Exercise 13.1: Book Name: NCERT Solutions

Class XI Chapter 13 – Limits and Derivatives Maths
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Book Name: NCERT Solutions

Exercise 13.1
Question 1:
Evaluate the Given limit: lim x  3
x 3
Solution 1:
lim x  3 = 3 + 3 = 6
x 3
Question 2:

Evaluate the Given limit: lim  x 
22 
x 
 7 
Solution 2:
 22   22 
lim  x   =   7 
x 
 7  
Question 3:
Evaluate the Given limit : lim r 2
x 1
Solution 3:
lim r 2 =  1  
2
x 1
Question 4:
4x  3
Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x1 x2
Solution 4:
4x  3 4  4  3 16  3 19
lim =  
x1 x  2 42 2 2
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Question 5:
x10  x5 1
x1 x 1
Solution 5:
x10  x5 1  1   1 1 111
10 5
1
lim   
x1 x 1 11 2 2
Question 6:
 x 1 1
5
x0 x
Solution 6:
lim
 x 1 1
5
x0 x
Put x + 1 = y so that y Ã¢â€ ’ 1 as x Ã¢â€ ’ 0.
Accordingly, lim
 x 15 1 = lim y5 1
x0 x x1 y 1
y 1
5 5
 lim
x1 y 1
 xn  an 
 5.151 lim  nan1 
 xa x  a 
5
lim
 x 1 1
5
5
x0 x
Question 7:
3x2  x 10
x2 x2  4
Solution 7:
0
At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form .
0
 lim
3x2  x 10
=  lim
 x  23x  5
x2 x 4
2 x2  x  2 x  2
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3x  5
 lim
x2 x2
3  2  5

22
11

4
Question 8:
x4  81
x3 2x2  5x  3
Solution 8:
0
At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form .
0
x4  81  x  3 x  3  x2  9
lim 2  lim
x3 2 x  5x  3 x3  x  3 2x 1
 x  3  x2  9
 lim
x3 2x  1
3  3  32  9

2 3  1
6 18

7
108

7
Question 9:
ax  b
x0 cx 1
Solution 9:
ax  b a  0  b
lim = b
x0 cx 1 c  0  1
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Question 10:
1
z 3 1
Evaluate the Given limit: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
Solution 10:
1
z 3 1
lim 1
z 1
z 1
6
0
At z = 1, the value of the given function takes the form .
0
1
Put z 6 = x so that z Ã¢â€ ’1 as x Ã¢â€ ’ 1.
1
z 1
3 x2  1
Accordingly, lim = lim
z 1 1 x1 x 1
z 6 1
x2  1
 lim
x1 x 1
 xn  an 
 2.121 lim  nan1 
 xa x  a 
2
1
z 3 1
lim 1
=2
z 1
z 1
6
Question 11:
ax2  bx  c
Evaluate the Given limit: lim ,a+b+ c 0
x1 cx2  b 1  a
Solution 11:
ax2  bx  c a 1  b 1  c
2
lim 2 =
x1 cx  bx  a
c 1  b 1  a
2
a bc
=
a bc
=1 [a + b + c  0]
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Question 12:
1 1

Evaluate the Given limit: lim x 2
x2 x  2
Solution 12:
1 1

lim x 2
x2 x  2
0
At x = â€“2, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1 1  2 x 
  2x 
Now, lim x 2 = lim  
x2 x  2 x2 x  2
1
= lim
x2 2 x
1 1
 
2  2 4
Question 13:
sin ax
x0 bx
Solution 13:
sin ax
lim
x0 bx
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form .
0
sin ax sin ax ax
Now, lim = lim 
x0 bx x0 ax bx
 sin ax  a
 lim  
x0
 ax  b
 sin ax 
a
 lim    x  0  ax  0
b ax  0
 ax 
a  sin y 
 1 lim  1
b  y0 y 
a

b
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Question 14:
sin ax
Evaluate the Given limit: lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
Solution 14:
sin ax
lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
0
0
 sin ax   ax
 ax 
= lim  
sin ax
Now, lim
x0 sin bx x0  sin bx 
 bx   bx
 
lim 
sin ax 
a ax 0  ax   x  0  ax  0 
   
b
lim 
sin bx  and x  0  bx  0
bx0  bx 

a 1  sin y 
  lim  1
b 1  y0 y 
a

b
Question 15:
sin   x 
x    x 
Solution 15:
sin   x 
lim
x    x 
It is seen that x Ã¢â€ ’ π ⇒ (π â€“ x) Ã¢â€ ’ 0

sin   x  1 sin   x 
lim  lim
x    x    x0    x 
1  sin y 
 1 lim  1
  y0 y 
1


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Question 16:
cos x
Evaluate the given limit: lim
x0  x
Solution 6:
cos x cos0 1
lim = 
x0   x  0 
Question 17:
cos2x 1
x0 cos x 1
Solution 17:
cos2x 1
lim
x0 cos x 1
0
0
cos2x 1 1  2sin 2 x 1  2 x
Now, lim
x0 cos x 1
= lim
x0 x cos x  1  2sin 2 
1  2sin2 1
2
 sin x  2
2
 x2   x
 lim  
2
sin x
 lim
x0
sin2
x x  0  
2 x
2  sin  2
 2  x
  x 2  4
  
  2 
 sin2 x 
lim  2 
4
x0
 x 
 
 sin2 x 
lim  2
x0 
 x 
2
  
  2 
2
 sin2 x 
 lim x2 
 x0
 x 
4 2  x  0  2  0
 
 sin2 x 
 lim 2
 x0  x 2 
  2 
   
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12  sin y 
4 lim  1
12  y0 y 
4
Question 18:
ax  x cos x
x0 b sin x
Solution 18:
ax  x cos x
lim
x0 b sin x
0
0
Now,
ax  x cos x 1 x  a  cos x
lim = lim
x0 b sin x b x 0 sin x
1  x 
= lim   lim  a  cos x 
b x0  sin x  x0
 
1 1 
=    lim  a  cos x 
b  lim sin x  x0
 x0 
 x 
=   a  cos x
1  sin x 
lim  1
b y0 x 
a 1
=
b
Question 19:
Evaluate the Given limit: lim x sec x
x0
Solution 19:
x 0 0
lim x sec x = lim   0
x0 x0 cos x cos0 1
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Question 20:
sin ax  bx
Evaluate the Given limit: lim a, b, a + b ≠ 0
x0 ax  sin bx
Solution 20:
0
0
Now,
sin ax  bx
lim
x0 ax  sin bx
 sin ax  ax  bx
 ax 
= lim  
ax  bx 
x0 sin bx 

 bx 
 lim sin ax   lim ax  lim bx
 x0 ax  x0   x0  
=   As x  0  ax  0 and bx  0
lim ax  lim bx  lim
sin bx 

x0 x0  x0 bx 
= lim
lim ax  limbx
x0 x0  sin x 
 1
x0 lim ax  lim bx lim
x0 x 
x0 x0
lim  ax  bx 
x0
=
lim  ax  bx 
x0
= lim (1)
x0
=1
Question 21:
Evaluate the Given limit: limcosecx  cot x
x0
Solution 21:
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form  
Now,
limcosecx  cot x
x0
 1 cos x 
= lim   
x0
 sin x sin x 
 1  cos x 
= lim  
x0
 sin x 
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 1  cos x 
 x 
= lim  
x0  sin x 
 x 
 
