Passive Voice

1. By this point in the 21st century, the treatment of tooth discoloration has evolved into an
annual multibillion-dollar, highly sophisticated, scientific, and clinical discipline
2. The teeth are involved in all 3 roles, and dental diseases can be a source of multiple
problems
3. A tooth is composed of a crown (ie, the portion exposed to the oral cavity)
4. This phase is associated with simultaneous exfoliation
5. Tooth discoloration is caused by multiple local and systemic conditions (see also Causes)
6. Extrinsic dental stains are caused by predisposing factors and other factors such as dental
plaque
7. Intrinsic dental stains are caused by dental materials (eg, tooth restorations), dental
conditions and caries,
8. Extrinsic stains are defined as stains located on the outer surface of the tooth structure
and caused by topical or extrinsic agents

9. The color of the chromogen is similar to that of dental stains caused by tea, coffee, wine,
chromogenic bacteria, and metals.

10. N3-type stains are caused by carbohydrate-rich foods (eg, apples, potatoes), stannous
fluoride, and chlorhexidine
11. Decreased output may be caused by local disease (eg, salivary obstructions and
infections), systemic disease (eg, Sjögren syndrome), head and neck
12. Pan (a combination of betel nut of the areca palm, betel leaf, and lime) is commonly
chewed by more than 200 million persons in the western Pacific basin and South Asian
region
13. The most common is a black stain caused by Actinomyces species.
14. The stain is composed of ferric sulfide and is formed by the reaction between
hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva and gingival
exudates.
15. Green stains are attributed to fluorescent bacteria and fungi such
as Penicillium and Aspergillus species
16. Orange stain is less common than green or brown stains and is caused by
chromogenic bacteria such as Serratia marcescens and Flavobacterium lutescens.
17. Metallic compounds are also implicated in dental discolorations because of the
interaction of the metals with dental plaque to produce surface stains
18. Extrinsic dental staining caused by long-term topical use of 0.12% chlorhexidine
mouthrinse.
19. The erosion of enamel caused by frequent ingestion of acidic foods and beverages
and from the regurgitation of acid from the stomach
20. Once the enamel layer is breached, caries tends to rapidly progress in the dentin,
undermining the superficial enamel layer.
21. Incipient carious lesions are associated with plaque accumulation and manifest as
chalky white areas of discoloration secondary to hypocalcification
22. The brown color is attributed to the formation of Maillard pigments (reaction
between proteins and small aldehydes produced by cariogenic bacteria),
23. . Such teeth commonly are referred to as Turner teeth as seen in the image below
24. Unerupted permanent incisors commonly are affected after intrusion injuries to
primary incisors in young children who fall on their faces.
25. This discoloration frequently occurs in teeth that have fully formed roots and have
sustained irreversible pulpal injury caused by avulsions, intrusions, luxations and
subluxations, or fractures involving the pulp chamber.
26. Intrinsic dental discoloration caused by blunt trauma to the mandibular incisors that
led to pulpal necrosis.
27. Enamel hypoplasia of the incisal half of the maxillary and mandibular secondary
incisors caused by rubella infection when the patient was aged 4 months.
28. Crown formation of the secondary dentition occurs until the child is aged
approximately 8 years. Systemic postnatal infections
29. Crown formation of the secondary dentition occurs until the child is aged
approximately 8 years.
30. The bandlike discolorations on the tooth are visualized where the enamel layer has
variable thickness and becomes extrinsically stained after tooth eruption
31. . The amount of drug incorporation is ultimately determined by the distribution of
tooth discoloration and is equivalent to serum blood levels and the duration of exposure
32. Tetracycline staining of mandibular teeth caused by the ingestion of tetracycline
33. Minocycline is prescribed for long-term acne therapy in adolescents and adults,
although it is being replaced by medications such as clindamycin and isotretinoin that do
not cause tooth discoloration.
34. Doxycycline has recently been reported to cause extrinsic staining of
teeth, [13, 14]possibly by binding to glycoproteins in the dental pellicle in patients with
poor oral hygiene in whom oxidation occurs (eg, sunlight exposure, bacterial) or via
mechanisms similar to those for minocycline
35. Dental fluorosis is characterized by enamel discoloration resulting from subsurface
hypomineralization due to the excessive ingestion of fluoride during the early maturation
stage of enamel formation
36. The trend is explained by early overuse and ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste; the
inappropriate use of fluoride supplements; and in fluoridated areas
37. Clinicians can help in preventing fluorosis by teaching parents about fluoride use and
good toothbrushing habits for children
38. foods prepared in fluoridated water, chewable vitamins, oral healthcare products (eg,
toothpastes, mouthrinses, oral fluoride supplements), and professional fluoride products
prescribed by dentists
39. Intrinsic tooth discoloration is reported in patients with blood dyscrasias such as
sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and HDN
Present Tense

