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InSight

The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy


InSight
and Heat Transport (InSight)[1] mission is a robotic lander designed
to study the deep interior of the planet Mars.[11][12] It was
manufactured by Lockheed Martin, is managed by NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, and most payload instruments it carries were
built by European agencies. The mission launched on 5 May 2018 at
11:05 UTC aboard an Atlas V-401 rocket[5] and successfully
landed[13] at Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018 at
19:52:59 UTC.[14][15][5][16] InSight traveled 483 million km
(300 million mi) during its journey.[17]

InSight's objectives are to place a seismometer, called SEIS, on the


surface of Mars to measure seismic activity and provide accurate 3D
Top: Artist's rendering of the MarCO CubeSats
models of the planet's interior; and measure internal heat flow using a
Bottom: Artist's rendering of the InSight lander
heat probe called HP3 to study Mars' early geological evolution.[18]
Names Interior Exploration using Seismic
This could bring a new understanding of the Solar System's terrestrial
Investigations, Geodesy and
planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars – and Earth's Moon.
Heat Transport
The lander was originally planned for launch in March 2016.[12][19] Geophysical Monitoring Station
Following a persistent vacuum failure in the SEIS instrument prior to Discovery 12
launch, with the 2016 launch window missed, InSight was returned to
Mission Mars lander
Lockheed Martin's facility in Denver, Colorado, for storage. NASA
type
officials decided in March 2016 to delay launching InSight to May
Operator NASA / JPL
2018.[6] This allowed time for the seismometer issue to be fixed,
although it increased the cost from the previous US$675 million to a COSPAR ID 2018-042A
total of US$830 million.[20] By reusing technology from the Mars SATCAT no. 43457
Phoenix lander, which successfully landed on Mars in 2008, mission
Website Mars.NASA.gov/InSight
costs and risks were reduced.[21]
Mission Planned: 709 sols (728 days)[1][2]
duration Current: 10 sols (9 days) since
landing
Contents
Spacecraft properties
History
Launch 694 kg (1,530 lb)[3]
Science background
Mission status
mass

Objectives Landing 358 kg (789 lb)[3]


mass
Design
Lander specifications Dimensions Deployed: 6.0 × 1.56 × 1.0 m
Mass (19.7 × 5.1 × 3.3 ft)[4]-
Dimensions
Power
Power 600 W, solar / Li-ion battery[3]
MarCO specifications Start of mission
Payload Launch 5 May 2018, 11:05 UTC[5][6]
Launch date
Landing site Rocket Atlas V 401[7]
Landing
CubeSats Launch site Vandenberg SLC-3E[7]
Team and participation Contractor United Launch Alliance
Name chips
Mars lander
Gallery
Landing 26 November 2018,
See also
date 19:52:59 UTC[2]
References
External links
Landing Elysium Planitia[8][9]
site 4.5°N 135.0°E
Flyby of Mars
History Spacecraft Mars Cube One (MarCO)
InSight was initially known as GEMS (Geophysical Monitoring
component
Station), but its name was changed in early 2012 following a request Closest 26 November 2018,
by NASA.[22] Out of 28 proposals from 2010,[23] it was one of the approach 19:52:59 UTC[2]
three Discovery Program finalists receiving US$3 million in May 2011 Distance 3,500 km (2,200 mi)[10]
to develop a detailed concept study.[24] In August 2012, InSight was
Instruments
selected for development and launch.[12] Managed by NASA's Jet
SEIS Seismic Experiment for Interior
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with participation from scientists from
Structure
several countries, the mission was cost-capped at US$425 million, not
including launch vehicle funding.[25] HP3 Heat Flow and Physical Properties
Package
Lockheed Martin began construction of the lander on 19 May
RISE Rotation and Interior Structure
2014,[26] with general testing starting in 27 May 2015.[27]
Experiment
A persistent vacuum leak in theCNES-supplied seismometer known as TWINS Temperature and Winds for InSight
the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) led NASA to
postpone the planned launch in March 2016 to May 2018. When
InSight was delayed, the rest of the spacecraft was returned to
Lockheed Martin's factory in Colorado for storage, and the Atlas V
rocket intended to launch the spacecraft was reassigned to the
WorldView-4 mission.[28]
Discovery Program
On 9 March 2016, NASA officials announced that InSight would be
delayed until the 2018 launch window at an estimated cost of US$150 million.[6][29]
The spacecraft was rescheduled to launch on 5 May 2018 for a Mars landing on 26
November at 3 p.m. The flight plan remained unchanged with launch using an Atlas
V rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.[6][29] NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with redesigning and building a new vacuum
enclosure for the SEIS instrument, while CNES conducted instrument integration
and testing.[30][31]

