Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43

www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere

Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes

and chemical treatment methods for COD and color
removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent
a,*
N. Azbar , T. Yonar b, K. Kestioglu b

a
Department of Environmental Engineering, Balikesir University, Muh-Min Fak Cevre Muh Bolumu,
Cagis Balikesir 10145, Turkey
b
Department of Environmental Engineering, Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
Received 23 April 2003; received in revised form 2 September 2003; accepted 20 October 2003

Abstract

In this paper, a comparison of various advanced oxidation processes (O3 , O3 /UV, H2 O2 /UV, O3 /H2 O2 /UV, Fe2þ /
H2 O2 ) and chemical treatment methods using Al2 (SO4 )3 Æ 18H2 O, FeCl3 and FeSO4 for the chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent is undertaken. Advanced oxidation pro-
cesses (AOPs) showed a superior performance compared to conventional chemical treatment, which maximum
achievable color and COD removal for the textile effluent used in this study was 50% and 60%, respectively. Although
O3 /H2 O2 /UV combination among other AOPs methods studied in this paper was found to give the best result (99%
removal for COD and 96% removal for color), use of Fe2þ /H2 O2 seems to show a satisfactory COD and color removal
performance and to be economically more viable choice for the acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent on the basis of
90% removal.
Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Textile dyeing; Advanced oxidation; UV radiation; Ozone; Fenton’s reagent

