TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ATMH3623 THERMODYNAMICS, FLUID AND PROCESS

ENGINEERING

IMPACT OF A JET

NAME: GUEK TENG TZE

ID NUMBER: 13WTD03590
COURSE: DMH2
GROUP: A3
LAB PARTNERS: CHOW JYI SHYAN
GOH SHU WAN
HO WEI KENT
KAVINDRAN SUGUMAR
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 3RD OCTOBER 2014
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10TH OCTOBER 2014
Objective:
To determine experimentally the actual force of the impact of a jet of water and to compare
with the theoretical value.
Theory:
A moving mass of water has kinetic energy and momentum. Within a short distance, these
values remain unchanged unless acted upon by an external force. The value of the momentum
of a moving body is the mass of the body multiplied by its velocity. A change of the momentum
(since the mass here is constant) is indicated by the change of its velocity. A body of mass, M
kg, travelling in a straight path at a velocity of u m/s will have a momentum of (Mu) kg.m/s.
For a continuous jet of water, however, it is not quite accurate or feasible to use the mass
principle. It is more convenient to consider a portion of the mass flow and determine the rate
of mass flow of W kg/s at the uniform velocity of u m/s and a rate of momentum of
(Wu)kg.m/𝑠 2 .(note that the units of rate of momentum, kg.m/𝑠 2 = Newton), is actually the same
as that of the force causing this rate of momentum. If this mass flow is then acted on by a force
of F newtons, caused by hitting against an obstruction, the rate of momentum of this mass flow
will change by an amount equal to the force acting against it. Since the mass flow of a constant
jet is constant, the rate of momentum change results in the change in velocity from u to v. The
new rate of momentum after the action of the force, F, is not (Wv) m/𝑠 2 . Since this change in
momentum is due entirely to the action of the force F, the change of the rate of momentum is
equal to the value of the Force F or

𝐹 = 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚

= (𝑊𝑣 − 𝑊𝑢)𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 𝑊(𝑣 − 𝑢)

However, this assumes that v is in the same direction as u. If v is at an angle of inclination 𝛽 to

the direction of u, the new velocity resolved to the direction of u is 𝑣 cos 𝛽.The value of F is
then

𝐹 = 𝑊𝑣 cos 𝛽 − 𝑊𝑢

= 𝑊(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑢)𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
The reaction of this force on the plate is of the same value but in the opposite direction so that
𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 90)𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑣(0))
 = 𝑊𝑢
(Note that 𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 is not affected by the value of v since cos 𝛽 = 0)

However, if the plate is not flat but is a hemispherical cup and the velocity v is in the exact
opposite direction of u after the impingement, we cannot ignore the value of cos 𝛽. Ignoring
losses, the velocity of the flow after impingement will be equal to u at a maximum. Therefore,
the maximum value of F will be as follows:
𝐹𝑐𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑣 cos 𝛽)𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑢 cos 𝛽)𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑢 cos 180) 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 𝑊(𝑢 − 𝑢(−1)) … … … … … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 cos 𝛽 = cos 180 = (−1)

= 𝑊(2𝑢)
= 2𝑊𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑊𝑢 newtons and 𝐹𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 2𝑊𝑢(max) are theoretical values of the force of a water het
impinging on a flat plate and hemispherical cup respectively. We can, however, measure the
force of impingement directly as well as measuring the parameters W and u of the theoretical
force.
Apparatus:

Figure 1
Procedure:
For flat plate
1. The supply tank was filled with water.
2. The pump supply valve was fully opened.
3. The by-pass valve was fully closed and tightened.
4. All piping connections are checked that they were tight and secured, the apparatus was
seated on the hydraulic bench. The drain plug of the measuring tank was clear of the
drain.
5. Jockey weight was placed with the mid-line directly over the ‘0’ scale.
6. The tally vane was checked (with top and bottom check marks) to be in mid-position
indicating that the arm was level. If the arm was not leveled, the spring supporting lever
was adjusted until the arm is level.
7. The pump was turned on. Water would jet out of the nozzle within a few seconds. (If it
does not, the water pump was quickly turned off and the pump supply valve was ensured
that it was opened)
8. The force of water jet would push the arm upwards. The jockey weight was moved
along the arm until the arm was level again. The reading y was recorded in the result
sheet.
9. The drain plug was placed into the drain. The time, T, required for the water in the
measuring tank to rise by 5 litres were taken and then recorded. On completion, the
drain plug was removed.
10. Next, the jockey weight was moved to the next lower 10mm mark. This caused the arm
to rise once more. The reading Y was recorded.
11. The by-pass valve was opened to reduce the water jet flow until the arm is level again.
12. The drain plug was again placed into the drain and the time required for the water in
the measuring tank to rise by 5 litres was measured. The reading was recorded. On
completion, the drain plug was removed.
13. Steps 10 to 12 was repeated for all lower cm (10 mm) marks until the water supply
could not be turned off anymore.

