CONDENSATION O F S T E A M IN A PACKED

C O L U M N IN D I R E C T CONTACT WITH

IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

by

VIRENDRA CHANDRA RAI

B.Sc, U n i v e r s i t y of A l l a h a b a d , I n d i a , 1958
M.Sc. ( M a t h s . ) , U n i v e r s i t y of A l l a h a b a d , I n d i a , I 9 6 0
Sc. ( C h e m . E n g . ) , B a n a r e s Hindu U n i v e r s i t y , India, 19&4

A THESIS S U B M I T T E D IN P A R T I A L F U L F I L M E N T OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE D E G R E E OF

MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE

i n the
Department
of
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

W e a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as c o n f o r m i n g to the
required standard

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

APRIL, 1966
 ii

ABSTRACT

A packed condenser and the a u x i l i a r y equipment w e r e designed,

b u i l t a n d t e s t e d f o r t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h

A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248, w h i c h a r e c o m m e r c i a l h e a t t r a n s f e r a g e n t s a n d

are i m m i s c i b l e with water. T h e c o - c u r r e n t f l o w of s t e a m and l i q u i d ,

through a four inch inside diameter column packed with three-eighth

i n c h c e r a m i c R a s c h i g r i n g s , was studied. The packing heights used i n

the c o n d e n s a t i o n o f s t e a m w e r e e s t i m a t e d f r o m the l i q u i d temperature

p r o f i l e i n the column. T h e h e i g h t s of t h e t r a n s f e r u n i t s f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n

and t h e a v e r a g e v o l u m e t r i c o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c a l -

culated. T h e h e i g h t o f the t r a n s f e r u n i t f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s f o u n d to

be a f f e c t e d l a r g e l y b y t h e m e a n v i s c o s i t y a n d t h e f l o w r a t e o f the l i q u i d .

T w o e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e r e s u l t s of

this study.

HCU = F ( ^JL_>"

where n = 1. 10 f o r A r o c l o r 1242

and n = 1. 16 f o r A r o c l o r 1248

i s m e a n v i s c o s i t y o f the A r o c l o r i n c e n t i p o i s e .
F o r A r o c l o r 1242, ^
F = 0 . 0 5 3 5 + 8 . 9 0 x l 0 " L w h e n L ^..2290
_5

and F =-0. 0737 + 6. 44 x 10 L, w h e n L > 2290.

F o r A r o c l o r 1248,
F = 0. 0 2 7 6 5 + 1. 244 x 1 0 " L . 5

L i s s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y o f the A r o c l o r i n l b / h r . ft
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author i s h i g h l y indebted to Dr. K. L. P i n d e r f o r h i s

constant guidance, help and encouragement d u r i n g the e n t i r e

c o u r s e of this p r o j e c t .

The author a l s o w i s h e s to extend h i s thanks to the p e r s o n n e l

of the C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g W o r k s h o p and the S t o r e s f o r t h e i r p a r t e

i n b u i l d i n g the equipment f o r this r e s e a r c h .

F i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e was r e c e i v e d f r o m the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h

C o u n c i l of Canada and f r o m the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a i n

the f o r m of U. B. C. Graduate F e l l o w s h i p , f o r which the author i s

really grateful.
 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

C H A P T E R ONE - INTRODUCTION 1

A. D I R E C T C O N T A C T C O N D E N S A T I O N ( G E N E R A L ) 3

1. H i s t o r i c a l 3
2. M e c h a n i s m 4

B. D I R E C T C O N T A C T C O N D E N S A T I O N WITH SAME
LIQUID 5

C. D I R E C T C O N T A C T C O N D E N S A T I O N WITH
IMMISCIBLE FLUID 6

D. C O N D E N S A T I O N WITH AN IMMISCIBLE LIQUID

IN P A C K E D C O L U M N S 8

C H A P T E R TWO - AIMS AND INITIAL P L A N S 15

CHAPTER THREE - APPARATUS 22

A. P A C K E D C O N D E N S E R . 22

B. S E P A R A T O R - C O O L E R 29

C. S U R G E T A N K , 32

D. L I Q U I D P U M P 33

E. PARTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF STEAM 33

F. INSTRUMENTS 35
1. Orifice. meter 35
2. P r e s s u r e Gauge 37
3. Temperature Measuring'Instruments 37
4. Twelve Point Switch 37
5. Millivolt Potentiometer 38

CHAPTER FOUR - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 42

A. D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F S E P A R A T I O N T I M E FOR
WATER FROM AROCLORS 42

B. C A L I B R A T I O N O F T H E R M O C O U P L E S 43

C. C A L I B R A T I O N O F S U R G E T A N K L E V E L I N D I C A T O R 44
 D. CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE , METER 45

E. D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F H E A T LOSSES 46

F. DETERMINATION OF STEAM QUALITY 47

G. MAIN EXPERIMENT 48

H. CALCULATION METHODS 51

1. H e i g h t of P a c k i n g U s e d 51
2. A v e r a g e L i q u i d T e m p e r a t u r e a n d
Temperature Driving Force 53
3. N u m b e r and H e i g h t of C o n d e n s a t i o n U n i t s 54
4. H e a t B a l a n c e 54
5. V o l u m e t r i c H e a t T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t 55
6. R e y n o l d s N u m b e r 55

C H A P T E R F I V E - R E S U L T S A N D DISCUSSION 56

A. RESULTS • 56

1. H . C . U . v s . Arithmetic Mean Temper-

ature 57
2. H . C . U . v s . True Mean Temperature 57
3. H . C . U . v s . Superficial Mass Velocity
of A r o c l o r 62
4. H . C . U . v s . Reynolds Number 62
5. U a v s . T r u e Mean Temperature 67

B. REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS 67

C. ACCURACY OF RESULTS 75

D. COMPARISON WITH LITERATURE VALUES 78

E. BEST EQUATIONS FITTING T H E E X P E R I -

MENTAL RESULTS 84
F. COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS FOR
A R O C L O R 1242 A N D 1248 86

C H A P T E R SIX - C O N C L U S I O N A N D R E C O M M E N -
DATIONS 88

NOMENCLATURE 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

A P P E N D I X A - BASIC DESIGN C A L C U L A T I O N S 95

A. PACKING REQUIREMENT 95
 Page

B. AROCLOR FLOW RATE 95

C. STEAM RATE 96

D. S E P A R A T O R COOLER 96

E. S U R G E T A N K 98

F. LIQUID P U M P 99

G. FLOW METER '99

APPENDIX B - CALIBRATIONS 101

A. THERMOCOUPLE AND THERMOMETER

CALIBRATION 101

B. CALIBRATION OF SURGE TANK LEVEL

INDICATOR 104

C. CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE .METER 106

D. D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F H E A T LOSSES 111

APPENDIX C - RAW DATA 114

APPENDIX D - PROCESSED DATA AND RESULTS 12 3

APPENDIX E - SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 133

A. CALCULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS 13 3
1. H e i g h t of the P a c k i n g 133
2. N u m b e r a n d H e i g h t of C o n d e n s a t i o n
Units 133
3. S u p e r f i c i a l M a s s V e l o c i t y of A r o c l o r 135
4. A r o c l o r M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e 135
5. H e a t B a l a n c e 136
6. A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e D r i v i n g F o r c e
a n d TJ-a ' 138
7. R e y n o l d s N u m b e r 139

B. CALCULATION OF HCU FROM LACKEY'S

AND WILKE'S EQUATIONS 140

C. B E S T EQUATIONS TO FIT T H E E X P E R I -
MENTAL RESULTS 142
 vii

LIST O F TABLES

'.VJSEable ' Page

1. Some P r o p e r t i e s of A r o c l o r - 19

2. C a l i b r a t i o n Data for T h e r m o m e t e r and T h e r m o -

couple No. 1 102

3v C a l i b r a t i o n Data for Surge Tank L e v e l Indicator 104

r

4. O r i f i e e i m t e r C a l i b r a t i o n Data for A r o c l o r 1242 106

/

5. Orifice meter C a l i b r a t i o n Data for A r o c l o r 1248 109

6. Heat L o s s e s Data for A r o c l o r 1242 111

T. Heat L o s s e s Data for A r o c l o r 1248 111

r
8. Height of the T h e r m o c o u p l e s above the P a c k i n g
Support 114

9. Steady State T h e r m o c o u p l e Readings ( A r o c l o r 1242) 115

10. M i s c e l l a n e o u s Data ( A r o c l o r 1242) 117

11. Steady State T h e r m o c o u p l e Readings ( A r o c l o r 1248) 119

12. M i s c e l l a n e o u s Da£a ( A r o c l o r 1248) 121

13. P r o c e s s e d Data ( A r o c l o r 1242) 123

14. P r o c e s s e d Data ( A r o c l o r 1248) 125

15. Results ( A r o c l o r 1242) 127

16. Results ( A r o c l o r 1248) 129

17. Reynolds Numbers ( A r o c l o r 1242) 131

18. Reynolds Numbers ( A r o c l o r 1248) 132

19. Values of F, A r o c l o r 1242 144

20. Values of F, A r o c l o r 1248 144

 viii

LIST O F FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Front View of Apparatus 23

2. Schematic Flow Diagram 24

3. Condenser Assembly 25

4. Thermocouple Shields 28

5. Separator-cooler Assembly 30

6. Orifice meter 36

7. Supporting Panel With Main Parts of the

Apparatus 39

8. Sample Temperature Profile in the Condenser 52

9. Results: HCU vs. A. M. T. , Aroclor 1242 58

10. Results: HCU vs. A. M. T. , Aroclor 1248 59

11. Results: HCU vs. T. M. T. , Aroclor 1242 60

12. Results: HCU vs. T. M. T. , Aroclor 1248 61

13. Results: HCU vs. L, Parameter A. M. T.

Aroclor 1242 63
14. Results: HCU vs.L, Parameter A. M. T.
Aroclor 1248 64

15. Results: HCU vs. L, Parameter T. M. T.

Aroclor 1242 65

16. Results: HCU vs. L, Parameter T. M. T.

Aroclor 1248 66

17. Results: HCU vs. Re, Parameter A. M. T.

Aroclor 1242 68

18. Results: HCU vs. Re, Parameter A. M. T.

Aroclor 1248 69
R e s u l t s : H C U vs.Re, P a r a m e t e r T\ M, Tr
A r o c l o r 1242

R e s u l t s : H C U vs. Re, P a r a m e t e r T. M. T.
A r o c l o r 1248
i

R e s u l t s : T3*avs. T.M. T. A r o c l o r 1242

R e s u l t s : 10=a vs. T. M. T. A r o c l o r 1248

Heat B a l a n c e , Qi^vs. Q ^ , A r o c l o r 1242

Heat B a l a n c e , vs. Q^, A r o c l o r 1248

C o m p a r i s o n of R e s u l t s ( H C U vs. A b s o l u t e
value of T. M. T. ) f o r A r o c l o r 1248

H C U vs. A b s o l u t e value of T. M. T., A r o c l o r

1242

E f f e c t of L on F

C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e f o r T h e r m o c o u p l e No. 1

V o l u m e - L e v e l C u r v e f o r Surge Tank

O r i f i c e meter C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e s f o r A r o c l o
1242

Orifice, meter C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e s f o r A r o c l o
1248

Heat L o s s e s f r o m Condenser f o r A r o c l o r
1242

Heat L o s s e s f r o m Condenser f o r A r o c l o r
1248
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Condensation, a unit operation i n itself, f o r m s an e s s e n t i a l

p a r t of m a n y u n i t o p e r a t i o n s s'^ch as e v a p o r a t i o n , distillation, sub-

l i m a t i o n etc. , w h i c h are quite c o m m o n i n i n d u s t r y . The economy

of a c o n d e n s i n g u n i t p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n d e t e r m i n i n g the

c a p i t a l a n d the o p e r a t i n g c o s t s of a p r o c e s s . Furthermore, all

the c o n d e n s a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s h a v e t h e i r o w n m e r i t s and d e m e r i t s

w h i c h m a y r e c o m m e n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n to a p a r t i c u l a r p r o c e s s

or m a y forbid it.

Basically, t h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s of c o n d e n s e r s (the n a m e used

h e n c e f o r t h f o r the e q u i p m e n t p e r f o r m i n g the c o n d e n s a t i o n o p e r a t i o n ) :

surface condensers and d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s e r s . In a s u r f a c e

c o n d e n s e r the v a p o u r to be c o n d e n s e d i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m the c o o l i n g

fluid by a solid surface. The s o l i d surface, usually metallic,

c o n d u c t s the h e a t f r o m the v a p o u r to the c o o l i n g f l u i d . O n the o t h e r

hand, a d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s e r b r i n g s the v a p o u r i n t o d i r e c t c o n t a c t

w i t h the c o o l i n g f l u i d a n d t h e r e b y a l l o w s the d i r e c t e x c h a n g e of h e a t .
 2

D i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n m a y be at .be . a c h i e v e d b y m i x i n g , the v a p o u r

w i t h t h e s a m e l i q u i d as t h e c o n d e n s a t e o r w i t h a l i q u i d i m m i s c i b l e

with the condensate.

The d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s e r s have the f o l l o w i n g advantages

o v e r the s u r f a c e c o n d e n s e r s :

1) N o r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t t r a n s f e r due to s c a l i n g .

2) C l o s e t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h due t o h i g h h e a t t r a n s f e r

coefficient i n direct contact.

3) C o r r o s i o n p r o b l e m i s not s e r i o u s .

4) S i m p l e equipment and hence l o w i n i t i a l cost.

The d i r e c t contact gives h i g h c o e f f i c i e n t s of heat t r a n s f e r f o r

c o n d e n s a t i o n due to t h e f a c t that the m e c h a n i s m i n t h i s c a s e i s

m o s t l i k e l y close., to that of d r o p - w i s e c o n d e n s a t i o n o n s o l i d

surfaces. A s m e n t i o n e d b y R u c k e n s t e i n a n d M e t i u (1) d r o p - w i s e

c o n d e n s a t i o n o c c u r s on a s o l i d s u r f a c e :

i. "at l a r g e u n d e r c o o l i n g s when the c o n d e n s i n g s u r f a c e

h a s n u m e r o u s a c t i v e c e n t r e s , s o c l o s e as t o f o r m a

continuous f i l m of condensate. This f i l m grows, reaches

a c r i t i c a l t h i c k n e s s and then b r e a k s into drops. Drops

then grow through c o a l e s c e n c e . " The case of d i r e c t

c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n i s a n a l o g o u s to t h i s , especially
 3

at l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s . The condensing "surface"

( c o o l i n g f l u i d ) p r o v i d e s l a r g e " u n d e r c o o l i n g " o f the v a p o u r

and t h e r e i s a l w a y s p l e n t y o f f r e e s u r f a c e a v a i l a b l e .

ii. " a t s m a l l u n d e r c o o l i n g s w h e n the c o n d e n s i n g s u r f a c e h a s

only few a c t i v e c e n t r e s on w h i c h the drops a r e f o r m e d . "

The s a m e i s the c a s e w h e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f the c o o l i n g

Fluid c l o s e l y a p p r o a c h e s the t e m p e r a t u r e of the vapour.

