >??@+@ABJ N?"
>F
XXMYO> ?WNHYA<X?. m? "= >??@+@ABJN?" ??ZA [
F \ ;S?
> ANSA
I : XM
> JX?JNA, O@
\ I?, ?\GN?JV[NJ\A... Y=IFNW=;]W=
c= >AJNA, S-QN?+@AB, M@=B?[ F ];?MN?J@YjB
3 S IA
15

= >??@+@AB[KF?Y;<XT ]W@ = >??@+@ABJ@ZuXN?N` >MWN=WNF ?DNF TXXM.
3 ?= >??@+@ABG3 B ]p T
J= F mu m
3 bK? 3 ?ZWH@?BF ]S T
3 YO ?
> 2 M@]J+<: M@]J= >?
?@+@ABY[B?`\A ]W@ M@]J= >??@+@ABQ >MDNA.
1) M@]J= >??@+@ABY[B?`\A
SA F m?ZWH@?B,F J=
I YW<3 XTpN3 T|GB3 bR?bK? 3 ?cf NH;BWM
> J@?@WXM]SS= >??@+@AB
3 > ]W@ bR?YO>?[NJN{_T
{_T 3 > . SNTYW<3 XTJX
3 T]JTYW<3 XTT I;T=NHYcf<XYD<3 X ]W@ Y[B?`\A
YD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "[@[VA G@Q-S J M
> J\A " UAHWN= `\? AN;@?B (J I;`B? O. T\? ), "jXT
qBYqA" UAH GNF =YM?, M@=BJN? "DNHcNH\T ]W@ H\TcNDNH" UAH j-GM
> J\AG\; ^
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3 > XXM
J@]ATXBMA=
F H.
2) M@]J= >??@+@ABQ >MDNA
UAHJ<S GXA;-? YD<FX bXT= >??@+@ABQ >MDNAJ@ZuW NF ?D NF TYD>3 ?: JN?WKS
[@J-?, MNSY; X
< T[=? ]W@ YW<3 XTX<3 ?|, = >??@+@ABQ >MDNAZA M F ]W@
F ^NY?BA bK?
b@cHNHp =
I h-3m ?J@Zup^3 J-p F {_3T> . M@]J= >??@+@ABQ >MDNA
F NF ?[=MWN3 Y;<X TbK?
3 > MN3 =ZAO
AT - F<?mc]
F [ F M= F ZWH@p^3 ;N.
3 @cHNHp I=bK?
3 >??@+@ABO@p\= >AYpBSmcHb
m?YS<FXTp?,
IF M@]J= >??@+@ABQ >MDNA ;BW >MJ@?@+NF H+<= >??@+@AB[<F?Y;<XT+<
mDQ
F S
- MN?YWI3 NONMp^3 ONMZOYD>3 ?: YW<3 XT[^3 M@A=Aq-;
F S V , YW<3 XTYÌNF zFNONZ`, YW<3 XT X IT
B ?
]M= IF
F ]W@ X ITM I;;@A ^N, YW<3 XTMXTWND@= ITYO>?p?.
p^3 ;N`K3 TONM IA;BS IAW@+X?GB3;BY?<X
F m?Q >MDNA, p\pR?G>AJ@?@+@p\ ]W@ ]SS
]q?MN?A ^NWTI DB=\AbXT[=MYÌFN bV? ;V? ?NHGB3 Yc> ? ]Mp
3 = I {_3T> YD>3 ?: S A
I ]W@ ?\H; I
W@+X? "SNF H IA" (1942), "SNSZWY3 =?G>?" (1943) ]W@ X<3 ?|.
3 ?OB 1945, = >??@+@ABG3 B ;BY?<X
MX F m?Q >MDNAYWB3;ONM IAp= F Yl\T=N3 H >TS^3 G>?
I bK?
YA>3 ?]pM
3 ;
^ S
B A
I MNSMX? ]W@ YW<3 XT`\T+ I?]GF`N?=?jK3
^ TGB3 JX
3 T]JTYl\T+=N;Q >MDNA
bXT+ I?WN=YD>3 ?: S IAY[T "`NONY;<
^ F D
XTWN=" bXTXVp@;@ `VWN;@?B, S IAY[T?B; B 3 JRT
<
]W@ YO>?GB3 Q-`
F >MM >?G>T[NHm? ]W@ pN3 TO@YGA.
> F >T;BS IA S >?GKMYW<3 XT`\T+ I?]GF m?b@S=?p^3 pNF ?[=MWN3 Y;<XTbK?
?XM`NM??H F
3 > YD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "Y`NJV
{_T IF [N?V= IT J\T]cT F J\SJXTYÌNF ZGq-?
3 ]+=? F ^Nb@S=?WN=X\AJ@cf @
16