The same steps were repeated for the hemisphere cup and the results were tabulated.
Results and Calculations:
To determine actual force F on the flat plate( similar for hemispherical cup)
Note:
m = mass of jockey weight in kg.
g= gravitational acceleration (9.81) in m/𝑠 2
P = force due to the spring in N
d = moment arm of spring force in m
x = moment arm at 0 mark in m.
y = distance from 0 mark in m
l = moment arm of jet in m
F = force of jet in N
k = sum of moment of plate/cup, arm, tally vane in Nm
s = distance of plate/cup from nozzle outlet in m
a = cross sectional area of nozzle in 𝑚2
u = velocity of jet flow before impingement in m/s
v = velocity of jet flow after impingement in m/s
c = velocity of jet flow at nozzle in m/s

Given,
Diameter of nozzle = 10mm
m= 0.610kg
l = 0.1525m
s = 37mm
a = 78.5𝑚𝑚2

Initial condition:

Figure 1.2
Before the jet was turned on, equilibrium of moments was achieved as follows: Taking moment
about pivot,
Pd = mg x + k
After the jet was turned on and the jockey weight moved a distance y from 0 mark, equilibrium
was achieved as follows:
Final Condition:

Figure 1.3
𝑃𝑑 + 𝐹𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑘
= 𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦 + 𝑘
= 𝑚𝑔𝑦 + (𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑘)
However, because Pd = (mgx+k), both terms can be removed from the equation which then
reduced to
𝐹𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝐹= 𝑙
𝑚
= 𝑔𝑦
𝑙
0.610
= 0.1525 𝑔𝑦

= 4𝑔𝑦 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
(Note: This value of F is the actual measured value)
To find the theoretical value of F = Wu, the value of W and u was determined.
From the time taken to fill the measuring tank by 5 litres, the flow rate q was calculated in
litres per second. Density of water is 1000 kg/𝑚3 ( and thus 1kg/litre), the flow rate q in litres
per second is the same as the mass flow W in kg/s.
q in litres per second was changed into Q in 𝑚3 /𝑠. This was done by dividing by 1000 as 1𝑚3 =
1000 litres.
5
𝑞 = 𝑇 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠/𝑠
𝑞
𝑄 = 1000 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑄 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑄
𝑐=𝑎
 𝑞
= 1000(78.5× 10−6 )

However, u is needed, not c. Hence, using the equation for linear motion,
𝑢2 = 𝑐 2 − 2𝑔𝑠
= 𝑐 2 − 2(9.81)(0.037)
= 𝑐 2 − 0.726
From above, the results and calculation table can be constructed.
𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Calculations:
For Flat Plate
When y = 0.07m, the recorded T was 10.26s
5
𝑞= 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑠
10.26
𝑞 = 0.487 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑠

𝑞
𝑄= 𝑚3 /𝑠
103
0.487 3
𝑄= 𝑚 /𝑠
1000
𝑄 = 0.000487𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑊 = 0.487 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑞
𝑐= 𝑚/𝑠
1000(78.5 × 10−6 )
0.487
𝑐= 𝑚/𝑠
1000(78.5 × 10−6 )
𝑐 = 6.208 𝑚/𝑠
 𝑢2 = 𝑐 2 − 0.726
𝑢2 = 6.2082 − 0.726
𝑢 = 6.149 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹(𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 𝑊𝑢
𝐹 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 0.487 × 6.149
𝐹(𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 2.997𝑁

𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 4𝑔𝑦
𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 4 × 9.81 × 0.07
𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 2.747𝑁

For Hemisphere Cup

When y = 0.135m, the recorded T was 10.20s
5
𝑞= 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑠
10.20
𝑞 = 0.490 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑠

𝑞
𝑄= 𝑚3 /𝑠
103
0.490 3
𝑄= 𝑚 /𝑠
1000
𝑄 = 0.000490𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑊 = 0.490 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑞
𝑐= 𝑚/𝑠
1000(78.5 × 10−6 )
0.490
𝑐= 𝑚/𝑠
1000(78.5 × 10−6 )
𝑐 = 6.245 𝑚/𝑠
 𝑢2 = 𝑐 2 − 0.726
𝑢2 = 6.2452 − 0.726
𝑢 = 6.186 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹 = 2𝑊𝑢
𝐹 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 2 × 0.490 × 6.186
𝐹(𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 6.065 𝑁

𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 4𝑔𝑦
𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 4 × 9.81 × 0.135
𝐹(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 5.297𝑁

i) Flat Plate
T(s) q Q W c u Wu F actual
y (mm) (for 5 l) (litre/s) (m^3/s) (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.07 10.26 0.487 0.000487 0.487 6.208 6.149 2.997 2.747
0.06 11.30 0.442 0.000442 0.442 5.637 5.572 2.465 2.354
0.05 12.07 0.414 0.000414 0.414 5.277 5.208 2.157 1.962
0.04 13.83 0.362 0.000362 0.362 4.606 4.526 1.636 1.570
0.03 15.05 0.332 0.000332 0.332 4.232 4.146 1.377 1.177
Table 1: Result for Flat Plate
ii) Hemisphere Cup
T(s) q Q W c u Wu F actual
y (mm) (for 5 l) (litre/s) (m^3/s) (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.135 10.20 0.490 0.000490 0.490 6.245 6.186 6.065 5.297
0.125 10.80 0.463 0.000463 0.463 5.898 5.836 5.403 4.905
0.115 11.35 0.441 0.000441 0.441 5.612 5.547 4.887 4.513
0.105 11.70 0.427 0.000427 0.427 5.444 5.377 4.596 4.120
0.095 12.30 0.407 0.000407 0.407 5.178 5.108 4.153 3.728
Table 2: Result for Hemisphere Cup
A graph of F(actual force ) against Wu( Theoretical) was plotted in the same graph.