1. Introduction 1979; Pagga and Brown, 1986). Aromatic amines formed

The reagents used in textile industry are very diverse
in chemical composition (Mishra and Tripathy, 1993).
Over 700 000 tons of approximately 10 000 types of dyes
and pigments are produced annually worldwide, of
which about 20% are assumed to be discharged as
industrial effluent during the textile dyeing processes
(Zollinger, 1987; Cooper, 1995). Conventional bio-
treatment methods are not effective for the most of the
synthetic dyestuffs due to the complex polyaromatic
structure and recalcitrant nature of the dyes (McKay,
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-266-612-1195x382; fax:
+90-266-612-12-57.
E-mail address: nuriazbar@yahoo.com (N. Azbar).
0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.046
as the metabolites of reductive cleavage of the azo bond
under anaerobic conditions are more toxic than intact
dye molecules (Chung et al., 1978; Weber and Wolfe,
1987). Textile wastewaters exhibit low BOD to COD
ratios (<0.1) indicating non-biodegradable nature of
dyes (Pagga and Brown, 1986). Furthermore, Wilmott
et al. (1998) have claimed that aerobic biological de-
gradation is not always effective for the purpose of color
removal from textile dye contaminated effluent. Since
biodegradation products could be of toxic nature and
has a limited success, the treatment of synthetic dyestuff
cannot depend on biodegradation alone. Up to 50% for
reactive dyes, 8–20% for disperse dyes and 1% for pig-
ments may be lost directly into effluent resulting in a
colored effluent due to the inefficient dyeing process and
the nature of the dyes, that after hydrolyzing it does not
36 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43
react with the fiber (McMullan et al., 2001). The prob-
lem of colored effluent has been a major challenge and
an integral part of textile effluent treatment as a result of
stricter environmental regulations. The presence of dyes
in receiving media is easily detectable even when released
in small concentrations (Little et al., 1974; Nigam et al.,
2000). This is not only unsightly but dyes in the effluent
may have a serious inhibitory effect on aquatic ecosys-
tems as mentioned above.
Commonly applied treatment methods for color re-
moval from dye contaminated effluents consist of inte-
grated processes involving various combinations of
biological, physical and chemical decolorization meth-
ods (Galindo et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2001). These
integrated treatment methods are efficient but not cost
effective. Traditional physical–chemical techniques such
as ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ion exchange and
adsorption on various adsorbents (activated carbon,
peat, flyash and coal, wood chips, silica gel, corncob,
barley etc.) have efficiently been used for the purpose of
color removal from textile effluents. Activated carbon is
the most commonly applied method for color removal
especially for cationic, mordant, and acid dyes and a
slightly lesser extent, dispersed, direct, vat, pigment and
reactive dyes (Raghavacharya, 1997). Carbon adsorp-
tion of dyes is only successful in some classes of dye
(ionic type and hydrophobicity) for a given type of
carbon in a certain pH range (Hao et al., 2000). Nev-
ertheless, these techniques are non-destructive, since
they just transfer the pollutant from water to solid ma-
trix. Consequently, expensive operations such as regen-
eration of the adsorbent materials and post-treatment of
solid wastes are needed. Coagulation may not remove
highly soluble dyes and it may be good for disperse dyes,
but it produces a large quantity of sludge. Some pro-
cesses are effective within a narrow pH range, for
example pH < 3.5 for Fenton’s reagent. Ozonation alone
is not effective for disperse dyes (Solozhenko et al.,
1995). A combination of these processes is necessary to
achieve the desirable goal. For example, the degree of
the inhibition for a synthetic dye in a biological-acti-
vated sludge system has been reduced from 47% to 10%
after a pretreatment with O3 /UV or O3 /H2 O2 /UV
(Ledakowicz and Gonera, 1999).
Advanced oxidation processes (O3 , O3 /H2 O2 , O3 /UV,
H2 O2 /UV, O3 /H2 O2 /UV, Fe2þ /H2 O2 ) for the degra-
dation of non-biodegradable organic contaminants in
industrial effluents are attractive alternatives to con-
ventional treatment methods. AOPs based on the gen-
eration of very reactive and oxidizing free radicals have
been used with an increasing interest due to the their
high oxidant power. Production of those radicals is ac-
hieved either using single oxidants or combinations of
ozone, hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation (Glaze and
Kang, 1989) and also, with the combination of hydrogen
peroxide with ferrous ions in the so-called Fenton’s re-
agent (Walling, 1975). Although AOPs have a significant
advantages over conventional treatment methods since
chemical oxidation do not result in high amount of ei-
ther chemical or biological sludge and almost complete
demineralization of organics is possible, the main handi-
cap with AOPs lies in the high cost of reagents or energy
sources like ultraviolet light (Galindo et al., 2001).
Decolorization of textile effluents is of major environ-
mental concern that remains to be solved. AOPs have
been thoroughly and comparatively evaluated for a
variety of organic compounds and wastewaters in the
past but with several limitations. Also many investiga-
tions have demonstrated that AOPs are effectively re-
moving color and partially organic content of dyestuffs
(Legrini et al., 1983; Marechal et al., 1997). However, a
comparative study evaluating the COD and color remo-
val efficiencies of various AOPs and chemical methods
for polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent in which
mostly disperse dyestuff and pigments are employed is
substantially missing from the literature. The primary
purpose of this paper was to examine the efficacy and
feasibility of using various AOPs for polyester and ace-
tate fiber dyeing effluent.
1.1. Principles of AOPs
AOPs have common principles in terms of the par-
ticipation of hydroxyl radicals that are assumed to be
operative during the reaction. Although it is claimed
that there are other species involved, the active species
responsible for the destruction of contaminants in most
cases seems to be the hydroxyl radical (OH ) which is
unstable and quite reactive. Due to the instability of OH
radical, it must be generated continuously ‘‘in situ’’
through chemical or photochemical reactions described
in the literature (Oliver et al., 2000).
Hydroxyl radicals produced in either way of de-
scribed above may attack organic molecules by
abstracting a hydrogen atom from the molecule (Clarke
and Knowles, 1982). Carey (1990) described a common
pathway for the degradation of organics by the hydroxyl
radicals as follows:
OH þ RH ! H2 O þ R
R þ H2 O2 ! ROH þ OH
R þ O2 ! ROO
ROO þ RH ! ROOH þ R
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental setups
Wastewater used in this study was obtained from the
homogenization tank of an acetate and polyester fiber
 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43
Table 1
Characterization of acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent
used in this study
Parameter Unit Value
pH – 9.2
SS mg l
1 95
Tot-N mg l
1 23
Tot-P mg l
1 1.13
BOD5 mg l
1 375
COD mg l
1 930
Color Absorbance 0.248
dyeing process effluent in Bursa City, Turkey. This
wastewater was characterized as given in Table 1.
Experiments were carried out in two ways as chemical
treatment and advanced oxidation trials. In chemical
treatment experiments using Jar test apparatus, Al2 (SO4 )3 Æ
18H2 O, FeCl3 and FeSO4 (supplied from Merck) re-
agents were used at varying dosages between 200 and
500 mg l
1 . Optimum pH and reagent doses that provide
best COD and color removal were determined for each
chemical at room temperature (20 °C). One liter of a
wastewater sample given in Table 1 was dosed with each
chemical at varying dosages separately. One-hour sedi-
mentation was applied following coagulation time of 30
min (20 rpm) after flash mixing for a minute (120 rpm).
Supernatants at the end of sedimentation period were
analyzed for COD and color as described in APHA
(1995).
Fenton’s reagent experiments were carried out at
room temperature in a 1.5 l reactor using varying hy-
drogen peroxide and FeSO4 dosages at varying pH
values in order to determine the optimum conditions for
best COD and color removal. Optimum pH determi-
nation was carried out for chemical dosages of CH2 O2 ¼
300 mg l
1 and CFeSO4 ¼ 300 mg l
1 . In order to find
optimum chemical dosages at a predetermined optimum
pH, H2 O2 and FeSO4 dosages varied between 100 and
600 mg l
1 . The solutions were mixed by means of
magnetic stirrers.
The ozone experiments were done in a reactor de-
signed to provide a good contact between the liquid and
gas phase. Total volume of the reactor made of pyrex
glass was 2 l. An Opal 200 model ozone generator with
an ozone production rate of 2 g h
1 produces the ozone
needed in the reaction. The ozone produced by using
oxygen with a purity of 99.5% was bubbled into reactor
by means of a diffuser. The experiments with ozone
alone were carried out at varying pH values between 3
and 9 at 20 °C. The reactor was always charged with 1.5
l aqueous solution of dyeing effluent given in Table 1.
Samples were taken at regular time intervals for the
determination of COD and color. All experiments were
done in batch mode.
37
A photoreactor was set up for the experiments with
UV in batch mode operation. A TUV-15 model Phillips
15 W lamp (wavelength of k ¼ 254 nm) enclosed in a
quartz sleeve with an inner diameter of 39 mm and a
length of 39 cm was positioned within the center of a 3 l
cylindrical stainless steel reactor as the light source. The
body of the reactor was made of 316-Ti stainless steel
with an inner diameter of 98 mm and a length of 41 cm.
The diameter of the reactor was determined according to
the results of actinometric measurements done for the
determination of the length of the radiation emitted by
the lamp. A water jacket was installed around the
reactor to keep the reactor at a desired temperature by
means of a continuous water recirculation controlled by
a thermostat. Wastewater sample and the recirculating
cooling solution never contacted each other. The content
of the reactor (2.8 l) was mixed by the help of a magnetic
stirrer.
Ozone generator mentioned above was integrated
into this reactor during O3 /UV and O3 /H2 O2 /UV
experiments. In O3 /UV experiments, the effect of various
pH values on COD removal was assessed at an ozone
rate of 2 g h
1 . H2 O2 /UV (CH2 O2 ¼ 200 mg l
1 ) and O3 /
H2 O2 /UV (CH2 O2 ¼ 100 mg l
1 ) experiments were carried
out under various pH values between 3 and 9. The pH
was manually adjusted to desired range using sulfuric
acid and/or sodium hydroxide from Merck, then the
predetermined amount of H2 O2 (supplied from Riedel
de Haen, 35%) added and the lamp and ozone generator
turned on. Following the determination of optimum pH
as above, same experiments were carried out at the
optimum pH with varying H2 O2 dosages of 100–400
mg l
1 for H2 O2 /UV and 50–200 mg l
1 for O3 /H2 O2 /UV
experiments. Samples were taken at regular time inter-
vals for the determination of COD and color. All
experiments were done in a batch mode.
In order to decompose residual H2 O2 , which inter-
feres with the COD and absorbance measurements, the
samples containing H2 O2 were treated with MnO2
powder. Before each analysis, samples were centrifuged
and filtered on 0.45 lm Millipore membranes to remove
MnO2 . COD was measured as soluble by the closed
reflux colorimetric method in accordance with Standard
Methods (1995). The detection of color value was done
according to Method 2120C in Standard Methods
(1995).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Coagulation tests
Coagulation processes have been used intensively for
the treatment of textile effluents in general with limited
COD and color removal efficiencies (Olthof and Ec-
kenbelder, 1976; Lin and Lin, 1994). As mentioned in
38 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43