M-D
F NA" ]W@ X<3 ?|.
F m?Q >MDNAZA;
[NHcf T> OB 1945, = >??@+@AB GB3 ;BY?<X F S
B NAMNF =b@cHNHp I=mu3
UAHJ@Y[N@]; ?? >F
3 >Sp T]p O IF ;Nm?j T> J<[\ ; "JN; >M+BG ^N" ZA [
3 B 1948 YO> ? p ? F \;
I Y[Tp N3 T| ` >AYbI F N m?= >??@+@ABO @Y[A+ ^NQ X
SA F HMXT M^H X
F ?= N3 MN?]p T
3 Y[T
bXTWN=J=
3 ?cf NHO@p\SA
> pN;cf M
> MN?]pT > A3T> S IAMX?.
3 MX?+< ;BMN?J ^NqA
S?
> ANS A
I MNSMX? ]W@ S A
I +=N;GB3 J X ^F
3 T]JTYl\T ?Nm`Q >MDNA bXT? >M
F {_T
Y+<3 X?Zc=O@p\= >ApNF ?[=MWN3 Y;<XTbK? 3 > YD>3 ?: S IAbXT [-; B = IT=\À
\ , JBD@?@ JB
>F
JN?, UJ;JB YADN+ ^N[-... m???YA>3 ?M=N3 u-]
3 ;?S
3 AI M@=B "+XHW@?KMGNTcf T> +XH
W@= >TGNTjNF " bXT?NH+-+ ^NW-MY;<XT+ >T ([-; B = IT=\À
\ ).
ດິ
ະສ
QXAOB 1950 j T> J<[\ ; "WN=X\A J@cf @ " ZA M F , j T> J<[\ ; ?BZ
F ^NY?BA bK? F A YF O>?
M@SXMJRTU+J@?N]?=GNT?@UHSNH X >?l<M pX
F TbXT]?=UQ;Y[<3 XM-D
F NA. m?
>F
??ZA F \;S IA+=N;. S IAY=IFNJ-M
[ 3 >?z>T, S IAbN3 =JN?, S IAMNSMX? SA
I [NMO@MXSQ-S
ລຂິ
[NS, S A
I J?
I G@?NW@c= N3 TWVT Q >M-WVT DNA, YW<3 XT`\T + ? IF . S A
I ]GFY O> ? p ? I MNSMX?
ວນ
GB3 [\ ; XXMpN;jN
F jT> J<[\ ; "WN=X\J @cf @ " J =
3 ?cf N H]; ?S
3 AI bXT [-; B = IT=\` A
\ , JB
ຫງ
D@?@ JBJ N?, UJ;JB YADN+ ^N[-, ]M =

F cf = T YJ?N, + ;N?\A (+ ^N;N [;
I MXT),
;@cN[@;X?... S IAMNSMX?SNTS IAm?YS<FXTp?]p
IF T3 YO>?MNSMX?G ^N;@AN p^3 ;N;Bq F -
ສະ
O@MXSG ^N?XTmJ 3 ]W@ MNHYO>?S IAY[T*YD>3 ?: SA

