SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II, MATH 10560

R4
1. Use Simpson’s rule with n = 6 to approximate the integral 1 f (x)dx where a table
of values for the function f (x) is given below.

x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5

f (x) 0 2 1 -1 3 2 -2 0 1 1 0

x 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5

f (x) -1 2 0 3 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -9
Solution:
We can compute δx = 4−1 6 = 1/2 therefore applying Simpson’s rule we have
Z 4
δx
f (x) dx ≈ [f (1) + 4f (1.5) + 2f (2) + 4f (2.5) + 2f (3) + 4f (3.5) + f (4)]
1 3
1
= [3 + 4 · (−2) + 2 · 1 + 4 · 0 + 2 · 2 + 4 · 3 + (−3)]
6
5
=
3
5
3
Z π
2. Evaluate the following improper integral tan x dx.
0
Solution:
The “problem” point is x = π/2. Therefor we need to break up this improper integral
into two component proper integrals
Z π Z b Z π
tan(x) dx = lim tan(x) dx + lim tan(x) dx .
0 b→π/2− 0 a→π/2+ a
Let’s compute these separately beginning with the first term.
Z b
lim tan(x) dx = lim − ln | cos(b)| + ln | cos(0)|
b→π/2− 0 b→π/2−
= lim − ln | cos(b)|
b→π/2−
=∞.
Now that we know one of the components diverges, we know the entire thing diverges.
Diverges

3. Which of the following is the correct expression for the arc length of the curve
y = ln(1 + x2 )
between the points (1, ln(2) and (2, ln(5))?
Solution:
1
2 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II

We would like to use the formula

s 2
Z t1 
dy
s= 1+ dx .
t0 dx
dy
To do this we need to compute dx .

dy 2x
= .
dx 1 + x2
Furthermore we need to find t0 and t1 . By inspection we see y(1) = ln(2) and y(2) =
ln(5). Therefore t0 = 1 and t1 = 2. Therefore
Z 2s
4x2
s= 1+ dx .
1 (1 + x2 )2

s
2
4x2
Z
s= 1+ dx
1 (1 + x2 )2

4. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.3 to estimate y(1.6) where y(x) is the solution to
the initial value problem
2x − y
y0 = , y(1) = 0.
3
Solution: Recall the recursions for Euler’s method:

dy 
xn+1 = xn + ∆x and yn+1 = yn + ∆x ·
dx (xn ,yn )

In our case, we start with x0 = 1, y0 = 0, and step size ∆x = 0.3, so the first iteration
gives an approximation of y(1.3):

x1 = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3
2·1−0
y1 = 0 + 0.3 · = 0.2
3
The second iteration brings x2 to 1.3 + 0.3 = 1.6, which is the estimate we need:

x2 = 1.6
2 · 1.3 − 0.2 2.4
y2 = 0.2 + 0.3 · = 0.2 + = 0.44
3 10

y(1.6) ≈ 0.44

5. Which of the five alternatives below is the differential equation whose direction field
is shown in the figure?
 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 3

y 0 = y 2 − x2
y0 = x + y
y0 = x − y
y 0 = x2 − y 2
y0 = y − x
Solution: Notice that whenever x = y or x = −y, we have a slope of zero in the
direction field. This tells us that the sign of x and y is irrelevant, so either the slope
field is given by y 2 − x2 , or by x2 − y 2 . To figure out which one is correct, observe
that if we move along a vertical line, the slope increases with the absolute value of y.
Similarly, if we move along a horizontal line, the slope decreases with the absolute value
of x. Hence y 2 should have a positive sign, and x2 should have a negative sign. Thus
the corresponding differential equation is

y 0 = y 2 − x2

6. The solution to the initial value problem

cos2 y π
y0 = y(1) =
x2 + 1 4
satisfies the implicit equation
π
tan y = arctan(x) + 1 −
4
y sin(2y) 1 π
+ = arctan(x) + −
2 2 2 4
tan y = arctan(x)
π
arctan y = tan(x) +
4
arctan y = tan(x) + 1
Solution: This is a separable differential equation, so we separate the variables as
dx
sec2 (y)dy =
x2 +1
4 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II

which we integrate to get

tan y = arctan x + C
To determine the value of C, use our initial condition and set x = 1 and y = π/4:
π 3π
tan π/4 = arctan 1 + C ⇐⇒ 1 = π/4 + C ⇐⇒ C =1− =
4 4
so our solution is
π
tan y = arctan x + 1 −
4

h i
(−1)n−1 3n
7. Find ∞ 4
P
n=1 9n−1 + 9n−1 .
Solution:
Since
∞  ∞
 (−1)n−1 3n 

X
=3
X 1 3 9

 9n−1  n−1
= 1 =
3 1− 3
4
n=1 n=1

and
∞ ∞
X 4 X 1 4 9
=4 = 1 =
9n−1 9n−1 1− 9
2
n=1 n=1

both of them are absolutely convergent. Hence we have

∞  ∞ ∞
(−1)n−1 3n (−1)n−1 3n

X 4 X X 4
+ = +
9n−1 9n−1 9n−1 9n−1
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
X (−1)n−1 3n−1 9
=3 +
9n−1 2
n=1
∞ 
X −1 n−1 9
=3 +
3 2
n=1
3 9
= 1 + 2
1+ 3
9 9 27
= + =
4 2 4
27
4

