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IJBPAS, March, 2014, 3(3): 426-434

ISSN: 2277–4998

EVALUATION OF THE AMOUNT OF INFECTIONS TO NEPHROCALCINOSIS


USING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SIGNS OF DISEASE, AMONG SALMONS OF
RAINBOW TROUT IN QADIR FARM OF NOOR ABAD MAMASANI OF FARS
PROVINCE

SADEGHI LIMANJOOB R1*, KARGAR JAHROMI H2, 3, DANESHI SA4,


SYAHMARD N5, BATHAEE SH6, MAHMOUDI TEIMOURABAD S6 AND FARZAM
M7
1: Department of Aquatic Animal Health , Veterinary School , Kazerun Branch , Islamic
Azad University , Kazerun , Iran
2: Zoonoses research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
3: Young Researchers Club Elite, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
4: The Departmant General of Yasouj Province Education, Yasouj, Iran
5: Department of Physiology, International Branch, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
6: Institution of Supreme Education and Industry of Maragheh, Iran
7: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, International Branch, Shiraz University, Shiraz,
Iran
*Corresponding Author: E Mail: dr.r.s.limanjoob@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Today the fish specially types of protein such as salmon specify an important share of
economic and animal protein sources in lots of countries. Rainbow salmon is rapidly
developing all over Iran too. The reviews stated that mineral deposits commonly within the
tubules, ducts and ureters urinary excretion of the month, both in farmed and wild fish
happen and they call this nephrocalcinosis (calcium deposits in the kidneys). According to the
economic importance of such fish the investigation on outbreak of nephrocalcinosis among
rainbow salmons is the most major subject of present study. Study was designed to
investigate on outbreak of nephrocalcinosis among rainbow salmons in Qadir field of
Noorabad Mamasani of Fars Province on 2010 samples were taken from the field and 75

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samples were chosen randomly. After spinal cord injury, biometry and then necropsy was
performed to obtain a sample of kidney tissue. All samples preserved in 4% formalin and
then transferred to the pathology laboratory of Veterinary Medicine and acting opioid
preparation of pathology slides and staining Hematocalcilin - eosin. The sections were
examined pathologically. Among the samples, there were no nephrocalcinosis symptoms but
a degree of complicated pathology of renal tubular dilation and hyaline casts, acute tubular
necrosis and renal pathology was observed to increase melanin in some sections. According
to this fact that amount of deaths were low, regarding transition coefficient of nutrition in
fishes' food had depletion, the corps of fish were of low quality. Therefore further research is
recommended .
Keywords: Nephrocalcinosis, Histopathologic, Trout, Rainbow, Mamasani
INTRODUCTION
Today the fish specially types of protein symptoms and investigating disease losses
such as salmon specify an important share such as kidney, cyst and urinal tubes. The
of economic and animal protein sources in kidney has two role of blood filtration (urine
lots of countries. Rainbow salmon is rapidly production), and is responsible for making
developing all over Iran too. Untold science blood. It has a long dark structure on the
and research, and more research is needed. top of abdominal cavity which is stuck to
The rainbow trout salmo garidneri spine and is continued to the rectum. There
perfection is more to be named because of is a vein crossing through the kidney. Thin-
its morphological features of intact and walled bladder is the organ that is located
separated by sex and continuous above the anus. The last member of the
anchoryncous called O. mykiss. The name excretory system is urinary tract and
means the male's nose is HOOKED. The administrative openings [5-8].
growth of a specific member of a hook on Successful breeding of rainbow trout
the snout of the fish breeding season, and requires serious care and management is
like is created. Duration of different life desirable. It's important to understand the
stages of Pacific salmon, Atlantic salmon biological needs of fish depending on
are even more stable situation [1-4]. Rainbow trout animal consciousness.
Given the direct connection between Education Management should always
symptoms and pathologic losses caused by consider this in your calculations. So you
diseases and different organs, knowing should always take notes on the breeding of
organs can contribute to knowing clinic rainbow trout kept in mind. Fish should be

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placed at risk of hunger or malnutrition. associated with the presence of


