Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Redler Sándor
CCNP, CCIP
sandor.redler@alefnula.com
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9173_01_2004_c2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Ethernet - Introduction
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Ethernet Addressing
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Ethernet Frame Formats
• Ethernet Frame Format
Preamble Destination Source TYPE Data
SFD MAC Address MAC Address 2 Bytes FCS
46 to 1500 Bytes
8 Bytes 6 Bytes 6 Bytes (>1536) [4]
Example: IP
A B C D
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense
Multiple Access
Collision Detection
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Collision and Broadcast Domains
Collision
Ethernet Ethernet
Domain
Collision
Domain Bridge
Broadcast Domain
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Ethernet Switches
Virtual LANs - VLAN
802.1Q Trunk
VLAN 1
802.1Q
VLAN tag
• With the IEEE 802.1Q, each frame is being tagged with an 802.1Q
VLAN tag that contains VLAN membership information.
• In this example:
Switch 1 adds a header that identifies the VLAN
Switch 2 can look at the frame header to identify the VLAN number
Switch 2 perform a table lookup in VLAN address table
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IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Tagging
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IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Tagging
Octets 7 1 6 6 2 2 2 42–1500 4
TYPE
PREAM. SFD DA SA TAG LEN DATA FCS
8100
IEEE
802.3
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What‘s in the Tag?
6 Destination Address
6 Source Address 3 bits 1 bit 12 bits
2 EtherType = 8100 QoS VLAN
VLAN
TAG CFI ID
2 Tag Control Information
Priority ID
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12 Bits (4096 VLANs)
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The Native VLAN in 802.1Q
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Ethernet Switches
Spanning Tree
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Spanning Tree—802.1D
• Purpose:
Calculate and Maintain loop-free topologies in
redundant/resilient layer 2 topologies
Provide automatic path recovery upon link or device failure
• By default, convergence is typically 30 to 50
seconds.
• Cisco added many enhancements for scalability
and convergence speed – UplinkFast and
BackboneFast
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Why Do We Need the Spanning Tree?
BROADCAST
A Port 1
Port 3 1 2
Port 2
B
3 4
A 2
1
CONTINUOUS
FLOODING
B
3 4
u Traffic Storms!
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Spanning Tree Basics
Loop-Free Connectivity
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Default Spanning Tree Timers
LinkUp
LISTENING 15 Sec Pre-Forwarding 1
Learning
MAX-AGE FWD-DELAY
15 Sec Pre-Forwarding 2
802.1D
BLOCKING (STP) Forwarding
LEARNING
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Spanning Tree Protocol Family
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IEEE 802.1w
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)
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IEEE 802.1w Overview
• Handshake mechanism
uses Proposal-agreement Root
messages:
―I want to become designated, Proposal Agreement
Do you agree?‖ j k
• No more network-wide
timers when all switches Proposal Agreement
run 802.1w l m
• Can achieve sub-second
convergence
• Defines four port roles
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―Classic‖ Transition to Forwarding
802.1D
Root R A A
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Rapid Transition to Forwarding
802.1w
Proposal
Root R A A
Agreement
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IEEE 802.1w Port Roles
R Root Port:
Port receiving the best BPDU for the Root
bridge—shortest path to the Root in D D
A Alternate Port:
Port blocked by BPDUs from a different bridge—
redundant path to the Root
B Backup Port:
Port blocked by BPDUs sent from the same bridge—
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redundant path to a segment
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IEEE 802.1s/w Neighbor Protocol Detection
RSTP A
Switch
RSTP
Switch BPDU
BPDU RSTP 802.1D BPDU
RSTP 802.1D 802.1D 802.1D
B C Switch
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IEEE 802.1s Multi-Instance
Spanning Tree (MST)
VLAN 10
VLAN 20
resources
64 instances
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Flex Link – redundantion without STP
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Cisco Discovery Protocol
• What is CDP?