T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i n the d r o p w i s e c o n d e n s a t i o n

a r e m u c h h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e f i l m w i s e c o n d e n s a t i o n . In the d r o p w i s e

2 o

c o n d e n s a t i o n , c o e f f i c i e n t s o f m o r e t h a n 50, 000 B T U / h r . , ft. , F

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d (2) .

A. D I R E C T C O N T A C T C O N D E N S A T I O N ( G E N E R A L )

1. H i s t o r i c a l

D i r e c t contact c o n d e n s a t i o n was f i r s t a p p l i e d i n the s t e a m

e n g i n e o f W a t t a n d N e w c o m e n i n t h e e a r l y 18th c e n t u r y . The con-

d e n s a t i o n of exhaust s t e a m was a c c o m p l i s h e d by i n t r o d u c i n g a j e t

of l i q u i d w a t e r i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r o f the e n g i n e a f t e r t h e p o w e r

s t r o k e . The s t e a m condensed on the w a t e r jet and left the c y l i n d e r

on t h e r e t u r n s t r o k e . It w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e l o w e r t h e e x h a u s t

p r e s s u r e , the h i g h e r i s the t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y of c o n d e n s a t i o n and of

the e n g i n e . T h i s l e d t o t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f the b a r o m e t r i c l e g a n d

v a c u u m pump. S i n c e that t i m e the d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s e r has

been w i d e l y used i n s t e a m p o w e r plants and i n m a n y e v a p o r a t i v e

processes.
 4

2. M e c h a n i s m

T h e c o n d e n s a t i o n i n d i r e c t contact i s a c h i e v e d through the

f o l l o w i n g t h r e e s t e p s (3):

1) M o v e m e n t o r d i f f u s i o n o f v a p o u r to t h e l i q u i d s u r f a c e

(interface).

2) H e a t t r a n s f e r f r o m the v a p o u r t o t h e l i q u i d at t h e i n t e r f a c e

r e s u l t i n g i n the c o n d e n s a t i o n .

3) H e a t t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e i n t e r f a c e to the b u l k of t h e l i q u i d .

T h e d i f f u s i o n of t h e v a p o u r to t h e l i q u i d s u r f a c e p r e s e n t s t h e

c o n t r o l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e and, t h e r e f o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e c o n d e n s e r i s

meant f o r heat t r a n s f e r , i t i s d e s i g n e d p r i m a r i l y on the p r i n c i p l e s

of f l u i d f l o w a n d m a s s , t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e v a p o u r p h a s e to the l i q u i d

p h a s e (3).

In d i r e c t c o n t a c t , the c o n d e n s a t i o n of v a p o u r i s a c h i e v e d b y

i n t i m a t e m i x i n g of the v a p o u r w i t h the l i q u i d . T h e a m o u n t of

v a p o u r t h a t c a n be c o n d e n s e d b y a d e f i n i t e a m o u n t o f l i q u i d m a y be

d e t e r m i n e d b y a s i m p l e h e a t b a l a n c e . T h e c o n d e n s a t e m a y be r e -

m o v e d at a n y p r e d e t e r m i n e d t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e c o o l i n g fluid

m a y b e h e a t e d to a n y d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e o r e t i c a l l y , b y r e g u -

lating the.liquid flow rate. B u t t h e r a t e at w h i c h the v a p o u r i s

actually condensed,is d e t e r m i n e d by the o v e r a l l rate of diffusion

 5

o r the c o e f f i c i e n t of m a s s t r a n s f e r , b y the a r e a of the c o n d e n s i n g

s u r f a c e a n d b y the t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e . T o s t u d y the p e r f o r m a n c e

of c o n d e n s e r s , the r a t e of d i f f u s i o n m a y , i n t u r n , be represented

b y an o v e r a l l a v e r a g e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t . The performance

of the c o n d e n s e r c a n be m o s t e a s i l y i m p r o v e d b y i n c r e a s i n g the

a r e a of c o n d e n s i n g s u r f a c e (by r e d u c i n g the d r o p s i z e o r b y u s i n g

a p a c k e d c o l u m n ) o r b y i n c r e a s i n g the t e m p e r a t u r e difference.

B. DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSATION WITH S A M E LIQUID

D i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m w i t h w a t e r i s q u i t e

common in industry. V a r i o u s t y p e s of c o n d e n s e r s h a v e b e e n p a t e n t e d

f o r the j o b . M o s t of t h e m a r e b a s e d on the c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m

on a s i n g l e o r a n u m b e r of f a s t f l o w i n g w a t e r j e t s . C o o n s (3)

h a s g i v e n a g o o d a c c o u n t of d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s e r s . A l o t of w o r k

h a s b e e n done i n t h i s f i e l d b y a n u m b e r of i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Recently

s o m e w o r k h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d on c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m on l a m i n a r

w a t e r j e t s a n d w a t e r s h e e t s (4, 5). T h e c o n d e n s a t i o n of v a p o u r s i n

t w o p h a s e f l o w w i t h the c o n d e n s a t e h a s a l s o b e e n s t u d i e d ( 2 1 ) .

B e s i d e s the c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m w i t h w a t e r , the d e h u m i d i -

f i c a t i o n of g a s e s i s a l s o a c h i e v e d b y d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n

(6, 22). T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e l i e s i n the f a c t that i n c o n d e n s i n g s t e a m ,

the v a p o u r p h a s e c o n t a i n s o n l y a s m a l l a m o u n t o f n o n c o n d e n s i b l e
 6

g a s e s w h i l e i n the o t h e r c a s e , it c o n t a i n s o n l y a s m a l l a m o u n t of

condensible vapour.

C. DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSATION WITH IMMISCIBLE FLUID

C o n d e n s a t i o n w i t h an i m m i s c i b l e f l u i d i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l

w h e r e the c o n d e n s a t e i s the e n d p r o d u c t and i s too c o s t l y to be u s e d

in bulk for condensation. The literature c o n t a i n s v e r y l i t t l e on the

d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n of a v a p o u r with a l i q u i d w h i c h i s

i m m i s c i b l e w i t h the c o n d e n s a t e . T h i s a b s e n c e of p u b l i s h e d i n f o r -

m a t i o n i s r e a l l y not too s u r p r i s i n g . T h e m e t h o d of c o n d e n s i n g a

v a p o u r w i t h an i m m i s c i b l e l i q u i d i s v e r y s i m p l e and h a s b e e n of

c o m m o n u s e i n i n d u s t r y (7). In f a c t the d i r e c t c o n d e n s a t i o n

p r o c e s s e s f o r w h i c h the e c o n o m i c s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d , show enough

a d v a n t a g e s o v e r the c o n v e n t i o n a l s u r f a c e c o n d e n s e r s , that t h e y a r e

k e p t s e c r e t (7).

T h e r e are three b a s i c p r o c e s s e s for direct contact condensation;

1) O n e s t r e a m c a n be i n j e c t e d into a h i g h v e l o c i t y , turbulent

s t r e a m of the o t h e r f l u i d . F o r e x a m p l e the v a p o u r can

be i n j e c t e d into the t h r o a t of a v e n t u r i t h r o u g h w h i c h the

liquid is flowing.

2) O n e s t r e a m c a n b e i n j e c t e d into the o t h e r at relatively

l o w v e l o c i t y as i n a s i e v e p l a t e c o l u m n .
 3) B o t h s t r e a m s c a n be b r o u g h t i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h e a c h o t h e r

in a packed column or a s p r a y column which artificially

i n c r e a s e the s u r f a c e a r e a of c o n t a c t .

L a c k e y (7) has s t u d i e d t h e s e t h r e e p r o c e s s e s t h e o r e t i c a l l y and

h a s o u t l i n e d the d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e and c o m p a r e d t h e i r e c o n o m i c s . He

r e p o r t s the f o l l o w i n g t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t s f o r a h e a t d u t y o f 10 m i l l i o n

BTU/hour.

For venturi in series $70, 900

For venturi in recirculation $71,700

For direct injection (in a column) $49, 700

For packed column $39, 800

For surface condenser $60, 800

S h a o C h i o H u (.8) i n 19 56, was the f i r s t t o p u b l i s h a m e t h o d f o r

d e s i g n i n g a p a c k e d t o w e r f o r d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n of g a s o l i n e .

W i l k e , C h e n g et a l . , (9, 10) h a v e s t u d i e d a p a c k e d c o l u m n f o r d i r e c t

c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n o f w a t e r v a p o u r w i t h an i m m i s c i b l e l i q u i d ,

to b e u s e d i n the d e s a l i n a t i o n of s e a w a t e r . H a r r i o t t and Wiegandt

, (11) i n a p a p e r e n t i t l e d " C o u n t e r c u r r e n t H e a t E x c h a n g e with Vapor-

i z i n g I m m i s c i b l e T r a n s f e r Agent" have r e p o r t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k

on the c o n d e n s a t i o n of a v a p o u r w i t h w a t e r (the c o n d e n s a t e o n l y

p a r t i a l l y m i s c i b l e w i t h w a t e r ) i n a p a c k e d c o l u m n and i n a s i e v e p l a t e

column. In s p i t e of a h i g h e r v o l u m e t r i c h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
 8

i n a s i e v e p l a t e c o l u m n ( 4 0 0 , 000 B T U / h r . , ft. , ° F as against

3 o

150, 000 B T U / h r . , ft. , F f o r the p a c k e d c o l u m n ) t h e y r e c o m m e n d

the u s e of a p a c k e d c o l u m n b e c a u s e a c l o s e r t e m p e r a t u r e approach

c o u l d be o b t a i n e d . due;.to'bl'e.ss b a c k m i x i n g i n p a c k e d c o l u m n .

T h e c o n d e n s a t i o n of a v a p o u r b y m i x i n g i t w i t h a c o o l g a s ,

the gas b e i n g i m m i s c i b l e w i t h the c o n d e n s a t e , a l s o fits into the

c a t e g o r y of d i r e c t c o n d e n s a t i o n . T h i s m e t h o d is quite c o m m o n i n

i n d u s t r y f o r the r e c o v e r y of c e r t a i n o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s (eg.

p h t h a l i c a n h y d r i d e ) f r o m the m i x t u r e of a i r 'and t h e i r v a p o u r .

C i b o r o w s k i a n d S u r g i e w i c z (12) h a v e s t u d i e d t h i s m e t h o d f o r the

r e c o v e r y of p h t h a l i c a n h y d r i d e a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e y i e l d i s affected

b y the v a p o u r c o n t e n t of the i n l e t g a s , b y the r a t i o of the c o o l i n g

gas a n d hot gas f l o w r a t e s a n d b y the i n d i v i d u a l f l o w r a t e s . The

s a m e w e r e the f i n d i n g s of L e v i n e a n d F r i e d l a n d e r (13) w h i l e c o n -

densing glycerine vapour by m i x i n g it with cold a i r .

D. CONDENSATION WITH A N I M M I S C I B L E LIQUID IN P A C K E D

COLUMNS

F r o m the w o r k s of L a c k e y (7) a n d H a r r i o t t a n d W i e g a n d t (11),

as d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , i t i s c l e a r t h a t a p a c k e d c o l u m n a p p e a r s t o be

the m o s t p r o m i s i n g and e c o n o m i c a l e q u i p m e n t for d i r e c t contact

c o n d e n s a t i o n of a v a p o u r u s i n g a n i m m i s c i b l e l i q u i d f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r .

A l t h o u g h t h i s m e t h o d h a s t w o d r a w b a c k s , i e . the h i g h c i r c u -

l a t i o n r a t e of l i q u i d h e n c e the h i g h p u m p i n g c o s t , a n d the l a r g e
 9

v o l u m e s o f l i q u i d s to be s e p a r a t e d , i t i s e x p e c t e d to be m o r e

e c o n o m i c a l than the other c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d s . T h i s m e t h o d

of c o n d e n s a t i o n i s v e r y w e l l s u i t e d t o m a n y i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s

s u c h as s e a w a t e r d e s a l i n a t i o n b y t h e c o m p r e s s i o n e v a p o r a t i o n

p r o c e s s (14) o r b y t h e f r e e z i n g p r o c e s s , s t e a m d i s t i l l a t i o n , s i m p l e

f r a c t i o n a l d i s t i l l a t i o n and s u b l i m a t i o n purification.

T h e d e s i g n m e t h o d f o r s u c h c o n d e n s e r s as p r o p o s e d b y

H u (8) i s i n b r i e f : *

1) C a l c u l a t i o n of h e a t a n d m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e s .

2) C a l c u l a t i o n of t o w e r d i a m e t e r f r o m u s u a l f l o o d i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e s o f S h e r w o o d et. a l . ( 1 5 ) . Hu

r e c o m m e n d s a d i a m e t e r s l i g h t l y l a r g e r t h a n that f o r

flooding.

3) C a l c u l a t i o n of H T U forliquid film from

\rn 0. 5
HTU = f
r) "-•
T h e v a l u e s of fi a n d ^ a r e as g i v e n b y S h e r w o o d a n d

H o l l o w a y (16). The S c h m i d t n u m b e r Sc i s calculated

u s i n g the d i f f u s i v i t y D obtained by Wilke's c o r r e l a t i o n

L
c u r v e (17).

4) C a l c u l a t i o n of N T U from

T h e e q u a t i o n s q u o t e d h e r e w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m r e f e r e n c e 7- T h e y a r e
d i m e n s i o n a l l y i n c o n s i s t e n t . T h e d e f i n i t i o n of L e w i s n u m b e r i s n o t c o r r e c t
a n d a l s o t h e d i v i s i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e i n F a h r e n h e i t or C e n t i g r a d e s c a l e
by t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s not j u s t i f i e d .
 ha v t
L

and NTU ha . v
h (Le)
2/3
where Le (Lewis No.) = k
ft
V
5) Calculation of tower height from
H = HTU x NTU

In the last step, the H T U is for the liquid film while the N T U

is based on the properties of vapour. Thus the calculated tower

height is basically incorrect. Moreover, Hu's design is for con-

densing gasoline vapours which carry a considerable amount of

noncondensible gases. He assumes the liquid film resistance to

be controlling throughout the length of the column. This is quite

acceptable in the lower sections of the column where the vapour

phase is very rich in gasoline vapour. Near the top of the column,

the vapour phase becomes very lean in condensible vapour, so much

so that the gas phase resistances cannot be neglected.