1  cos x
lim
x0 x
=
sin x
lim
x0 x
0  1 cos x sin x 
= lim  0and lim  1
1 x0 x x 0 x 
=0
Question 22:
tan 2 x
lim

x
2 x
2
Solution 22:
tan 2 x
lim

x
2 x
2
 0
At x = , the value of the given function takes the form
2 0
 
Now, put x   y So that x  , y  0
2 2

tan 2  y  
lim
tan 2x
 lim  2
 y0 y
2 x
x
2
tan   2 y 
= lim
y 0 y
tan 2 y
= lim tan   2 y   tan 2 y
y0 y
sin 2 y
= lim
y0 y cos2 y
 sin 2 y 2 
= lim   
y 0
 2 y cos2 y 
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 sin 2 y   2 
=  lim  lim
2 y  y0  cos2 y 
  y  0  2 y  0
2 y0
= 1
2  sin x 
lim  1
cos0 x0 x 
2
= 1
1
=2
Question 23:
2x  3, x0
Find lim f(x) and lim f(x), where f(x) = 
x0 x1
3 x  1, x0
Solution 23:
The given function is
2x  3, x0
f(x) = 
3 x  1, x0
lim f  x  lim2x  3  20  3  3
x0 x0
lim f  x  lim3 x 1  30 1  3

x0 x0
 lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  3

x0 x0 x0
lim f  x  lim3 x 1  311  6

x1 x1
lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  6

x1 x1 x1
Question 24:

x 1,
2
x 1
Find lim f  x , when f(x) = 
x1
x 1,
 x 1
2
Solution 24:

x 1,
2
x 1
f(x) = 
x 1,
 x 1
2
lim f  x   lim  x2 1  12 1  11  0

x1 x1
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lim f  x   lim x2 1  12 1  11  2

x1 x1
It is observed that lim f  x   lim f  x  .

x1 x1
Hence, lim f  x does not exist.

x1
Question 25:
x
 , x0
Evaluate lim f  x , where f(x) =  x
x0
0, x0

Solution 25:
x
 , x0
f(x) =  x
0, x0

x
lim f  x   lim  
x0 x0
x
 x 
= lim   [When x is negative, x = -x]
x0
 x 
= lim  1
x0
= -1
x
lim f  x   lim  
x0 x0
x
 x
= lim   [When x is positive, x = x]
 
x0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f  x   lim f  x .
x0 x0

x0
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Question 26:
x
 , x0
Find lim f  x , when f(x) =  x
x0
0, x0

Solution 26:
x
 , x0
f(x) =  x
0, x0

x
lim f  x   lim  
x0 x0
x
x
= lim   [When x < 0, x = -x]
x0  x
 
= lim  1
x0
= -1
x
lim f  x   lim  
x0 x0
x
 x
= lim   [When x > 0, x = x]
 
x0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f  x  lim f  x .
x0 x0

x0
Question 27:
Find lim f  x , where f(x) = x - 5
x5
Solution 27:
The given function is f(x) = x - 5
lim f  x   lim  x  5
x5 x5
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= lim  x  5 [When x > 0, x = x]

x5
= 5-5
=0
lim f  x   lim  x  5
x5 x5
= lim  x  5 [When x > 0, x = x]

x5
= 5-5
=0
lim f  x  lim f(x) = 0
x5 x5
Hence, lim f  x = 0
x5
Question 28:
a  bx, x 1

Suppose f(x) = 4, x  1 and if lim f  x = f(1) what are possible values of a and b?
x1
b  ax x 1

Solution 28:
a  bx, x 1

f(x) = 4, x 1
b  ax x 1

lim f  x  lim a  bx  a  b
x1 x1
lim f  x  limb  ax  b  a

x1 x1
f(1) = 4
It is given that lim f(x) = f(1).
x1
lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  f 1

x1 x1 x1
a +b = 4 and b – a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a = 0 and b = 4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
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Question 29:
Let a1, a2 ,.......an be fixed real numbers and define a function
f(x) = (x - a1 ) (x - a2 )…..(x - an )
What is lim f  x  ? For some a  a1, a2 ,......an . Compute lim f  x .
xa1 xa
Solution 29:
The given function is f(x) = (x - a1 ) (x - a2 )…..(x - an )
lim f  x  = lim  x  a1  x  a2  .... x  an 
xa1 xa1
=  lim  x  a1   lim  x  a2  ...  lim  x  an 

 xa1   xa1   xa1 
=  a1  a1  a2  a2 ... a1  an   0
 lim f(x) = 0
xa1
Now, lim f(x) = lim  x  a1  x  a2  ... x  an 

x a x a
= lim x  a1  lim x  a2  ... lim x  an 

 xa   xa   xa 
=  a  a1  a  a2 ... a  an 
lim f  x   a  a1  a  a2 ... a  an 
xa
Question 30:
 x 1, x0

If f(x) = 0, x 0.
 x 1 x 1

For what value (s) of does lim f  x exists?
xa
Solution 30:
 x 1, x0

f(x) = 0, x 0.
 x 1 x 1

When a = 0,
lim f  x   lim  x 1
x0 x0
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= lim x 1 [If x < 0, x = - x]

x0
=-0+1
=1
lim f  x   lim  x 1
x0 x0
= lim x 1 [If x > 0, x = x]

x0
= 0 -1
=-1
Here, it is observed that lim f  x   lim f(x).
x0 x0
lim f  x does not exist.

x0
When a < 0,
lim f  x   lim  x 1
xa xa
= lim x 1 [x < a < 0  x = - x]

xa
=-a+1
lim f  x   lim  x 1
xa xa
= lim x 1 [a < x < 0  x = -x]

xa
=-a+1
 lim f  x  lim f(x) = - a + 1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a < 0.
When a > 0
lim f  x   lim  x 1
xa xa
 lim  x 1 0  x  a  x  x

xa
 a 1
lim f  x   lim  x 1
xa xa
 lim  x 1 0  a  x  x  x

xa
 a 1
 lim f  x  lim f  x  a 1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x)exists at x = a, where a > 0.
Thus, lim f  x exists for all a  0.
xa
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Question 31:
f  x  2
If the function f(x) satisfies lim   , evaluate lim f  x .
x1 x2 1 x1
Solution 31:
f  x  2
lim 
x1 x2 1
lim  f  x   2
 x1 
lim  x2 1
x1
 lim (f(x) – 2) =  lim (  x2  1

x1 x1
 lim (f(x) – 2) =  12 1

x1
 lim
x1
f(x) – 2) = 0
 lim
x1
f(x) - lim 2 = 0
x1
 lim
x1
f(x) – 2 = 0
lim f  x  2
x1
Question 32:
mx2  n, x0

If f  x   nx  m, 0  x  1.
nx3  m, x 1

For what integers m and n does lim f  x and lim f  x exists?
x0 x1
Solution 32:
mx2  n, x0

f  x   nx  m, 0  x 1
nx3  m, x 1

lim f  x   lim  mx2  n
x0 x0
 m  0  n
2
n
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lim f  x   lim  nx  m
x0 x0
 n  0  m
m
Thus, lim f  x exists if m = n.
x0
lim f  x   lim  nx  m
x1 x1
 n 1  m
 mn
lim f  x   lim  nx3  m

x1 x1
 n 1  m
3
 m n
lim f  x  lim f(x) = lim f  x .
x1 x1 x1
Thus, lim f  x exists for any internal value of m and n.

