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Introduction

Traditionally, it has been the potentially catastrophic situation of ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ d
uring induction of general anaesthesia that has preoccupied obstetric anaesthetists. The incidence
of this was reported to be 1 in 885 in a survey of 60,000 anaesthetics for caesarean section in
1997 and the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom have highlight
ed mortality due to failed intubation. This has lead to an emphasis on algorithm-based training
for this specific scenario. However, in our endeavours to be prepared for failed intubation, have
we neglected another potentially catastrophic event – the high regional block?

The reported incidence of high regional block varies considerably, but a large survey in 1997 de
monstrated an incidence of 1 in 5334 for elective cases whilst for emergency cases the incidenc
e reported was 1 in 2470 for epidural top ups, and 1 in 3019 for spinal anaesthesia. In 2001, Ka
r and Jenkins reported an incidence of 1 in 27107 for high regional block following obstetric epi
durals. Clearly then, the incidence is much lower than that of failed intubation. However, the ma
jority of obstetric procedures are performed under regional anaesthesia and thus the sheer volu
me makes it increasingly likely that an anaesthetist will encounter a high regional block. An addi
tional factor is that concerns about achieving adequate anaesthesia (and the litigation consequen
ces of inadequate anaesthesia) have influenced and elevated the planned level of block.

pengantar

Secara tradisional, situasi berpotensi katastropik 'tidak bisa intubasi, tidak dapat berventilasi' sela
ma induksi anestesi umum yang telah mementingkan anestesi obstetri. Insiden ini dilaporkan 1 d
alam 885 dalam survei 60.000 anestesi untuk operasi caesar pada tahun 1997 dan Pertanyaan Ra
hasia ke dalam Kematian Ibu di Inggris telah menyoroti kematian karena gagal intubasi. Ini telah
menyebabkan penekanan pada pelatihan berbasis algoritma untuk skenario khusus ini. Namun,
dalam upaya kami untuk bersiap-siap untuk intubasi yang gagal, apakah kami telah mengabaika
n peristiwa berpotensi bencana lainnya - blok regional yang tinggi?

Kejadian yang dilaporkan dari blok regional yang tinggi sangat bervariasi, tetapi survei besar pad
a tahun 1997 menunjukkan kejadian 1 dari 5334 untuk kasus elektif sementara untuk kasus darur
at, insiden yang dilaporkan adalah 1 dalam 2470 untuk top up epidural, dan 1 dalam 3019 untu
k anestesi spinal. Pada tahun 2001, Kar dan Jenkins melaporkan kejadian 1 dari 27107 untuk blok
regional yang tinggi setelah epidural obstetrik. Jelas kemudian, kejadiannya jauh lebih rendah d
aripada intubasi gagal. Namun, sebagian besar prosedur kebidanan dilakukan di bawah anestesi
regional dan dengan demikian volume tipis membuatnya semakin mungkin bahwa dokter aneste
si akan menghadapi blok regional yang tinggi. Faktor tambahan adalah kekhawatiran tentang pe
ncapaian anestesi yang adekuat (dan konsekuensi litigasi dari anestesi yang tidak memadai) telah
mempengaruhi dan meningkatkan tingkat blok yang direncanakan

High spinal – spread of local anaesthetic block affecting the spinal nerves above T4. The effects
will depend upon the nerves involved.

Total spinal – intracranial spread of local anaesthetic resulting in loss of consciousness.

Both of the above terms refer specifically to blocks from a spinal (subarachnoid / intrathecal) inj
ection of local anaesthetic. However, both of these effects can also be seen from epidural infusi
ons or epidural top ups. For this article the term high regional block will be used, defined as a
n excessively high block that may require tracheal intubation.

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