The design method of Lackey (7) involves the calculation of

H T U for heat transfer from that for mass transfer using

HT MT
 11

(HTU ) i n t u r n i s to be e s t i m a t e d f r o m S h e r w o o d and
V MT
H o l l o w a y ' s d a t a (16) f o r 0 - H O s y s t e m u s i n g the e q u a t i o n

HTU 0 . 5 5 6 - 0 . 152 l o g L

HTU
L(w)

H i s N T U i s d i r e c t l y d e r i v e d f r o m the h e a t b a l a n c e on a d i f f e r e n t i a l

e l e m e n t of t o w e r h e i g h t

NTU ln

W i l k e et a l . , ( 9 ) h a v e done e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k on the c o n -

d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m w i t h A r o c l o r 1248 i n a one foot d i a m e t e r

t o w e r p a c k e d w i t h one i n c h R a s c h i g r i n g s . The experiment was

c a r r i e d out at n e a r l y a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e a n d the v a l u e of H T U
2
w a s c a l c u l a t e d a n d p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the l i q u i d f l o w r a t e l b / h r , ft

on a l o g - l o g g r a p h . T h e y h a v e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d a n d p l o t t e d the

(HTU) _ T r f r o m the S h e r w o o d a n d H o l l o w a y ' s d a t a (16) o n 0 - H 0

HT 7 x
2 2
s y s t e m u s i n g the e q u a t i o n

T h i s e q u a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l l y the c o m b i n a t i o n of the t w o equations

u s e d b y L a c k e y (7), given above, e x c e p t f o r the m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e i n

the p o w e r o n the v i s c o s i t y r a t i o . A c h e c k o n the c a l c u l a t i o n s showed

 12

that t h e p o w e r 0. 155 as g i v e n b y L a c k e y w a s c o r r e c t . The other value

of t h e e x p o n e n t i s a m o d i f i c a t i o n i n t h i s e q u a t i o n . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

r e s u l t s of W i l k e et. a l . (9), h o w e v e r , s h o w a t r e n d s i m i l a r to t h o s e

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m m a s s t r a n s f e r data, but a r e not i n c l o s e agreement

with them. The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s a r e always l o w e r than the e x p e r i -

m e n t a l ones. T h e d i f f e r e n c e i s up to 1 5 % i n H T U . Moreover, they

d i d n o t f i n d a n y d e f i n i t e e f f e c t of l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e o n H T U .

H a r r i o t t a n d W i e g a n d t (18) a l s o h a v e d e v e l o p e d a m e t h o d f o r

c a l c u l a t i n g the o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n

in a packed column f r o m the p u b l i s h e d m a s s t r a n s f e r data of S h e r -

w o o d a n d H o l l o w a y (16). The method i s

1) C a l c u l a t i o n o f H T U f o r the g i v e n l i q u i d f l o w r a t e L at.

the o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e a n d f o r the p a c k i n g p r o p e r t i e s .

2) C a l c u l a t i o n of m a s s t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f r o m

k
L a =
VHTUX/O

3) C a l c u l a t i o n of d i f f u s i v i t y o f 0^ i n H O at o p e r a t i n g

temperatures .

4) C a l c u l a t i o n of Ua s i h a from

ha = j C -/>~~k

V
r

k a D
J-J
T h i s m e t h o d was u s e d to obtain the v a l u e s w h i c h w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h
 13

the experimental results from their work (11). The experimental

points are such that any straight line relationship may be imagined

to be satisfied. The theoretical line is certainly not the best fit of

the experimental data.

Thus it is clear that there is.no straight forward, and accurate

procedure for designing a packed column for direct condensation

using an immiscible liquid. The published design procedures

proposed by Hu (8), Lackey (7), Wilke (9) and by Harriott and Wieg-

andt (18), are all based on the calculation of a heat transfer coeffi-

cient or height of heat transfer unit from Sherwood and Holloway's

(16) data on 0_, desorption from water. The method and the comput-

ations involved are quite complicated. Moreover, the procedure

is reportedly supported by the experiments of Wilke et al. (9)

and of Harriott and Wiegandt (11). Neither of these studies were

done for more than one system or for a series of operating conditions.

As mentioned before, these experimental results only show a trend

which is similar to the theoretical results. The values are quite

different. The values of HTU predicted from mass transfer data

are always lower than the experimental ones. The predicted values

of Ua are similarly higher than the experimental ones. Therefore,

any condenser designed with the values of HTU or Ua predicted

from mass transfer data using the method of Hu (3), Lackey (7),

Wilke et. al. (9) or Harriott and Wiegandt (18) will be under-de signed.
 14

Considering all these facts it was decided to study heat transfer

during condensation in a packed column, using immiscible,

commercial heat transfer agents. The aim was to find some direct

correlation,between the heat transfer coefficient (or height of

transfer unit for condensation, called HCU henceforth) and the

physical properties of the liquid, the vapour and the packing,and

the operating conditions.

 CHAPTER TWO

AIMS AND INITIAL PLANS

This work was started to investigate the performance of a

packed column in the direct contact condensation of steam using

commercial heat transfer agents immiscible with the condensate.

After having decided in favour of an extensive study of a packed

condenser, it was necessary to investigate experimentally whether

or not this line of attack was going to yield any worthwhile infor-

mation. As an initial investigation in this field this study set

forth:

1) To design a packed condenser and auxilliary testing

equipment.

2) To build it according to the design.

3) To operate the equipment .

4) To look for the operational troubles and faults in the

equipment .

5) To operate the equipment with steam and two different

liquids and see if it gives any reproducible trends in

the results.
 16

In o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e s e a i m s , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n o r

design:

1) A s o u r c e of s t e a m o f k n o w n h e a t c o n t e n t a n d a i r c o n t e n t ,

2) Two c o m m e r c i a l heat t r a n s f e r agents, i m m i s c i b l e w i t h

w a t e r , and w i t h a b o i l i n g point m u c h above that of w a t e r ,

3) S o m e m e a n s o f m e a s u r i n g the r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n o f ,

steam ,

4) S o m e m e a n s o f m e a s u r i n g a n d c h a n g i n g the l i q u i d f l o w

r a t e and t e m p e r a t u r e , and

5) A p a c k e d c o l u m n w i t h s o m e m e a n s f o r v a r y i n g the

h e i g h t of p a c k i n g to be u s e d f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n .

The s u p p l y l i n e f r o m the b o i l e r house c o n t a i n s s t e a m w h i c h i s

l i a b l e to be wet and c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h dust p a r t i c l e s . In t h e b e g i n -

n i n g the i n s t a l l a t i o n of a s m a l l b o i l e r to generate s t e a m was c o n -

s i d e r e d b u t l a t e r t h i s i d e a w a s d r o p p e d due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s t e a m

q u a l i t y would s t i l l be unknown and m o r e o v e r , the o p e r a t i o n of a b o i l e

and of t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n e q u i p m e n t m a y b e t o o m u c h f o r o n e m a n

without e x t e n s i v e automation. It w a s d e c i d e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o u s e

the s t e a m f r o m t h e s u p p l y l i n e a f t e r f i l t e r i n g i t . The heat

content and the a i r content w e r e to be d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y .

The heat content o r the d r y n e s s f r a c t i o n of wet s t e a m c o u l d be

e a s i l y m e a s u r e d w i t h a t h r o t t l i n g c a l o r i m e t e r i f the s t e a m w e r e
 17

not too wet, o t h e r w i s e s o m e m e a n s f o r d r y i n g the s t e a m b y h e a t i n g

i t w a s to b e d e s i g n e d . I n c a s e t h a t a l s o d i d not w o r k , the h e a t

c o n t e n t of s t e a m c a n be d e t e r m i n e d b y c o n d e n s i n g i t i n a k n o w n

quantity of w a t e r . T h e a i r c o n t e n t of the s t e a m c a n be e s t i m a t e d b y

m e a s u r i n g the v o l u m e of a i r a n d the c o n d e n s a t e c o l l e c t e d i n a d e f i n i t e

i n t e r v a l of t i m e .

E a s i l y a v a i l a b l e c o m m e r c i a l heat t r a n s f e r agents w h i c h are

i m m i s c i b l e w i t h w a t e r a r e the A r o c l o r c o m p o u n d s m a n u f a c t u r e d b y

Monsanto Chemical Company. T h e p r o p e r t i e s of the h e a t transfer

a g e n t s d e s i r e d i n t h i s t y p e of w o r k a r e :

1) it s h o u l d be i m m i s c i b l e w i t h w a t e r

2) the s o l u b i l i t y of w a t e r i n i t , i f a n y , s h o u l d be n e a r l y

c o n s t a n t at a l l t e m p e r a t u r e s

3) i t s h o u l d h a v e a b o i l i n g p o i n t m u c h above the c o n d e n s a t i o n

t e m p e r a t u r e of e x p e r i m e n t a l steam

4) it should have a density quite different f r o m water

5) i t s h o u l d n o t be v i s c o u s at o p e r a t i n g temperatures

6) it s h o u l d have a l o w pour point

7) i t s h o u l d not b e corrosive

8) i t s h o u l d not be p o i s o n o u s

9) i t s h o u l d n o t be i n f l a m m a b l e

10) it s h o u l d have a l o w e v a p o r a t i o n l o s s at o p e r a t i n g

temperatures.
 18

A l l of these properties are very well satisfied by Aroclor

1242 and 1248, as can be seen in Table 1.

To measure the rate of condensation of steam, the condensate

must be separated from the Aroclor. The Aroclor separated from

the condensate can be recirculated after being cooled.

The measurements of liquid flow rate and temperature are

essential as their values definitely affect the rate of heat transfer.

It was decided to design and build an orifice meter for the flow measure-

ment of the liquid. For the measurement of temperature, it was

decided to use C o p p e r - constantan thermocouples due to their

accuracy and the need for remote temperature reading in the column.

Because of the length of run necessary to attain steady state in such

experiments (24), it was decided to use the heat transfer agent in

a closed circuit. The heat removalfrom the liquid stream would require

a cold water heat exchanger. The temperature of the liquid could

be varied by regulating the cooling water flow rate.

The packing material to be used in the packed condenser

should not react with the streams, should be able to stand the

operating conditions and should provide a large surface area per

unit volume. In this work, the streams, which are steam, Aroclors

and the water, do not restrict the use of a particular type of packing.
 19

TABLE 1

S o m e p r o p e r t i e s of A r o c l o r 1242 and 1248 (19)

Property Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1248

Acidity, mg. K O H per gm 0.010 0. 010

Density, g m / m l . @ 50°C 1.350 1.430 •

Distillation range, °C 325-366 340-375

% E v a p o r a t i o n loss in 6 hours @ 100°C 0.0 - 0 . 4 0.0 - 0 . 3

Open cup F l a s h P o i n t , ° C , 176 - 186 193 - 196

Pour Point, ° C -19 -7

Viscosity, Saybolt U n i v e r s a l ecs

s

@ 50°C 58 85

Heat capacity, c'al/gm, ° C @ 50°C 0.30 0.28

Solubility in water insoluble insoluble

Penetration in copper, c m /day

-5 -4
@ 125°C N. A. 10 - 10

Penetration in brass, c m /day @

-5
125°C N. A. 10

N. A. Not available in reference 19

 20

All the other requirements are fulfilled by most of the industrial

packings. It was decided to use a column packed with ceramic

Raschig rings or Berl saddles which are most widely used in

industry. The use of a highly conductive packing was left for a

later study.

The natural direction of flow of steam in contact with liquids

is upwards, hence it was decided to feed the steam at the bottom

of the packed column. The Aroclors,being heavier than water,

cannot be fefl to the top of the column due to the fact that the

condensate,being lighter than Aroclor, will rise to the top of the ;

column. Thus the water will collect in the column itself and will

not come out with the Aroclor from the bottom of the column until

a very high flow rate is reached. Therefore, it was decided to feed

the Aroclor also at the bottom of the column and allow the Aroclor

and water to leave from the top of the column.

The last problem to be considered at this stage was to find

some means to vary the height of packing or restrict its use for the

condensation of steam. A simple way would be to estimate the height

of packing used for condensation from the temperature profile of

the Aroclor in the column. As the steam rises in the column, it

condenses and the temperature of the liquid increases. At the point

 21

where the condensation of steam is complete, the liquid should

have a maximum temperature and after that it should drop gradually

due to heat losses. The location of the point where liquid temperature

is maximum should be the height of packing used for the condensation

of steam and for cooling the condensate to the Aroclor temperature.

It was decided to try this technique by installing a number of copper-

constantan thermocouples in the column to read the liquid tem-

perature.
 CHAPTER THREE

APPARATUS

F i g u r e 1 shows a front v i e w of the apparatus. The various

p a r t s of the apparatus and the d i r e c t i o n of f l o w of d i f f e r e n t s t r e a m s

a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2. T h e a p p a r a t u s w i l l be, d e s c r i b e d u n d e r s i x

separate headings.

1) Packed Condenser

2) Separator-cooler

3) Surge tank

4) Liquid Pump

5) P a r t s f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n of s t e a m

6) Instruments

A. P A C K E D CONDENSER

T h i s i s the m a i n p a r t of the apparatus. H e r e the s t e a m comes

i n contact w i t h the c o o l i n g l i q u i d and condenses. The c o m p l e t e

a s s e m b l y o f t h e c o l u m n i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3.

T h e c o l u m n i s m a d e o f an e i g h t e e n i n c h l o n g s e c t i o n of f o u r i n c h

inside diameter, p y r e x g l a s s p i p e , f l a n g e d at b o t h e n d s . T h e e n d s

a r e c l o s e d w i t h two, t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f a n i n c h t h i c k b r a s s p l a t e s
 23

Figure 1 F r o n t View of Apparatus

 L E G E N D FOR FIGURE 2 & 7

C Cyclone
GV Gate v a l v e
NV Needle valve
O Orifice
PC Packed condenser
P. G- P r e s s u r e gauge
P. R. P r e s s u r e r e g u l a t i n g v a l v e , 0-20 psig
P. R. V P r e s s u r e r e g u l a t i n g v a l v e , 0-25 psig
SC Separator-cooler
ST S u r g e tank
T Steam trap
Y- F. Y - filter
Figure 2 Schematic Flow Diagram
 25

S C A L E HALF FULL SIZE

Figure 3 Condenser Assembly

 26

Figure 3 Condenser Assembly

 27

w h i c h a r e b o l t e d to the f l a n g e s . B o t h end plates have c o n i c a l

d e p r e s s i o n on t h e i r i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e s . T h e top d e p r e s s i o n i s to

a l l o w the r e m o v a l of l a s t d r o p of c o n d e n s a t e w i t h the c o o l i n g l i q u i d

w h i l e the b o t t o m d e p r e s s i o n i s to a l l o w c o m p l e t e d r a i n i n g o f the

column whenever r e q u i r e d . A perforated b r a s s plate, one s i x t e e n t h

of an i n c h t h i c k , j u s t a b o v e the b o t t o m p l a t e s u p p o r t s the p a c k i n g $

a n d a l l o w s the f r e e f l o w of l i q u i d a n d s t e a m .

A l l the p i p e f i t t i n g s a r e m a d e to the e n d p l a t e s of the c o l u m n .