x1
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Exercise 13.2
Question 1:
Find the derivative of x2 - 2 at x = 10.
Solution 1:
Let f(x) = x2 â€“ 2. Accordingly,
f 10  h  f 10
f ' 10  lim
h0 h
10  h  2  102  2
2
 lim  
h0 h
10  2.10.h  h2  2 102  2
2
 lim
h0 h
20h  h 2
 lim
h0 h
 lim  20  h   20  0  20
h0
Thus, the derivative of x2 â€“ 2 at x = 10 is 20.
Question 2:
Find the derivative of 99x at x = 100.
Solution 2:
Let f(x) = 99x. Accordingly,
f 100  h   f 100
f ' 100  lim
h0 h
99 100  h  99 100
 lim
h0 h
99 100  99h  99 100
 lim
h0 h
99h
 lim
h0 h
 lim 99  99
h0
Thus, the derivative of 99x at x = 100 is 99.
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Question 3:
Find the derivative of x at x = 1.
Solution 3:
Let f(x) = x. Accordingly,
f 1  h   f 1
f ' 1  lim
h0 h
 lim
1  h 1
h0 h
h
 lim
h0 h
 lim 1
h0
=1
Thus, the derivative of x at x = 1 is 1.
Question 4:
Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle.
(i) x3 â€“ 27 (ii) (x â€“ 1) (x â€“ 2)
1 x 1
(ii) (iv)
x 2
x 1
Solution 4:
(i) Let f(x) = x3 â€“ 27. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
 x  h  27   x3  27
3
 lim  
h0 h
x3  h3  3x2h  3xh2  x3
 lim
h0 h
h  3x h  3xh2
3 2
 lim
h0 h
 lim  h  3x2h  3xh2 
3
h0
 0  3x2  0  3x2
(ii) Let f(x) = (x â€“ 1) (x â€“ 2). Accordingly, from the first principle,
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f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
 lim
 x  h 1 x  h  2   x 1 x  2
h0 h
 lim
 x  hx  2x  hx  h2  2h  x  h  2   x2  2x  x  2
2
h0 h
 lim
 hx  hx  h2  2h  h
h0 h
2hx  h  3h
2
 lim
h0 h
 lim  2x  h  3
h0
 2x  3
1
(iii) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x2
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1 1
2  2
 lim
 x  h x
h0 h
1  x   x  h 
2 2
 lim  2 2 
 x  x  h 
h0 h
1  x2   x  h  
2
 lim  2 2 
 x  x  h 
h0 h
1  x2  x2  h2  2hx 
 lim  
 x  x  h
2
h0 h

2
1  h2  2hx 
 lim  2 2
h0 h
 x  x  h 
 h2  2x 
 lim  2 2
h0
 x  x  h 
0  2x 2
 2  3
x  x  0
2
x
x 1
(iv) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x 1
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f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
 x  h 1  x 1 
 x  h 1 x 1 
 lim  
h0 h
1   x 1 x  h  1   x  1 x  h 1 
 lim  
h0 h
  x 1 x  h 1 
1   x  hx  x  x  h 1   x  hx  x  x  h 1 
2 2
lim  
h0 h
  x 1 x  h 1 
1 2h 
 lim  
h0 h  x 1 x  h  1
 
 2 
 lim  
h0  x 1 x  h  1
 
2 2
 
 x 1 x 1  x 12
Question 5:
For the function
x100 x99 x2
F(x) =   ...   x 1
100 99 2
Prove that f’(1) = 100 f’(0)
Solution 5:
x100 x99 x2
F(x) =   ...   x 1
100 99 2
d d x 100
x99
x2 
f ( x)     ...   x 1
dx dx 100 99 2 
d d  x100  d  x99  d  x2  d d
f ( x)        ...      x   1
dx dx  100  dx  99  dx  2  dx dx
On using theorem  xn   nxn1, we obtain

d
dx
99
d 100x 99x98 2x
f ( x)    ...  1 0
dx 100 99 2
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 x99  x98  ...  x  1

 f '  x   x99  x98  ...  x  1
At x =0,
f '  0  1
At x =1,
f ' 1  199 198  ... 1 1  1 1  ... 1 1100terms  1100  100
Thus,f ' 1  100  f '  0
Question 6:
Find the derivative of xn  axn1  a2 xn2  ...  an1x  an for some fixed real number a.
Solution 6:
Let f(x) = xn  axn1  a2 xn2  ...  an1x  an
 f '( x) 
d n
dx
 x  axn1  a2 xn2  ...  an1x  an 
  xn   a  xn1   a2  xn2   ...  an1  x   an 1

d d d d d
dx dx dx dx dx
On using theorem  xn   nxn1 , we obtain
d
dx
f '( x)  nx  a  n 1 xn2  a2  n  2 xn3  ...  an1  an  0
n1
 nxn1  a  n 1 xn2  a2  n  2 xn3  ...  an1
Question 7:
For some constants a and b, find the derivative of
xa
(i) (x â€“ a) (x â€“ b) (ii) (ax2 + b)2 (iii)
x b
Solution 7:
(i) Let f (x) = (x â€“ a) (x â€“ b)
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 f  x   x2   a  b  x  ab
 f '  x    x2   a  b x  ab
d
dx
  x2    a  b  x    ab
d d d
dx dx dx
On using theorem  xn   nxn1 , we obtain
d
dx
f '  x   2x   a  b   0  2x  a  b
(ii)Let f  x    ax2  b
2
 f  x   a2 x4  2abx2  b2
 f '  x    a2 x4  2abx2  b2   a2  x4   2ab  x2   b2 

d d d d
dx dx dx dx
On using theorem  x   nxn1 , we obtain
d n
dx
f'(x)=a  4x   2ab  2x   b2  0
2 3
 4a2 x3  4abx
 4ax  ax2  b
Let f ( x) 
 x  a
 x  b
d  xa 
 f '  x 
dx  x  b 
By quotient rule,
d d
 x  b dx  x  a    x  a  dx  x  b
f'  x  
 x  b2

 x  b1   x  a 1
 x  b 2
x b  x  a

 x  b2
a b

 x  b2
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Question 8:
xn  a n
Find the derivative of for some constant a.
xa
Solution 8:
xn  a n
Let f(x) =
xa
d  xn  an 
 f '( x)   
dx  x  a 
By quotient rule,
 x  a    xn  an  dxd  x  a 
d n n
 x  a  dx
f '  x 
 x  a 2
 x  a   nxn1  0   xn  an 

 x  a 2
nxn  anxn1  xn  an

 x  a 2
Question 9:
Find the derivative of
3
(i) 2x  (ii) (5x3 + 3x â€“ 1) (x â€“ 1)
4
(iii) x â €’’3 (5 + 3x) (iv) x5 (3 â€“6 xa €’’9)
2 x2
(v) xâ€“4 (3 â€“ 4xâ€“5) (vi) 
x 1 3x 1
Solution 9:
3
(i) Let f(x) = 2x 
4
d 3
f '( x)   2x  
dx  4
d d  3
= 2  x   
dx dx  4 
=2-0
=2
(ii) Let f (x) = (5x3 + 3x â€“ 1) (x â€“ 1)
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By Leibnitz product rule,
f '( x)  5x3 + 3x-1  x 1   x 1 d 5x3 + 3x-1

d
dx dx
 5x + 3x-1 1   x 1 5.3x + 3-0
3 2
 5x3 + 3x-1   x 1 15x2  3

 5x3 + 3x-1+15x3  3x 15x2  3
 20x3 15x2  6x  4
(iii) Let f (x) = x â €’’3 (5 + 3x)
f'(x)=x-3
d
5 + 3x  5  3x d  x-3 
dx dx
=x  0 + 3  5  3x  3x 
-3 -3-1
 x-3 3  5  3x  3x-4 