Advertisement protocol
Media independent
Protocol independent Cisco
Visibility into adjacencies Discovery
Protocol
On all major devices
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Cisco Discovery Protocol
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Cisco Discovery Protocol
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Autonegotiation and
Uni-Directional Link Detection
Protocol
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Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD)
• What is UDLD?
Detects one-way logical
connectivity
Physical layer errors are Faulty Gbic?
detected by auto-negotiation
RX TX
Detects faults at Layer 2
TX RX
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Why Are Uni-Dir Links a Bad Thing?
RX
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UDLD Specifics
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Etherchannel Protocols
• A logical aggregation of
same links (up to 8)—
10/100/1000/10GE ports
• Operates between switches,
routers, and certain vendors‘ NICs
• Channel always point-to-point
and viewed as one logical link EtherChannel
by protocols
• Two flavors:
Cisco‘s PAgP (Port Aggregation
Protocol); destination MAC address
0100.CCCC.CCCC and SNAP
encapsulation (OUI=Cisco,
Proto=0x0104)
IEEE 802.3ad LACP; destination
MAC address 0180.C200.0002 and
Ethertype 0x8809
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Multichassis Cisco EtherChannel Links (MEC)
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EtherChannel Load Balancing
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EtherChannel Administrative States
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Cisco Catalyst Express 500
Series Switches
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Catalyst Express 500 Series Switches
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Performance
• 32MB DRAM 16MB flash memory
• Switching capacity:
8.8 Gbps for Cisco Catalyst Express 500-24TT, Catalyst Express 500-24LC,
Catalyst Express 500-24PC
24 Gbps for Cisco Catalyst Express 500G-12TC
• Forwarding rate:
6.6-Mpps wire-speed performance for Cisco Catalyst Express 500-24TT,
Catalyst Express 500-24LC, Catalyst Express 500-24PC
18-Mpps wire-speed performance for Cisco Catalyst Express 500G-12TC
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SmartPorts
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Cisco Catalyst Express 520
Series Switches
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Catalyst Express 520 Series Switches
Product Name Description
Cisco Catalyst Express • 8 10/100 access ports with PoE
520-8PC Switch • 1 10/100/1000BASE-T or Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP) uplink
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Catalyst Express 520 Series Switches
• What is the difference between the Cisco Catalyst Express 500 and 520
Series?
• Both of them are designed for small and medium businesses with fewer
than 250 users.
• Both of them are configured and managed by the Cisco Network Assistant.
• The Catalyst Express 520 Series is a component of the Cisco Smart
Business Communication System (SBCS). It was designed to easily
integrate into SBCS a complete system of advanced voice, data, video, and
wireless networking products designed specifically for SMBs.
• Additionally, the Catalyst Express 520 includes an eight-port PoE switch
(WS-CE520-8PC-K9) and 24-port Gigabit switch (WS-CE520-24TC-K9) for
desktop aggregation.
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Cisco ESW 500 Series
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Cisco ESW 500 Series features
• Fast and gigabit Ethernet connectivity
• Integrated security
• QoS
• PoE
• Provide complete data, voice, video and wireless
solution
• Advanced network security
• Simplified configuration
• Enhanced five-year warranty, including next-
business-day advance replacement and free
software fixes
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Cisco ESW 520 Series
Forwarding
Product Uplink Access PoE
rate
Maximum 15.4W to
ESW-520-8P 1 SFP 8 10/100 Mbps 2.7 mpps any 10/100 port,
60W total
2 uplink and
ESW-520-24 2 SFP
24 10/100 Mbps 9.5 mpps No PoE
Maximum 15.4W to
2 uplink and
ESW-520-24P 2 SFP
24 10/100 Mbps 9.5 mpps any 10/100 port,
180W total
2 uplink and
ESW-520-48 2 SFP
48 10/100 Mbps 13 mpps No PoE
Maximum 15.4W to
2 uplink and
ESW-520-48P 2 SFP
48 10/100 Mbps 13 mpps any 10/100 port,
370W total
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Cisco ESW 540 Series
Forwarding
Product Uplink Access PoE
rate
Maximum 15.4W to
ESW-540-8P 1 SFP 8 10/100 Mbps 13.4 mpps any 10/100 port,
123W total
Maximum 15.4W to
ESW-540-24P 4 SFP 24 10/100 Mbps 35.7 mpps any 10/100 port,
280W total
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Cisco Catalyst 2960 Series Switches
KCKC
switching v3.0
Switching 2.2 Copyright Alef Nula, a.s.