materials and methods, color and COD removal experi-
ments consisted of two stages being chemical coagula-
tion and oxidation processes in order to compare the
results. Al2 (SO4 )3 Æ 18H2 O, FeCl3 Æ 6H2 O and FeSO4
coagulant were used during the chemical treatment
experiments with varying dosages under varying pH
conditions. For comparison, the COD and color re-
moval results of under best pH conditions are given in
Fig. 1(a) and (b). Optimum pH for each chemical was
found to be as follow; pH ¼ 8 for Al2 (SO4 )3 Æ 18H2 O,
pH ¼ 9 for FeCl3 Æ 6H2 O and pH ¼ 8.5 for FeSO4 .
Among three chemicals used in this study, FeSO4 re-
sulted in best color removal (49.2%) at a dosage of 350
mg l
1 . In terms of COD removal, all chemicals used
behaved the same from the practical point of view as
follows: 59% COD (COD in effluent ¼ 380 mg l
1 ) and
23% color removal were observed in experiments using
Al2 (SO4 )3 Æ 18H2 O with a dose of 400 mg l
1 . While the
COD removal at a FeCl3 dose of 400 mg l
1 resulted in
an effluent COD of 435 mg l
1 (53% COD removal),
color removal, on the other hand, did not exceed 18%.
In the coagulation processes, which are relatively in-
effective, it is highly difficult to remove especially water-
soluble dyes and even more important the process
produces large quantities of chemical sludge. To yield an
acceptable effluent color quality, the coagulation pro-
cess should be combined with other processes, for ex-
ample, adsorption or advanced oxidation processes.
3.2. Advanced oxidation tests
Many AOPs have been evaluated for decolorization
of textile effluents (Clarke and Knowles, 1982; Bolton
et al., 1995; Benitez et al., 1997). The AOPs are essen-
tially based on the generation of highly reactive radical
species, specifically the hydroxyl radical to react with
dye molecules. In this study, AOPs such as Fe2þ /H2 O2 ,
H2 O2 /UV, O3 , O3 /UV, and O3 /H2 O2 /UV were used to
examine their COD and color removal efficiency from
the acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent. The com-
bination of ferrous and H2 O2 serve two functions: oxi-
dation of dye molecule by hydroxyl radical and
coagulation by iron ions. Kang and Chang (1997) re-
ported the enhanced removals of color and COD with
Fenton’s reagent followed by ferrous coagulation. The
use of H2 O2 in conjunction with the UV light has been
successful in decolorization of some dyes. For example,
Yang et al. (1998) reported more than a 95% color
removal for some reactive, basic, acid and direct dyes at
a pH of 5 by using H2 O2 /UV process.