 3x-3 15x-4  9x-3
 6x-3 15x-4
 5
 3x-3  2  
 x
3x-3
  2 x  5
x
3
 4 5  2x 
x
(iv) Let f (x) = x5 (3 â€“ 6 xa €’’9)
f '( x)  x5
d
dx
 3 -6x-9   3  6x9   x5 
d
dx
 x 0  6  9 x   3  6x 5x 4 
5 -9-1 -9
 x5 54x-10   15x 4  30x-5

 54x-5  15x 4  30x-5
 24x-5  15x 4
24
 24x-5  5
x
(v) Let f (x) = xa €’’4(3 â€“ 4 xa €’’5)
Top tutor.
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d
f '( x)  x-4
dx
 3 -4x-5   3  4x5   x-4 
d
dx
 x 0  4  5 x   3  4x   4 x41
-4 -5-1 -5
 x-4  20x-6   3  4x-5  4x-5 

 20x-10 12x-5  16x-10
 36x-10 12x-5
12 36
  -5  10
x x
2 x2
(vi) Let f (x) = 
x 1 3x 1
d  2  d  x2 
f’(x) =    
dx  x  1  dx  3x 1 
By quotient rule,
 x  1 d 2  2 d x  1   3x 1 d x2  x2 d 3x 1 
  dx   dx       dx   dx  
f ' x   
  
  x 12   3x 12 
   
  x  1 0  2 1   3x 1 2x    x  3 
2
  
  x 12   3x 12 
2  6x2  2x  3x2 
   
 x 12  3x 12 
2  3x2  2x2 
   
 x 12  3x 12 
2 x 3x  2
 
 x 12 3x 12
Question 10:
Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.
Solution 10:
Let f (x) = cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x  lim
h0 h
Top tutor.
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cos  x  h  cos  x 
 lim
h0 h
 cos x cosh sin x sinh cos x 
 lim  
h0
 h
  cos x 1  cosh   sin x sinh 
 lim  
h0
 h 
  cos x(1  cosh sin x sinh 
 lim   
h0
 h h
 1  cosh   sinh 
  cos x  lim   sin x lim  
 h0 h  h0
 h 
 1  cosh sinh 
  cos x  0  sin x 1 lim  0 and lim  1
h0 h h0 h

  sin x
 f '( x)   sin x
Question 11:
Find the derivative of the following functions:
(i) sin x cos x (ii) sec x (iii) 5 sec x + 4 cos x
(iv) cosec x (v) 3cot x + 5cosec x
(vi) 5sin x - 6cos x + 7 (vii) 2tan x - 7sec x
Solution 11:
(i) Let f (x) = sin x cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
sin  x  h cos  x  h  sin x cos x
 lim
h0 h
1
 lim 2sin( x  h)cos  x  h  2sin x cos x
h0 2h
1
 lim sin 2  x  h  sin 2x
h0 2h
1  2x  2h  2x 2x  2h 2x 
 lim 2cos .sin 
h0 2h
 2 2
1  4x  2h 2h 
 lim cos .sin 
h0 2h
 2 2
Top tutor.
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1
 lim cos  2x  h sinh 
h0 2h 
sinh
 limcos  2x  h .lim
h0 h0 h
 cos  2x  0 .1
 cos 2x
(ii) Let f (x) = sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
sec  x  h  sec x
 lim
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 
1  cos x  cos  x  h  
 lim  
 cos x cos  x  h  
h0 h
 x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  2  

1
.lim 
1  2   
cos x h 0 h cos( x  h) 
 
 2x  h   h  
 2sin   sin   2  

1
.lim 
1  2   
cos x h 0 h cos( x  h) 
 
  h 
  2x  h  sin   2  
sin   
  2  h 
1   2 

1
.lim    
cos x h0 2h cos( x  h)
2x  h 
sin   sin 
h
2 
.lim   .lim 
1 2

cos x h0  h  h0 cos( x  h)
 2
 
1 sin x
 .1.
cos x cos x
 sec x tan x
(iii) Let f (x) = 5 sec x + 4 cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
Top tutor.
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f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
5sec  x  h  4cos  x  h  5sec x  4cos x
 lim
h0 h
 5lim
sec( x  h)  sec x  4lim cos  x  h  cos x
h0 h h0 h
1 1 1  1
 5lim     4lim cos  x  h  cos x
h0 h cos  x  h  cos x  h0 h

1  cos x  cos  x  h  
 4lim cos x cosh sin x sinh  cos x
1
 5lim  
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  h0 h
 2x  h   h  
2sin  sin 
5 1 
  2   2    1 cosh   sin x lim sinh 
 .lim  4  cos x lim 
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h)   h0 h h0 h

 
  h
  2x  h  sin   2  
 sin   
  2  h 
 2 
5  
 .lim    4   cos x  . 0  sin x  .1
cos x h 0
 cos( x  h) 
 
 
 
 
 2x  h  h 
 sin   sin   
. lim 
2 
.lim     4sin x
5 2

cos x  h0 cos( x  h) h0 h 
 2 
5 sin x
 . .1  4sin x
cos x cos x
 5sec x tan x.  4sin x
(iv) Let f (x) = cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim cos ec  x  h  cos ecx
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim   
h0 h sin  x  h 
 sin x 
Top tutor.
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1  sin x  sin  x  h 
 lim  
 sin  x  h  sin x 
h0 h
 x xh x  x  h 
2cos x   .sin  
1  2   2  
 5lim 
h0 h
 sin  x  h  sin x 
 
 2x  h   h  
2cos  sin 
1 
  2   2  
 .lim
h0 h
 sin( x  h)sin x 
 
sin   
h
 2x  h 
.  
2
 cos  
 2  h
 2
 .lim  
h0 sin  x  h sin x
  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim     .lim  2 
h0  sin  x  h  sin x  h0 h
 
  2
  cos x 
  .1
 sin x sin x 
  cos ecx cot x
(v) Let f (x) = 3cot x + 5cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
3cot  x  h   5cos ec  x  h   3cot x  5cos ecx
 lim
h0 h
 3lim cot  x  h   cot x  5lim cos ec( x  h)  cos ecx
1 1
... 1
h0 h h0 h
1
 Now,lim cot  x  h  cot x
h0 h
1  cos  x  h cos x 
 lim   
h0 h sin  x  h 
 sin x 
1  cos  x  h  sin x  cos x sin  x  h 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin  x  h  
Top tutor.
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1  sin  x  x  h 
 lim  
h0 h sin x sin  x  h 
 
1  sin  h 
 lim  
h0 h sin x sin  x  h 
 
 sinh   1 
   lim  . lim 
 h0 h   h0 sin x.sin  x  h  
1 1
 1.  2   cos ec2 x ....  2
sin x.sin  x  0 sin x
1
lim cos ec  x  h   cos ecx
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim   
h0 h sin  x  h 
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin  x  h 
 lim  
 sin  x  h sin x  
h0 h
 x xh x  x  h 
 2cos   .sin  
1
 lim   2   2 
h0 h
 sin  x  h sin x 
 