I Y[T "O@DND I?WN=", bXT;@cN
[@;X? (SA F 3 ^ ;NZAM
I Y[T?Bp F NHYO>?Y[TDNAbXT{N3 HO@YGAWN=), "M-D
F NA", "p^3 pNF ?
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HN=?N?", "WN=Q >MDNA" ]W@ YW<3 XTX<3 ?|. S IMM@=BbXT UJ;JB YADN+ ^N[- cf NHS IA
ວ.
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3 T]JTYl\T J@[NS+=N;YO> ? `\T m?J@Zup^3 p NF ?[=MW N3 Y;<X TbK? F \;
XXMYD>3 ?: O@c= >A = >?GB 21 ;B?N "O< ?Y[BTJXTM@SXM", "WN=c=RAQ=
3 ;M >?;=?
3
ສ.
IF
D<3 ?" YO>?p?.
F {_3T> , YW<3 XT`\T+ I?]GFZAM
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F NHYO> ?YW<3 XTp ?
p^ G3 B ? >MbR?ZA YF XI N m`mJ c > F `K3 TONM IA; YB W<3 XT`\T + I?]GF[\ ; XXMm?
3 f N HM= N3 u-3. J@? ?
3 ?mA+=N;Ycf<F X ;mJh-3S X
j>TJ<[\; "WN=X\AJ@cf @" YD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "J\?G ^Nh-3SX >F
3 ?? ?",
^F
"? Nm`bXT]; cX;",
3 "YA> A bNAS^3 HX;` N?
^ I?", "G@cN?cV? F 3 <?p =
3 q-p I ", "G@cN?
3 > Up?+NF H" ]W@ YW<3 XTX<3 ?|.
{_T
17

Y=I F N W=;]W =
F = >??@+@ABW N= (M@]J= >??@+@ABQ >MDNA) m?ZWH@]p O
3 B
F m?p NF ?[=MW N3 Y;<X TbK?
3 ?cf N HYO> ? MNSMX?GB3 ;BY ?<X
1893-1954 J = F {_ 3T> ; YO> ? S IA
I Y=IF NJ-M
+=N;, SA 3 >?z>T, SA
I S?
> GK MYW<3 XT`\T+?
I ]GF YD\3 T];?[@?
3 >MTN?? >MQ ISWN=X\A
F R? ]W@ [\ ; XXMpN;j FN j T> J<[\ ; p N3 |, = >??@+@ABZ WH@A 3T> M N3 =
J@cf @ YO> ? q-b
J= F \ ;XXMYO>?OKF ;, S^3 ;B? >MQR?XNDBS ]W@ S^3 G>?;B= >??@+@ABO@Y[A
3 ?cf NHS^3 G>?ZA[
> F ]W@ ?@=@?\HNH.
YW<3 XTJ?
4.3. MN?JX?= >??@+@ABWN=]pO
3 B 1955-1975.
+-pT+ 3 > ?B:F
3 B 1955-1975 YO>?+<]?=mA? `T3 I X@G\SNH.
+ = >??@+@ABWN=]pO
- +-]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?XN3 ?]W=
F DXMcN+ ^NpXS.
- +-mc?
- +-mc? F 3 ?|O@MXS+
F >MQR?q-X < ^NYc> ?p<3 ;.
- +-HX
F TH^qG
F- BpXSl<MM=N3 u-.3
- +-J@cfVSS IAQR?GB3YO>?YXM@[NSM >?pN;OKF ;]SSQR? ]W=
F ]?@? ^Nmc?
F >MQR?
3 KF ;YO>?YXM@[NSM >?AT
]pO
3 B 1955-1975 ];?ZWH@GB3
3 O@DND I?WN=A ^NY?B?MN?p^3 J-M
F D
-F NApNF ?` >MM@
[A
> XNY;_\MN ]W@ [=MO@p\MN?. O@YGAWN=]ST3 XXMYO>? 2 YbA+<: YbA+=S+V;
bXT{N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN= ]W@ YbAOIAO3XHbXT{N3 HO@YGAWN=. = >??@+@ABm ?
F ]
ZWH@?BM ^ ST
3 YO> ? 2 [NMJ=
3 ?+<: = >??@+@ABm?YbA+=S+V;bXT{3NHWND@XN?N` >M
]W@ = >??@+@ABbXT{N3 HO@p\= >A.
1) = >??@+@ABm?YbA+=S+V;bXT{N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN=
= >??@+@ABm ?YbA+=S+V;bXT{ N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN=]p O
3 B 1955 Yl\T DV ;
IF
OB 60 S^3 b@cHNHp I=. ` I?QXAGNF HDV;OB 60 cNp?OB F 3 TK +X
70 = >??@+@ABm?YbA?B` 3 H
b@cHNHp=
I YD\3 T?XM`NMYW<3 XTGB3 ]pT F mu 3] W =
3 bK? F M^ZA[
F \ ; = >??@+@ABW NF ?DNF T
SNTYW<3 XTXXMYD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "J >TJ\?ZD", "JR=J@c=NA", "?NT]pTXX
3 ?" ]W@ X<3 ?|.
= >??@+@ABm?YbA+=S+V;bXT{N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN= ]ST3 YO>? 2 M@]J+<:
18