100
Ferrous Sulphate
90
Aluminium Sulphate
COD Removal (%)

80
Ferrous Chloride
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
(a) Chemical Dosages (mg l-1)

100
Ferrous Sulphate
90
Aluminium Sulphate
Color Removal (%)

80
Ferrous Chloride
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(b) Chemical Dosages (mg l-1)

Fig. 1. (a) COD and (b) color removal for varying coagulant dosages.
 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43 39

The experiments were carried out at pH between 2
and 7 for Fenton’s process and 3 and 9 for UV pro-
cesses, respectively, to observe the effect of pH on the
COD removal. FeSO4 provided Fe2þ ion needed for
Fenton’s reagent. Optimum pH that result in highest
COD and color removal was determined by initially
running the reactor under varying pH but constant
H2 O2 and FeSO4 . Parallel to the literature (Walling,
1975), pH of 5 was found to be the best at these con-
ditions (see Fig. 2a). After pH optimization, the reactors
were first run with constant FeSO4 but variable H2 O2 at
pH of 5. Then, the same operations were repeated for
constant H2 O2 but variable FeSO4 at pH of 5. Results
are shown in Fig. 2b and c. As a result, optimum con-
ditions were determined as follow; pH ¼ 5, CH2 O2 ¼ 300
mg l
1 and CFeSO4 ¼ 500 mg l
1 for the acetate and
polyester dyeing effluent used in this study.
Ozone itself is a strong oxidizing agent and has a high
efficiency of color removal, which is effective at high pH
values (Shu and Huang, 1995). Fig. 3 depicts the effect of
various pH on the effect of COD removal by ozonation.
COD removal efficiency varied from 60% up to 90%
during ozonation. Alkaline conditions showed better
removal efficiency and highest COD removal was ob-
served at a pH of 9 for ozone rate of 2 g h
1 correspon-
ding to a unit ozonation rate of 2.15 kg O3 kg
1 COD
under room temperature. There was no significant
increase in process efficiency after 90 min of reaction