8. Find the sum of the following series

∞
" #
X e−(n+1) e−(n+2)
− .
n+2 n+3
n=1

Solution:
 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 5

∞
" #
X e−(n+1) e−(n+2)
−
n+2 n+3
n=1
N
" #
X e−(n+1) e−(n+2)
= lim −
N →∞ n+2 n+3
n=1
" #
 e−2 e−3   e−3 e−4   e−(N ) e−(N +1)   e−(N +1) e−(N +2) 
= lim − + − + ··· + − + −
N →∞ 3 4 4 5 N +1 N +2 N +2 N +3
" #
e−2 e−(N +2) e−2
= lim − =
N →∞ 3 N +3 3

e−2
3

9. Which are the following sequences converge?

n n3 − 1 o∞ n n3 − 1 o∞ n o∞
(I) (−1)n 3 (II) (III) 5 1/n
2n + 1 n=1 3n n=1 n=1
Solution:
I) Since
n3 − 1 1 − n13 1
lim 3
= lim 1 = 6= 0
n→∞ 2n + 1 n→∞ 2 + 3 2
n
the alternating sequence diverges.
II) Set
x3 − 1
f (x) =
3x
n3 −1
then f (n) = 3n . Apply the L’Hospital rule to f (x), we get
3x2 6x 6
lim f (x) = lim x
= lim x 2
= lim x =0
x→∞ x→∞ 3 ln 3 x→∞ 3 (ln 3) x→∞ 3 (ln 3)3

Hence
n3 − 1
lim = lim f (x) = 0
n→∞ 3n x→∞
III) Since
ln 5
lim ln(51/n ) = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ n
we have
1/n ) ln 5
lim 51/n = lim eln(5 == elimn→∞ n =1
n→∞ n→∞

I) diverges, II) and III) converge.

cos(1/n)
10. The sequence given by an = arctan(n)
Solution:

cos(0) 1 2
lim an = = =
n→∞ limn→∞ arctan(n) π/2 π
6 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II

2
π

11.
 2Find the arc length of the curve y = f (x) from the point (0, 1/2) to the point
e +e−2
1, 4 , where
e2x + e−2x
f (x) = .
4
Solution:
Recall the general formula for the length of the curve y = f (x) from the point a to
the point b:
Z bp
length = 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a
In our case the endpoints are 0 and 1. The derivative is
2e2x − 2e−2x e2x − e−2x
f 0 (x) = = .
4 2
That gives us
e4 x 1 e−4x
(f 0 (x))2 = − +
4 2 4
and
e4 x 1 e−4x
1 + (f 0 (x))2 = + +
4 2 4
 2x −2x
2
e +e
= .
2
Now the length is
1
1
e2x + e−2x e − e−2x e2 − e−2
Z  2x
dx = = .
0 2 4 0 4
To sum it up, the length is

e2 − e−2
4

 x2 y 0 − 2y = 1,
12. Solve the initial value problem
y(1) = 2.

Solution:
Note that we can separate the variables:
x2 y 0 = 1 + 2y
dy 1 + 2y
=
dx x2
1 1
= 2
1 + 2y x
Z Z
1 1
dy = dx.
1 + 2y x2
 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 7

We integrate both LHS and RHS to get

1 1
ln |1 + 2y| = − + C.
2 x
We find the constant C using the initial conditions y(1) = 2
1 1
ln 5 = −1 + C, hence C = 1 + ln 5.
2 2
Now
1 1 1
ln |1 + 2y| = − + 1 + ln 5
2 x 2
2
ln |1 + 2y| = − + 2 + ln 5
x
2
|1 + 2y| = 5e− x +2 .
And the solution is
5 2 1
y = e− x +2 −
2 2

13. Find the family of orthogonal trajectories to the family of curves given by
√
y = k x.
Solution: √
The coefficient k is k = √y . We differentiate y = k x with respect to x:
x
√ y
0 k x y
y = √ = √ = .
2 x 2 x 2x
y
In other words, we have a family of curves given by y 0 = 2x . The orthogonal family
satisfies the following differential equation
1 dy 2x
y 0 = − y , or =− .
2x dx y
Let us try to solve this equation. Separate the variables and integrate
ydy = −2xdx
Z Z
ydy = −2xdx

y2
= −x2 + C.
2
√
Hence the family of orthogonal trajectories to y = k x is given by
y2
= −x2 + C
2