On 22 November 2017 InSight completed testing in a thermal vacuum, also known InSight comes together with the
as TVAC testing, where the spacecraft is put in simulated space conditions with backshell and surface lander being
reduced pressure and various thermal loads.[32] On 23 January 2018, after a long joined, 2015.
storage, its solar panels were once again deployed and tested, and a second silicon
.[33]
chip containing 1.6 million names from the public was added to the lander

On 28 February 2018, InSight was shipped via C-17 cargo aircraft from the Lockheed Martin Space Systems building in Denver to
the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California in order to be integrated to the launch vehicle.[34] The lander was launched on 5 May
2018 and arrived on Mars at approximately 19:54 UTC on 26 November 2018.
Science background
NASA noted the difficulty of building an interplanetary seismometer when the Viking 1 lander's seismometer did not deploy properly
in 1976.[35] The seismometer on both Viking spacecraft were mounted on the lander, which meant that it also picked up vibrations
from various operations of the lander and from the wind.[36] The seismometer readings were used to estimate a Martian geological
crust thickness between 14 and 18 km (8.7 and 11.2 mi) at the Viking 2 lander site.[37] The Viking 2 seismometer detected pressure
from the Mars winds complementing the meteorology results.[37][38] There was one candidate for a possible marsquake, although it
was not confirmed due to the limitations of the design, especially due to interference from other sources like wind. The wind data did
ge marsquakes were not detected.[39]
prove useful in its own right, and despite the limitations of the data, widespread and lar

Radio Doppler measurements were taken with Viking and twenty years later with Mars Pathfinder, and in each case the axis of
rotation of Mars was estimated. By combining this data the core size was constrained, because the change in axis of rotation over 20
years allowed a precession rate and from that the planet's moment of inertia to be estimated.[40] InSight's measurements of crust
thickness, mantle viscosity, core radius and density, and seismic activity should result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy
compared to current data.[41]

Seismometers were also left on the Moon from the Apollo 12, 14, 15 and 16 missions and provided many insights into lunar
seismology, including the discovery of moonquakes.[42] The Apollo seismic network, which was operated until 1977, detected at
least 28 moonquakes up to 5.5 on theRichter scale.[43]

Mission status

First light on the surface of Mars from the Instrument Context Camera (ICC, left) and the Instrument Deployment
Camera (IDC, right)

On 26 November 2018, NASA reported that the InSight lander had landed successfully on Mars. A touchdown image was received,
taken through a transparent lens cover. NASA reported that the cover, along with the cover on another camera, would be removed
within the next few days.

A few hours later, at about 1:30 UTC (8:30 p.m. EST), NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter relayed signals indicating that InSight's
solar panels had successfully unfurled and are generating electrical power. Enough power is being generated to recharge its batteries
daily. Odyssey also relayed a pair of images showing InSight's landing site.[44] More images will be taken in stereo pairs to create 3D
images, allowing InSight to find the best places to put the heat probe and seismometer. Over the next few weeks, InSight will check
[45]
health indicators and monitor both weather and temperature conditions at the landing site.
The meteorological suite (TWINS) and magnetometer are operational, and the mission will take up to three months to deploy and
commission the geophysical science instruments.[45][46]

Objectives
The InSight mission placed a single stationary lander on Mars to study its deep interior and address a fundamental issue of planetary
and Solar System science: understanding the processes that shaped the rocky planets of the inner Solar System (including Earth)
more than four billion years ago.[47]