T h e i n l e t a n d the o u t l e t f o r the l i q u i d a r e i n the c e n t r e s of b o t t o m

and top p l a t e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s t e a m i n l e t i s on one s i d e ofthe

bottom plate. Two, one e i g h t h i n c h o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r c o p p e r tubes,

w h i c h i n j e c t the s t e a m i n t o the p a c k i n g i n t w o ^ d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s

t h r o u g h the p e r f o r a t e d p l a t e , a r e b r a z e d to the s t e a m i n l e t c o n n e c t i o n .

A q u a r t e r i n c h s t o p c o c k i s p r o v i d e d i n the top p l a t e to r e m o v e air

f r o m the c o l u m n .

T e n c a p p e r - c o n s t a n t a n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n the

c o l u m n at i n t e r v a l s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y two i n c h e s . These thermo-

c o u p l e s a r e f i t t e d i n the b o t t o m p l a t e u s i n g one e i g h t h i n c h O . D .

I m p e r i a l pipe fittings. E a c h t h e r m o c o u p l e i s b e n t to a h o r i z o n t a l

p o s i t i o n a n d p o i n t s t o w a r d s the c e n t r e of the c o l u m n . Aluminum

Thvo «igf_t Sscb ceramic Ratcfeig sings.

• 1 roco V/j

J SCALE-8XFULLSIZE

MATERIAL-ALUMINIUM

Figure 4 Ther mo couple Shield

 29

s h i e l d s a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e h o t j u n c t i o n s o f the t h e r m o c o u p l e s to

p r o t e c t t h e m f r o m t h e c o n t a c t o f r i s i n g s t e a m b u b b l e s ( F i g . 4)

while s t i l l a l l o w i n g f r e e flow of l i q u i d . T h r e e eighth inch diameter

b r a s s d i s c s w i t h a one e i g h t h i n c h h o l e i n t h e c e n t r e a r e a l s o f i x e d

on t h e v e r t i c a l s e c t i o n s o f a l l t h e r m o c o u p l e s w h i c h a r e l o n g e r t h a n

f o u r i n c h e s to r e d u c e the p o s s i b i l i t y of c h a n n e l i n g along the t h e r m o -

couple.

The c o l u m n a n d t h e e n d p l a t e s a r e i n s u l a t e d w i t h t h r e e l a y e r s of

one i n c h g l a s s w o o l b l a n k e t . O n t o p o f the g l a s s w o o l , corrugated

c a r d b o a r d i s t i e d i n p o s i t i o n to s e c u r e the i n s u l a t i o n .

B. SEPARATOR-COOLER

The p u r p o s e of the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r i s t o s e p a r a t e t h e w a t e r f r o m

the A r o c l o r a n d to c o o l t h e l a t t e r f o r r e c i r c u l a t i o n . A c o m p l e t e

d r a w i n g o f t h i s c o l u m n i s g i v e n i n F i g u r e 5.

The s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r c o n s i s t s of t w o s e c t i o n s o f s i x i n c h

internal diameter, p y r e x glass pipe (Appendix A), bolted together

as s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5. T h e l o w e r s e c t i o n i s s i x i n c h e s h i g h w h i l e

the u p p e r s e c t i o n t a p e r s at a h e i g h t o f f o u r i n c h e s , to f o u r i n c h e s

internal diameter. T h e t o t a l h e i g h t o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s n i n e inches.'.; T h e

c o n i c a l s h a p e o f the u p p e r s e c t i o n s h e l p s i n t h e r e m o v a l o f s e p a r a t e d

c o n d e n s a t e . T h e ends o f the c o l u m n a r e c l o s e d w i t h b r a s s e n d p l a t e s .
 30

S C A L E - 3/8 F U L L SIZE

Figure 5 Separator-Cooler Assembly

 c.-BOTTOM PLATE

Figure 5 Separator-Cooler Assembly

T h e t o p p l a t e i s i n d e n t e d on the i n s i d e to a l l o w the r e m o v a l of the

l a s t d r o p of w a t e r . The c o l u m n stands on four flange bolts

e x t e n d e d to m a k e f o u r l e g s .

I n s i d e the c o l u m n a b o u t t w e n t y feet of t h r e e - e i g h t h i n c h o u t -

s i d e d i a m e t e r c o p p e r tube a r e p r o v i d e d as a c o o l i n g c o i l . The

ends of the c o i l a r e c o n n e c t e d t h r o u g h the Jbottbm p l a t e .

A l l the p i p e f i t t i n g s a r e m a d e to the top and b o t t o m p l a t e s . The

i n l e t f o r the m i x t u r e of A r o c l o r a n d w a t e r i s a h a l f i n c h o u t s i d e

d i a m e t e r c o p p e r tube w h i c h e x t e n d s a b o u t f o u r i n c h e s i n t o the c o l u m n

t h r o u g h the top p l a t e . T h e r e a s o n f o r the e x t e n s i o n of t h i s tube i n t o

the c o l u m n i s to a v o i d c o n t a c t i n g the s e p a r a t e d w a t e r w i t h the hot

i n c o m i n g A r o c l o r . T h e e x t e n s i o n w a s r e s t r i c t e d to s i x i n c h e s to

a l l o w one foot of c o l u m n h e i g h t f o r s e p a r a t i o n ( A p p e n d i x A ) .

A 1500 w a t t e m e r s i o n t y p e e l e c t r i c h e a t e r w i t h b u i l t i n t h e r m o -

s t a t w a s a l s o i n s t a l l e d i n the c o l u m n f o r p r e h e a t i n g the l i q u i d at

the b e g i n n i n g of the e x p e r i m e n t s .

C SURGE TANK

T h i s t a n k w a s d e s i g n e d to h o l d the A r o c l o r f o r r e c i r c u l a t i o n .

It i s a r e c t a n g u l a r t a n k one foot l o n g , s i x i n c h e s w i d e a n d s i x i n c h e s

deep, w h i c h i s m a d e of one t h i r t y s e c o n d of an i n c h t h i c k g a l v a n i z e d

i r o n sheet, a n d i s o p e n to the a t m o s p h e r e at the t o p . ( A p p e n d i x A ) .

All the pipe fittings are made to brass pieces soldered on to the

sides and on to the bottom of the tank. A six millimeter outside

diameter, vertical glass tube is connected to a side of the tank

through an elbow. This glass tube indicates the liquid level in the

tank, which can be read from a centimeter scale attached to the

tube. The tank is also provided with about ten feet of three eighth

inch outside diameter copper tube which can be used as a cooling

coil if required.

D. LIQUID P U M P

An Eastern Industries gear pump, model GW-1, driven by a

quarter horsepower General Electric, 115 volts, single phase

alternating current motor, circulates the Aroclor through the system

(Appendix A). It sucks the Aroclor from the surge tank and c i r -

culates it through an orifne.meter to the packed condenser or through

a pressure regulating valve (1 to 2 5 psig) back to the surge tank at

any desired rate up to one gallon per minute. The elevated position

of the surge tank keeps the pump primed at all times.

E. PARTS FOR T H E P R E P A R A T I O N OF S T E A M

The steam in the main header is at a gauge pressure varying

from fifty to sixty pounds per square inch and is liable to be wet and

contaminated with dust. Before being fed to the condenser, it is

passed through a series of purification steps as shown in Figure 2.

 34

The s t e a m f r o m the m a i n h e a d e r e n t e r s a c y c l o n e t h r o u g h a

gate v a l v e . T h e d o w n c o m e r of the c y c l o n e i s c o n n e c t e d to a s t e a m

t r a p f o r the c o n t i n u o u s r e m o v a l of w a t e r . A m a j o r p a r t of the

m o i s t u r e and d u s t i s r e m o v e d i n t h i s c y c l o n e . T h e s t e a m then

p a s s e s t h r o u g h a Y - f i l t e r and a p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t i n g v a l v e . The

f i l t e r r e m o v e s the r e m a i n i n g s o l i d d u s t p a r t i c l e s f r o m the s t e a m ,

w h i l e the p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t i n g v a l v e r e g u l a t e s the d o w n s t r e a m

p r e s s u r e b e t w e e n z e r o and t w e n t y p o u n d s p e r s q u a r e i n c h g a u g e .

T h e n the s t e a m p a s s e s , t h r o u g h a n o t h e r c y c l o n e and a n e e d l e v a l v e ,

b e f o r e e n t e r i n g the c o n d e n s e r . A branch line with a needle valve >

shut off, c o n n e c t e d j u s t a f t e r the s e c o n d c y c l o n e i s u s e d as the s a m p l i n g

l i n e f o r t e s t i n g the q u a l i t y of the s t e a m .

It was f i r s t a t t e m p t e d to m e a s u r e the q u a l i t y of the s t e a m w i t h

a t h r o t t l i n g c a l o r i m e t e r . T h e s e t e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t the s t e a m a f t e r

the s e c o n d c y c l o n e was too wet to s h o w any s u p e r h e a t on e x p a n s i o n

to the a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e . An e l e c t r i c a l l y heated packed bed

( p a c k e d w i t h c o p p e r w o o l and n i c k e l s h o t s ) was t h e n d e s i g n e d to d r y

the s t e a m . T h e p o w e r i n p u t to the h e a t e r was controlled with a

V a r i a c . A n ' i i m . m e r s i o n t y p e w a t e r h e a t e r , r a t e d at 1000 w a t t s at 2 30

v o l t s , w a s u s e d w i t h 11 5 y o l t s a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s u p p l y to p r o v i d e

the m a x i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t o f about 2 50 w a t t s n e e d e d f o r d r y i n g the

steam. T h e h e a t e r was i n s t a l l e d i n a one foot l o n g , two i n c h n o m i n a l

 35

diameter steel pipe. This a r r a n g e m e n t d i d not work. The s t e a m

a p p a r e n t l y channeled t h r o u g h the p a c k i n g without enough heat e x -

change. It w a s t h e r e f o r e d e c i d e d to m e a s u r e t h e s t e a m q u a l i t y

c a l o r i m e t r i c a l l y b y c o n d e n s i n g i t i n a k n o w n q u a n t i t y of water.

F. INSTRUMENTS

The i n s t r u m e n t s used with this apparatus a r e

1) A n o r i f i c e .meter

2) F o u r p r e s s u r e g a u g e s (0-30, 0-30, 0-60 a n d 0-100 p s i )

3) Temperature measuring instruments (including twelve

copper-constantan thermo-couples, one s t a n d a r d m e r c u r y

t h e r m o m e t e r and three other m e r c u r y t h e r m o m e t e r s . )

4) One twelve point s w i t c h

5) One m i l l i v o l t Potentiometer

1. O r i f i c e m e t e r

A n o r i f i c e m e t e r w a s d e s i g n e d a n d i n s t a l l e d i n t h e l i q u i d l i n e to

the p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r to m e a s u r e t h e A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e . T h e d e t a i l s

of the o r i f i c e m e t e r a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 6. It c o n s i s t s o f a s q u a r e

edged,one e i g h t h i n c h d i a m e t e r . c i r c u l a r o r i f i c e f l a n g e d i n t o a h a l f

i n c h n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r c o p p e r tube. The c o r n e r taps a r e connected

to a t h i r t y t w o i n c h l o n g m e r c u r y m a n o m e t e r ( A p p e n d i x A ) .
d = 0.625
SCALE- FULL SIZE
DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
MATERIAL- BRASS

Figure 6 Orifice meter

2. P r e s s u r e G a u g e s

F o u r p r e s s u r e gauges m a n u f a c t u r e d by M a r s h I n s t r u m e n t

C o m p a n y w e r e i n s t a l l e d to m e a s u r e the p r e s s u r e s at d i f f e r e n t

p o i n t s i n the a p p a r a t u s . T h e i r l o c a t i o n s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2.

A 0 - 1 0 0 . p s i g a u g e m e a s u r e s the m a i n s t e a m p r e s s u r e . T h e 0-60

p s i gauge m e a s u r e the p r e s s u r e of s t e a m a f t e r the p r e s s u r e r e -

d u c t i o n b y the p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t i n g v a l v e . T h e two g a u g e s of

0-30 p s i r a n g e m e a s u r e the s t e a m p r e s s u r e of the p a c k e d

c o n d e n s e r i n l e t and the l i q u i d p r e s s u r e of the p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r

outlet.

3. T e m p e r a t u r e Measuring Instruments

Ten c o p p e r - c o n s t a n t a n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d w i t h i n the

p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r and two i n the l i q u i d i n l e t and o u t l e t of the c o n -

d e n s e r , as h a s b e e n a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d , t o m e a s u r e the t e m p e r a t u r e

of the A r o c l o r . B e s i d e s the"se t h e r m o c o u p l e s , t h r e e m e r c u r y ther-

m o m e t e r s , t w o of r a n g e -20 to 110°C a n d one of r a n g e 25 to 220°F>

w e r e a l s o u s e d f o r the m e a s u r e m e n t of t e m p e r a t u r e s . A calibrated

mercury thermometer (70 to 101°C) Ch. E.2143 was u s e d to c a l i -

brate a" t h e r m o m e t e r and the t h e r m o c o u p l e s .

4. T w e l v e P o i n t S w i t c h

T h i s s w i t c h was u s e d to s e l e c t the t h e r m o c o u p l e s to be r e a d

on the p o t e n t i o m e t e r .
 38

5. M i l l i v o l t P o t e n t i o m e t e r

A L e e d s and N o r t h r u p m i l l i v o l t P o t e n t i o m e t e r Ch. E. 2266

was u s e d to m e a s u r e the e l e c t r o m o t i v e f o r c e g e n e r a t e d b y the

thermocouples. The thermocouples w e r e c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t the

c a l i b r a t e d m e r c u r y t h e r m o m e t e r to g i v e the t e m p e r a t u r e directly

f r o m the p o t e n t i o m e t e r r e a d i n g .

T h e v a r i o u s p a r t s of the a p p a r a t u s a r e s u p p o r t e d on a p a n e l

e s p e c i a l l y made for this purpose. T h e p a n e l , w i t h a l l the i m p o r t a n t p a r t s

m o u n t e d i n r e s p e c t i v e p o s i t i o n s , i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 7.
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Figure 7 Supporting Panel with Main Parts

 40

Figure 7 Supporting Panel

 41

Figure 7 Supporting Panel

 42

CHAPTER FOUR

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

B e f o r e p e r f o r m i n g the m a i n e x p e r i m e n t s , i t w a s necessary

to p e r f o r m s o m e p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s and c a l i b r a t i o n s . The

p r o c e d u r e s a d a p t e d f o r a l l of t h o s e , a s w e l l as t h a t f o r m a i n e x p e r i -

m e n t a n d c a l c u l a t i o n s , w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r .