100
COD and Color removal (%)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 COD removal (%)
10 Color removal (%)
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) pH
COD and Color Removal (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 COD removal (%)
10 Color removal (%)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
(b) H2O2 Dosages (mg l-1)
COD and Color Removal (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 COD removal (%)
10 Color removal (%)
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
(c) FeSO4 Dosages (mg l-1)

Fig. 2. (a) Effect of pH (CH2 O2 ¼ 300 mg l
1 and CFeSO4 ¼ 300 mg l
1 ), (b) effect of H2 O2 dosages (pH ¼ 5 and CFeSO4 ¼ 300 mg l
1 ) and
(c) effect of varying FeSO4 dosages (pH ¼ 5 and CH2 O2 ¼ 300 mg l
1 ) on the COD and color removal during Fenton’s process.
40 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43

100
90

COD Removal (%)

80
70
60
50
pH=3
40
pH=5
30
pH=7
20
pH=9
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (min)

Fig. 3. Effect of pH on the COD removal during ozonation (CO3 ¼ 2 g h
1 , T ¼ 20 °C).

time, which resulted in a 92% COD and 89% color re-
moval.
It was reported that Ozone in the presence of catalyst
(H2 O2 or UV) can produce more hydroxyl radical and is
expected to enhance the decolorization rate. The same
ozone generator were integrated into photoreactor dur-
ing O3 /UV, H2 O2 /UV and O3 /H2 O2 /UV experiments. In
the first part of the oxidation experiments using UV,
effect of varying pH between 3 and 9 were assessed (Figs.
4, 5a and 6a). Following the determination of best pH in
terms of best COD removal, the UV experiments with
hydrogen peroxide were repeated under the best pH with
varying H2 O2 peroxide concentrations in order to de-
termine the best hydrogen peroxide concentrations
(Figs. 5b and 6b). It seemed that reaction in all oxidation
experiments for acetate and polyester fiber dyeing
effluent reached its maximum at a reaction time of 90
min. In all O3 /UV, H2 O2 /UV and O3 /H2 O2 /UV experi-
ments, an average reaction time of 90 min seemed to be
sufficient for a 90% removal efficiency except for H2 O2 /
UV experiments carried out at pH values higher than 3.
While O3 /UV process seemed to work better under basic
conditions (pH ¼ 9), H2 O2 /UV and O3 /H2 O2 /UV ex-
periments (Figs. 5a and 6a) showed higher COD and
color removal performance under acidic conditions
(pH ¼ 3).
H2 O2 /UV and O3 /H2 O2 /UV processes require acidic
conditions for reasonable removal efficiency. In addi-
tion, excess amount of H2 O2 dosages (Fig. 5b) created
negative effects on removal efficiency, which could be
attributed to the formation of much less powerful  OH2
radicals, which is formed by the reaction between hy-
droxyl radicals and excess hydrogen peroxide.
If 90% removal is sufficient for a specific application,
choosing among the candidate processes will be deter-
mined by the capital and operating costs including costs
of pH adjustment, which is not required if O3 /UV process
is used since influent is already alkaline enough. As it was
summarized in Table 2, all AOPs except for H2 O2 /UV
combination resulted in over 90% efficiency. Among the
AOP processes used in this study, O3 /H2 O2 /UV alter-
native resulted in the highest color and COD removal.
3.3. Cost evaluation
The overall costs are represented by the sum of the
capital costs, the operating costs and maintenance. For a
full-scale system these costs strongly depend on the flow

100
90
COD Removal (%)

80
70
60
50
pH=3
40
pH=5
30
pH=7
20
pH=9
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (min)

Fig. 4. Effect of pH on the COD removal during O3 /UV process (CO3 ¼ 2 g h
1 , T ¼ 20 °C).
 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43 41

90
80

COD Removal (%)

70
60
50
40 pH=3
30 pH=5
20 pH=7
10 pH=9
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(a) Time (min)

1000
900
100 mg/l H2O2
800
200 mg/l H2O2
COD (mg l-1)

700
300 mg/l H2O2
600
400 mg/l H2O2
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(b) Time (min)

Fig. 5. (a) Effect of pH (CH2 O2 ¼ 200 mg l
1 , T ¼ 20 °C) and (b) effect of H2 O2 (pH ¼ 3, T ¼ 20 °C) on the COD removal during H2 O2 /
UV process.