 2x  h   h  
 2cos   sin   2  
1
 lim   2   
h0 h
 sin  x  h sin x 
 
sin   
h
2x  h 
 cos  .  
2

 2  h
 2
 lim  
h0 sin  x  h sin x
  2x  h   sin  
h
  cos  2  
 lim     .lim  2 
h0  sin  x  h  sin x  h0  h 
   2
   
  cos x 
  .1
 sin x sin x 
  cos ecxcotx ...3
Top tutor.
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From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

f '  x  3cos ec2 x  5cos ecx cot x
(vi) Let f (x) = 5sin x â€“ 6cos x + 7. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim 5sin  x  h  6cos  x  h  7  5sin x  6cos x  7
h0 h
1
 lim 5{sin  x  h  sin x}  6{cos  x  h   cos x}
h0 h
1 1
 5lim [sin  x  h  sin x]  6lim [cos  x  h   cos x]
h0 h h0 h
1  x  h  x   x  h  x  cos x cosh sin x sinh cos x

 5lim 2cos   sin     6lim
h0 h
  2   2  h 0 h
1  2x  h  h    cos x 1  cosh  sin x sinh 
 5lim 2cos   sin   6lim  
h0 h
  2  2  h0  h 
 h
1  sin
 2x  h  2    cos x 1  cosh  sin x sinh 
 5lim  cos     6lim   
  2  h 
h0 h 
h 0
 h h 
 2 
 sin h 
  2 x  h  
 2   6   cos x   lim 1  cosh   sin x lim  sinh 
 5 limcos       h0 h 
 h0  h 
lim
 h0  2   h2 0 h      
 2 
 5cos x.1  6[  cos x  .  0  sin x.1]
 5cos x  6sin x
(vii) Let f (x) = 2 tan x â€“ 7 sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim 2tan  x  h  7sec  x  h  2tan x  7sec x
h0 h
1
 lim 2{tan  x  h  tan x}  7{sec  x  h  sec x}
h0 h
1 1
 2lim [tan  x  h  tan x]  7lim [sec  x  h  sec x]
h0 h h0 h
1  sin  x  h sin x  1 1 1 
 2lim     7lim  
h0 h xos  x  h 
 cos x  h0 h  cos( x  h) cos x 
Top tutor.
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1  sin  x  h cos x  sin x cos  x  h   1  cos x  cos  x  h  

 2lim    7lim
h0 h
 cos x cos  x  h  
h 0 h  cos x cos( x  h) 
 x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  2  
1 sin  x  h  x 
  1  2   
 2lim    7lim 
h0 h cos x cos  x  h  cos x cos( x  h
 
h0 h
 
 
 2x  h   h  
 2sin   sin   2  
  sinh  1  1  2   
 2 lim   cos x cos x  h   7lim 
 
h0 h    h  0 h  cos x cos  x  h 
 
 sin h   sin 
2x  h  
 sinh        
 2  lim
1
 2   2  
 lim   7 lim  lim
 h0 h   h0 cos x cos  x  h    h0 h   h0 cos x cos  x  h  
 2   

1  sin x 
 2.1.  7.1 
cos x cos x  cos x cos x 
 2sec2 x  7sec x tan x
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle:
 
(i) â€“x (ii) (â€“x)â€’’1 (iii) sin (x + 1) (iv) cos  
 8 
Solution 1:
(i) Let f(x) = â€“x. Accordingly, f(x + h) = - (x + h)
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
  x  h   x 
 lim
h0 h
x  h  x
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim
h0 h
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 lim  1  1
h0
1 1 1
ii  Let f  x   x1   . Accordingly, f  x+h  
x x  x  h
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1  1  1 
 lim  
h0 h x  h  x 
  
1  1 1
 lim   
h0 h x  h
 x
1  x   x  h 
 lim  
 x  x  h 
h0 h
1  x  x  h 
 lim  
 x  x  h 
h0 h
1 h
 lim
h0 h x  x  h 
1
 lim
h0 x  x  h 
1 1
  2
x.x x
(iii) Let f(x) = sin (x + 1). Accordingly, f  x+h   sin  x  h 1
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim sin  x  h 1  sin  x  1
h0 h
1  x  h  1  x  1   x  h  1  x  1 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2 x  h  2   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  2 
h0 h
  2   
  h 
  2x  h  2  sin  2  
 lim cos   
.  h  
h0
  2  
  2 
  
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
sin  
h
1  2x  h  2  1  2 h
 lim cos   .lim [ As h  0   0]
h0 h
 2  2 0 h  h 
h 2
 2
 
 2x  0  2   sin x 
 cos   .1 lim  1
 2   h0 x 
 cos  x 1
   
(iv) Let f  x  =cos  x-  . Accordingly, f  x+h   cos  x  h  
 8  8
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
1     
 lim cos  x  h    cos  x  
h0 h
  8  8 
 xh  x     
    x  h   x  
 lim 2sin 
1 8 8
sin  8 8 

h0 h
 2  2 
  
  2x  h    
1  4 sin 
 h
lim 2sin  
h0 h
  2  2
   
  2x  h    sin  h  
    2  
 lim  sin  4
 h 
    
h0 2

    2  
  2 x  h    h
 sin  
lim  sin 
 4  .lim  2  
 
h 
 0
 h0 h  As h 0
h0
  2    2 
    2
 
 2x  0   
 4  .1
  sin  
 2 
 
 
  sin  x  
 8
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 2:
Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c, d, p, q, r and s
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + a)
Solution 2:
Let f(x) = x + a. Accordingly, f(x + h) = x + h + a
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
xha xa
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim  
 
h0 h
 lim 1
h0
1
Question 3:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers):  px  q   r  s 

x 
Solution 3:
r 
Let f(x) =  px  q    s 
x 
 r   r 
f '  x    px  q    s     s   px  q 
x  x 
r 
  px  q   rx1  s     s   p 
x 
r 
  px  q   rx2     s  p
x 
 r   r 
  px  q   2     s  p
x  x 
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 pr qr pr
  2   ps
x x x
qr
 ps  2
x
Question 4:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) (cx + d)2
Solution 4:
Let f '  x   ax  b  cx  d 
2

d
f '  x    ax  bcx  d 2  cx  d 2 d  ax  b
dx dx
  ax  b  c x  2cdx  d 2    cx  d 
d 2 2 2 d
 ax  b
dx dx
d d  2 d d 
  ax  b   c2 x2    2cdx   d 2    cx  d   ax  b
d
 dx dx dx   dx dx 
  ax  b  2c2 x  2cd    cx  d  a
2
 2c  ax  b cx  d   a  cx  d 
2
Question 5:
are fixed non
ax  b
zero constants and m and n are integers):
cx  d
Solution 5:
ax  b
Let f(x) =
cx  d
By quotient rule,
d d
 cx  d  dx  ax  b   ax  b dx cx  d 
f ' x 
 cx  d 2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________

 cx  d  a    ax  d c 
 cx  d 2
acx  ad  acx  bc

 cx  d 2
ad  bc

 cx  d 2
Question 6:
1
1
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): x
1
1
x
Solution 6:
1 x 1
1 x 1
Let f  x   x  x  , where x  0
1 x 1 x 1
1
x x
By quotient rule,
d d
 x 1 dx  x 1   x 1 dx  x 1
f '  x  , x  0,1
 x-12
=
 x 11   x 11 , x  0,1
 x-12
x 1  x 1
 , x  0,1
 x-12
2
= , x  0,1
 x-12
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 7:
are fixed non
1
ax  bx  c
2
Solution 7:
1
Let f(x) =
ax  bx  c
2
By quotient rule,
 ax 2
 bx  c 
d
1   ax2  bx  c 
d
f '  x  dx dx
 ax  bx  c
2 2
=
 ax 2
 bx  c   0   2ax  b
 ax  bx  c 
2 2
  2ax  b

