INTRODUCTION

In many engineering applications pipes are necessary to distribute flows. Most of the uses of flow
through pipes are connected with fuel transferring because most of the pipes laid around the world is used
to transfer either liquid fuel or gas fuel. Steam turbine connection, gas lines, oil lines are some
applications. Many Petroleum , oil industry use big scale they use to carry petroleum from long distance
from our earth surface and also distribute it some countries with pipe lines under the sea like similar this
application friction lost , connecting lost are most important quantity.

Flow transfer is done by pressure different or gravity. When transfer the fluid, fluid are rounded by
solid walls. Pumps are created pressure different by using electrical or other energy source. This energy
use transfer fluid and some energy lost again friction and some other factors. This case very common use
is pump but wile for gases, compressors, fan or blowers are used. By Bernoulli energy equation given
energy is used to gain the potential energy to up required level, some energy used to against friction
resistance to the flow. The remaining energy is converted to kinetic energy of the flow. The amount of
energy loss due to friction depends on the dimensions of the pipe line surface structure inside the pipe and
other some quantities. In dimension radius of the pipe, pipe length, turning angle are mainly affected. And
also if there are connector valves used in system, joins bends in there are some energy lost cause.

This practical we analysis the energy lost again friction and lost in valves and obtaining the local
loss coefficient then compare the quantities and it help to choose valves and hoe energy waste and how to
reduce in apply this in engineering applications.

1
 THEORY

Figure 1

By applying energy conservation to point A and B, considering unit volume of the fluid,

Potential energy at A + Kinetic energy of the fluid stream at A + Absolute pressure at A

= Potential energy at B + Kinetic energy of the fluid stream at B + Absolute pressure at B

+ Frictional energy loss from A to B along the pipeline

1 1
ℎ𝐴 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜌𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑃𝐴 = ℎ𝐵 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜌𝑣𝐵2 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝐸𝑓
2 2
𝐸𝑓 is the energy loss from A to B along the pipeline and other symbols have usual
meanings.

We can represent above equation using term ‘head’, for that we divide both side by 𝜌𝑔.

𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵2 𝑃𝐵
ℎ𝐴 + + = ℎ𝐵 + + + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

ℎ𝐴 – Potential head

2
 𝑣𝐴2
− Velocity head
2𝑔

𝑃𝐴
− Pressure head
𝜌𝑔

ℎ𝑓 − Frictional head loss

There are two main forms, energy losses in the pipe systems. Energy losses due to frictional forces
and energy losses due to momentum exchange in eddies.

 Head losses due to friction,

𝐿 𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 = 4𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

ℎ𝑓 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑓 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐿 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐷 − 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑣 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝑔 − 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Head losses in fittings,

𝑣2
ℎ𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝑔

ℎ𝑐 − Head losses in fittngs

𝐾𝑐 − frictional loss coefficient
𝑣 − Mean fluid velocity through the pipe
𝑔 − Gravitational acceleration

3
 MATERIAL AND METHODS

Pressure gauge

Bypass valve Valve

Motor Collecting tank

Water tank

Figure 2

1. First of all ball valve was fitted to the apparatus and adjust the water level to zero point. Also
bypass valve was closed and ball valve was fully opened.
2. Switched on the motor and switched off after 10 second using stop watch.
3. Take the reading from pressure gauge in above time period.
4. After that collecting water level reading tank water was removed.
5. Then ball valve was rotating by 15 degrees which is in the close direction and repeat above
procedure.
6. Repeat above procedure to rotation angle become 75degrees.
7. Then ball valve was fully opened and, by pass valve was also fully opened and repeat above
procedure.
8. Then ball valve was replaced by gate valve and it was fully closed and bypass valve was
closed.
9. After that gate valve was opened by 1 turn and do above step 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
10. Then then again gate valve was opened by t turn and do the same things since it was opened
6.5 turns.
11. Then ball valve was fully closed and by pass valve fully opened and repeat above steps.
12. Finally collecting tank diameter, length of both valve, height from pressure gauge to exit,
thickness of both valve, outer diameter of both valve were measured.

4
 OBSERVATION

Outer circumference of the tank = 161.5cm

Inner diameter of the pipe = 3.875cm

Height from pressure gauge to exit (z) :

Ball Valve = 21cm

Gate valve = 18cm

Length of the pipe section (L) = 10.3cm

Density of water (𝜌) = 1000 kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity of water (µ) = 7.98×10-4 Pa.s

1. Ball valve

Table 1 : Reading of the Ball Valve

Flow rate range 1 Flow rate range 2 (bypass line

Rotation angle(𝜃) fully open)
Pressure High Pressure High
(kg/cm3) (cm) 3
(kg/cm ) (cm)
0 3 21.0 0 16.0
15 8 20.2 5 15.5
30 21 17.9 13 13.2
45 38 13.5 23 9.9
52.5 50 9.3 32 7.5
60 57 6.7 37 5.7
62.5 44 2.8
75 43 0.9

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 2. Gate valve

Table 1 : Reading of the Gate Valve

Flow rate range 1 Flow rate range 2 (bypass line

No. of turns fully open)
Pressure High Pressure High
(kg/cm3) (cm) 3
(kg/cm ) (cm)
1 50 10.6 27 7.1
1.5 31 15.3 18 11.4
2 19 17.6 11 13.4
2.5 13 19.3 8 14.1
3 9 20.0 6 15.1
4 5 20.6 3 15.5
5 3 21.4 2 16
6 2 21.2 0 16.2
6.5 0 20.6 0 16.1

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 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

Sample calculations

Consider 150 ball valve with bypass line fully closed.

