Appendix A

LM.UiTM.FKE(O).08/01

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1

SUBMISSION OF PROJECT PROPOSAL

STUDENT S NAME : MOHD HAZIM BIN SANUSI

: 2015135043

COURSE CODE : EE242

PROJECT TITLE

INTEGRATION of DATA HANDLING USING NodeMCU in ENERGY

SMART METERING on DISTRIBUTION BOARD(DB)

This is to certify that the above student has submitted the project proposal to the project
supervisor (PS).

: DR MUHAMAD NABIL BIN HIDAYAT

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 22/06/2018

1) Student needs to fill in and submit this form together with the project proposal to his/her
PS for endorsement/approval.
2) Student needs to fill in all top sections of LM.UiTM.FKE(O).08/02 (Second Amendment)
forms before submitting to his/her PS for evaluation.
3) PS needs to return all endorsed/approved/evaluated forms to the FYP1 Coordinator.
ABSTRACT

Sensing, monitoring and actuating system are expected to play a key role reducing buildings
overall energy consumption. Autonomous monitoring of electricity consumption requires a
metering platform for recording and processing electrical data. Recent advance in IoT tools and
Big data technologies allow now the development of holistic platform for real-time data
monitoring and processing. The conventional power system is developed considering the
centralized approach based on a unidirectional energy flow from generators to consumers with
consumers having limited control on the power flow. In this paper, we shed further more light on
the integration of these technologies into a holistic platform for real time sensing, processing and
data visualization. A platform prototype still under developing and tested for detailed profiling of
energy consumption. The concept of energy monitoring system which display real time energy
consumption to consumers are presented using IoT. This project includes sensor networks that use
modern communications technology to transmit their generated data such as energy consumption
and metering information (voltage, power, current) for effective working of the system. A single-
phase energy meter has been implemented using NodeMCU and communication part has been
implemented using WI-FI communication.

1
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Over the past decade, power saving has become a top topic over the world. Peoples usually find it
hard to program and take care of their energy consumption in their houses. The energy
consumption in form of electricity is highly reliant on their residences energy consuming behavior.
For people interested in energy savings, deficiency of information is one of the main problems.
Further, they cannot identify how much electricity they consume in a simple way and monthly or
quarterly information given by the energy bill is not adequate.

Typically, distribution board that includes circuit breaker belong with single pole and single throw
switch is a commonly type of conversational switch that usually used.in the house. The circuit breaker
and single pole/throw switch is press manually to switch on / off electrical devices including main house or building
outlet, electrical devises for example fans, lights and etc. coming from a specific place in which the switch is installed
on the wall. This would mean, the consumer has to walk towards the switch’s place to switching it on and off [1].
However, smart switching can be operating in intelligent way to allow it become smart.by applying a controller that
could control and monitor all the operation of the system.

Studies have shown that timely depiction of energy consumption and energy saving advisory are
key to energy saving and leads to change in people’s energy consuming behavior, lowering their
energy demand and rising their energy consumption awareness towards green world. This is
because in generation part consist of different type of generation unit such as coal bio-gas, hydro
and many more but some of the generation unit may bring disadvantage to environment since the
energy demand is high and the generation has to operate to meat the demand.

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In this paper, the concept of an energy smart meter system that surmounts the above-mentioned
restrictions of existing energy consumption feedback devices is presented. The design is efficient
and easily to be used in the daily life by most people as it is mobile based. The application enables
users to view real-time feedback of their energy consumption and how it decreases or increases
over time.

Moreover, IOT is define as a kind of network which not only can connect the objects, can be fully
automatic, can collect, transmit and process information intelligently but also can realize the
scientific management at anytime and anywhere through a variety of sensing devices and the
internet. The basic characteristics of IOT are networked, instrumented, automated and intelligent.

Furthermore, this system includes sensor networks that use modern technology to transmit their
generated data such as energy consumption and metering information (voltage, power, current and
so on) for effective working of the system. In the modern architecture of smart grid, sensors
installed within a distribution board(DB). Data from a large number of DB are collected by one
local processor.