 ax  bx  c 
2 2
Question 8:
are fixed non
ax  b
px  qx  r
2
Solution 8:
ax  b
Let f(x) =
px  qx  r
2
By quotient rule,
 px 2
 qx  r 
d
 ax  b    ax  b   px2  qx  r 
d
f ' x  dx dx
 px  qx  r 
2 2
=
 px 2
 qx  r   a    ax  b  2 px  q 
 px  qx  r 
2 2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
apx2  aqx  ar  2apx2  aqx  2npx  bq


 px  qx  r 
2 2
apx2  2bpx  ar  bq
=
 px  qx  r 
2 2
Question 9:
are fixed non
px2  qx  r
ax  b
Solution 9:
px2  qx  r
Let f(x) =
ax  b
By quotient rule,
d
 ax  b dx  px2  qx  r    px2  qx  r  dxd  ax  b
f  x 
 ax  b2
 ax  b 2 px  q    px2  qx  r   a 
=
 ax  b2
2apx2  aqx  2bpx  bq  aqx2  aqx  ar

 ax  b2
apx2  2bpx  bq  ar
=
 ax  b2
Question 10:
a b
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):   cos x
x 4 x2
Solution 10:
a b
Let f(x) =   cos x
x 4 x2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
da da d
f ' x     cos x 
dx  x4  dx  x2  dx
 a  x4   b  x2    cos x 
d d d
dx dx dx
d 
 a  4x5   b  2x3     sin x    xn   nxn1and  cos x    sin x 
d
 dx dx 
4a 2b
 5  3  sin x
x x
Question 11:
are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers): 4 x  2
Solution 11:
Let f(x) = 4 x  2
f ' x 
d
dx

4 x 2 
dx
d
  
d
4 x   2
dx
d  1
 1 1 
1
 4  x2   0  4 x2 
dx   2 
 1
 2
  2x 2  
  x
Question 12:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b)n
Solution 12:
Let f  x    ax  b .Accordingly, f  x  h  {a  x  h   b}n   ax  ah  b 
n n
By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
 lim
 ax  ah  b   ax  b
n
h0 h
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 ax  b 1 axah b    ax  bn

n
 lim  
h0 h
n
1  ah  1
 ax  b 
  ax  b lim  
n
h0 h
1   ah  n(n 1  ah   
2
  ax  b lim 1  n     1
n
 2  ax  b 
...
h0 n
  ax  b   
(using binomial theorem)
1   ah  n  n 1 a2h2 
=  ax  b lim n    ... Terms containing higher degrees of h 
n

  ax  b  2  ax  b
2
h0 n

 na n(n 1)a2h2 
  ax  b lim    ...
n
h0  ax  b 
2  ax  b
2
 
n na 
  ax  b   0
  ax  b 
 na
 ax  b
n
 ax  b
 na  ax  b 
n1
Question 13:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b)n (cx + d)m
Solution 13:
Let f(x) = (ax + b)n (cx + d)m
d
f '  x    ax  b
n
cx  d m  cx  d m d  ax  bn 1
dx dx
Now, let f1  x    cx  d 
m
f1  x  h   cx  ch  d 
m
f1  x  h  f1  x 
f '1  x  lim
h0 h
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 lim
 cx  ch  d    cx  d 
m m
h0 h
1  
m
ch 
  cx  d  lim 1  1
m

h0 h
 cx  d  
 m  m 1  c h  
m
1  
2 2
 ...  1
mch
  cx  d  lim 1  
m
h0 h   cx  d  2  cx  d   
2

1  mch m  m 1 c2h2 
  cx  d  lim      
m
... Terms containing higher degree oh h
h0 h  cx  d 
2  cx  d 
2
 
 mc m  m 1 c2h2 
  cx  d  lim    
m
...
h0  cx  d 
2  cx  d 
2
 
m  mch 
  cx  d    0
 cx  d 
mc  cx  d 
m

 cx  d 
 mc  cx  d 
m1
d
 cx  d m  mc  cx  d m1 ... 2
dx
d
Similarly,  ax  bn  na  ax  bn1 ...3
dx
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

n

f '  x    ax  b mc  cx  d 
m1
  cx  d  na ax  b 
m n1
  ax  b cx  d m1 mc  ax  b  na cx  d 

n1
Question 14:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): sin (x + a)
Solution 14:
Let, f  x  sin(x  a)
f  x  h  sin  x  h  a
Top tutor.
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By first principle,
f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
sin  x  h  a   sin  x  a 
 lim
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  2 
h0 h
  2   
  h 
  2x  2a  h   sin 
 lim cos   
2 

h0 
 2    h  
  
   2  
 h
 2x  2a  h   2 
sin
 h 
 limcos   lim    As h  0   0
h0
 2  2 0   h  
h
 2 
 
  2  
 2x  2a   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2   x0 x 
 cos  x  a 
Question 15:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): cosec x cot x
Solution 15:
Let f(x) = cosec x cot x
f’(x) = cosec x(cot x)’+cot x(cosec x)’ ….(1)
Let f1(x) = cot x. Accordingly, f1 (x + h) = cot (x + h)
By first principle,
Top tutor.
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f  x  h  f  x 
f '  x   lim
h0 h
cot  x  h   cot x
 lim
h0 h
1  cos  x  h cos x 
 lim   
h0 h sin  x  h 
 sin x 
1  sin x cos( x  h)  cos x sin  x  h  
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin  x  h  
1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim 
h0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 
1 1  sin(h) 

sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
.lim 
1  sinh   1 
 . lim   lim 
sin x  h0 h   h0 sin  x  h  
1  1 
 .1. 
sin x  sin  x  0 
1

sin 2 x
  cos ec2 x
 cot x  '   cos ec2 x  2
Now, let f2(x) = cosec x. Accordingly, f2  x  h  cos ec  x  h

By first principle,
f2  x  h  f2  x 
f2 '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim cos ec  x  h  cos ecx
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim   
h0 h sin  x  h 
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin  x  h  
 lim  
 sin x sin  x  h  
h0 h
Top tutor.
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 x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2cos   sin  2  

1
.lim 
1  2   
sin x h 0 h sin( x  h) 
 
 2x  h   h  
 2cos   sin  2  

1
.lim 
1  2   
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 
 2x  h  
 sin   cos 
h
 

1
.lim   2.  2  
sin x h0   h  sin( x  h) 
  2 
   
2x  h 
sin   cos 
h
1 2 
.lim   .lim 
2

sin x h0  h  h0 sin( x  h)
 2
 
2x  h 
cos 
1  2 
 .1.
sin x sin( x  0)
1 cos x
 .
sin x sin x
  cos ecx.cot x
 cos ecx  '   cos ecx.cot x 3
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '  x   cos ecx   cos ec2 x   cot x   cos ecx cot x 
  cos ec3 x  cot 2 x cos ecx
Question 16:
are fixed non
cos x
1  sin x
Solution 16:
cos x
Let f(x) =
1  sin x
Top tutor.
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By quotient rule,
d d
1  sin x  dx  cos x    cos x  dx 1 sin x 
f ' x 
1 sin x 2

1  sin x   sin x    cos x  co s x 
1  sin x 2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos2 x

1 sin x 2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos2 x 

1  sin x 2
 sin x 1

1  sin x 2
 1  sin x 

1  sin x 2
1

1  sin x 
Question 17:
sin x  cos x
are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin x  cos x
Solution 17:
sin x  cos x
Let f (x) =
sin x  cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
sin x  cos x  dx sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x  dx sin x  cos x 
f '  x 
sin x  cos x 2

sin x  cos x  cos x  sin x   sin x  cos x co s x  sin x 
sin x  cos x2
 sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x 
2 2

sin x  cos x2
Top tutor.
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 sin2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x 