InSight's primary objective is to study the earliest evolutionary history of the


processes that shaped Mars. By studying the size, thickness, density and overall
structure of Mars' core, mantle and crust, as well as the rate at which heat escapes
from the planet's interior, InSight will provide a glimpse into the evolutionary
processes of all of the rocky planets in the inner Solar System.[48][47] The rocky
Interiors of Earth, Mars and the Moon
inner planets share a common ancestry that begins with a process called accretion.
(artist concept)
As the body increases in size, its interior heats up and evolves to become a terrestrial
planet, containing a core, mantle and crust.[49] Despite this common ancestry, each
of the terrestrial planets is later shaped and molded through a poorly understood process called differentiation. InSight mission's goal
is to improve the understanding of this process and, by extension, terrestrial evolution, by measuring the planetary building blocks
shaped by this differentiation: a terrestrial planet'score, mantle and crust.[49]

The mission will determine if there is any seismic activity, measure the rate of
heat flow from the interior, estimate the size of Mars' core and whether the
core is liquid or solid.[50] This data would be the first of its kind for Mars.[41]
It is also expected that frequent meteor airbursts (10–200 detectable events per
year for InSight) will provide additional seismo-acoustic signals to probe the
interior of Mars.[51] The mission's secondary objective is to conduct an in-
depth study of geophysics, tectonic activity and the effect of meteorite impacts
on Mars, which could provide knowledge about such processes on Earth.
InSight lander on Mars (artist concept)
Measurements of crust thickness, mantle viscosity
, core radius and density, and
seismic activity should result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy
compared to current data.[41]

In terms of fundamental processes shaping planetary formation, it is thought that Mars contains the most in-depth and accurate
historical record, because it is big enough to have undergone the earliest accretion and internal heating processes that shaped the
[47]
terrestrial planets, but is small enough to have retained signs of those processes.

[1]
The lander will then begin its mission of observing Mars, which is expected to last for two years.

Design
The mission further develops a design inherited from the 2008 Phoenix Mars lander.[52] Because InSight is powered by solar panels,
it landed near the equator to enable maximum power for a projected lifetime of two years (1 Martian year).[1] The mission includes
two relay microsatellites called Mars Cube One (MarCO) that launched with InSight but were flying in formation with InSight to
Mars.[53]

Lander specifications

Mass

Total: 694 kg (1,530 lb)[3]


Lander: 358 kg (789 lb)[3]
Aeroshell: 189 kg (417 lb)[3]
Cruise stage: 79 kg (174 lb)[3]
Propellant and pressurant: 67 kg (148 lb)[3]

Dimensions

About 6.0 m (19.7 ft) wide with solar panels deployed.


The InSight lander with solar panels
The science deck is about 1.56 m (5.1 ft) wide and
deployed in a cleanroom
between 0.83 and 1.08 m (2.7 and 3.5 ft) high
(depending on leg compression after landing).[3] The
length of the robotic arm is 2.4 m (7.9 ft)[3]

Power

Power is generated by two round solar panels, each


2.15 m (7.1 ft) in diameter and consisting of SolAero ZTJ
triple-junction solar cells made of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge
arranged on Orbital ATK UltraFlex arrays. After
touchdown on the Martian surface, the arrays are
deployed by opening like a folding fan.[54]

MarCO specifications
Comparison of single-sol energy
Mars Cube One are a pair of identical 6U CubeSats 13.5 kg (30 lb) generated by various probes on
each.[3] They feature a reflectarray high gain antenna, and a Mars. (30 November 2018)
miniaturized radio operating inUHF (receive only) and X-band (receive
and transmit).[53] They also carry a miniature wide-angle camera,
[55]
[56]
cold gas propulsion, and a star tracker for navigation. [57]

Payload
InSight's payload has a total mass of 50 kg, including science instruments and support systems
such as the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite, cameras, the instrument deployment system, and a
laser retroreflector.[3] The science payload consists of two main instruments, SEIS and HP
3:

The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure(SEIS) will take precise


measurements of marsquakes and other internal activity on Mars to better
understand the planet's history and structure. It will also investigate how the
Martian crust and mantle respond to the effects of meteorite impacts,which gives
clues to the planet's inner structure.[58] SEIS was provided by theFrench Space
Agency (CNES), with the participation of theInstitut de Physique du Globe de
Paris (IPGP), the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), the Max Planck
Institute for Solar System Research(MPS), Imperial College, Institut supérieur
de l'aéronautique et de l'espace(ISAE) and JPL.[59] The seismometer will also InSight lander with labeled
detect sources including atmospheric waves and gravimetric signals (tidal forces) instruments
from Mars' moon Phobos, up to high frequency seismic waves of 50 Hz. [60][61]
SEIS was found to have a vacuum leak which could not be corrected in time for
the 2016 launch of InSight, forcing a two-year mission postponement.[30] The SEIS instrument is supported by a
suite of meteorological tools to characterize atmospheric disturbances that might fect
af the experiment. These
include a vector magnetometer provided by UCLA that will measure magnetic disturbances such as those caused by
the Martian ionosphere; a suite of air temperature, wind speed and wind direction sensors based on the
Spanish/Finnish Rover Environmental Monitoring Station; and a barometer from JPL.[62][40]
The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package(HP3), provided by the German Aerospace Center(DLR), is a
self-penetrating heat flow probe.[61][52][63][64] Referred to as a "self-hammering nail" and nicknamed "the mole", it
was designed to burrow as deep as 5 m (16 ft) below the Martian surface while trailing a tether with embedded heat
sensors to measure how efficiently heat flows through Mars' core, and thus reveal unique information about the
[61][52][63][64]
planet's interior and how it has evolved over time.[61][52][63][64] It trails a tether
containing precise temperature sensors every 10 cm (3.9 in) to measure the
temperature profile of the subsurface.[61][65] The tractor mole of the instrument
was provided by the Polish companyAstronika.[66]
The Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment(RISE) led by the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is a radio science experiment that will use the
lander's X band radio to provide precise measurements of planetary rotation to
better understand the interior of Mars.[67] X band radio tracking, capable of an
accuracy under 2 cm, will build on previousViking program and Mars Pathfinder
data.[61] The previous data allowed thecore size to be estimated, but with more
data from InSight, the nutation amplitude can be determined.[61] Once spin axis
direction, precession, and nutation amplitudes are better understood, it should be
possible to calculate the size and density of the Martian core andmantle.[61] This
should increase the understanding of the formation of terrestrial planets (e.g. Test of the 2.4 meter long
Earth) and rocky exoplanets.[61] Instrument Deployment Arm,
Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS), fabricated by Spain'sCentro de seen deploying SEIS
Astrobiología, will monitor weather at the landing site.[41][62]

Laser RetroReflector for InSight(LaRRI) is a corner cube retroreflector


provided by the Italian Space Agency and mounted on InSight's top deck.[68][69]
It will enable passive laser range-finding by orbiters even after the lander is
retired,[70] and would function as a node in a proposed Mars geophysical
network.[71] This device previously flew on theSchiaparelli lander as the
Instrument for Landing-Roving Laser Retroreflector Investigations (INRRI), and is
an aluminum dome 54 mm (2.1 in) in diameter and 25 g (0.9 oz) in mass
featuring eight fused silica reflectors.[70] Laser retroreflector on
Instrument Deployment Arm(IDA) is a 2.4 m robotic arm that will be used to InSight's deck
deploy the SEIS and HP3 instruments to Mars' surface.[40] It also features the
IDC camera.
The Instrument Deployment Camera(IDC) is a color camera based on theMars Exploration Roverand Mars
Science Laboratory navcam design. It is mounted on the Instrument Deployment Arm and will image the instruments
on the lander's deck and providestereoscopic views of the terrain surrounding the landing site. It features a 45-
degree field of view and uses a 1024 × 1024 pixelCCD detector.[72] The IDC sensor was originally black and white
for best resolution; a program was enacted that tested with a standard hazcam and, since development deadlines
and budgets were met, it was replaced with a color sensor .[73]
The Instrument Context Camera(ICC) is a color camera based on the MER/MSLhazcam design. It is mounted
below the lander's deck, and with itswide-angle 120-degree panoramic field of view will provide a complementary
CCD detector.[72]
view of the instrument deployment area. Like the IDC, it uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel

Launch
The spacecraft was launched on 5 May 2018 at 1:05 UTC on an Atlas V 401 launch
vehicle (AV-078) from Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3-
East.[5] This was the first American interplanetary mission to launch from
California.[74]

The launch was managed by NASA's Launch Services Program. InSight was
originally scheduled for launch on 4 March 2016 on an Atlas V 401 (4 meter
fairing/zero (0) solid rocket boosters/single (1) engine Centaur) from Vandenberg
Air Force Base in California, U.S.,[74] but was called off in December 2015 due to a Launch of the Atlas V rocket carrying
vacuum leak on the SEIS instrument.[75][76][77] The rescheduled launch window ran InSight and MarCO from Vandenberg
from 5 May to 8 June 2018. Space Launch Complex 3-E.