 Inner diameter = 0.0387m

 Pressure in Pa =8×6894.76
= 55158.08 Pa

 Flow rate = (Area of collecting tank × water height) / time

1.6152
=( ∗ 0.202) / 10 = 0.004193 m3s-1
4𝜋

 Flow velocity = flow rate / inner area of pipe

= 4.193 × 10-3/( 𝜋 × 0.038752/4) = 3.555103ms-1

 Reynold’s number = Density × Velocity × Inner diameter / viscosity

= 1000 × 3.555103× 0.03875 / 7.98 × 10-4
=172631.9

 Friction factor = 0.0163828

𝑃
( +𝑍) 4𝑓𝑙
𝜌𝑔
 Local loss coefficient = 𝑉2
- 𝑑
2𝑔
55158.08
( +0.21) 4×0.0163828×0.103
1000∗9.81
= 3.5551032
- 0.03875 = 8.699262
2∗9.81

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 Ball valve (Bypass line fully closed)

Area Flow rate Flow Reynolds Friction Pressure Local loss

Rotation Ratio of (Q/m3) velocity number Factor (f) Reading coefficient
Angle flow (ms-1) (Re) (Pa) (K)
0 1 0.004359 3.695904 179469 0.016266 20684.28 2.977537
15 0.791 0.004193 3.555103 172631.9 0.0163828 55158.08 8.699262
30 0.598 0.003715 3.150312 152975.7 0.0167564 144790 29.23031
45 0.404 0.002802 2.375937 115372.9 0.0176893 262000.9 93.17101
52.5 0.00193 1.636759 79479.22 0.0190642 344738 258.4898

60 0.192 0.001391 1.179167 57259.03 0.0204237 393001.3 567.8136

Ball valve (Bypass line fully opened)

Area Ratio Flow rate Flow Reynolds Friction Pressure Local loss
Rotation of flow (Q/m3) velocity number Factor (f) Reading coefficient
Angle (ms-1) (Re) (Pa) (K)
0 1 0.003321 2.816019 136742.8 0.017117 0 0.148523

15 0.791 0.003217 2.727833 132460.6 0.001722 34473.8 9.782193

30 0.598 0.00274 2.323364 112820 0.017767 89631.88 33.5873

45 0.404 0.002055 1.742523 84615 0.018821 158579.5 105.4017

52.5 0.001557 1.320247 64109.76 0.019938 220632.3 255.0877

60 0.192 0.001183 1.003117 48710.24 0.021151 255106.1 510.6828

67.5 0.000581 0.492655 23922.78 0.024875 303369.4 2516.299

75 0 0.000187 0.158565 7699.759 0.033185 296474.7 23746.26

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 Gate Valve ( Bypass line fully closed)

Area Ratio Flow rate Flow Reynolds Friction Pressure Local loss
Rotation of flow (Q/m3) velocity number Factor (f) Reading coefficient
Angle (ms-1) (Re) (Pa) (K)
1 0.195 0.0022 1.865475 90585.4 0.018572 344738 198.7953
1.5 0.003176 2.693067 130772.4 0.017265 213737.6 59.10701
2 0.385 0.003653 3.097536 150412.9 0.01681 131000.4 27.36249
2.5 0.004006 3.39686 164947.8 0.016522 89631.88 15.53501
3 0.566 0.004151 3.519812 170918.2 0.016413 62052.84 9.99744
4 0.731 0.004276 3.625805 176065.1 0.016324 34473.8 5.209906
5 0.872 0.004442 3.766563 182900.2 0.01621 20684.28 2.86369
6 0.975 0.0044 3.73095 181170.8 0.016238 13789.52 1.933253
6.5 1 0.004276 3.625805 176065.1 0.016324 0 -0.03467

Gate Valve ( Bypass line fully opened)

Area Ratio Flow rate Flow Reynolds Friction Pressure Local loss
of flow (Q/m3) velocity number Factor (f) Reading coefficient
Rotation (ms-1) (Re) (Pa) (K)
Angle
1 0.195 0.001474 1.249563 60677.39 0.02147 344738 443.4363
1.5 0.002366 2.006344 97425.83 0.019928 213737.6 106.7011
2 0.385 0.002781 2.358333 114518.1 0.019482 131000.4 47.38076
2.5 0.002927 2.481531 120500.4 0.019349 89631.88 29.32472
3 0.566 0.003134 2.65753 129046.7 0.019176 62052.84 17.71632
4 0.731 0.003217 2.727926 132465.1 0.019112 34473.8 9.384646
5 0.872 0.003321 2.815926 136738.2 0.019035 20684.28 5.308778
6 0.975 0.003362 2.851124 138447.4 0.019006 13789.52 3.474025
6.5 1 0.003342 2.833521 137592.6 0.01902 0 0.086455