Density and the desired temperature will nephrocalcinosis, urinary form large cysts
always be respected, when and where the urine that is associated with swelling of the
figure is carefully packed to prevent fish posterior fossa tubular kidney tissue
injury or damage. We should avoid the fear Correction is gone and fibromyalgia.
and stress and anxiety. Overall, rainbow Kidney is the original filter in body .
trout and salmon fish are blue component in MATERIALS AND METHODS
the range of 25-0ºC heat grow. Above 20 Samples was taken from fish field in
degrees the oxygen decreases and for Mamasani with 3 hectare space which has
observing the needs of fish for oxygen, 55 porch pools and10 ordinary poos.the
maintain the fish hungry. water is provided from Tasak spring which
Mineral deposits commonly within the is near there and anal production of it is
tubules, ducts and ureters urinary excretion about 50 tons. The complex has been
in both farmed fish and wild fish occur. In constructed in 2008 . Study on field
this case, nephrocalcinose (calcium deposits measurements of water temperature and pH
in the kidneys) say. Mortality is usually low, Qadir Sheikhs started and the results were
but become fish food that is deficient. The recorded. Fish sampling was done
main focus of this phenomenon is the randomly. 75 fish were caught by a hand
decrease in carcass quality. All muscles are tool. To study organ structure, small pieces
also affected in severe cases [9-12]. of 2-1 cm is required resection of small
Two factors as a cause or trigger pieces of tissue sampling are called sample
nephrocalcinosis available firstly to provide pieces. Sampling is done in two types :
long fish on surfaces with high levels of One type is sampling from living fish which
carbon dioxide that higher levels of 15 to 20 is called biopsy which is done using
milligrams per liter and the second aspect of especial needles.
the nutritional deficiency of magnesium and Kidney Specimens Were Collected in this
selenium and toxicity selenium (ie excessive Way
dietary selenium) It also is required. Fish First the area under the fish's body
that have high levels of dietary selenium are (abdomen) is cut. The cut starts from near
also weight loss and mortality rate is very the gills and continue to be in close
high. Hematocrit, plasma calcium, glucose proximity to the rectum. We should cut
and protein levels do not change carefully and maintain the dull side of
dramatically In addition, large cysts may be scissor to the body side not to cut the other

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organs. After that we open the fish body to After investigating pathologic slides we
see all its inner organs. Kidney is at the found no sign of nephrocalcinosis in
lower level of the spin of Fish and sticking pathologic sections which appear like
to it and pulled the dark part is visible. Then basophilic deposits in colors of
with a plastic spoon we cut it and put it in a hematocalcilin-eosin. But same degrees of
container of 4% formalin. In the present edema of one core cells, necrosis of urinary
study 75 samples tissues of 2*2 cm were tract, hyaline cyst inside the urinary tract
collected from all parts of field pools. and increased melanin pigment in the
Tissue samples were sent to laboratory of interstitial space were observed in some
Veterinary Medicine Kazeroon to provide sections. In addition, in measurements made
histopathology sections. in the field ph of water were approximately
RESULTS 7-5/6 and water temperatures between 16-18
have been variable.

Table1: Loss Types in Pathologic Samples


Calcium deposit necrotic melanisasion inflamation Hyperemia
Percent 0 5 15 35 45

Ca
Necrosis
Melanization
Inflamition
x

Diagram 1: Pie Chart of the Amount of Waste in Surgical Pathology Specimens

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Figure 1: Severe Melanin Accumulation in Kidney Tissue

Figure 2: Inflammatory Cells in the Interstitial Tissue of the Renal Tubules

Figure 3: Renal Tubular Necrosis and Interstitial Tissue

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Figure 4: Glomerular Necrosis