 1  1

2

Question 18:
sec x 1
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sec x 1
Solution 18:
sec x 1
Let f(x) =
sec x 1
1
1 1  cos x
f  x   cos x 
1 1  cos x
1
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
1 cos x dx 1 cos x   1 cos x dx 1 cos x 
f '  x 
1 cos x2

1 cos xsin x  1 cos x  sin x 
1 cos x2
sin x  cos x sin x  sin x  sin x cos x

1 cos x2
2sin x

1 cos x 2
2sin x 2sin x
 
1  1  sec x  1
2 2
 sec x 
  sec2 x
2sin x sec2 x

sec x 12
Top tutor.
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2sin x
sec x
 cos x
sec x  12
2sec x tan x

sec x 12
Question 19:
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): sinn x
Solution 19:
Let y = sinn x.
Accordingly, for n = 1, y = sin x.
dy d
  cos x, i.e., sin x  cos x
dx dx
For n = 2, y = sin2 x.
dy d
  sin x sin x 
dx dx
 sin x  'sin x  sin x sin x  ' [By Leibnitz product rule]
=cosxsinx+sinxcosx
=2sinxcosx 1
For n = 3, y = sin3 x.
 sin x sin2 x 
dy d

dx dx
 sin x  'sin2 x  sin x sin2 x  ' [By Leibnitz product rule]
=cosxsin2 x+sinx  2sinx cosx  [Using 1]
=cosxsin2 x  2sin2 x cos x
 3sin2 x cos x
We assert that
d
dx
 sinn x  n sinn1 x cos x
Let our assertion be true for n = k.
i.e.,
d
dx
 sink x  k sink 1 x cos x ….(2)
Consider
d
dx
 sink 1 x  sin x sink x
d
dx
Top tutor.
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 sin x  'sin k x  sin x sin k x  ' [By Leibnitz product rule]

=cosxsin k x+sinx ksin k-1 cosx  [Using  2 ]
=cosxsin k x  2sin k x cos x
  k  1 sin k x cos x
Thus, our assertion is true for n = k + 1.
Hence, by mathematical induction,
d
dx
 sinn x   n sinn1 x cos x
d
dx
Question 20:
a  b sin x
c  d cos x
Solution 20:
a  b sin x
Let f(x) =
c  d cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
 c  d cos x  dx  a  b sin x    a  b sin x  dx c  d cos x 
f '  x 
 c  d cos x 2

 c  d cos x b cos x    a  b sin x  d sin x 
 c  d cos x 2
cb cos x  bd cos2 x  ad sin x  bd sin 2 x

 c  d cos x 2
bc cos x  ad sin x  bd  cos2 x  sin2 x 

 c  d cos x 2
bc cos x  ad sin x  bd

 c  d cos x 2
Top tutor.
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Question 21:
sin  x  a
cos x
Solution 21:
sin  x  a
Let f(x) =
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
cos x sin  x  a   sin  x  a  cos x
cos2 x
d
cos x sin  x  a   sin  x  a   sin x 
f ' x  dx ...i 
cos2 x
Let g(x)=sin (x + a). Accordingly, g(x + h) = sin (x + h + a)
By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g  x 
g '  x   lim
h0 h
1
 lim sin  x  h  a   sin  x  a 
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  2 
h0 h
  h   
   h  
  2x  2a  h   sin  2  
 lim cos    
  
h0 
 h    h  
  
   2  
  h 
 2x  2a  h   sin  2    h 
 limcos   .lim    As h  0   0
h0
 h  h2 0   h    2 
  2  
 2x  2a   sinh 
  cos  1 lim  1
 2   h0 h 
 cos  x  a  ...ii 
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
Top tutor.
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cos x.cos  x  a   sin x sin  x  a 

f '  x 
cos2 x
cos  x  a  x 

cos2 x
cos a
 2
cos x
Question 22:
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x4 (5 sin x - 3 cos x)
Solution 22:
Let f (x)  x4 (5sin x  3cos x)
By product rule,
(5sin x  3cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x)  x4 
d d
f '( x)  x4
dx dx
 d 
 x4 5 sin x   3  cos x   (5sin x  3cos x)  x4 
d d
 dx dx  dx
 x4 5cos x  3  sin x   (5sin x  3cos x)  4x3 
 x3 5x cos x  3x sin x  20sin x 12cos x
Question 23:
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x2 + 1) cos x
Solution 23:

Let f(x) = x2  1 cos x
By product rule,
f '  x    x2 1 cos x   cos x d  x2 1
d
dx dx
  x 1   sin x   cos x  2x 
2
  x2 sin x  sin x  2x cos x
Top tutor.
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Question 24:
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos x)
Solution 24:
 
Let f  x   ax2  sin x (p + q cos x)
By product rule,
f '  x    ax2  sin x   p  q cos x    p  q cos x  d  ax2  sin x 
d
dx dx
  ax  sin x   q sin x    p  q cos x  2ax  cos x 
2
 q sin x  ax2  sin x    p  q cos x  2ax  cos x 
Question 25:
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + cos x) (x – tan x)
Solution 25:
Let f(x) = (x + cos x) (x – tan x)
By product rule,
d
f '  x   (x + cos x)  x  tan x    x  tan x  d  x  cos x 
dx dx
d d 
  x + cos x    x    tan x    x  tan x 1  sin x 
 dx dx 
 d 
  x + cos x  1  tan x   x  tan x 1  sin x  ... i 
 dx 
Let g  x   tan x. Accordingly, g(x+h)=tan  x+h 
By first principle,
g  x  h  g  x 
g '  x   lim
h0 h
tan  x  h  tan x
 lim
h0 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x 
 lim   
h0 h cos  x  h 
 cos x 
Top tutor.
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1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos  x  h 

 lim  
h0 h
 cos  x  h cos x 
1 1  s in( x  h  x) 
 lim  
cos x h0 h  cos  x  h  
1 1  sinh 
 lim  
cos x h0 h  cos  x  h  
1  sinh   1 
 . lim  . lim 
cos x  h0 h   h0 cos  x  h  
1 1
 .1.
cos x cos  x  0
1

cos2 x
 sec2 x ii 
Therefore, from (i) and ii  , We obtain

f'  x    x  cos x  (1  sec2 x)   x  tan x 1  sin x 
  x  cos x    tan 2 x    x  tan x 1  sin x 
  tan2 x  x  cos x    x  tan x 1  sin x 
Question 26:
are fixed non
4x  5sin x
3x  7cos x
Solution 26:
4x  5sin x
Let f(x) =
3x  7cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
3x  7cos x  dx  4x  5sin x    4x  5sin x  dx 3x  7cos x 
f '  x 
3x  7cos x2
Top tutor.
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3x  7cos x 4 dx

d d
 x  5 dx sin x   4x  5sin x 3 dx
d
x  7 cos x
d
    dx 
3x  7cos x2

3x  7cos x  4x  5cos x    4x  5sin x 3  7sin x 
3x  7cos x 2
12x 15x cos x  28cos x  35cos2 x 12 x  28x sin x 15sin x  35 cos2 x  sin 2 x 

3x  7cos x 2
15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x 15sin x  35(cos2 x  sin 2 x)