M@]J= >??@+@ABJ >A`@G>A ]W@ M@]J= >??@+@ABY[B?`\A.
M@]J= >??@+@ABJ >A`@G>A
m?J >T+ ;
I YMI3 N; c
B f N H+ ?
I ZA [ I [^ F M >SDB= \A GB3 YbI N YÌFN S^3 Y[\3 TONl@jN, YbI N YÌFN S^3
F S
Y+BHS?
> WVZAp
F N;J\3 TGB3 p?
I ;VTc=
3 >T Y[N@JT> + I;GB3 ZQ+ >F X@?VHNAmcFD B
F =N;YO> ?G ^N??S^3
=\A mAcf S F NMMN?b3;
I cf B M ZA ` I b-A
3 = \ + ^N ]W@ M@SB3 ONHO< ? . m?J T> + ;
F HX ^N?NAYT ? I
> F O@DND I?J=
? ?, 3 ?cf NHl<MM IAbB3b-AQBA ]W@ GVM` I? ]p+
3 ?
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^ X
F HjK3 T GB3 p M
I
YO> ?W-M]cf FT pB? ; b ^F A
< XTp N3 TDNADN[ > ;X
B ^N?NA ]W@ J@jVM J@jN?. [NHmp J
F @
3 > MN3 =, S >?AN? >MbR?q-G
[NSMN?AT F 3 B;BJNHpN;XTM=NF TYc> ?ZM ]W@ q-G
F 3 B;B+=N;J ITJN?
Y[<3 X?;@?VA A=
F HM >? ZA mF D+
F XTONMMNbXTp? I A 3T> MN3 =. p=
I =\` N?J >T+; I ]G?bXT
ດິ
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> F ;?
? >MbR?Ycf3 I N??M^ B >MbR?GB3J >TM >Am?`V "Zqj
3 N;" ]W@ "jV;
3 ONMMNcRF ?" YD>3 ?: A=T
`NON,
^ F 3 ?|.
AXMYMA, YJWB[NS ]W@ q-X <
? >MbR?A=T` NONZA
^ b >F SA
F R?YW<3 XTJ ?, I M@=B, S A
I +=N; ]W@ JNW@+@AB
ລຂິ
cf N HYW<3 XTm???> F M^;YB W<3 XTJ?GB3
> F ;BD3 =
< N3 "mq=N3 YT\?YO>?[@YÌNF "; ? >MbR?AXMYMA M^ZA F
ວນ
bR??@=@?\H NHYW<3 XT "YÌFN JN=bXTmq", YW<3 XTJ ?
> F "D =
3 H]A !3 D =
3 H]A !3 " ]W@
ຫງ
YW<3 XTX<3 ?|. YW<3 XTYcf3 I N??>F W=

F ?]pJ
3 X
3 T]JT+=N;YO>?`\T ]W@ p ^N?\=`
\ N?J >T+ I;h-m3 ?
YbA+=S+V;bXT{N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN=.
ສະ
M@]J= >??@+@ABY[B?`\A
m?YbA+=S+V;bXT{N3 HWND@XN?N` >MWN= M@]J= >??@+@ABY[B?`\Ab@cHNH