Figure 5: Mononuclear Inflammatory Cells

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS fresh water with high carbon dioxide can be
In recent years along with rapid growth of reduced feed conversion correlation and
aquatic industry, need for high number of growth. Also when fish with high levels of
infants has caused obvious increase in fish carbon dioxide will exposed for a long time,
density during maintenance in growth Carbon dioxide levels is risen (hypercepnia)
containers. This subject was achievable by and pH levels can also result in reduced
increasing the oxygen in the water which respiratory acidosis and the fish trying to
increases the density of carbon dioxide compensate acidosis with elevating levels of
when the current is decreased and is caused plasma bicarbonate and phosphate excretion
carbon dioxide and ammoniac to increase. through the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis). In
Long-term effects of contact between 2001 [10] in US observed a case of severe
rainbow trout and Smoltz of Atlantic salmon nephrocalcinosis in a tilapia fish suffering

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from this disease which was sent to a aquatic growth to maintain alkali feature of
growth system lab to diagnose the causes of water up to 4 weeks which by stopping the
death. Losses such as dilated ureter, and use of sodium carbonate and replacing it
renal mineral deposits inside pipes, forming with sodium bicarbonate death and causes
cysts in tubular kidney, ureter epithelium of nephrocalcinosis were decreased.
degeneration was also observed in the Although this study also found no calcium
granuloma forms of the same deposits in the renal, tubular necrosis was
histopathological findings in observed in some sections. It seems that
nephrocalcinosis Atlantic halibut larvae. In these observations may indicate early a
the present study, however we found no stage of the primary pathology is a
trace of the calcified deposits calcium, nephrocalcinosis.
hyaline cysts in the urine tubes were [11] during investigations on
observed .The mineral deposits in the renal nephrocalcinosis between rainbow salmons
tubular and interstitial tissue, as there were on effects of co2 density, they put salmons
frequent. Capitolare kidney necrosis was in water with excess amounts of co2, 12mg/l
observed in most of the tested tilapia. There to 60mg/l for 275 days that during this time
was also an increase in the number of cells there was symptoms of nephrocalcinosis.
in the kidney glomerulus, the only obvious Histology and chemical invest igations
change observed were mild lipid changes showed that the outbreak and severity of
and hepatocytes. nephrocalcinosis increases as the density of
Hyperemia of the kidney tubes were CO2 increases. Also [12] have studies on
observed in examined fish. During blood long term lethal effects of carbon dioxide on
factors investigations (sodium, bicarbonate, Atlantic salmon Smoltz on: Adjustable
calcium, phosphate and total protein) that Ionic, hematology, element composition,
this fish was conducted over several nephrocalcinosis and growth parameters.
months, the most obvious changes in plasma Significant difference were observed
bicarbonate was included. In a way that the between the groups in terms of the average
levels of sampled bicarbonate during last concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, or
month before are sending to lab were about activity of Na + T-k +-ATP gill
8 MEq/1. While 3 months later levels of nephrocalcinosis and the content of calcium
bicarbonate reached to 26 mEq/1. Important in the kidneys in response to rising levels of
data from the history of sample was using carbon dioxide in water at day 58 was
calcium carbonate to common range in observed in the examined fish 1 Once in the

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water there was no symptoms of influence. Sometimes so much aggregation


nephrocalcinosis . The cause of no calcium of glycogen may be formed in small or big
dispose may relate to low levels of carbon portions of covering tissues of tubes which
dioxide during life in brine and also may causes necrosis and gradual damage of
urine pH has reached to natural and deposits covering cells. This change in Carp Seiko
has dissolved. Also physiologic actions of disease and administration of alloxan has
kidney in brine are different because actions been reported . In the surveys conducted by
of sea water generally is focused on [17] amount of developing nephrocalcinosis
magnesium and sulfate spatter. Environment on 44 rainbow trout in Bayza farm of Fars :
hyperopia may decrease blood capacity to in terms of sediment organic matter
carry oxygen and can cause (nephrocalcinosis) there was nothing found
nephrocalcinosis. The resulting death is not but some degrees of enlargement renal
frequent and is clear that this trend is tubular cysts, hyaline, extreme accumulation
reversible. However, some sediment may be of melanin, inflammatory cells - congestion
developed and may cause secondary - nephrosis and tubular necrosis and renal
abdominal complications. Magnesium tissue was observed.
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