© 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. www.alef0.cz 65
65
Catalyst 2960 LAN Lite Software
KCKC
switching v3.0
Switching 2.2 Copyright Alef Nula, a.s.
© 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. www.alef0.cz 66
66
Performance
• 32 Gbps switching fabric
(Catalyst 2960G-24TC, Catalyst 2960G-48TC)
• 16 Gbps switching fabric
(Catalyst 2960-24TT, 2960-24TC, 2960-48TT, 2960-48TC)
• Forwarding rate based on 64-byte packets:
Catalyst 2960-24TT: 6.5 Mpps
Catalyst 2960-24TC: 6.5 Mpps
Catalyst 2960-48TT: 10.1 Mpps
Catalyst 2960-48TC: 10.1 Mpps
Catalyst 2960-8TC: 2.7 Mpps
Catalyst 2960G-24TC: 35.7 Mpps
Catalyst 2960G-48TC: 39.0 Mpps
Catalyst 2960G-8TC: 11.9 Mpps
• Configurable up to 8000 MAC addresses
• Configurable up to 255 IGMP groups
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Cisco Catalyst 2960 Differentiation
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Cisco Catalyst Series
Power over Ethernet
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Type of Power over Ethernet Endpoint Supported
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IEEE 802.3af Power Classification
Class Usage Minimum Power Maximum Power
levels Output at Levels at the PD
the PSE
0 Default 15.4 watts 0.44 to 12.95 watts
Note: Difference between PSE port and PD includes power loss on the cable
Class 0 : PD is detectable but doesn‘t provide power requirements
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Power Conservation through Classification
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Catalyst 2960-S PoE+
• Supported standards:
• 802.3at (30W) PoE+ Plus compliant
• 802.3af (15.4W) compliant – maintain backward compatibility
• Full PoE functionality
• 48 ports of full 15.4 W per switch
• 24 port of 30 W per switch
• No external RPS needed
• PoE power models available:
• 740W PoE available power budget
• 370W PoE available power budget
• Capable of supporting 802.3at and 802.3af PDs simultaneously
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Cisco Catalyst 2960-S series
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Catalyst 2960-S SFP+ 10Gig
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Cisco Catalyst 2350 Series Switches
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Cisco Catalyst 2350 Series Switches
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Performance
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Intelligent
Switching Infrastructure
RADIUS
802.1x
Protects network access by
allowing RADIUS server to
authenticate user
allowing/disallowing access to 802.1x Switched
LAN
the network
Wiring Closet
Dynamic VLANs
Requires
Provides authentication 802.1x Clients
capabilities and user
segmentation by placing
specific users in separate
VLANs
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Perimeter Security
ACLs Port
Wire-Speed ACLs Security
Port Security
Provides another means to ensure Note: Forwarding performance is
the appropriate user is on the not compromised when
network by limiting access based on implementing ACL-based
MAC addresses security in the network.