3x  7cos x 2
35 15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x 15sin x

3x  7cos x2
Question 27:

x2 cos  
are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers): 4
sin x
Solution 27:

x2 cos  
Let f(x) = 4
sin x
By quotient rule,
 sin x d x2  x2 d sin x 
     dx   
f '  x   cos   .  dx

4  sin 2 x 
 
    sin x.2x  x2 cos x 
 cos   .  
4  sin 2 x 

x cos
4
2sin x  x cos x

sin 2 x
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 28:
x
1 tan x
Solution 28:
x
Let f(x) =
1 tan x
d d
1 tan x  dx  x   x dx 1 tan x 
f ' x 
1 tan x 2
d
1  tan x   x dx 1  tan x 
 f ' x  ...i 
1 tan x 2
Let g  x   1  tan x.Accordingly, g(x+h)=1+tan  x+h  .
By first principle,
g  x  h  g  x 
g '  x   lim
h0 h
1  tan  x  h 1  tan  x  
 lim  
h0
 h 
1  sin  x  h sin x 
 lim   
h0 h cos  x  h 
 cos x 
1  sin  x  h cos x  sin x cos x  x  h 
 lim  
h0 h
1  sin  x  h  x  
 lim  
h0 h cos  x  h  cos x
 
1 sinh 
 lim  
 
 sinh   1 
  lim  . lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos  x  h cos x 
1
 1 2  sec2 x
cos x
d
 1  tan x   sec2 x ...ii 
dx
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
1 tan x  x sec2 x
f '  x 
1 tan x2
Question 29:
are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + sec x) (x - tan x)
Solution 29:
Let f(x) = (x + sec x) (x – tan x)
By product rule,
d
f  x   ( x  sec x)  x  tan x    x  tan x  d  x  sec x 
dx dx
d d  d d 
 ( x  sec x)   x   tan x   x  tan x    x   sec x
 dx dx   dx dx 
 d   d 
 ( x  sec x) 1  tan x   x  tan x  1  sec x i 
 dx   dx 
Let f1  x   tan x, f2  x   sec x
Accordingly, f1  x  h  tan  x  h and f 2  x  h   sec  x  h 
 f  x  h  f1  x  
f '1  x   lim  1 
h0
 h 
 tan  x  h  tan x 
 lim  
h0
 h 
 sin  x  h sin x 
 lim   
h0 cos  x  h 
 cos x 
1  sin  x  h cos x  sin x cos x  x  h  
 lim  
h0 h
1  sin  x  h  x  
 lim  
 
1 sinh 
 lim  
 
 sinh   1 
  lim  . lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos  x  h  cos x 
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
1
 1  sec2 x
cos2 x
d
 1  tan x   sec2 x ...ii 
dx
 f  x  h  f2  x  
f '2  x   lim  2 
h0
 h 
 sec  x  h  sec x 
 lim  
h0
 h 
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 
1  cos x  cos  x  h  
 lim  
h0 h
 x xh x  x  h 
2sin   .sin 
1 1 
  2   2  
 .lim
cos x h0 h  cos  x  h 
 
 2x  h  h 
 2sin   .sin   

1 1
.lim   2   2 
cos x h0 h  cos  x  h 
 
   h  
  2x  h   sin  2   
 sin   
  h 
  2  
1 1   2  
 .lim 
cos x h0 h  cos  x  h  
 
 
 
 
 h 
 sin   
  2x  h  lim  2  
limsin    
 h0  2   h2 0 h 
 2 
 sec x.
limcos  x  h
h0
sin x.1
 sec x.
cos.x
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
d
 sec x  sec x ...iii 
dx
From (i), (ii), and (iii), we obtain
f '  x    x  sec x  1  sec2 x    x  tan x 1  sec x tan x 
Question 30:
x
sinn x
Solution 30:
x
Let f(x) =
sinn x
By quotient rule,
d d
sinn x x  x sinn x
f '  x  dx dx
sin2n x
d
It can be easily shown that sinn x  n sinn1 x cos x
dx
Therefore,
d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
sin 2n x
sin n x.1  x  n sin n1 x cos x 

sin 2n x
sin n1 x sin x  nx cos x 

sin 2n x
sin x  nx cos x

sin n1 x
Top tutor.

Exercise 13.1: Book Name: NCERT Solutions

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Exercise 13.1: Book Name: NCERT Solutions

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Class XI Chapter 13 – Limits and Derivatives Maths

Book Name: NCERT Solutions

It is seen that x Ã¢â€ ’ π ⇒ (π â€“ x) Ã¢â€ ’ 0

lim f  x  lim3 x 1  30 1  3

 lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  3

lim f  x  lim3 x 1  311  6

lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  6

lim f  x   lim  x2 1  12 1  11  0

lim f  x   lim x2 1  12 1  11  2

It is observed that lim f  x   lim f  x  .

Hence, lim f  x does not exist.

Hence, lim f  x does not exist.

Hence, lim f  x does not exist.

= lim  x  5 [When x > 0, x = x]

= lim  x  5 [When x > 0, x = x]

lim f  x  limb  ax  b  a

lim f  x  lim f  x  lim f  x  f 1

=  lim  x  a1   lim  x  a2  ...  lim  x  an 

Now, lim f(x) = lim  x  a1  x  a2  ... x  an 

= lim x  a1  lim x  a2  ... lim x  an 

= lim x 1 [If x < 0, x = - x]

= lim x 1 [If x > 0, x = x]

lim f  x does not exist.

= lim x 1 [x < a < 0  x = - x]

= lim x 1 [a < x < 0  x = -x]

 lim  x 1 0  x  a  x  x

 lim  x 1 0  a  x  x  x

 lim (f(x) – 2) =  lim (  x2  1

 lim (f(x) – 2) =  12 1

lim f  x   lim  nx3  m

Thus, lim f  x exists for any internal value of m and n.

Thus, the derivative of x2 â€“ 2 at x = 10 is 20.

Thus, the derivative of 99x at x = 100 is 99.

On using theorem  xn   nxn1, we obtain

 x99  x98  ...  x  1

  xn   a  xn1   a2  xn2   ...  an1  x   an 1

 nxn1  a  n 1 xn2  a2  n  2 xn3  ...  an1

 f '  x    a2 x4  2abx2  b2   a2  x4   2ab  x2   b2 

By Leibnitz product rule,

f '( x)  5x3 + 3x-1  x 1   x 1 d 5x3 + 3x-1

 5x3 + 3x-1   x 1 15x2  3

 x-3 3  5  3x  3x-4 

 x5 54x-10   15x 4  30x-5

 x-4  20x-6   3  4x-5  4x-5 

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

1  x  h  x   x  h  x  cos x cosh sin x sinh cos x

1  sin  x  h cos x  sin x cos  x  h   1  cos x  cos  x  h  

are fixed non- zero constants and m and n are integers):  px  q   r  s 

By Leibnitz product rule,

apx2  aqx  ar  2apx2  aqx  2npx  bq

 ax  b 1 axah b    ax  bn

Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

  ax  b cx  d m1 mc  ax  b  na cx  d 

Now, let f2(x) = cosec x. Accordingly, f2  x  h  cos ec  x  h

 sin2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x 

 sin x  'sin k x  sin x sin k x  ' [By Leibnitz product rule]

cos x.cos  x  a   sin x sin  x  a 

  x2 sin x  sin x  2x cos x

 q sin x  ax2  sin x    p  q cos x  2ax  cos x 

1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos  x  h 

Therefore, from (i) and ii  , We obtain

3x  7cos x 4 dx

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