‫ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا‬ ‫بسم‬

MENG 304: Mechanical Measurements

Lect_03
Presented by: Hussein Fouad Mohamed Ali
Ph.D. Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering
E-mail: huss_ali77@yahoo.com
 Course Outlines
• Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods.
• Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments.
• Data Acquisition, Sampling, Signal Conditioning.
• statistical analysis of Measurement Errors.
• Measurement of Strain, Force,
Pressure, Flow and Temperature.
• Matlab / LabVIEW Tutorials.
 AGENDA:
• Previous Lecture …
• Error Types
• Error Sources
• Dimensions and Units
• Problems and Discussion
 Previous Lecture…
• Resolution:
• Sensitivity:
• Range:
• Hysteresis:
 Previous Lecture…
• Resolution: the smallest increment of change in the
measured value that can be determined from the
instrument’s readout scale.
• Sensitivity: the change of an instrument’s output per
unit change in the measured quantity. Typically, an
instrument with higher sensitivity will also have finer
resolution, better precision and higher accuracy.
• Range: the proper procedure for calibration is to apply
known inputs ranging from minimum to maximum values
for which the measurement system is to be used.
• Hysteresis: An instrument is said to exhibit hysteresis
when there is a difference in reading on whether the
value of the measured quantity is approached from
above or below.
 Error Types:
The error may be inherent in the measurement process or it
may be induced due to variations in the way the experiment is
conducted. The errors may be classified as:
Systematic errors
(Bias): are due to faulty or
improperly calibration. Apparent measured average
Can be solved by Scatter due
calibration to random
error
Test systematic error

Random errors: are due

to non-specific causes like True or known value
natural disturbances that
may occur during the
measurement process.
These cannot be
eliminated.
 Error Types:
The errors may be classified as:
Systematic errors (Bias): are due to faulty or improperly
calibration. (indication of accuracy)
Random errors: are due to non-specific causes like natural
disturbances that may occur during the measurement process.
These cannot be eliminated. (indication of precession)
High systematic error Low systematic error Low systematic error
Low random error Low random error High random error

Bad accuracy Good accuracy Bad accuracy

Good Precession Good Precession Bad Precession
 Error Sources:
Examples of some common elements
of instrument error:
(a) Hysteresis error.
(b) Linearity error.
(c) Sensitivity error.
(d) Zero shift (null) error.
(e) Repeatability error.
 Dimensions and Units
SI: Dimensions
and units are the
international
standards. 1 in =2.54 cm

I-P: units are 1 lbs =0.454 kg

presented for
1 oR =(5/9)
9/5
9/5 K
convenience.

Celsius from
Fahrenheit:
o
C = (oF-32)*5/9

Fahrenheit from
Celsius :
o
F = oC*(9/5)+32
o
K= oC +273.15
o
R= oF+459.67
 Dimensions and Units

• Mass
• Time and frequency

• Length

• Temperature
 Dimensions and Units

• Current
• Measure of Substance

• Luminous Intensity
 Dimensions and Units
Force:

• Newton

• Pound

• Kg-force
 Dimensions and Units
Energy: Joule (J)

Power: Watt (W)

Pressure: Pascal (Pa)

Problem and Discussion
[1]
[1]
 References:
1) Richard S. Figliola, Donald E. Beasley, “Theory and
Design for Mechanical Measurements”, 5th Edition,
Wiley, (2011).

2) J. P. Holman, “Experimental Methods for Engineers”,

8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, (2012).

3) S.P. Venkateshan, “Mechanical Measurements”, 2nd

Edition, Wiley, (2011).
 Lectures Notes, References:
1) Dr. Nader Abdelwahab, “NU: MENG 304, Mechanical
Sensors”, Nile University.

2) Dr. Mohamed Refky, “NU: MENG 512, Signal

Processing”, Nile University.

3) Prof Ahmed M. R. Fath El Bab, “EJUST: MTR 504,

Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)”, Egypt-
Japan University for Science and Technology (EJUST).