The journey to Mars took 6.5 months across 484 million km (301 million mi) for a
touchdown on 26 November.[5][16] After a successful landing, a three-month-long deployment phase commenced as part of its two-
year (a little more than oneMartian year) prime mission.[45][46]

Landing site
As InSight's science goals are not related to any particular surface feature of Mars,
potential landing sites were chosen on the basis of practicality. Candidate sites
needed to be near the equator of Mars to provide sufficient sunlight for the solar
panels year round, have a low elevation to allow for sufficient atmospheric braking
during EDL, flat, relatively rock-free to reduce the probability of complications
during landing, and soft enough terrain to allow the heat flow probe to penetrate well
into the ground.

An optimal area that meets all these requirements is Elysium Planitia, so all 22
initial potential landing sites were located in this area.[78] The only two other areas Animation of InSight's trajectory from
on the equator and at low elevation, Isidis Planitia and Valles Marineris, are too 5 May 2018 to 26 November 2018
InSight · Earth · Mars
rocky. In addition, Valles Marineris has too steep a gradient to allow safe landing.[8]
In September 2013, the initial 22 potential landing sites were narrowed down to 4,
and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiterwas then used to gain more information on each of the 4 potential sites before a final decision
was made.[8][79] Each site consists of alanding ellipse that measures about 130 by 27 km (81 by 17 mi).[80]

In March 2017, scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that the landing site had been selected. It is located in
western Elysium Planitia at 4.5°N 135.9°E.[81] The landing site is about 600 km (370 mi) north from where the Curiosity rover is
operating in Gale Crater.[82]

All the originally proposed landing sites are inElysium Planitia; this ellipse, located at4.5°N 136°E, represents the site
finally selected.

Image footprints by HiRise onMars Reconnaissance Orbiterfor studying the plannedInsight landing ellipse. From east
to west the scale is about 160 km (100 mi)

Landing
On 26 November 2018, at approximately 19:53 UTC, mission controllers received a signal via the
Mars Cube One (MarCO) satellites
that the spacecraft had successfully touched down[13] at Elysium Planitia.[5][14][16] After landing, the mission will take three months
to deploy and commission the geophysical science instruments.[45][46] It will then begin its mission of observing Mars, which is
planned to last for two years.[1]
A simulated view of NASA's InSight Artist's concept depicts NASA's InSight
lander about to land on the surface of lander after it has deployed its
Mars. instruments on the Martian surface.

NASA’s InSight spacecraft unlatched InSight on Mars − clear view (open


its robotic arm on Nov. 27, 2018, the lens cover) of landing area (ICC; 30
day after it landed on Mars. November 2018)

CubeSats
The Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft are a
pair of 6U CubeSats that piggybacked with the
InSight mission to test CubeSat navigation and
endurance in deep space, and to help relay
real-time communications (eight minute
delay)[46] during the probe's entry, descent and
landing (EDL) phase.[83][84] The two 6U
CubeSats, named MarCO A and B, are Flight hardware of Mars Cube One (MarCO)
identical.[85] They measure 30 cm × 20 cm
× 10 cm (11.8 in × 7.9 in × 3.9 in) and flew as
a pair for redundancy. The Atlas V rocket
launched the MarCO CubeSats together with
the InSight cruise stage: the two CubeSats
separated from the cruise stage after launch,
and flew their own trajectory to Mars while
MarCO CubeSats relaying data duringInSight's landing (artist concept)
flanking the lander.[53] They did not enter
orbit, but flew past Mars during the EDL phase
of the mission and relayedInSight's telemetry in real time.[86][87]