ສ
p= 3 = >??@+@ABY [B ? `\A cH^ FG^F YD\3 TWXM]SS;N`NM= >??@+@

I cf N H UAHJ@Y[N@]; ?
ວ.
ABbXTpN3 TO@YGA. SA
I YW<3 XTpN3 T|J = F m?Y=IF N Yl\T+=N;Q >MW@c=N3 TSN3 =
3 ?cf N H;BY?<X
I YD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "DB= \A ?B+
JN=GB3 Y;IN ; I= ]W@ q\ A c= >T]SSJ >T+ I;bXT{ N3 HpNY=> ? p M F <
ສ.
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> p\ [ NS ]W@ GFN =J ?
> p\J M
V " bXT [-= TI [\ ; ;@
F ?]pY3 =IFN
JX?; S IAM@=BDVA "AXMS I=cf =T" bXTJVW >T YAA= ITJN ]W@ YW<3 XTX<3 ?| W=
Yl\T+=N;Q >M ]W@ ;BW >MJ@?@Y[B?`\A.
2) = >??@+@ABO@p\= >A
m?[NW@M\A]cT
3 MN?p^3 J-M
F D
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19

F BF? ^N=RMTN?= >AG@?@G ^N UAHYQ>Amc=
DNAZAD F RMTN?A3T> MN3 =YpBS mcHb
3 @cHNHp=
I
F m3 ?YbAOIAO3XHbXTS >?ANM ^NWT> GB3 Q >MDNA. m???,
hN3 TS^3 hVAh>Th- > F =RMTN?= >??@+@AB
M^Z A Q >F OS
F >SMN?` >Ap T, > OVT ]W@ b@cHNHp =
I . Y[<3 XpXSJ@jXTM >S+=N;QRM
QX
F Tp X
F TMN?bXTMN?O@p\= >A. S A
I O@[ ?
> = >??@+@ABO @Y[Ap N3 T|ZA Q
F >SMN?]p T
3
XXMQ >SmD [ > W@YJB? =RMAB+ I?YA>3 ? ]W@ M N3 =O@?N;UGAM ^N
F NW@M\A O@p\= >A, J ?
bXTJ >Ap-.
F YW<FXH| ;BGT> ? >MbR?QV?
l >?]l=? >MbR?ZAYF [B3 ;bK? 3 XN=VUJ ]W@ ? >MbR?QV?
3
jV;
3 YD>3 ?: [-; B = IT=\À
\ , JBD@?@ JBJN?, XVp@;@ `VW@;@?B, UJ;JB YADN+ ^N[-, + ^N;N
[;
I MXT, + ^NWRT [?
I YJ?N, JV= >?GX? SVSqN?V= IT, ` >?GB YA<X?J@c= >?, + ^NS-,3 GXT
X\? [;
I MXT, J I;uNH ]M=
F ;@?B, =\ZW ]M=
F ;@?B, =RTD ^N (?NT + ^N [X? [\;;@
]JT), ]M=
F ;@?B JB= ITZD (S I=]M=
F `@YWB?W >TJB), J I;S-? G@=BZD, + ^NqNH [\WN= IT,
F 3 ?|.
A=T+ ^N JB=Z\ W, SV?lXT ;@?BWN ]W@ q-X <
= >??@+@ABO@p\= >AO@Y[A+ ^NQX
F HMXT
UAHu-?mDQ
F S 3 MX?]SS;-?YD<FX]p;
- ]SSMN?]pT F m?mu,3 MNSMX?O@
3 YB ?<X
p\= >AZAJ 3 T]JT G>?M >SYcAMN?O@p\= >AYD>3 ?: MN?J-Q
F X F IS, MN?JNF TJNYbAOIAO3XH, ;-?
F O@c= >AJNAbXTDNA, +=N;JN;M+B
YD<X IF S?Q
> YO>?p?. > F IS]pW >F M\A`@MN?M^3 JNF T]p3
3 @S?,
W@]cT
3 , YcAMN?mu| F W=
3 GB3 YMBAbK? F ?]p;
3 S
B IAMNSMX?JX
3 T]JT ]W@ S >?GKMYXI NZ=.F
F HMXT YO> ? O@Y[A= >??@+@ABG3 B ZA ]
= >??@+@ABO @p\= >AO@Y[A+ ^NQ X F pT
3
]W@ ` >A[\ ; XXMcf N HM=N3 u-3; ;BOKF; MX?W ^Ncf N HYcf>F ; ZA`
F >A[\ ; XXMh3N Tp^3 Y?<3 XTM >?
YD>3 ?: "SV?;@UcWN?;@cNJN; >M+BG3 =
I YbAYpIF NUQ;" (1957), "JN; >M+Bp3 ^ J-M
F D
-F NAp NF ?
XNY;_\M N ]W@ W-M ; < bXT; >?" (1961), "O M
I OM
> Q >MJNJ ?
> p\ [ NS, YO> ? MNT,
3 DNA" (1962), "MX?W ^N]A?X\A J@cf @" Ycf>F ; 1
YXM@WNA ]W@ YXM@[NS]cT
]W@ Ycf> F ; 2, "MX?b >SOIA O3X H", "MX?b >SD ^NYj<X ". "MX?W ^NJ\S S IA" bXTD NF T
Yq<XM, "[<F?Y;<XTWN=" bXTJV= >?GX? SVq N?V= IT (1971), "MX?W ^NM=AJXSDV A GB
5" Ycf>F ; 1 ]W@ 2 (1972) ]W@ X<3 ?|.
3 > MN3 =;N??> F ;BY?<X
S >?ANS IAMNSMX?AT F m?AT
3 > WV;
3 ?B:F
- ^F
J >?W@YJB?O@YGADNA, O@c= >AJNA, ?Nm`Q ^F
>MDNA ]W@ ?Nm`+RA]+?F
20