This project “Integration of Data Handling Using NodeMCU in Energy Smart Metering on
Distribution Board(DB)” consist of complicated and elaborate us of electrical and electronic
components and required some programming skills with the aim of digitizing and automating the
process of electrical energy measurements.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The conventional power system is developed considering the centralized approach based on a
unidirectional energy flow from generators to consumers with consumers having limited control
on the power flow. Therefore, the consumers will not know their daily energy usage thus make
consumers shock and anger over the sudden and sharp hike in their electricity bill. There are
several problems that can be highlighted:

i. The consumers can’t see the usage of energy by daily because there is no such
device/system that display consumption that need to be paid by them.
ii. The consumers can’t control the switch in long distance for a safety purpose.
iii. Every consumers want to reduce the energy usage by set the limit of the appliance to be
used

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the proposed project are:

i. To design a system of Distribution Board that can manage energy by installing sensors,
energy smart metering and display meter such as voltage, current and power.
ii. To store the data of energy consumption in real-time for every 10minutes in central
processor and notify the consumers for every 60minutes in local processor

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The global power industry is going through a significant transformation as its generation,
transmission, distribution and control infrastructure is aging while energy consumption is
increasing. The increasing of energy usage pursued the researcher to investigate several options
that can be made for upgrading the traditional power systems. According to and estimate,
residential buildings collectively consume around half of the total consumption of a grid.
Considering the amount of consumption, efficient utilization of energy within this sector can
greatly reduce the load on a grid.

2.2 EVOLUTION OF SMART METER

2.2.1 LOCAL PROCESSOR AND CENTRAL PROCESSOR

In the modern architecture of the smart grid, sensors installed within a home make up a home area
network (HAN). Data from a large number of HANs are collected by one local processor forming
a neighborhood area network (NAN). Many NANs are integrated and collectively form a wide
area network, providing real time electricity management of the entire system. The data generated
by sensors within a home are collected by a locally installed processor. The local processor is
further connected to a central processor that receive processor data from multiple local processors.
The central processor acts as a coordinator that streamlines the entire system. An important point
to consider is that there is a bidirectional communication between the central and local processors.
In addition, local processors also communicate with the actuators within their respective homes to
react to anomalies. Besides, by using mix approach could be useful as it lowers the cost for testing
without effecting test result[2].

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 Figure 2.0: Mode communication used in this research

2.2.2 RFID SERVICE FRAMEWORK

The employment of RFID technology is becoming more widely[3]. Especially, as smart devices
become much smaller and more powerful, mobile RFID application domain grows up in high
speed. the architecture and implementation of RFID Services Framework on mobile or mini-type
devices based on plug-in technology, puts forward a component based, light-weight, flexible,
scalable, manageable, and transplantable platform. The RFID service framework architecture
based on plug-in technology that have been implemented by others is presented in Figure 2.1. This
module can be divided into two liars and mainly pays attention to the hardware function of RFID
components on devices. The RF driver layer primarily concern about the communication interface
to RFID hardware. For instance, we connect an RFID kit attached on a certain device through
serial port or Bluetooth. The plug-in formed driver can be replaced dynamically if we want to
change another RFID kit without turning off device. RF Bridge Layer always acts as a decorator.
The goal of this layer is to accommodate several of RFID standards for RFID reader or writer
functions. We can also encapsulate the RFID device function in the bridge layer directly for there
is only communication protocol for a certain device.

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 Figure 2.1: RFID data logic manager

• Data Collection Plug-in: This kind of plug-ins mainly deals with RFID data collection. For
instance, how to define a read trigger to fire a read cycle, and how long a read cycle it is.
• Trigger Plug-in: The trigger plug-in can be divided into two sorts the read trigger, and the
report trigger. Each of them decides the cycle of action to fire a read process or a reporting.
• Tag Filter Plug-in: They filter the tags collected from reader according to the scheme based
on bitwise patterns.
• Event Generation Plug-in: This sort of plug-ins has responsibility to reduce volume of data
by ignore or sorting out some tag events and generate them which have an effect on the
business flow.
• Command Plug-in: This part of things mostly concerns about the command parse and
transmission from host to the local equipment.
• Notification Plug-in: The main function of this kind of plug-ins is to generate report and
send them to the up-level modules asynchronously.