A. DETERMINATION OF SEPARATION TIME FOR WATER FROM

AROCLORS

T h e s e p a r a t i o n t i m e s f o r w a t e r f r o m A r o c l o r 1242 a n d f r o m

A r o c l o r 1248 w e r e m e a s u r e d i n two d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . F i r s t the

A r o c l o r a n d l i q u i d w a t e r w e r e p l a c e d i n a t e s t tube a n d s h a k e n

v i g o r o u s l y f o r s o m e t i m e a n d t h e n l e f t to s e p a r a t e . The time taken

f o r the w a t e r l a y e r to c o m p l e t e l y s e p a r a t e f r o m A r o c l o r w a s

m e a s u r e d w i t h a stop watch. T h i s t i m e w a s f o u n d to be l e s s t h a n

ten s e c o n d s . It w a s t h o u g h t t h a t the c o n d e n s a t e f r o m s t e a m w h e n

c o n d e n s e d i n c o n t a c t w i t h A r o c l o r m i g h t be d i s p e r s e d i n a f i n e r

s t a t e t h a n w a s the l i q u i d w a t e r . T h e r e f o r e , the s e p a r a t i o n t i m e f o r

s t e a m condensate f r o m A r o c l o r was a l s o m e a s u r e d . A beaker was

p a r t l y f i l l e d w i t h c e r a m i c R a s c h i g r i n g s and A r o c l o r . Steam was

t h e n p a s s e d i n t o the A r o c l o r f o r s o m e t i m e . T h e l i q u i d m i x t u r e
 43

w a s p o u r e d i n t o a n o t h e r b e a k e r and the t i m e w a s n o t e d f o r complete

s e p a r a t i o n of the w a t e r f r o m the A r o c l o r . T h i s w a s f o u n d to be f i f -

t e e n to t w e n t y s e c o n d s . H o w e v e r , the A r o c l o r l a y e r e v e n a f t e r

the s e p a r a t i o n of the w a t e r w a s f o u n d to be m i l k y . T h e d e n s i t y of t h i s

m i l k y l i q u i d w a s m e a s u r e d b y w e i g h i n g t w o h u n d r e d m i l l i l i t r e s of i t

in a m e a s u r i n g flask. T h i s d e n s i t y w a s found to be e x a c t l y the s a m e

as t h a t of the p u r e A r o c l o r , at that t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e d e n s i t y of the

m i l k y A r o c l o r r e m a i n e d unchanged after repeated condensation tests

and e v e n a f t e r b e i n g h e a t e d to 100 ° C .

B. CALIBRATION OF THERMOCOUPLES

A C o l o r a U l t r a t h e r m o s t a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e b a t h w a s u s e d to

hold a constant temperature d u r i n g the t e s t s . Thermocouple number

one a n d a B r a u n m e r c u r y t h e r m o m e t e r (-Z0 to 1 1 0 ° C ) w e r e calibrated

in this constant t e m p e r a t u r e bath against a standard c a l i b r a t e d m e r c u r y

o o

thermometer. ( C h . E n g . Z143), over a temperature r a n g e f r o m 70 to 100 C.

T h e t h e r m o c o u p l e w a s c a l i b r a t e d b y r e a d i n g the e l e c t r o m o t i v e f o r c e gen-

e r a t e d b y the m i l l i v o l t p o t e n t i o m e t e r and n o t i n g the t e m p e r a t u r e indicated

b y the s t a n d a r d t h e r m o m e t e r . The Braun t h e r m o m e t e r was f o u n d to s h o w

a t e m p e r a t u r e -0. 4 d e g r e e l o w e r t h a n the t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e at a l l

temperatures f r o m 70 to 1 0 0 ° C ( A p p e n d i x B , T a b l e Z). This

d i f f e r e n c e f r o m the t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e was a s s u m e d c o n s t a n t at l o w e r

temperatures a l s o and t h e r m o c o u p l e n u m b e r one was calibrated

a g a i n s t t h i s t h e r m o m e t e r i n the r a n g e f r o m 30 to 7 0 ° C . The

c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r the t h e r m o c o u p l e ( m i l l i v o l t s v s . t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e , •
 C. ) is v e r y n e a r l y a straight line (Appendix B , F i g . 28). This

l i n e w a s e x t e n d e d to get the t e m p e r a t u r e s up to 1 0 5 ° C This

p o r t i o n of the l i n e w a s u s e d o n l y a v e r y f e w n u m b e r of t i m e s .

The other thermocouples were c a l i b r a t e d against t h e r m o -

c o u p l e n u m b e r one a f t e r t h e y h a d b e e n i n s t a l l e d i n the c o n d e n s e r .

C. CALIBRATION OF SURGE TANK L E V E L INDICATOR

T h e s u r g e t a n k w a s k e p t o n l y p a r t l y f i l l e d at a l l t i m e s d u r i n g

the m a i n e x p e r i m e n t a n d , t h e r e f o r e , p r o v i d e d the n e c e s s a r y capacity

f o r the s t e a m and the c o n d e n s a t e . A l l the o t h e r p a r t s of the a p p a r a t u s

w e r e k e p t f i l l e d at a l l t i m e s . A n y i n c r e a s e i n the a m o u n t of s t e a m

o r c o n d e n s a t e i n the s y s t e m , c a u s e d a l e v e l r i s e i n the s u r g e t a n k

a n d h e n c e the r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n c o u l d be e s t i m a t e d f r o m the r a t e

of l e v e l r i s e i n the s u r g e t a n k .

T o f i n d the v o l u m e - l i q u i d l e v e l c u r v e , the e n t i r e s y s t e m e x c e p t

the s u r g e t a n k w a s f i l l e d w i t h l i q u i d . T h e n w a t e r w a s a d d e d to the

s u r g e tank u n t i l i t r e a c h e d the z e r o m a r k on the l e v e l i n d i c a t o r

s c a l e (80 c m s . m a r k ) . T h e n a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e d v o l u m e s of w a t e r

(200 m i l l i l i t r e s e a c h t i m e ) w e r e p o u r e d i n t o the t a n k a n d the l i q u i d

l e v e l was noted after e a c h a d d i t i o n ( Appendix B, T a b l e 3) . The

t o t a l v o l u m e a d d e d w a s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the i n d i c a t e d l e v e l ( A p p e n d i x

B, F i g . 29). T h i s g r a p h w a s u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the v o l u m e of the

 45

c o n d e n s a t e c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g the t i m e t a k e n f o r a p a r t i c u l a r r i s e i n

level. T h e r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n e s t i m a t e d b y t h i s m e t h o d w a s f o u n d

to a g r e e w i t h the r a t e d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g the w a t e r collected

i n the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r to w i t h i n +_ 2.0%.

D. C A L I B R A T I O N O F ORIFICE:' M E T E R

T h e o r i f i c e m e t e r was c a l i b r a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r A r o c l o r 1242

and A r o c l o r 1248, at s i x t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 35 a n d 80 ° C . The

s u r g e tank w a s f i l l e d w i t h the A r o c l o r w h i c h w a s h e a t e d to the d e s i r e d

t e m p e r a t u r e b y two 250 watt k n i f e h e a t e r s . The l i q u i d was kept

c i r c u l a t i n g t h r o u g h the s u r g e tank b y the p u m p b y k e e p i n g the v a l v e

to the d e l i v e r y l i n e c l o s e d .

W h e n the d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e w a s r e a c h e d i n the s u r g e t a n k ,

as i n d i c a t e d b y a m e r c u r y t h e r m o m e t e r , the f e e d v a l v e w a s opened

and the l i q u i d w a s p u m p e d to a w e i g h i n g v e s s e l at a p a r t i c u l a r f l o w

r a t e as i n d i c a t e d b y the m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g . A n e m p t y five g a l l o n

d r u m p l a c e d on the p l a t f o r m of an A v e r y s c a l e ( C h . E n g . 22 14) was

u s e d as the w e i g h i n g v e s s e l . T h e s c a l e w a s s e t at a w e i g h t of about

one p o u n d g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of the e m p t y d r u m . A s t o p w a t c h w a s

a c t i v a t e d as s o o n as the p o i n t e r of the s c a l e c r o s s e d i t s m i d d l e

position. T h e s c a l e w a s i m m e d i a t e l y set to a h i g h e r w e i g h t a n d the

t i m e w a s n o t e d w h e n the p o i n t e r c r o s s e d i t s m i d d l e p o s i t i o n a g a i n .
 46

T h i s w a s done f o r f r o m f i v e to n i n e m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g s at e a c h

temperature. F r o m the w e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s e t on the s c a l e a n d the

t i m e n o t e d b y the s t o p w a t c h , the f l o w r a t e w a s c a l c u l a t e d ( A p p e n -

dix B, T a b l e 4 a n d 5). T h i s f l o w r a t e w a s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the

s q u a r e - r o o t of the m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g to g i v e g o o d s t r a i g h t l i n e s

for different l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e b e s t fit s t r a i g h t l i n e s w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d b y the l e a s t s q u a r e m e t h o d . F r o m t h e s e v a l u e s of the

flow r a t e s , the f l o w r a t e s w e r e p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e

f o r d e f i n i t e m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g s and j o i n e d b y s m o o t h c u r v e s

(Appendix B, F i g . 30 -and 31). T h e s e c u r v e s w e r e u s e d to f i n d the

f l o w r a t e s at the s p e c i f i c v a l u e s of m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g s , for any

l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h i n the r a n g e of the c a l i b r a t i o n .

E„ D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F H E A T L O S S E S

T h e h e a t l o s s e s f r o m the p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r w e r e necessary

f o r the h e a t b a l a n c e s . These were d e t e r m i n e d s e p a r a t e l y for A r o c l o r

1242 and 1248. F o r t h i s the A r o c l o r was c i r c u l a t e d t h r o u g h the

c l o s e d s y s t e m at a f i x e d r a t e . T h e e l e c t r i c h e a t e r i n the s e p a r a t o r

c o o l e r w a s u s e d to heat the l i q u i d . W h e n the l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e

at the b o t t o m of the p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r r e a c h e d the d e s i r e d v a l u e ,

the h e a t e r w a s t u r n e d off. T h e l a r g e c a p a c i t y of the s e p a r a t o r -

c o o l e r and t h e s u r g e t a n k k e p t the t e m p e r a t u r e of the l i q u i d c o n s t a n t

l o n g e n o u g h f o r one heat l o s s t e s t . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e the l i q u i d

t e m p e r a t u r e s at the c o n d e n s e r i n l e t a n d o u t l e t w e r e m e a s u r e d b y
m e a n s of the t h e r m o c o u p l e s . F r o m t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s p l u s the

f l o w r a t e a n d the s p e c i f i c h e a t o f the l i q u i d at the a v e r a g e temper-

ature i n the p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r , the heat l o s s was c a l c u l a t e d . T h i s

w a s done f o r a n u m b e r o f l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e s at t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

f l o w r a t e s . { A p p e n d i x B, T a b l e s 6 a n d 7). It w a s f o u n d t h a t the

h e a t l o s s d i d n o t c h a n g e a p p r e c i a b l y w i t h the f l o w r a t e . T h e heat

l o s s e s w e r e p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the a v e r a g e A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n

the p a c k e d c b n d e n s e r ( A p p e n d i x B, F i g . 32 a n d 33) a n d j o i n e d b y

smooth curves. T h e p o i n t s f o r t h e h e a t l o s s e s f o r A r o c l o r 1248 w e r e

f o u n d to f a l l o n a s t r a i g h t l i n e ('Fig. 33).

F. DETERMINATION OF STEAM QUALITY

The a i r content of s t e a m was d e t e r m i n e d s e v e r a l t i m e s b y

m e a s u r i n g t h e v o l u m e o f the a i r a n d the c o n d e n s a t e c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g

the e x p e r i m e n t s .

F o r m e a s u r i n g the h e a t c o n t e n t , a weighed thermos f l a s k was

h a l f f i l l e d with w a t e r and weighed again. The t e m p e r a t u r e of the

w a t e r w a s n o t e d w i t h an a c c u r a t e t h e r m o m e t e r (25°F t o 220°F) t o

one t e n t h o f a d e g r e e F a h r e n h e i t . T h e s t e a m s a m p l i n g v a l v e was open<

and left open f o r a few m i n u t e s b e f o r e t e s t i n g the q u a l i t y of s t e a m .

T h e s t e a m w a s t h e n b u b b l e d i n t o t h e w a t e r c o n t a i n e d i n the

thermos f l a s k , while the w a t e r was kept s t i r r e d . A l l of the s t e a m

c o n d e n s e d i n the water. The s t e a m was condensed f o r f r o m t h i r t y

 48

to f i f t y s e c o n d s a n d the f i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e of the w a t e r w a s

measured. T h i s t e m p e r a t u r e r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t f o r one m i n u t e

o r m o r e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the heat, l o s s e s f r o m the t h e r m o s f l a s k

were v e r y s m a l l . The t h e r m o s f l a s k was w e i g h e d a g a i n . B y the

d i f f e r e n c e i n the t h r e e w e i g h t s , the w e i g h t of the w a t e r t a k e n a n d

of the s t e a m c o n d e n s e d w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . T h e w a t e r e q u i v a l e n t

of the t h e r m o s f l a s k w a s p r e v i o u s l y d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g the

t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e of a k n o w n w e i g h t of w a t e r w h e n a k n o w n w e i g h t

of hot w a t e r w a s a d d e d to i t . B y a s i m p l e h e a t b a l a n c e the

q u a l i t y of the s t e a m ( d r y n e s s f r a c t i o n ) w a s c a l c u l a t e d . A c c u r a c y

i s of u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e i n t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t a n d t h e r e f o r e s p e c i a l

c a r e w a s t a k e n to p r e v e n t s p l a s h i n . g and an a c c u r a t e S a r t o r i u s (type

2106) b a l a n c e ( C h . E . 2308) w a s u s e d f o r the w e i g h i n - g s .

G. MAIN EXPERIMENT

T h e s y s t e m was f i l l e d w i t h A r o c l o r t h r o u g h the s u r g e t a n k

u s i n g the p u m p . O n o p e n i n g the A r o c l o r v a l v e to the c o n d e n s e r ,

the A r o c l o r f l o w e d i n t o i t f r o m the b o t t o m . It w a s not f o u n d n e c e s s a r y

to k e e p the a i r v e n t o p e n at the t o p of the c o n d e n s e r . The A r o c l o r

f o r c e d the a i r out of the c o n d e n s e r i n t o the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r , f r o m

w h e n c e i t e s c a p e d to the a t m o s p h e r e t h r o u g h the c o n d e n s a t e o u t l e t .

T h e c o n d e n s a t e o u t l e t w a s s h u t off w h e n a l l the a i r f r o m the s e p a r a t o r

c o o l e r h a d e s c a p e d to the a t m o s p h e r e . The s y s t e m , once f i l l e d with

 f
' . 49

A r o c l o r , was kept filled until the liquid was drained for changing

the type of the A r o c l o r .

E a c h day the experiment was started with the steam quality

measurement and turning on the pump. While using A r o c l o r 1248, it

was n e c e s s a r y to preheat it before turning on the steam, at the

start of each s e r i e s of runs, as it is v e r y viscous at r o o m t e m p e r -

ature. It was preheated with the e l e c t r i c heater in the s e p a r a t o r -

cooler while being c i r c u l a t e d through the system. The heater was

turned off when the temperature of the A r o c l o r in the surge tank

reached about 4 0 ° C .