J >Ap-qQ
F- M
V QN?.
- Y=IFNYl\TMN?p^3 J-M
F D
-F NA ]W@ ZDD@?@.
- Y=IFNYl\TMN?JNF TJNYbAOIAO3XH.
- Y=IFNYl\T+=N;JN; >M+BJQ
-F ISW@c=N3 TJN;DNAWN=-c=RA?N;-MNO-
^ Y`H UAH
J@Y[N@];?+=N;JN;
3 M+B
> ]SS[\YJA WN=-c=RA?N;.
- MN3 =O@?N;UGAMNbXT[=M`
^ >MM@[>AGB3;NQVMQN? ]W@ GNWNHO@YGADNA
^
= >??@+@ABO@p\= >AO@Y[A+ ^NQX
F H]M=
F
+RT+-M
3 >S= >??@+@ABO@Y[A+ ^NQX > F = >??@+@ABO @p\= >AO@
F HMXTGB3 MN3 =;N??,
Y[A+ ^NQ X
F H]M =
F M^Z A M
F ^NY?BA ]W@ b@cHNHp =
I M= N3 ZWH@q N3 ?;N. UAHJ@Y[N@
ດິ
ະສ
>F
3 ? >SpT]p
];? O IF ;N= >??@+@ABA3T> MN3 =ZA M
3 B 1965 YO> ? p? F ^NY?BA ]W@ b@cHNHp =
I
h3NT=X
3 TZ=G>Tm?ANF ?O@W\;N? ]W@ +V??@[NS.
m?= >??@+@ABO @p\= >AO@Y[A+ ^NQX F ?B,F YW<3 XTJ?
F H]M = > F ]W@ S A
I S?
> GK M YO>?
ລຂິ
O@Y[AGB3 b@cHNHp I=]QTM=N3 u-.3 YWB3 ;]pO IF
3 B 1965 YO>?p?;N, OKF ;UQ;YW<3 XTJ?cf
> F NH
ວນ
Ycf>F ;ZA` 3 HXXMh3NTp^3 Y?<3 XTM >?YD>3 ?: YW<3 XT "MBSYbIF N p;
F >A[\ ; ]W@ ` ^NjN IF `BYF XI N O< ?",
ຫງ
"zXTYA<X? 9" (zXT];? ^F