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2.2.3 REST PROTOCOL

Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in information technology that all devices, like sensors and
actuators or we call object, can make a communication each other using internet network. Now,
Internet of things is being used in many fields, such as smart home automobile, agriculture,
transportation, health care, energy saving and many more. The IOT system uses the low-cost
computing devices that have less energy and impact for the environment. In smart home
application, IOT is implemented for a surveillance system. The system will monitor and control
the home through mobile smart phone. The intelligent controller will make a response after
analyzing the information.

RESTful API is an application program interface that uses HTTP request to GET, PUT, POST and
DELETE data. REST give an alternative to make APIs that allows users to connect and interact
with web base service[4]. The project has a work flow where the system will initialization process,
prepare the web service and find the connection to the network. Then, the system will listen to
receive commands via REST protocol. When the command is received, the system will past the
URL to know what command that is. After receiving the requested URL, NodeMCU would
respond the request using JSON data.

Figure 2.2: System diagram

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2.2.4 SMART ENERGY SAVING

Smart home electric energy saving system is implemented by combining smart meter, smart plug,
smart mobile devices, and database server. The smart meter consists of a power metering unit, a
data storage unit, a meter interface unit and a ZigBee module. The smart plug is composed of a
core control unit and a remote monitoring module. User can use smart phone to check and control
the operation of appliance, and the power consuming information can be remotely monitored by
connecting smart plug to the internet via Wi-Fi media. Besides, the load characteristics in the
database server can be employed to identify appliance operation mode by Support Vector
Machines (SVM) method, which provides effective message for home electric energy saving
application[5]. Besides, the handheld mobile devices are becoming increasingly popular in recent
years, APPs can provide convenient interface for remote real-time monitoring and operation,
allowing users to communicate with the controlled device. This is the effectively way for users to
realize home electric energy saving system, smart plug information, energy consumption history
and power management.

Figure 2.3: Simplified structure of the proposed home energy saving.

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2.2.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR PLUGS SMART

Smart switch allows switching almost any appliance ON and OFF remotely via local network or
via internet. It is designed to receive start/stop command and monitoring smart switch appliance
like voltage, current and power. This study is to aim to design switch distribution board that
controlling turning on and off of power outlet remotely and monitoring of the current, voltage and
power consumption, schedule the time of switching on/off [6]devices that lead to reduce power
consumption in addition to calculate the electrical cost. This system embeds program into
microcontroller to control over all process in addition to voltage and current sensor. The smart
switch is designed to put at the electrical entry point to house or building connected to Wi-Fi router
in-order to remotely manage. Arduino mega 2560 as controller has been used which to control
with devices and receive the signal from AC voltage and current sensor. While for sensors, AC
current sensor 30A (SCT0130) and shield card design to increase the sensitivity of reading and
AC voltage sensor convert from 220V AC to 3V DC were used. Besides, ethernet shield and relay
card (5V DC signal to contact 220V AC, 10A load)[1].

Figure 2.4: Result from analysis the data and hardware development

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2.2.6 IOT BASED SMART HOME APPLIANCES USING CLOUD

IOT based smart home appliances by using cloud intelligent Tetris switch by using cloud
intelligent Tetris switch, cloud home as a service (HaaS) server and IOT based appliances. It
proposed to achieve the power control and local data exchange. This cloud home as a service
(HaaS) server is proposed to provide the user interface for client users, storage all the information
or data corresponding to the specified house and query the function information of individual home
appliance. The Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch is the extension of the original power line. Based
on the embedded system module, each socket of the Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch can be
individually controlled. In addition to the manual operation, users can use their own mobile (via
APP) or browser to remotely control each socket. Moreover, the Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch[7]
with the embedded system module should connect to Internet. The Bluetooth, Zigbee, or Wi-Fi is
available for communication between Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch and home appliances /
remote home service server. By using the Arduino GPIO connection and Wi-Fi module, each
socket of the Tetris switch can be controlled remotely. The remote command given by the users
via Cloud Home as a Service (HaaS) VM or APP will be sent to the corresponding Cloud
Intelligent Tetris Switch. The Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch can be dynamically extended. Figure
2.6 presents the dynamic extension of Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch. Not only manual operation
but also Wi-Fi remote control are available.