Team and participation


The InSight science and engineering team includes scientists and engineers
from many disciplines, countries and organizations. The science team assigned
to InSight includes scientists from institutions in the U.S., France, Germany,
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and the United
Kingdom.[88]

Mars Exploration Rover project scientist W. Bruce Banerdt is the principal


investigator for the InSight mission and the lead scientist for the SEIS
instrument.[89] Suzanne Smrekar, whose research focuses on the thermal
Insight team at JPL evolution of planets and who has done extensive testing and development on
instruments designed to measure the thermal properties and heat flow on other
planets,[90] is the lead for InSight's HP3 instrument. The Principal Investigator
for RISE is William Folkner at JPL.[91] The InSight mission team also includes project manager Tom Hoffman and deputy project
manager Henry Stone.[88]

Major contributing agencies and institutions:[69]

National agencies:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)


Centre National d'Études Spatiales(CNES)
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt(DLR)
Italian Space Agency (ASI)
Contributing institutions:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory(NASA/JPL)


Lockheed Martin
NASA team cheers as theInSight
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris(IPGP)
Lander touches down on Mars. (26
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ)
November 2018)[13]
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research(MPS)
Imperial College London
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace(ISAE-SUPAERO)
University of Oxford
Centro de Astrobiología(Spain) (CAB)[92]
Centrum Badań Kosmicznych(CBK)

Name chips
As part of its public outreach, NASA organized a program where members of the public were able to have their names sent to Mars
aboard InSight. Due to its launch delay, two rounds of sign-ups were conducted totaling 2.4 million names:[93][94] 826,923 names
were registered in 2015[95] and a further 1.6 million names were added in 2017.[96] An electron beam was used to etch letters only
1⁄
1000 the width of a human hair onto 8 mm (0.3 in) silicon wafers.[95] The first chip was installed on the lander in November 2015
and the second on 23 January 2018.[95][96]
Name chips on InSight

The first name chip forInSight

The second name chip, inscribed with 1.6 million names, is placed onInSight in January 2018.

Gallery

InSight lander is loaded InSight landing zone


on to a Boeing C-17 target with other NASA
Globemaster III in landing zones
December 2015 for
transport to California
InSight on way to Mars

Exterior (artist concept)

Deck

Interior

← Phoenix (2008)

Viking 2 (1976) →

← ExoMars Rover (2020?)


Viking 1 (1976) → ← Sojourner (1997) ← Mars 2020 Rover (2021?)
← Beagle 2 (2003)
InSight (2018) →
Schiaparelli EDM (2016) → Curiosity (2012) →
↑ Opportunity (2004)
Mars 6 (1973) →
Spirit (2004) ↑

← Mars 3 (1971) Mars 2 (1971) →

Polar Lander (1999)↓


Deep Space 2 (1999)→

Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars landers and
rovers
Rover
Lander
Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25prominent geographic features, and click to link to them.
Coloring of the base map indicates relativeelevations, based on data from theMars Orbiter Laser
Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations
(+12 to +8 km); followed by reds and pinks (+3 to +8 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower
elevation (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Poles are not shown.
(See also: Mars map, Mars Memorials, Mars Memorials map) (view • discuss)
See also
Exploration of Mars
List of missions to Mars

References
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2018.
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. NASA. 2012. Retrieved
26 November 2018.
3. "Mars InSight Launch Press Kit"(https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/insight/download/mars_insight_launch_pr
esskit.pdf) (PDF). NASA/JPL. May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
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2015-07-072-HQ.
5. Chang, Kenneth (5 May 2018)."NASA's InSight Launches for Six-Month Journey to Mars"(https://www.nytimes.com/
2018/05/05/science/nasa-mars-insight-launch.html)
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9 March 2016.
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ww.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/science/mars-insight-launch.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
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tory.html). The Washington Post.
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distant world — and maybe some of our own"(https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/27/opinion/mars-exploration-nasa-i
nsight-space.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
14. Chang, Kenneth (26 November 2018)."NASA's Mars InSight Landing: Back to the Red Planet Once Again – The
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External links
InSight NASA
InSight NASA – Mars Exploration Program
InSight NASA (video/03:31; 18 November 2018; Details)
InSight NASA (video/01:38; 26 November 2018; Landing)
InSight NASA — InSight Raw Images

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