3 NbXT), "W-Mq-O
F @YJBAbXTDNA", "JXT];W-
3 M", "S I=SN?",
"[ A
> [NM`NMJB[ ?
> AX?", "pN;l@j ?
I =RT` >?", "? X
F T? X
F HXNAcN?" (1969),
ສະ
>F
"[NJN]; "3 , "]c=?u ?", "+<? jK3 Tm?]?=j N
F " (1971), "q-J
F <S GXA", "AXMZ; F
I YJ> F?GNTOIAO3XH" (1973), "JRTYXBF?bXTmq" ]W@ X<3 ?|.
O3N", "DB=\Amu"3 , "S?
ສ
J= F D NF ]W@ ; O
3 ??@=@?\H NHM ^NY?BA bK? > F ]W@
B @W\; N?j FX HM= N3 YW<3 XTJ ?
ວ.
SA
I S? I F DV; OB 70 ZA ;
> GK M . m?W@c= N3 TG FN HDV ; OB 60 ]W@ p ; F ?
B @=@?\H NH ` ^N
?=?jK3 T[\;XXMYD>3 ?: "JB?X F H?X
F H" bXT+ ^NWRT[I?YJ?N, "JXTYX<X F T", "MXT[>?GB
ສ.
JXT" bXTJV= >?GX? SVSqN?V= IT ]W@ YW<3 XTX<3 ?|.

S >?ANS IAYW<3XTJ?,
>F S IAS >?GKM ]W@ ?@=@?\HNHW=
F ?]pJ
3 X
3 T]JTYl\TJ@[NS
p=
I `\T ]c 3T MN?J-Q
F IS, MN?J NF TJNYbAOIA O3X H ]W@ X<3 ?|]p c
3 =
I YW<3 XTGB3 ? >MO@[ ?
>
YXI Nm`mJb F ;?Y=I
3 R?cf NHM=N3 u-3m?ZWH@?B] 3 F NYl\T:
- S IASNAbXTMN?O@p\= >Ap^3DB=A
\ bXTO@DND I?WN=;
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F IS;
21

- MN?JNF TJNYbAOIAOX
3 H.
= >??@+@ABO@p\= >AO@Y[AW@+X?
Y?<3 XT`NMJ@[NS]=AWX
F ;S^3 G>?X ^N?=H+=N;J@A=Mmc]
F M=
3 >??@+@ABO@Y[A
I +<A3T> O@Y[AX<3 ?|. A3T> ??
W@+X?b@cHNHp= > F `K3 T;B[RTSA
I W@+X?SNTSA >F
I YGI3 N??GB3
ZA` > ]W@ +=N;`\T" bXTG@=BZD ]W@ X<3 ?|
F >A[\;XXMYD>3 ?: S IAW@+X? "+=N;{?
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27

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F TW@; >AW@= >TYAB!~Y[N@c=N3 T?B[ IF N3 TYb> ;
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]; ? I F YQ<X ?`?=?
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V `XMGVM ]`
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B N?J ? I ~Y=I F N
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70
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+<? ; ? F S I lBS YOB U D ~F b NF [@YÌ FN D X
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F IAQR?;N`NMpN3 TO@YGA, MN?YO>?q-J < YQ>A=RMTN?l@]cf T
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137

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3 T]JTYl\TS >?cNcH >T]A?3
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+-J@cfVS ]W@ mc?
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3 T]JTmcYF c> ?Yl\T+=N;X ITXNAMNF cN? ]W@ +=N;
YJHJ@cf @ Y[<3 XO@YGADNAbXT? >MQ ISO@DND I?YMINcfB. WBD-SXM ZAYF XI NQN3 TMNHbXT
p I?ZOX >AONHO< ?bXTJ >Ap- Y[<3 XQ >SO@M >?mcYF [<3 X?J@cNHbXTp I?YXI ND@?@J >Ap-. WB
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I YXTY[<3 XOIM OF X TO@YGA
DNA `NMMN?QVMQN?bXT[=MJ >Ap- YD\3 T; >?J@]ATXXMm?YW<3XT "Y[<3 XO@YGADNA"
> F YWI3 NYW<3 XT "Y[<3 XO@YGADNA" J-?
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3 .
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3 > ?B:F
p I=hN3 T+ ^NlN;AT
F >MQR?YWI3 NYW<3 XT "Y[<3 XO@YGADNA" +<?.
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3) YcAq I?mA? >MQ ISGVMGN3 ?`K3 TS >?GKMO@`N=
^ >?mJm3 ?J@uVA?.
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3 > ?B:F
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138