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Secure Connectivity
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802.1x Authentication
How It Works:
Each person trying to enter the network must receive authorization
based on personal username and password
Valid Username
Valid Password
Yes
RADIUS
No
Client Accessing
Switch
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Standard 802.1X/VLAN Assignment
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Security - Mitigating Plug and Players
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Security - Secure Connectivity
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Security - Securing Layer 2 – Port security
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Security - DHCP Spoofing Attack
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Security - DHCP Snooping
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Multicast Benefits Server Load
Unicast Example
Increased Server
Processing
Network
Packet flow
Multicast Example
Efficient Multicast
Network
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Multicast Benefits Network Load
Unicast Example
Multicast Example
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IGMP Snooping
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 101
Catalyst IOS Packages (from 12.2.25SEB)
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Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series
Power over Ethernet Switches
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 103
Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series
Intelligent Features Summary
Quality of Service
• IP Unicast Routing • IBNS through 802.1x • Queue servicing:
- Static, RIPv1/v2, OSPF, • Access Control Lists - Shaped round robin and
IGRP, EIGRP, BGPv4 strict priority queuing
• Unicast MAC filtering
• IP Multicast Routing • SSH, Kerberos, SNMPv3
- Weighted tail drop
- PIM, DVMRP tunneling - Ingress traffic policing
• Private VLAN Edge
• Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) • DHCP interface tracker
- Egress traffic shaping
• Web Cache Comm. Protocol (WCCP) • 802.1p CoS and DSCP
• DHCP Snooping Option 82
• Policy Based Routing (PBR) • Congestion avoidance
• CMS security wizard
• Spanning-Tree Protocol • Private VLAN edge
- Granular rate limiting
enhancements - Auto QoS
• Port security
- UplinkFast, BackboneFast,PortFast
- 802.1s/w
• MAC address notification Manageability
• Autoconfiguration
• Port Grouping
• Cisco Intelligent Power
- EtherChannel (Gigabit, Fast) Management
- 802.3ad • Cisco CMS Software
- Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) • CiscoWorks
- Link Agg. Control Protocol (LACP) • Cisco Express Setup
• Layer 2 load balancing (PVST) Wire-speed switching and routing • Voice VLAN
• Layer 3 load balancing (ECR) 48 port version: 13.1 Mpps • Dynamic VLAN
• Cisco® Express Forwarding 24 port version: 6.6 Mpps • SmartPorts
• Redundant Power Supply (RPS 675) Wire-speed ACLs • DHCP Server
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Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series
Model Overview
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Performance
• 32 Gbps forwarding bandwidth
• Forwarding rate based on 64-byte packets:
6.5 Mpps (Cisco Catalyst 3560-24TS and Catalyst 3560-24PS)
13.1 Mpps (Cisco Catalyst 3560-48TS and Catalyst 3560-48PS);
38.7 Mpps (Cisco Catalyst 3560G-48TS, Catalyst 3560G-48PS,
Catalyst 3560G-24TS and Catalyst 3560G-24PS)
• 128 MB DRAM
• Configurable up to 12,000 MAC addresses
• Configurable up to 11,000 unicast routes
• Configurable up to 1000 IGMP groups and multicast routes
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Catalyst 2960 and 3560 PoE Positioning
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Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series
Power over Ethernet Switches
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 108
Raising Stackables to a New Level
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Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches
Intelligent Features Overview
Availability Security Quality of Service
• IP Unicast Routing • IBNS through 802.1x • Queue servicing:
- Static, RIPv1/v2, OSPF, • Access Control Lists - Shaped round robin and
IGRP, EIGRP, BGPv4 strict priority queuing
• Unicast MAC filtering
• IP Multicast Routing • SSH, Kerberos, SNMPv3
- Weighted tail drop
- PIM, DVMRP tunneling - Ingress traffic policing
• Private VLAN Edge
• Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) • DHCP interface tracker
- Egress traffic shaping
• Web Cache Comm. Protocol (WCCP) • 802.1p CoS and DSCP
• DHCP Snooping Option 82