The A r o c l o r flow rate was next set at the d e s i r e d value

indicated by the manometer. The steam valve to the condenser was

then gradually opened until the d e s i r e d steam p r e s s u r e at the c o n -

denser inlet was shown by the gauge. The condensate left the

condenser with the heated A r o c l o r and separated f r o m it in the

s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r . The cooling water valve was turned on to cool

the A r o c l o r before it was r e c i r c u l a t e d .

The p r e s s u r e gauge and the manometer readings were checked

intermittently. The thermocouple readings were also taken f r o m time

to timeuntfl. they showed almost a constant temperature distribution

in the condenser. Usually it took f r o m two to three hours for the

steady state to be attained. The time r e q u i r e d for a l e v e l r i s e of

 50

t w o to f o u r c e n t i m e t e r s i n the s u r g e t a n k w a s t h e n m e a s u r e d .

D u r i n g the e x p e r i m e n t , i f the A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e o r the s t e a m

p r e s s u r e at the i n l e t to the c o n d e n s e r c h a n g e d , the t e m p e r a t u r e

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n the c o n d e n s e r w a s u p s e t . It w a s , therefore,

n e c e s s a r y to w a t c h f o r t h e s e c h a n g e s a n d as s o o n as a n y v a r i a t i o n

was o b s e r v e d , i n the A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e o r i n the s t e a m p r e s s u r e , the

r e s p e c t i v e v a l v e s w e r e m a n i p u l a t e d to get the o r i g i n a l f l o w r a t e a n d

pressure.

It w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d that i f the w a t e r w a s a l l o w e d to c o l l e c t i n

the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r u n t i l i t c a m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h the c o o l i n g c o i l ,

the t e m p e r a t u r e of the A r o c l o r i n the s u r g e t a n k d r o p p e d c o n s i d e r a b l y ,

a n d t h i s , i n t u r n , u p s e t the t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n the c o n -

denser. T h i s i s p e r h a p s due to the h i g h e r h e a t t r a n s f e r coefficient

• f o r w a t e r o u t s i d e the c o p p e r tube c o m p a r e d to that f o r the A r o c l o r s .

T h i s r e s u l t s i n a g r e a t e r h e a t e x c h a n g e w i t h the w a t e r f l o w i n g

t h r o u g h the c o i l s . C a r e w a s t a k e n not to a l l o w the w a t e r l e v e l to

r e a c h the c o o l i n g c o i l s .

T h e r e g u l a t i o n of the c o o l i n g w a t e r f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h t h e c o i l s

i n the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r w a s no p r o b l e m w h e n A r o c l o r 1248 w a s

used. T h e c o o l i n g w a t e r v a l v e w a s k e p t f u l l y o p e n at a l l the t i m e s .

However, w i t h A r o c l o r 1242 i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l

the r a t e of c o o l i n g w a t e r to get a p r o p e r A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e at

w h i c h a l l of the s t e a m f e d to the c o n d e n s e r w o u l d c o n d e n s e i n a
 51

r e a s o n a b l e h e i g h t o f t h e p a c k i n g . A t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s of t h e

l i q u i d , t h e h e i g h t w a s f o u n d to be t o o s m a l l to be a c c u r a t e l y

e s t i m a t e d . On the o t h e r hand, i f the A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e , was

too h i g h , a p a r t o f t h e s t e a m r e m a i n e d u n c o n d e n s e d a n d f l o w e d t o

the s e p a r a t o r - c o o l e r . T h e r a t e of c o o l i n g w a t e r i n the A o r o c l o r

1242 r u n s w a s r e g u l a t e d u s i n g t w o n e e d l e v a l v e s i n s e r i e s .

T h e r a t e o f c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the l e v e l

r i s e i n t h e s u r g e t a n k . C a r e w a s t a k e n to r e a d t h e l e v e l a n d t i m e as

a c c u r a t e l y as p o s s i b l e t o m i n i m i z e the p o s s i b l e e r r o r .

H. C A L C U L A T I O N METHODS

The sample calculations for a typical run are presented i n

A p p e n d i x E . T h e m e t h o d s of c a l c u l a t i o n are given here i n brief.

I. H e i g h t of P a c k i n g U s e d

T h e t e m p e r a t u r e of the l i q u i d i n the c o n d e n s e r , as r e a d b y

the t h e r m o c o u p l e s ( A p p e n d i x C, T a b l e s 9 a n d 11), w a s p l o t t e d

a g a i n s t the h e i g h t of the h o t j u n c t i o n s of t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s from

the p e r f o r a t e d p l a t e s u p p o r t i n g the p a c k i n g ( A p p e n d i x C, T a b l e 8).

A s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 8. The temperature

o f the l i q u i d i n c r e a s e s w i t h h e i g h t i n the c o n d e n s e r up t o a maximum

v a l u e a f t e r w h i c h i t d e c r e a s e s s l o w l y due to h e a t l o s s e s . The

decrease i n t e m p e r a t u r e i s almost l i n e a r with height. T o f i n d the

h e i g h t of p a c k i n g n e e d e d f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n t h i s s t r a i g h t l i n e w a s
 52

C
o
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2.0 h

20 30 40
H , cms
Figure 8 Sample Temperature Profile
extended back to the point where the t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e s e p a r a t e s

f r o m this l i n e . T h i s point indicates the height of p a c k i n g used

for condensation and f o r c o o l i n g the condensate to the t e m p e r a t u r e

of the A r o c l o r , a n d a l s o indicates the m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e of the

A r o c l o r i n the condenser.

2. A v e r a g e L i q u i d T e m p e r a t u r e A n d T e m p e r a t u r e D r i v i n g F o r c e

The a r i t h m e t i c mean t e m p e r a t u r e of the A r o c l o r i n the con- .

denser was c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the t e m p e r a t u r e at the l i q u i d inlet and

the m a x i m u m l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e i n s i d e the condenser. However,

the a r i t h m e t i c mean t e m p e r a t u r e of the l i q u i d i n the condenser i s

not the true m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e , since the t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i s

quite curved. The true mean t e m p e r a t u r e of the l i q u i d was c a l -

culated by i n t e g r a t i n g the t e m p e r a t u r e with r e s p e c t to the height

and d i v i d i n g the i n t e g r a l by the total height used. The i n t e g r a t i o n

was done by Simpson's Rule u s i n g s i x equal i n t e r v a l s of the p a c k i n g

height.

The t e m p e r a t u r e of the steam at the bottom of the p a c k i n g was

that c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the p r e s s u r e at the steam inlet as i n d i c a t e d

by the p r e s s u r e gauge (Appendix C. T a b l e s 10 and 12). A l i n e a r

p r e s s u r e drop r e l a t i o n s h i p with height was a s s u m e d to c a l c u l a t e ,

f r o m the total p r e s s u r e drop i n the condenser, the s t e a m p r e s s u r e

in the condenser at different heights. Due to the c u r v e d l i q u i d

t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n the condenser, the l o g m e a n value of the

 : 54

t e m p e r a t u r e d r i v i n g f o r c e i s not a p p l i c a b l e . T h e a v e r a g e temper-

ature d r i v i n g f o r c e was c a l c u l a t e d b y i n t e g r a t i n g the t e m p e r a t u r e

d r i v i n g f o r c e ( t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s t e a m m i n u s that o f t h e l i q u i d )

w i t h r e s p e c t t o h e i g h t u s i n g t h e S i m p s o n ' s R u l e and' d i v i d i n g t h e

i n t e g r a l b y the height of p a c k i n g used.

3. N u m b e r a n d H e i g h t of C o n d e n s a t i o n Units

T h e n u m b e r of c o n d e n s a t i o n u n i t s ( N . C. U. ) i s d e f i n e d (Appen-

d i x E ) as t h e n a t u r a l l o g a r i t h m of t h e r a t i o of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e

d r i v i n g f o r c e at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c o n d e n s e r t o t h a t at t h e h e i g h t ' ••
;

w h e r e c o n d e n s a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e . It w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e t e r m i n a l

t e m p e r a t u r e s o f t h e s t e a m a n d A r o c l o r ( A p p e n d i x D, T a b l e s 13 a n d

14). T h e h e i g h t o f a c o n d e n s a t i o n u n i t ( H . C. U. ) w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y

d i v i d i n g t h e t o t a l h e i g h t o f p a c k i n g u s e d f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n b y the N. C. U.

4. H e a t B a l a n c e

The r a t e of h e a t t r a n s f e r w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e A r o c l o r flow

rate and t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n the c o n d e n s e r . The heat l o s s e s f r o m the

a c t i v e p a r t o f t h e c o l u m n w e r e a d d e d to t h i s v a l u e to g i v e t h e r a t e

of h e a t t r a n s f e r b a s e d o n t h e l i q u i d f l o w r a t e . T h e r a t e o f h e a t

t r a n s f e r was also c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the rate of c o n d e n s a t i o n of the

steam. The two r a t e s of heat t r a n s f e r w e r e found to a g r e e w e l l

w i t h e a c h o t h e r ( F i g . 23 a n d 24 a n d A p p e n d i x D. , T a b l e s 15 a n d 16)

e x c e p t at t h e h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e o f A r o c l o r 1242. T h e a v e r a g e o f the
 55

t w o r a t e s of h e a t t r a n s f e r w a s u s e d i n f u r t h e r c a l c u l a t i o n s . A t the

h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r 1242, the r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r based

on the A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e , b e i n g c l o s e r to the c o r r e c t value

( C h a p t e r 5) w a s c h o s e n f o r f u r t h e r c a l c u l a t i o n s .

5. V o l u m e t r i c H e a t T r a n s f e r Coefficient

The a v e r a g e v o l u m e t r i c o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r coefficient for

the c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t e a m w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the r a t e of h e a t t r a n s -

fer, the m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e d r i v i n g f o r c e a n d the h e i g h t of p a c k i n g

used for condensation.

6. R e y n o l d s N u m b e r

T h e R e y n o l d s N u m b e r f o r the f l o w of the l i q u i d t h r o u g h the p a c k i n g

w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g the s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y of the l i q u i d , the

e q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r of the p a c k i n g a n d the v i s c o s i t y of the l i q u i d at

its m e a n temperature.
 56

CHAPTER FIVE

R E S U L T S A N D DISCUSSION

A. RESULTS

T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m the e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e c o n d e n -

s a t i o n of s t e a m i n a p a c k e d c o l u m n i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h A r o c l o r

124Z a n d 1248 a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 9 to 22 and i n T a b l e s 15

and 16 ( A p p e n d i x D. )

T h e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d at f o u r d i f f e r e n t f l o w r a t e s

of the A r o c l o r s . It w a s a t t e m p t e d to m a i n t a i n the f l o w r a t e s constant

i n a l l the r u n s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r f l o w r a t e . T h e e f f e c t of s l i g h t

c h a n g e s i n f l o w r a t e b e t w e e n the r u n s (up to + 2. 5%) w a s c o n -

s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e . T h e a i r c o n t e n t of s t e a m w a s m e a s u r e d several

t i m e s a n d f o u n d to be l e s s t h a n 0. 001 p e r c e n t a n d s o w a s neglected.

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e of the c o n d e n s e r i s s h o w n i n t e r m s of H . C . U .

and U a . T h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s f o u n d to a f f e c t t h e s e v a r i a b l e s

a r e the s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y of the A r o c l o r a n d the a v e r a g e

Aroclor temperature. F u r t h e r , t w o t y p e s of a v e r a g e temperatures

w e r e u s e d to r e p r e s e n t the r e s u l t s : the a r i t h m e t i c m e a n a n d the

true mean temperatures. A l t h o u g h the a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e

i s not t r u l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the p r o p e r t i e s of the A r o c l o r , i t

 57

was u s e d s i n c e , f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s , i t i s not p o s s i b l e to

e s t i m a t e the t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h o u t a c t u a l l y d o i n g the

e x p e r i m e n t s T h e a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e c a n be e a s i l y

e s t i m a t e d f r o m the h e a t d u t y of the c o n d e n s e r b y f i x i n g the i n l e t

l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e o r a t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h a n d the f l o w r a t e .

1. H . C . U . v s . A r i t h m e t i c M e a n Temperature

F i g u r e s 9 and 10 s h o w the p l o t s of H . C . U . vs. A r i t h m e t i c m e a n

t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y of the l i q u i d as p a r a -

meter, f o r A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248 r e s p e c t i v e l y . These graphs

c l e a r l y s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s a d e f i n i t e e f f e c t of the l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e

as w e l l as of the f l o w r a t e on H . C . U . T h e v a l u e of H . C . U . decreases

as the a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s a n d i n c r e a s e s w i t h

an i n c r e a s e i n the f l o w r a t e .

2. H . C . U . v s . T r u e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e

S i m i l a r to the F i g u r e s 9 a n d 10, F i g u r e s 11 a n d 12 w e r e p l o t t e d

f o r A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248 r e s p e c t i v e l y u s i n g the t r u e m e a n t e m p e r -

a t u r e s o f the l i q u i d . T h i s h a s r e d u c e d the s c a t t e r of the d a t a ,

s p e c i a l l y i n the c a s e of A r o c l o r 1242. T h e s e g r a p h s a l s o s h o w the

d e c r e a s e i n H . C . U . w i t h the l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e and i n c r e a s e i n

H . C . U . w i t h the f l o w r a t e . I n t h e s e g r a p h s , the t e m p e r a t u r e s are

i n a h i g h e r r a n g e t h a n the a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e s . This is

due to the f a c t t h a t at t h e b o t t o m of the c o n d e n s e r the A r o c l o r

temperature rises rapidly.

 58

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 62

3. H . C . U . v s . S u p e r f i c i a l M a s s V e l o c i t y o f A r o c l o r

In F i g u r e s 13 to 16 H . C . U . i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t the s u p e r f i c i a l

m a s s v e l o c i t y of the A r o c l o r w i t h a r i t h m e t i c m e a n a n d t r u e m e a n

temperatures as the p a r a m e t e r s . T h e s e g r a p h s do not s h o w the

d i r e c t r e s u l t s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s b u t w e r e o b t a i n e d b y cross-

p l o t t i n g f r o m the p l o t s o f H . C . U . v s - a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d

H . C. U . vs. t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e s e g r a p h s s h o w t h a t the

v a l u e of H . C . U . i n c r e a s e s almost l i n e a r l y with superficial mass

v e l o c i t y f o r A r o c l o r 1248 ( F i g . 15 a n d 16), However, the v a r i a t i o n . - ,

o f H . C- U . w i t h s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y i s not q u i t e l i n e a r f o r

A r o c l o r 1242. It c u r v e s up at h i g h f l o w r a t e s . The reasons for

t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n the b e h a v i o u r o f A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248 i s p o s s i b l y t h e

d i f f e r e n c e i n the r a n g e s of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s .