1. Enamel is the most mineralized of the calcified tissues of the body

2. The pulp tissue is not mineralized and appears radiolucent
3. Dentin is less radiopaque than enamel and has a radiopacity similar to that of bone
4. The layers are easily identifiable because they have different radiopacities
5. The color of the chromogen is similar to that of dental stains
6. Type colored material changes color after binding to the tooth
7. The stains actually are N1-type food stains that darken with time.
8. Microscopic pits, fissures, and defects in the outer surface of the enamel are susceptible
to the accumulation of stain-producing food, beverages, tobacco, and other topical
agents.
9. Image demonstrates a red extrinsic stain at the gingival margins and interproximal and
incisal regions of the teeth
10. The most common is a black stain
11. The stain is composed of ferric sulfide and is formed by the reaction between
hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva and gingival
exudates.
12. Orange stain is less common than green or brown stains
13. Cetylpyridinium chloride is an ingredient in several mouthwashes (eg, Cepacol,
Scope)
14. this age-related phenomenon is due to a progressive loss in enamel from attrition or
tooth wear that reveals the natural yellow color of underlying dentin
15. Image demonstrates dental attrition in a 75-year-old patient due to loss of occlusal
enamel structure that reveals the underlying dentin.
16. Areas of complete enamel loss are most commonly found on the incisal (chewing)
surfaces of anterior teeth
17. Tooth abrasion manifests as yellow areas in which the enamel surface is lost (eg,
buccal cervical regions)
18. Certain tooth surfaces are at greater risk for dental caries
19. Patients with orthodontic brackets are at great risk for caries because of suboptimal
plaque removal.
20. which is visualized as a localized opacity on the erupted tooth.
21. enamel hypoplasia that is confined to the primary teeth
22. Crown formation begins in utero; therefore, the potential for extensive intrinsic
discoloration of the primary dentition may be present throughout pregnancy
23. drugs from the tetracycline family have been associated with intrinsic tooth
discoloration
24. they have a bright-yellow bandlike appearance that fluoresces under ultraviolet light
25. Tetracycline use does not lead to discoloration once tooth formation is complete
26. Minocycline is a second-generation derivative of tetracycline
27. Minocycline is prescribed for long-term acne therapy in adolescents and adults,
28. This binding causes the formation of insoluble salts that are either exuded from
gingival crevicular fluid to extrinsically stain the enamel or intrinsically incorporated
into the secondary dentin
29. ] Minocycline is prescribed for long-term acne therapy in adolescents and adults.
30. Doxycycline has recently been reported to cause extrinsic staining of teeth
31. Fluoride sources are numerous and include naturally or artificially fluoridated
drinking water, commercially available beverages,
32. . Artificially fluoridated water supplies usually have a fluoride concentration of 1 ppm
33. These diseases have the potential to cause hyperbilirubinemia and the subsequent
dose-dependent incorporation of biliverdin (a by-product pigment of bilirubin) into
developing teeth, producing a jaundicelike yellow-green tint on the tooth surfaces
34. These are hereditary diseases with a propensity for intrinsic tooth discoloration.

Past Tense

1. 1 or more roots the portion enveloped in bone and the periodontium).

2. It is used for its mild psychoactive and cholinergic effects
3. that significantly more tooth discoloration was observed with the CHX MW however
altogether, when daily oral hygiene cannot be performed, CHX MW is the first product
of choice. [6]
4. when the patient was aged 3 years.
5. The fluoride concentration of naturally fluoridated water varies depending on geographic
location

Gerund and Infinitive

1. the origins of the treatment date back thousands of years to ancient clinicians and
beauticians who used rudimentary, yet innovative, natural materials to mask undesirable
tooth discolorations
2. dental diseases can be a source of multiple problems, including oral and systemic
infections and difficulty in chewing, swallowing
3. A phase of mixed dentition exists, depending on the age of the patient
4. Extrinsic dental stains are caused by predisposing factors and other factors such as dental
plaque
5. Certain factors predispose children and adults to extrinsic stains, including enamel
defects
6. diminished salivary output contributes to extrinsic discoloration
7. The inability to remove stain-producing materials and/or the use of dentifrices with
inadequate cleaning and polishing actions cause discolorations.
8. Severe tobacco staining
9. Topical medications cause staining
10. Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12%) causes brown staining after several weeks of use,
particularly on acrylic and porcelain restorations
11. Some systemic medications (eg, minocycline, doxycycline) can cause extrinsic
staining
12. . An understanding of the timing of tooth formation (particularly calcification and
eruption sequences) can help explain the causes of intrinsic discoloration (see Causes).
13. In the absence of extrinsic staining
14. As a result of overzealous toothbrushing with a hard-bristled or medium-bristled
toothbrush
15. the overlying translucent enamel reveals the color of the underlying caries and
appears yellowish brown
16. Trauma to developing, yet unerupted, teeth can disturb enamel formation
(amelogenesis) and may result in enamel hypoplasia
17. Periapical odontogenic infections of the primary teeth can disrupt normal
amelogenesis of the underlying secondary (permanent) successors and involve a potential
for localized enamel hypoplasia
18. the primary teeth forming enamel at the time of maternal infection as seen in the
image below.
19. Unlike with other tetracyclines, staining occurs during and after the complete
formation and eruption of teeth
20. Mild dental fluorosis causing mottled white intrinsic discoloration of the teeth.
21.

If Clause

NONE

WH question

NONE