. Figure 2.5: The dynamic extension of Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch. and Web Based to
Control Switching

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2.2.7 INTERNET OF THINGS ENABLE SMART SWITCHING

A cloud server is created for the environment where the switches are mounted. The switches are
interfaced with few electronic components such as logic gates, a 555 timer, flip-flops and a
processor. The user communicates with the processor through the Web App. The processor then
controls the switches based on the commands received from the user and also updates the user
about the status of the switches after the control operation is performed to the cloud[8]. The
prototype of smart switch system has been developed and tested to function with optimal result.
The switch can be controlled either with help of the web application or the physical switch They
used Raspberry Pi to which the smart switch is interfaced. The reason why they used web
application instead of mobile application is that the interfaced appliance can be controlled from
any device with the only prerequisite being that a web browser be present[9]. The circuit has been
designed in such a way that the smart switch will continue to work even in the event of technical
issues with the Raspberry Pi. The switch will continue to function in the event of a network failure.

Figure 2.6: Home page for web application and hardware of smart switch

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2.2.8 LOW-COST WI-FI SMART PLUG WITH ON-OFF AND ENERGY METERING
FUNCTIONS

Development of a Wi-Fi smart plug which is able to switch on/off remotely electrical appliances.
A web application is developed so that users may interface with the smart plug. A bi-
stable(latching) relay is employed in the single phase in order to reach zero consumption of the
relay coil when it stable. Proposed arduino-based smart plug designed to monitor power
consumption of an electrical appliance.

Figure 2.7: Communication system design and smart plug device

Figure 2.8: system block diagram and energy metering process

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2.2.9 POWER METER MONITORING FOR HOME APPLIANCES BASED ON MOBILE
DATA COMMUNICATION

Proposed a tool that can calculate the amount of electricity consumed by home appliance users and
send the data in real time and online to the server. Sensors like current transformer and power
transformer used while 3G module was utilized the data communication. Arduino was used as the
main controller of the smart power meter. As result they obtained accuracy of current reading from
88.33% to 99.29% while voltage readig was from 99.02% to 99.96% compared to standard
measurement. They used General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) to transmit the data by using
mobile data transmission technology. Users can see the actual use of electrical energy in real time
and it can be categorize as low cost because it not requires much external hardware/circuit.
Moreover, the accuracy for the result can be accepted and may improve the reading for current
transformer[10].

Figure2.9: GPRS architecture and system block diagram

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2.2.10 DETECTION OF OPERATING CONDITION IN HOME APPLIANCES USING
CURRENT DATA on ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION BOARD

This literature proposed an analysis method to figure out the electricity consumption structure in
residential buildings using branch current data on electric boards. The collected data is sent to data
server which the manufacturer holds via a network, and it is offered to hoping users for
"visualization". The number of distributed branch circuit in recent residential housing has
increased than 20 with increase of a branch capacity caused by upsizing and the many
functionalization of household electric appliances. For example, air-conditioners are connected to
independent circuit and refrigerators are also connected by itself or with only a few appliances
such as microwave ovens or rice cookers in general recent houses. Therefore, electricity
consumption by appliances can be figured out to some extent by measuring the current
consumption by branch circuit on electric boards. Furthermore, circuit current consumption can
be resolved into appliance consumptions by shortening measurement interval of one minute. They
have started energy measurement survey in 50household live in apartment building mostly area in
Chiba to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method since November 2009[11].