120

100
COD Removal (%)

80

60
pH=3
40 pH=5
pH=7
20 pH=9
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(a) Time (min)

1000
900
50 mg/l H2O2
800
100 mg/l H2O2
COD (mg l-1)

700
150 mg/l H2O2
600 200 mg/l H2O2
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(b) Time (min)

Fig. 6. (a) Effect of pH (CH2 O2 ¼ 100 mg l
1 , T ¼ 20 °C) and (b) effect of H2 O2 (pH ¼ 3, T ¼ 20 °C) dosages on the COD removal
during O3 /H2 O2 /UV process.
42 N. Azbar et al. / Chemosphere 55 (2004) 35–43

Table 2
Results of studied alternatives in terms of COD and color removal
Process COD removal Color removal pH CH2 O2 CFeSO4 CO3
(%) (%) (mg l
1 ) (mg l
1 ) (g h
1 )
Chemical treatment 60 49 8.5 – 350 –
Fenton process 96 94 5 300 500 –
O3 92 90 9 – – 2
O3 /UV 94 93 9 – – 2
H2 O2 /UV 90 85 3 300 – –
O3 /H2 O2 /UV 99 96 3 200 – 2

Table 3 merits of green chemistry, was carried out for treating

Operating costs for the studied processes (cost of UV lamp and acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent. The following
labor are excluded) conclusions can be drawn from this study:
Process Costs ($ m
3 ) COD removal (%)
FeSO4 Æ 7H2 O 0.07 60 (i) AOPs have a superior performance compared to the
Fenton’s reagent 0.23 96 conventional chemical coagulation methods for the
O3 5.28 92 removal of COD and color from an acetate and
UV 1.1 – polyester fiber dyeing effluent. All chemicals used
H2 O2 /UV 1.26 90 in this study behaved the same in terms of COD re-
O3 /UV 6.38 94 moval (60% COD removal), on the other hand,
O3 /H2 O2 /UV 6.54 99 among the alternative chemicals; FeSO4 resulted in
the maximum color removal in this study (49% color
removal at a dosage of 350 mg l
1 ).
rate of the effluent and the configuration of the reactor (ii) AOPs resulted over an 85% removal for both COD
as well as the nature of the effluent. In this study, and color. Among the AOPs (O3 , O3 /UV, H2 O2 /UV
replacement cost of UV lamps and labor are excluded and O3 /H2 O2 /UV) studied, the combination of
and only operating costs such as costs of reagents (H2 O2 ozone, UV and peroxide appeared to be the most
(35%): 0.54 $ kg
1 ; FeSO4 Æ 7H2 O 140 $ ton
1 ; O3 2.64 efficient in terms of COD and color removal with
$ kg
1 ) and electricity (0.0765 kW h) consumption were a 99% and 96%, respectively.
considered. Cost evaluation for UV processes was based
on electrical energy per order (EE/O) (Bolton et al., Cost evaluation from the operating cost point of view
1995) using the following formula: suggested that Fenton’s reagent showed a satisfactory
COD and color removal performance and to be eco-
EE=O ðkW h m
3 Þ nomically more viable choice for the acetate and poly-
¼ ðP  t  1000Þ=½V  60  logðCinf =Ceff Þ ester fiber dyeing effluent on the basis of 90% removal.

where P is rated power (kW), V is the volume (in l) of

water treated, t is time (min), Cinf and Ceff are the initial
and final concentrations of contaminant in COD
(mg l
1 ).
Cost evaluation is given in Table 3. Even though O3 /
H2 O2 /UV combination among other AOPs methods
studied in this paper was found to give the best result
(99% removal for COD and 96% removal for color), use
of Fe2þ /H2 O2 seems to show a satisfactory COD and
color removal performance and to be economically more
viable choice for the acetate and polyester fiber dyeing
effluent on the basis of one log removal (90% removal).
4. Conclusions
A comparative color and COD removal study com-
bining chemical coagulation and AOPs, which reveal the
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