4. H . C . U . v s . R e y n o l d s N u m b e r

F r o m the v a l u e s o f s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y and the m e a n

t e m p e r a t u r e s u s e d to p l o t F i g u r e s 13 to 16, the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s

w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g the e q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r o f the p a c k i n g

a n d the p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f the A r o c l o r s at t h e m e a n temperature

( A p p e n d i x D, T a b l e s 17 a n d 18). H . C. U . was then p l o t t e d against

R e y n o l d s n u m b e r w i t h a r i t h m e t i c m e a n and t r u e m e a n temperatures

as the p a r a m e t e r s i n F i g u r e s 17 to 20 f o r A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248.

T h e s e g r a p h s s h o w t h a t the e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d i n the

l a m i n a r f l o w r e g i o n . H . C . U. i n c r e a s e s w i t h the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r a n d
 63

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—

O
X
A
A
0.5 —

• A
—

A
T M T , °F
—
A O 60 —
A
• 70
• A 8 0
0.3 h
A 90

1 1 l l 1 1
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
L , Ib/hr.f t 2

F i g u r e 16 R e s u l t s - A r o c l o r 1248
 67

d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s e i n the m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e as w o u l d b e

expected. T h e v a r i a t i o n of H . C . U . w i t h R e y n o l d s n u m b e r f o r

the c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of the m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i s v e r y c l o s e to l i n e a r

f o r A r o c l o r 1 2 4 8 , i n w h i c h c a s e the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s a r e l e s s t h a n

2. 0 w h e n a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e u s e d and a r e less

t h a n 4. 0 w h e n t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e s were used. For Aroclor

1242, the v a r i a t i o n of H . C . U . w i t h R e y n o l d s n u m b e r i s not q u i t e

l i n e a r because i n this case the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s w e r e i n a h i g h e r

range. A s i m i l a r b e h a v i o u r m a y be e x p e c t e d w i t h A r o c l o r 1248 at h i g h e r

Reynolds numbers.

5. U a vs. T r u e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e

F i g u r e s 21 a n d 22 s h o w the e f f e c t of t h e t r u e m e a n temperature

a n d the l i q u i d f l o w r a t e on the a v e r a g e v o l u m e t r i c o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s -

f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248 r e s p e c t i v e l y . It a p p e a r s

f r o m t h e s e g r a p h s t h a t U a i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y w i t h i n c r e a s e i n the

true mean temperature, but the e f f e c t of the f l o w r a t e i s n o t d e f i n i t e .

T h e v a l u e s o f U a a r e q u i t e l o w at the l o w e s t f l o w r a t e s t u d i e d . At

higher flow rates, the e f f e c t of the f l o w r a t e a p p e a r s to d i m i n i s h .

T h e p o i n t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the t h r e e highest f l o w r a t e s cluster

a r o u n d the s a m e region.

B. R E P R O D U C I B I L I T Y O F T H E R E S U L T S

T h e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e of the A r o c l o r i s not a v a r i a b l e w h i c h
 0.45r-

0.35 h

3
O
X

0.25 H

0.15 h

Figure 17 Results-Aroclor 1242

 o

0.8

o
e

e
o
0.6

3
O
X
e

0.4
A M T ,°F

O 145

8 15 0

• 15 5

0.2

0 0.5 l.O 1.5 2,0 2

Re
F i g u r e 18 Results-Aroclor 1248
 70

z>
u
X

0.2h

F i g u r e 19 Results-Aroclor 1242
 71

LI

0.9 o

0.7 O e

o
o
X

e ©

0.5
©
©
T M T ,°F

© o I6 0

© I7 0

© 180

0.3h 190

Re
F i g u r e 20 Results-Aroclor 1248
 72

1500

70 180 190 200 210 220

TMT ,°F
F i g u r e 21 Results-Aroclor 1242
 73

•©_
2100
©
e ©

LL.
o

o
IO*

1700 o

CD

o e
Z> e
1300
o
0 L , lb/hr.ft :

©
O 1250

©
O
e 1875
900
e © 2520

© 2865
e i i
150 160 170 180 190 2 00
T MT , °F
F i g u r e 22 ,. R e s u l t s - A r o c l o r 1248
 74

c o u l d be f i x e d as desired. The true mean temperature is obtained

f r o m the A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n the c o n d e n s e r . S t i l l , a s an

i n d i c a t i o n of the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the r e s u l t s , t h e r e w e r e e i g h t

c a s e s ( F i g . 11 a n d 12 a n d A p p e n d i x D, T a b l e s 15 a n d 16), where

a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e s of A r o c l o r w e r e o b t a i n e d

f r o m t w o i n d e p e n d e n t r u n s . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s of H . C . U .

w e r e f o u n d to d i f f e r f r o m 0. 39 to 1. 35 p e r c e n t .

However, the e x a c t c a l c u l a t i o n of the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the

A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e a n d the m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i s not p o s s i b l e . The

flow rate varies within + 2. 5% of i t s m e a n v a l u e due to the c h a n g e s

i n A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e w h i c h a l t e r the m a n o m e t e r r e a d i n g f o r t h e

same flow rate. T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of t h e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i s

g o v e r n e d b y the q u a l i t y of the s t e a m a n d b y the c o o l i n g w a t e r

f l o w r a t e . I n o r d e r to e x a c t l y r e p r o d u c e a p a r t i c u l a r r u n , i t i s

n e c e s s a r y to h a v e the s a m e A r o c l o r f l o w r a t e . T h e n i f the f l o w

r a t e of the s t e a m i s f i x e d , t h e r e i s one a n d o n l y one i n l e t t e m p e r -

a t u r e o f the l i q u i d w h i c h w o u l d g i v e t h e s a m e v a l u e of the t r u e

m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e otof the a r i t h m e t i c m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e . In

practice, i t w a s f o u n d v e r y d i f f i c u l t to get the d e s i r e d l i q u i d i n l e t

t e m p e r a t u r e b y r e g u l a t i n g the r a t e of c o o l i n g w a t e r . E v e n i f the

s a m e s t e a m f l o w r a t e w e r e u s e d the d i f f e r e n c e i n i t s h e a t c o n t e n t ,

p r e s e n t e d the s a m e p r o b l e m . . H o w e v e r i t w a s n o t d i f f i c u l t to f i n d a
setting w h i c h would give a m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i n a given range.

C ACCURACY OF THE RESULTS

T h e a c c u r a c y o f the r e s u l t s i s l i m i t e d b y the a c c u r a c y of the

e s t i m a t i o n of t h e h e i g h t of p a c k i n g u s e d f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n . The

g r a p h i c a l m e t h o d f o r e s t i m a t i n g the h e i g h t o f the p a c k i n g u s e d c a n

give v a l u e s d i f f e r i n g f r o m the c o r r e c t v a l u e s b y as m u c h as + 1.5

centimeters. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e l i m i t s the a c c u r a c y of the v a l u e s o f H . C . U .

a n d U a to + 10% i n m o s t of the c a s e s . A n y i n a c c u r a c y i n the h e i g h t

of the p a c k i n g d o e s not a f f e c t the v a l u e of the m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e

appreciably.

T h e j o i n t a c c u r a c y of the o r i f i c e m e t e r c a l i b r a t i o n , of the s t e a m

quality measurement, o f the r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n a n d of the A r o c l o r

t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t h a s b e e n q u i t e g o o d as i s e v i d e n t f r o m

the h e a t b a l a n c e s ( F i g . 23 a n d 24 a n d A p p e n d i x D , T a b l e s 15 and 16).

T h e p o i n t s l i e on b o t h s i d e s of the d i a g o n a l i n t h e s e g r a p h s and a r e w i t h i n

_+ 10% f r o m i t e x c e p t at the h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r 1242.

A t the h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r 1242 s t u d i e d , the r a t e of h e a t

t r a n s f e r b a s e d o n the c o n d e n s a t i o n of the s t e a m i s a l w a y s c o n s i d e r a b l y

l o w e r t h a n t h a t b a s e d on the A r o c l o r 1242 f l o w r a t e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e

rise. T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s one s i d e d d i f f e r e n c e w a s s h o w n b y s u b s e -

quent e x p e r i m e n t s to be the f a c t t h a t at h i g h f l o w r a t e s o f A r o c l o r

1242, t h e c o n d e n s a t e d i d n o t s e p a r a t e c o m p l e t e l y i n t h e s e p a r a t o r -

c o o l e r , b u t p a s s e d o n to the s u r g e t a n k a n d a c c u m u l a t e d t h e r e . The
 76

Q = 0 ± 10%
y L
8000

6000

CD

>

4000

2000

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Q ,BTU/hr
L

Figure 23 Heat Balance-Aroclor 1242

F i g u r e 24 Heat B a l a n c e - A r o c l o r 1248
 78

w a t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n i n the s u r g e t a n k c a u s e d a l o w e r r e a d i n g of the

l e v e l i n d i c a t o r t h a n the a c t u a l l e v e l i n the t a n k . T h u s the c a l c u l a t e d

r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s l o w e r t h a n the a c t u a l r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n ,

a n d f o r t h i s r e a s o n the r a t e of h e a t t r a n s f e r b a s e d o n the r a t e of

c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s l o w e r at the h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r 124Z.

In t h e s e r u n s , s i n c e the r a t e s of h e a t t r a n s f e r b a s e d o n the A r o c l o r

f l o w r a t e s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e w e r e c l o s e r to the a c t u a l rates,

t h e y w e r e u s e d to c a l c u l a t e U a . W i t h A r o c l o r 1248 the l a r g e r density

d i f f e r e n c e f r o m w a t e r p r e v e n t e d the c a r r y o v e r of the condensate

at h i g h f l o w rates.

D. COMPARISON WITH LITERATURE VALUES

In t h e l i t e r a t u r e , no w o r k h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d o n the c o n d e n -

s a t i o n of s t e a m i n a p a c k e d c o l u m n i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h an i m m i s -

cible l i q u i d i n c o - c u r r e n t flow. Therefore, it was n e c e s s a r y to

c o m p a r e t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s w i t h s o m e p u b l i s h e d w o r k on

condensation i n c o u n t e r - c u r r e n t flow. W i l k e et a l . (9) h a v e reported

e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k ' u s i n g A r o c l o r 1248 to c o n d e n s e s t e a m i n a p a c k e d

column. It w a s t h e r e f o r e d e c i d e d to c o m p a r e the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s

of the p r e s e n t w o r k w i t h the e q u a t i o n p r o p o s e d b y W i l k e et. a l . (9)

L a c k e y (7) h a s a l s o p r o p o s e d a s i m i l a r e q u a t i o n ; t h e r e f o r e the

results were c o m p a r e d with his equation also.

T h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y d a t a f o r A r o c l o r 1242 i s n o t g i v e n i n
 79

reference 19, therefore, the v a l u e s of H . C. U . c o u l d not be

c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h i s c a s e u s i n g the e q u a t i o n s suggested by Wilke

(9) o r L a c k e y (7). T h e v a l u e s of H . C. U . w e r e c a l c u l a t e d for

A r o c l o r 1248 at the e x p e r i m e n t a l f l o w r a t e s u s i n g t h e s e equations.

T h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d at the t r u e m e a n A r o c l o r

temperatures ( A p p e n d i x E ) . T h e s e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s of H . C. U .

w e r e p l o t t e d o n a l o g - l o g s c a l e a g a i n s t the a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of t r u e

mean temperature w i t h the f l o w r a t e as p a r a m e t e r , together

w i t h the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s ( F i g . 2 5).

A l t h o u g h W i l k e et. a l . (9) h a v e n o t i n d i c a t e d a n y d e f i n i t e effect

of A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e on H . C . U , t h i s g r a p h c l e a r l y s h o w s t h a t a

d e f i n i t e e f f e c t of the t e m p e r a t u r e on H . C. U . i s theoretically

expected. The H . C. U . d e c r e a s e s with i n c r e a s e i n m e a n l i q u i d t e m -

p e r a t u r e and i n c r e a s e s with flow rate, as h a s b e e n s h o w n b y the

r e s u l t s of t h i s study.

W h i l e c a l c u l a t i n g the v a l u e s of H . C . U . f r o m L a c k e y ' s e q u a t i o n (7)

0.155 0. 5 N 0.333 0. 5 5 6 - 0 . 152 l o g L
HCU = HTU
L(W)(T^) {rrj (^P) (^f)

a n d W i l k e ' s e q u a t i o n (9) Q > „ 0 . 5. . , 0 . 329 ^ 0 . 5 5 4 - 0 . 157 l o g L

x

H c u
= H T U
L < w ) ^ g \yi ^rrj b y

i t w a s n o t i c e d t h a t i n the r a n g e o f t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e s studied

(150 to 200 ° F ) , the o n l y t e r m w h i c h c h a n g e s a p p r e c i a b l y i s the

viscosity ratio term. A s the t e m p e r a t u r e increases f r o m 150 °F

 80

to 200 ° F .

d e c r e a s e s f r o m 13.44 to 5. 14

Dw i r r e g u l a r l y c h a n g e s f r o m 0. 0359 to 0 . 0357
c<
'w i n c r e a s e s f r o m 0. 707 to 0 . 722

^w r e m a i n s p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t at 1.74

Further, H T U , , . i s a f u n c t i o n of o n l y the f l o w r a t e f o r a f i x e d
L(w)

s i z e o f t h e p a c k i n g . T h u s i f the o t h e r t e r m s a r e a s s u m e d c o n s t a n t

i n t h i s r a n g e of t e m p e r a t u r e , the e q u a t i o n s s i m p l i f y to the f o r m

H = « ,(jy
CU f L
n

(i)

where n = 0. 155 f o r L a c k e y ' s e q u a t i o n

and n = 0. 55 for W i l k e ' s equation.

IX , the v i s c o s i t y of w a t e r at 25 ° C i s c o n s t a n t .
r w

f° r
r n o s t l i q u i d s i s r e l a t e d to the a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e b y (2 5)

/ U 1 = a(T) b
(2)

w h e r e a and b are c o n s t a n t s . On substitution in Equation (1) a n d

i n c l u d i n g the c o n s t a n t s i n f ( L ) ,

H C U = f (L) ( T ) m
(3)

where m = b.n. (4)

E q u a t i o n (3) r e p r e s e n t s p a r a l l e l s t r a i g h t l i n e s o n l o g l o g p l o t f o r

c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of L .