+ + ^NpXSbXT+ ^NlN;GB (1) +-O@p\S >AM\A`@MNpN;GB3
^ ? >MQR?YWI3 N lNF `VAmA+N +-
3 HmcYF bINYÌNF YWI3 NYW<3 XTZAA
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+ + ^NpXSbXT+ ^NlN;GB (2)
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3 ?
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3 > ?B:F
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1) mc ?
139

2) YcAq ?
I mA+@?@O@GN?J@[NO@DND I?J-T JVA ZA ;
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3 ;m?MN?O@MXS+ ^N+\AYc> ?.
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F 3 KT"
4.5 MN?JX?S IAXN3 ?Y[B3 ;YW<3 XT "YW<3 XTbXT? >MH\TYQ<XS\?q-j
- +-JN;NAO@p\S >A+<M >?M >Sb^ F 4.4 M^ZA F cf< =\GBX3 ?M^
< ZA F ]W=
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+ J@[NS cf< JNYcAGBYQ>AmcYF MBA;B+=N;+RA]+?
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+ YcAMN? MN?p^3 J-h
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F 3 BHX;YJHJ@cf @DB=A
+ MN?p^3 J-G \
+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 X+=N;JVMbXTO@DND I?
+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 XHNAYXI NZDD@?@.
+ MN?p^3 J-A
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F H+=N;Q >Sq\ADXSJ-T
+ MN?p^3 J-A
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F H+=N;MRAD >T[=MJ >Ap-
2) +=N;YM>3 TMNF JN;NAbXTWBD-SXM
+ MN?p^3 J-A
F =
F HJ@p\O?
> HN
140

+ MN?p^3 J-X
F N=VAGB3 J@cTNq
3 N3 YqBHYG\T`X;[-
+ MN?p^3 J-A
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F HMN?p >AJ\?m`J-T
+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 Xc= >TG>S;NTQ
F >TO< ?bXTJ >Ap-
+ MN?p^3 J-A
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F HMN?=NT]q?GB3 QXS+XS
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F H+=N;Q >MDNA
+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 XOIMOX
F T]q?
3 A\?
+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 XOIAO3XHO@YGADNA
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+ MN?p^3 J-G F H+=N;X ITXNA
F 3 BYp>;ZOA=
+ MN?p^3 J-G F H+=N;+RA]+?
F
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+ MN?p^3 J-YF [<3 XOIMOFXTJ\AG\+=N;YO>?;@?VA
4) MN?p^3 J-A
F =
F H+=N;Q >MbXTWBD-SXM
ລຂິ
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F =
ວນ
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F = F T
ຫງ
+ MN?p^3 J-A F H+=N;Q >MGB3;Bp3 ^Y[<3 X?J@cNH

F =
+ MN?p^3 J-A F H+=N;Q >MGB3;Bp3 Ô@DND I?
F =
ສະ
+ MN?p^3 J-A F H+=N;Q >MGB3;Bp3 ^MXTG>S

F =
+ MN?p^3 J-A F H+=N;Q >MGB3;Bp3 Ô@YGADNA.
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ສ
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J >TYMA`NM:
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>F NcfBmp.F
F m?bXTYW<3 XTY[<3 XO@YGADNA.
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141

- MN?X@G\SNHSNT`VAMR3 =M >SYW<3XT "Y[<3 XO@YGADNA".
- MN?YWI3 NYW<3 XT "Y[<3 XO@YGADNA" UAHcH^.F
M=Aq I?TN?`NM:
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3 ]c T F NTp X
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142

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I U;T Y[<3 X]WMYXI N 2 +NSYbI F N GB3
F HuNMl 3 =
YQ> A A = I . ?XM`NMU;TYQ> A =RM, DB= \A bXT?NTp X I u3 ?
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