Figure 2.10: Constitution of measurement system

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2.2.11 APPLICATION OF DATA ANALYSIS FOR ADVANCED DEMAND PROFILING
OF RESIDENTIAL LOAD USING SMART METER

There is other previous work that have been made by proposing a methodology for demand
profiling namely load decomposition of aggregated residential load based smart meter(SM) data.
The methodology is applicable to both active and reactive load, following an assumption that SMs
can monitor real-time active power consumption of individual appliances. The non-monitored
users’ load is decomposed using artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the available SM
data. Information about load composition, in terms of load categories or load controllability, can
be highly beneficial for various demand response (DR) applications. Load profiling has shown
crucial role in the studies of direct load control (DLC), demand response (DR) programs, design
of tariffs and involvement of local generation. An important part of load profiling is flexibility
profiling, i.e. assessment of the size of controllable (shift able) load within the total load. The
assessment can be performed in two dimensions: the first is time by observing the change in the
size of controllable load within the load over a day or a season. While for the second is space by
observing the size of controllable load over a distribution network. In the two-way communication
between electricity suppliers and end-users provided by the SMs, the end-users may receive daily
and seasonal change in electricity price as a signal to change their load patterns and make savings
for both themselves and suppliers[12].

Figure 2.11: Load categories and corresponding types of appliances

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2.2.12 SMART NON-INTRUSIVE POWER CONSUMPTION MONITORING SYSTEM

The energy consumption in residential has been increased over the past years. Providing residents
with information on their energy consumption has become a feasible option to promote energy
saving in residential sector. This research is about designing the electrical energy monitoring
system based on a non-intrusive sensor, Bluetooth low energy(BLE) and Factorial Hidden Markov
Model Algorithm (FHMM)[13]. The sensors are placed at one-point observation to measure
electricity consumption on the whole load. Using the BLE as the transmission medium,
measurement result are sent to the server. Then the server performs the disaggregation of electricity
consumption on each load using FHMM algorithm to be able user to observe the energy of a whole
load or each of them. The process begins by taking the analog electrical current and voltage data
from the load. The hardware devices is used with some modifications to accommodate the
requirements of electrical energy monitoring paper. The process begins by taking analog data
current and voltage of the load. Then, data will be transmitted to the signal conditioning circuit
that acts as a signal conditioner. Signal conditioning circuit consists of two parts, namely the
current interfacing circuit and voltage interfacing circuit. Micro Control Unit (MCU) converts
analog signals from signal conditioning circuits for digital signal processing electric variables
(such as voltage, current, power factor, real power and apparent power), to format the data and
transmit the data to the server through the BLE network[14]. The database server will process
FHMM algorithm then save the result. Then, the HTTP server will serve users with
comprehensible webpage which is contains the total power and energy consumption of each
household appliance. The structure of the whole system of BLE Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
is shown in Fig.2.12.

Figure 2.12: example of real time total power and example of disaggregation energy for each
appliance

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2.2.13 DESIGN OF SMART HOME CONTROL SYSTEM BY IOT BASED ON ZIGBEE

Smart home is an important applicable field of Internet of Things. In line with the applicable
demands and features of smart home, a design of smart home control system by Internet of
Things[15] based on ZigBee has been advanced in this paper. In the proposed system, LM3S8962
32-bit processor is used as the main controller to complete the design of embedded WEB server.
Meanwhile, a number of things have adopted in the program design, such as RTX operating system
in RL-ARM real time database, Common Gateway Interface function and Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. A variety of tasks of the system function module can be completed by
RTX operating system. The information exchange between the client side and the server side can
be realized by Common Gateway Interface technology. Ethernet communication can be
implemented by Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. What's more, ZigBee wireless
communication module is applied for the local communication, and it can send and receive the
transmission information between the main controller and the various home appliances[16]. In this
system, LM3S8962 processor is employed instead of the traditional 8- bit or 16-bit MCU.
LM3S8962 processor is based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core, specifically for embedded application
and development of 32-bit flash processor, which is one of the best choices for the smart home
control system. LM3S8962 processor is used as an embedded WEB server to respond to the
requests from the WEB browser. ZigBee is a low power local area network protocol based on
IEEE802.15.4 standard. ZigBee technology is a kind of wireless communication technology with
short distance and low power consumption. The ZigBee[1] wireless communication module is
used to receive and transmit control commands from the control board, and monitoring information
of the home appliance will be collected and transmitted to the control board at the same time.
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard for the communication between Web servers and
external programs. It can make external programs to generate HTML[17], images, or other content.
Thus, it can accomplish the information exchange between the client side and the server side.
Finally, through the three parts of the system testing, it can be seen that users can access to the
WEB browser through the Internet at anytime and anywhere to view the information of home
appliances or send instructions to control the operation of home appliances, which can improve
the convenience and safety of the home life.