• Policy Based Routing (PBR) • Congestion avoidance
• CMS security wizard
• Spanning-Tree Protocol • Private VLAN edge
- Granular rate limiting
enhancements - Auto QoS
• Port security
- UplinkFast, BackboneFast,PortFast
- 802.1s/w
• MAC address notification Manageability
• Autoconfiguration
• Port Grouping
• Cisco Intelligent Power
- EtherChannel (Gigabit, Fast) Management
- 802.3ad • Cisco CMS Software
- Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) • CiscoWorks
- Link Agg. Control Protocol (LACP) • Cisco Express Setup
• Layer 2 load balancing (PVST) Wire-speed switching and routing • Voice VLAN
• Layer 3 load balancing (ECR) 48 port version: 13.1 Mpps • Dynamic VLAN
• Cisco® Express Forwarding 24 port version: 6.6 Mpps • SmartPorts
• Redundant Power Supply (RPS 675) Wire-speed ACLs • DHCP Server
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Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches—
Current Model Overview
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Performance
• 32 Gbps switching fabric
• Stack-forwarding rate of 38.7 mpps for 64-byte packets
• Forwarding rate:
6.5 mpps (Cisco Catalyst 3750-24TS, Catalyst 3750-24FS,
Catalyst 3750-24PS),
13.1 mpps (Catalyst 3750-48TS and Catalyst 3750-48PS),
17.8 mpps (Catalyst 3750G-12S),
35.7 mpps (Catalyst 3750G-24T and Catalyst 3750G-16TD),
38.7 mpps (Catalyst 3750G-24TS, Catalyst 3750G-24WS,
Catalyst 3750G-24PS, Catalyst 3750G-48TS,
Catalyst 3750G-48PS)
• Configurable up to 12,000 MAC addresses
• Configurable up to 11,000 unicast routes (up to 20,000 Catalyst 3750G-12S)
• Configurable up to 1000 IGMP groups and multicast routes
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Cisco Catalyst 3750 – Stackwise
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StackWise
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Cisco Catalyst 4900 Series
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 117
Cisco Catalyst 4900 Series
Cisco WS-C4948
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Performance
• 96 Gbps switching fabric
• Layer 2 hardware forwarding at 72 Mpps
• Layer 3 hardware-based IP Cisco Express Forwarding routing at 72 Mpps
• Layer 4 TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) hardware-based filtering at 72 Mpps
• No performance penalty with advanced Layer 3 and 4 services enabled (ASICs)
• Software-based learning at a sustained rate of 500 hosts per second
• Support for 32,768 MAC addresses
• Support for 32,000 entries in routing table (shared between unicast and multicast)
• Support for 512 ingress policers and 512 egress policers
• Support for 32,000 ACL and QoS entries
• Scalability to 2048 virtual ports (VLAN port instances)
• Scalability to 8000 IGMP snooping entries
• Scalability to 1500 STP instances
• Bandwidth aggregation up to 16 Gbps through Gigabit EtherChannel technology
• Hardware-based wire-speed ACLs
• Layer 2 multicast addresses: 16,384
• Latency: 6 microseconds for 64-byte packets
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Cisco Catalyst 4900 Series
Cisco WS-C4948-10GE
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Performance
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Cisco Catalyst 3560-E, 3750-E Series
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 122
Catalyst 3750-E
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Catalyst 3750-E Models
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Catalyst 3560-E Models
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Stack Wise Plus
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Field Replaceable Power Supplies
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Out of Band Management
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Catalyst 3750-X and 3560-X Series
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Catalyst 3750-X & 3560-X
Model comparison
IOS Model Stackable StackPower Full PoE PoE+ Description
WS-C3750X-24P-S Yes Yes Yes Yes 24-port PoE+ 10/100/1000, 715W AC, IP Base
WS-C3750X-48P-S Yes Yes - Yes 48-port PoE+ 10/100/1000, 715W AC, IP Base
WS-C3750X-48PF-S Yes Yes Yes Yes 48-port PoE+ 10/100/1000, 1100W AC, IP Base
WS-C3560X-24T-L - - - - 24-port 10/100/1000, 350W AC, LAN Base
LAN Base
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PoE+ Support
Main features
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StackWise Plus
4
3
2
1
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Power supply
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 134
Redundant Power Supply –RPS 2300
ME01
9173_01_2004_c2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 135
New eXpandable Power System (XPS)
Overview
KC Switching 2.2 © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 137