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Table for Rotation angle graph vs Local loss coefficient (bypass closed) for the ball valve

Rotation angle (𝜃) Local loss coefficient

(K)
0 2.977537
15 8.699262
30 29.23031
45 93.17101

52.5 258.4898

60 567.8136

10
Table for Rotation angle vs Local loss coefficient graph (bypass opened) for the ball valve

Rotation angle (𝜃) Local loss

coefficient (K)
0 0.148523
15 9.782193
30 33.5873
45 105.4017
52.5 255.0877
60 510.6828
67.5 2516.299
75 23746.26

11
Table for No of turns vs Local loss coefficient (gate valve bypass closed)

NO. of turns Local loss coefficient

1 198.7953
1.5 59.10701

2 27.36249
2.5 15.53501
3 9.99744

4 5.209906

5 2.86369

6 1.933253

6.5 -0.03467

12
Table for No of turns vs Local loss coefficient (gate valve bypass opened)

NO. of turns Local loss coefficient

1 443.4363
1.5 106.7011

2 47.38076

2.5 29.32472
3 17.71632

4 9.384646

5 5.308778

6 3.474025

6.5 0.086455

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 Table for Area ratio of flow vs Local loss coefficient graph (Bypass closed)

Ball valve Gate valve

Area ratio of flow Local loss coefficient Area ratio of flow Local loss coefficient

1.000 2.977537 0.195 198.7953

0.791 8.699262 0.385 27.36249

0.598 29.23031 0.566 9.99744

0.404 93.17101 0.731 5.209906

0.192 567.8136 0.872 2.86369

0.975 1.933253
-
1.000 -0.03467

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 Table for Area ratio of flow vs Local loss coefficient graph (Bypass opened)

Ball valve Gate valve

Area ratio of flow Local loss coefficient Area ratio of flow Local loss coefficient

1.000 0.148523 0.195 443.4363

0.791 9.782193 0.385 47.38076

0.598 33.5873 0.566 17.71632

0.404 105.4017 0.731 9.384646

0.192 510.6828 0.872 5.308778

0.000 23746.26 0.975 3.474025

1.000 0.086455

15
 DISCUSSION

As the result of the graphs we able to get an approximately equal equation for the curves. Here
Area ratio of flow vs Local loss coefficient graph gives the relationship between Area of flow and Local
loss coefficient for the two valve

Ball valve Bypass opened :- y = 11331e-10.44x

Ball valve Bypass closed :- y = 1541.3e-6.431x

Gate valve Bypass opened :- y = 1360.4x2 - 2075.1x + 746.54

Gate valve Bypass closed :- y = 594.51x2 - 914.52x + 333.68

Here x is the area ratio and y is the local loss coefficient

From These result of these graphs, it gives that Local lost coefficient depends Area of flow and
importantly varies with types of valves. Both valves designs have considerable different in their
properties, there difference in area changing, roughness difference in valves, physical properties of surface
and other some reasons also affect it. Human errors also effect on this equation. Measuring length time
period errors and etc.

From the graph when area ratio going to decrease nearly to zero ball valve gives very big increase
in Local loss coefficient and other case both valve are nearly going to same it shows when area ratio going
to decrease using ball valve causes more energy lose so some application like this gate valve is better use
than ball valve. Normally area ratio tends to one local loss coefficient tends to zero.

When fully open the valve gauge pressure of valve nearly zero it shows fully open valve normally
din not cause energy losses and also Local loss coefficient also nearly zero. Ball valve to gate valve
change in Local loss coefficient is considerable in the same time change in bypass status in same valve is
not gives much change it shows that the change in valve is main change energy loss difference because of
their properties, dimensions and etc.

16
Local loss coefficients of piping joints

17
 CONCLUSION

 The mathematical relation in area ratio to local loss coefficient is exponential inversely
proportional.
 Local loss coefficient of ball valve is higher than the gate valve.
 Use of gate valve gives less energy loss than ball valve.
 Increasing of valve and joins is cause energy loss so decreasing it give more efficiency
 Local loss coefficient factor is depends on valve type, bypass status and arearatio.

18
 REFERENCES

 Allen, J.J.; Shockling, M.; Kunkeel, G.; Smits, A.J.(2007). “Turbulent flow in smooth and rough
pipes”
 Pipe Flow: Apractical and Comprehensive Guide By Donald C. Rennels, Hobart m. Hudson
 An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics By G.K Batchelor

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APPENDIX

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