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Figure 2.13: Framework structure for smart home system

Figure 2.14: Hardware structure for the smart home system

Figure 2.15: WEB server design

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 METHODOLOGY

3.1 FLOW CHART OF OVERALL PROJECT

Figure 3.0: Flowchart of overall project

20
On the beginning, this final year project 1 (FYP1) start with literature review about energy
management where students have to do some research about their topic before proceed to the next
step. For the first meeting with Dr.Nabil has suggested several topic that have a potential to make
it as a project. After several week of finding for literature review, student has chosen the topic
which is suitable for our project which is “Integration of Data Handling Using NodeMCU in
Energy Smart Metering on Distribution Board(DB)”. The research of study needs has been done
to look at several factors such as availability the component in market, costing that involve in this
project whether suitable in-term of return of investment(ROI) and many more. All the collected
data need to be analyze from all possible source such as journal, conference, research paper and
some others source. For this FYP1, students have to prepare for the coding, hardware development,
proposal before proceed to the next final year project 2 (FYP2). Then on the FYP2, student have
to analyze collected result form the FYP1 and FYP2 before start doing thesis, technical paper and
presentation. All the collected data has to be presented to see whether the innovation of this project
achieve the objective or not. Last but not least, all above was completed, the student can submit
the thesis that indicate the student has complete for their Final Year Project(FYP).

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3.2 FLOWCHART OF PROJECT SYSTEM (DATA LOGGING)

Flowchart of the project is needed as a guideline for the student in order to complete the project
successfully.

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the project system

22
This design of project system consists of two part which are distribution board and measurement
circuit. First the appliance MCB need to be turn on via manually since the MCB using mechanism
of relay. Then it will initialize the input and display the status of connectivity of microcontroller
whether success connected to WI-FI or not. From this moment, timer start and it will check whether
the sensor is detected or not. If ‘YES’, it will measure the reading such as current, voltage, and
power. The value will be display on LCD meter placed in DB board. The system was set into 2
categories. For the first part, the system will set for 10 minutes while the second part will set to 60
minutes. The reason this system consists of two parts is to make the system friendlier to consumer
since they will get notification through mobile app and it would bother the consumers routine.
Thus, the consumer will only receive the notification of energy consumption every 1 hours in a
day and could also check the energy consumption through web base.

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GANTT CHART

YEAR 2018
FYP1 FYP2
TASK / WEEK
MAR APR MAY JUNE SEP OCT NOV DIS JAN
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 Initial Preparation

2 Research on Project and Title

3 Literature Review and Project Finding

4 Proposal Writing and Submission

5 Development of Hardware

6 Design of Algorithm

7 Data Analysis

8 Technical Paper Writing and Submission

9 Documentation, Thesis Writing and Submission

10 Project Presentation

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CONCLUSION

In this paper, the design and program for the implementation of Integration of Data Handling Using
NodeMCU in Energy Smart Metering on Distribution Board were proposed. The scope of project
was achieved during the research of literature review. It can be seen that the real time online smart
meter system will bring some benefit to consumers beside reducing energy production in
generation. User would be able to monitor all the energy consumption using mobile phone or
through WEB base since the system could be able to check on both application. This project will
provide a simple, accurate and useful solution in form of wireless digital energy meter. Although
a prototype is still under development and for a demonstrated purpose, the concept of idea could
bring big impact to energy industries. The robustness and simplicity of programming additional
features is great advantage of this meter. This project therefore comes one step closer to the
ultimate dream of having a fully automated energy consumption monitoring system in which a
computer can provide all necessary information additional features as deemed by itself.

25
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