It w a s , therefore, d e c i d e d to p l o t H . C . U . a n d a b s o l u t e t r u e

m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e on l o g - l o g g r a p h f o r the c o m p a r i s o n of e x p e r i -

m e n t a l r e s u l t s w i t h the e q u a t i o n s of L a c k e y (7) a n d W i l k e (9)

(Fig. 25).
F i g u r e 25 C o m p a r i s o n of R e s u l t s - A r o c l o r 1248
 1.0
L , lb/hr.ft 2

o 1 090
3 19 2 1
0.6 2365
0
© 2648

0.4

O
X

0.2

0.1 1
640 6 60 680 700
T,°R
00

F i g u r e 26 R e s u l t s - A r o c l o r 1242
 83

It c a n b e n o t i c e d i n F i g u r e 2 5 t h a t t h e c u r v e s o b t a i n e d f r o m

L a c k e y ' s e q u a t i o n (7) a n d W i l k e ' s e q u a t i o n (9) f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s

of L a r e v e r y n e a r l y s t r a i g h t l i n e s , p a r a l l e l t o e a c h o t h e r . This

s u p p o r t s the h y p o t h e s i s p r o p o u n d e d above. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l results

f o r A r o c l o r 1248 ( F i g . 25) a n d 1242 ( F i g . 26) a l s o l i e v e r y w e l l o n

p a r a l l e l straight lines except for five points, which m a y indicate

a l i m i t to t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

The d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e l i n e s f o r d i f f e r e n t f l o w r a t e s a r e ( F i g . 25)

the s a m e i n a l l the t h r e e s e t s o f l i n e s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e d e p e n d e n c e

of H. C. U. o n t h e f l o w r a t e L i s the s a m e i n t h e t h r e e c a s e s .

The lines obtained f r o m Lackey's equation a r e f a r below the

e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s and have a v e r y s m a l l n e g a t i v e s l o p e . H o w e v e r ,

W i l k e ' s e q u a t i o n g i v e s r e s u l t s o f the s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e as

do the e x p e r i m e n t s but i t gives a n e g a t i v e slope s m a l l e r than the

l i n e s f o r the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . T h i s a g r e e m e n t i s r a t h e r f o r -

t u i t o u s b e c a u s e W i l k e s t u d i e d (9) c o u n t e r - c u r r e n t t u r b u l e n t f l o w .

T h i s a g r e e m e n t i s m o s t l i k e l y due to t h e u s e o f the i n c o r r e c t e s t i m a t e

of m e a n l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e i n the c o n d e n s e r b y W i l k e (9). However,

t h e r e i s a l w a y s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t the p r o p o s e d e q u a t i o n m a y a l s o

hold for. cccurrent l a m i n a r flow.

The c o m m o n s l o p e o f the !-. '. s t r a i g h t l i n e s t h r o u g h the e x p e r i -

m e n t a l p o i n t s f o r A r o c l o r 1248 i s

m = -13.90
 84

T h e v a l u e o f b i n E q u a t i o n (2) p a g e 80 f o r A r o c l o r 1248 i s

b = ^12.00

n = m = 13. 9 = 1. 16
b -12.0

T h e c o m m o n s l o p e of t h e . s t r a i g h t l i n e s t h r o u g h the e x p e r i -

m e n t a l p o i n t s f o r A r o c l o r 1242 i s

m = - 8 . 75

T h e v a l u e of b f o r A r o c l o r 1242 i s

b =-7. 94

n = m =-8.73 =1.10
b -7.94

The v a l u e s of the v i s c o s i t y exponent ' n ' a r e a l m o s t equal f o r A r o c l o r s

1242 a n d 1 2 4 8 . T h i s i s to b e e x p e c t e d but s i n c e the v a l u e i s d i f f e r e n t

f r o m t h o s e p r o p o s e d b y W i l k e o r L a c k e y a n e w e q u a t i o n m u s t be

f o u n d to d e s c r i b e t h e s e r e s u l t s .

E. BEST EQUATIONS FITTING THE E X P E R I M E N T A L RESULTS

B e c a u s e o f t h e c l o s e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n the v i s c o s i t y exponents

n , f o r A r o c l o r 1242, a n d 1 2 4 8 , i t w a s d e c i d e d to f i n d t h e e q u a t i o n s

of t h e f o r m

HCU = F ( ) n

to f i t the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . F w i l l c h a n g e w i t h t h e f l o w r a t e . This

e q u a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l l y the s a m e as E q u a t i o n (1) o n p a g e 80 . The

c h a n g e i n F w a s f o u n d to b e l i n e a r w i t h L f o r A r o c l o r 1248 ( F i g . 27) .
from the plot of /A ve T on log log ecale.
85
 86

T h e b e s t e q u a t i o n to fit the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r A r o c l o r

1Z48 w a s f o u n d to be ( A p p e n d i x E )

H C U = ( 0 . 027 65 + 1. 244 x 1 0 _ 5
L) (/X) ' 1 1 6

w h e r e L i s s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y o f A r o c l o r 1248, l b / h r . ft.

a n d /A- i s v i s c o s i t y of A r o c l o r i n c e n t i p o i s e at i t s m e a n temperature.

T h e v a r i a t i o n of F w i t h L i s not quite l i n e a r f o r A r o c l o r 1242

(Fig. 27). A q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n w a s f i t t e d to t h e s e v a l u e s of F , but

t h i s e q u a t i o n s h o w e d a m i n i m u m v a l u e of F at L = 1380. This is

not a r e a s o n a b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the d a t a . A s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n the

F - L r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r A r o c l o r 1242 a n d 1248 i s a l s o a n t i c i p a t e d .

However, the d a t a a r e not s u f f i c i e n t to p r e d i c t two s i m i l a r e q u a t i o n s

f o r the two c a s e s . It w a s , therefore, d e c i d e d to r e l a t e the values

of F f o r A r o c l o r 1242 w i t h L b y t w o s t r a i g h t l i n e s ( F i g . 27).

F = 0. 0535 + 8. 90 x 1 0 " L 6
when L 2290

F = -0..-.073J7+ 6. 44 x 1 0 ~ L 5
when L > 2290

H C U is given by

HCU = F ( j*) 1 - 1 0

w h e r e L i s s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y of A r o c l o r 1242, lb/hr. ft.

a n d ^A. i s i t s v i s c o s i t y at t r u e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e , cp..

F. C O M P A R I S O N O F T H E R E S U L T S F O R A R O C L O R 1242 A N D 1248

A c o m p a r i s o n of the m a x i m u m l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e s i n the

condenser t f o r A r o c l o r 1242 ( T a b l e 13) and A r o c l o r 1248 ( T a b l e 14)

 87

r e v e a l s t h a t a m u c h c l o s e r t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h c o u l d be o b t a i n e d

w i t h A r o c l o r 1242 t h a n w i t h A r o c l o r 1248. T h e v a l u e s of H C U f o r

a p a r t i c u l a r flow r a t e and a p a r t i c u l a r m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e are

c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r f o r A r o c l o r 1242. T h u s A r o c l o r 1242 i s m o r e

suitable and efficient for d i r e c t contact c o n d e n s a t i o n than A r o c l o r

1248. H o w e v e r , the d i f f e r e n c e i n d e n s i t y f r o m t h a t of w a t e r i s n o t

as g r e a t i n the c a s e of A r o c l o r 1242 as i n t h e c a s e of A r o c l o r 1248.

T h i s s l o w s the s e p a r a t i o n of A r o c l o r 1242 f r o m w a t e r b u t i t w i l l

a l s o i n c r e a s e the o p e r a t i n g r a n g e f o r c o u n t e r - c u r r e n t c o n d e n s a t i o n .

T h e e q u a t i o n s g i v e n i n the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n f o r A r o c l o r 1248

and 1242 a r e the o n e s w h i c h d e s c r i b e the r e s u l t s f r o m t h i s s t u d y .

T h e e x p o n e n t ' n ' of the v i s c o s i t y i s a l m o s t the s a m e f o r the t w o

systems. T h e v a l u e s o f F i n c l u d e the d e n s i t y , t h e r m a l d i f f u s i v i t y

and s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of the A r o c l o r s b e s i d e s the f l o w r a t e . I n the

r a n g e of f l o w r a t e s t u d i e d , F w a s f o u n d to be v e r y n e a r l y l i n e a r w i t h

L f o r A r o c l o r 1248 ( F i g . 2 7 ) . F o r A r o c l o r 1242, F a p p e a r s to be

f a i r l y l i n e a r w i t h L i n the l o w e r f l o w r a n g e ( F i g . 27), b u t curves

up at the h i g h f l o w r a t e . T h i s t y p e of b e h a v i o u r m a y b e expected

f r o m A r o c l o r 1248 a l s o at s t i l l h i g h e r f l o w r a t e s s i n c e the v a l u e of

R e y n o l d s n u m b e r at w h i c h t h i s u p w a r d c u r v e o c c u r r e d w a s not

r e a c h e d w i t h the m o r e v i s c o u s A r o c l o r 1248. T h e r e f o r e , i n the

a b s e n c e of m o r e e x t e n s i v e data, the F - L r e l a t i o n s h i p for A r o c l o r

1242 w a s a p p r o x i m a t e d b y two s t r a i g h t l i n e s .
 88

C H A P T E R SIX

CONCLUSIONS A N D RECOMMENDATIONS

T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e of t h i s w o r k w a s to d e s i g n , to b u i l d a n d to

c h e c k the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a p a c k e d c o n d e n s e r f o r c o n d e n s i n g steam

i n d i r e c t contact w i t h i m m i s c i b l e c o m m e r c i a l heat t r a n s f e r agents.

D u r i n g the e x p e r i m e n t a l r u n s , i t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t the apparatus

w o r k e d q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y w i t h o u t the c r a c k l i n g n o i s e n o r m a l l y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d i r e c t c o n t a c t c o n d e n s a t i o n . O n c e the A r o c l o r

flow rate, c o o l i n g w a t e r f l o w r a t e a n d the s t e a m p r e s s u r e w e r e s e t ,

the e q u i p m e n t o p e r a t e d a l m o s t a u t o m a t i c a l l y . The a l u m i n u m shields

a t t a c h e d to the h o t j u n c t i o n s of the t h e r m o c o u p l e p r e v e n t e d the c o n -

t a c t of r i s i n g s t e a m b u b b l e s w i t h the t h e r m o c o u p l e h o t j u n c t i o n s as i s

e v i d e n t f r o m the a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n the h e a t b a l a n c e s a n d f r o m the

f a c t t h a t the t h e r m o c o u p l e r e a d i n g s w e r e s t e a d y .

T h e a c c u r a c y of the r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n the

previous chapter. It i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t i n o r d e r to i m p r o v e the accuracy

of the r e s u l t s , s o m e m o r e a c c u r a t e m e t h o d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the h e i g h t

of the p a c k i n g u s e d f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n be f o u n d .
 89

The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s of this work w e r e c o m p a r e d ( F i g . 25)

with the equations p r o p o s e d by L a c k e y (7) and b y W i l k e et. a l . (9).

The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s a r e of the same o r d e r of magnitude as

those c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g W i l k e s equation (9). The effect of the l i q u i d

1

temperature, w h i c h i n fact i s m a i n l y due to a l a r g e change i n v i s c o s i t y ,

was p r e d i c t e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y by the equations given b y L a c k e y (7) and

W i l k e (9), but it has not been r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r i n any of the e x p e r i -

m e n t a l w o r k s p u b l i s h e d i n this f i e l d .

Two e m p i r i c a l equations have been developed to d e s c r i b e the

r e s u l t s of this study. T h e y r e l a t e H C U with the flow rate and A r o c l o r

v i s c o s i t y at its m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e . The v i s c o s i t y exponents a r e a l m o s t

equal f o r both the s y s t e m s studied. The v a r i a t i o n of the factor F w i t h

flow rate i s not quite s i m i l a r for the two. s y s t e m s i n the flow ranges

studied. It i s v e r y s t r o n g l y r e c o m m e n d e d that an extensive i n v e s t i -

gation be undertaken u s i n g different s i z e s of packings, different s i z e

of the condenser and a w i d e r range of flow rates to check for the

v a r i a t i o n of F with flow r a t e s and to extend the data a v a i l a b l e f o r

condenser design. It i s expected that i f enough data w e r e obtained on

d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m s , some d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d be obtained for the

e s t i m a t i o n of H C U o r U a f o r a packed condenser f r o m the p h y s i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s of the l i q u i d , the packing m a t e r i a l and the o p e r a t i n g

conditions. T h i s c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d be u s e d to design the c o m m e r c i a l

 90

d i r e c t contact packed condensers, u s i n g i m m i s c i b l e heat t r a n s f e r

agents.

T h e b a s i c s t e p s i n the d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e w o u l d be

1) to s e l e c t a p a r t i c u l a r l i q u i d f l o w r a t e ,

2) to c a l c u l a t e the d i a m e t e r of the p a c k e d c o l u m n f r o m the

u s u a l flooding, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

3) to a s s u m e a t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h ( 2 0 ° F i s q u i t e s a f e ) ;

4) to c a l c u l a t e the i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e of the l i q u i d f r o m a

s i m p l e h e a t b a l a n c e w i t h the h e a t d u t y of the c o n d e n s e r ,

a n d t h e n c e the m e a n l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e ,

5) to e s t i m a t e the H C U f r o m the c o r r e l a t i o n f o r the

s e l e c t e d flow rate and m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e ,

6) to c a l c u l a t e the N C U f r o m the e q u a t i o n

NCU =ln / ^1 r
*! 1
t „ - t„
s2 2

7) to c a l c u l a t e the h e i g h t of the p a c k i n g f r o m the e q u a t i o n

Height = H C U x N C U ,

8) to c a l c u l a t e the t o t a l c o s t .

T h i s w o u l d h a v e to b e done f o r s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t f l o w r a t e s to f i n d the

o p t i m u m d e s i g n a n d the o p t i m u m o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
 NOMENCLATURE

A Area,ft.

A. M. T. Arithmetic Mean Temperature, °F

C C o e f f i c i e n t of D i s c h a r g e , Dimensionless

Cp S p e c i f i c Heat, B T U / l b . , °F. o r C a l / g m . , °C

D Diffusivity, c m /sec.

d Diameter, ft.
2
g
Acceleration due t o g r a v i t y , ft/sec
F
A f a c t o r as d e f i n e d i n C h a p t e r 5.
H
H e i g h t of the p a c k i n g u s e d f o r condensation, cms
H
LOS Heat l o s s f r o m the condenser, BTU/hour.
HCU Height of Condensation Unit, f t .
HTU H e i g h t of T r a n s f e r Unit, f t .
ha V o l u m e t r i c Heat T r a n s f e r Coefficient f o r L i q u i d filr
B T U / h r . , f t . °F.
h Manometer Reading, c m s of m e r c u r y

k T h e r m a l conductivity, B T U / h r . , f t . °F/ft.

k a M a s s T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t , h r ^.

JLJ 2
S u p e r f i c i a l M a s s V e l o c i t y of L i q u i d , l b / h r . ft.
L
N u m b e r of C o n d e n s a t i o n U n i t s , Dimensionless
NCU
N u m b e r of T r a n s f e r U n i t s , Dimensionless
NTU 2

P Pressure, lb/in

Q Rate of Heat T r a n s f e r , B T U / h r .

Re Reynolds Number, Dimensionless

s 2
2

T A r e a of the O r i f i c e , f t .

T. M. T. A b s o l u t e T r u e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e , °R.

True Mean Temperature, °F

 92

t Temperature, C

Ua A v e r a g e V o l u m e t r i c O v e r a l l Heat T r a n s f e r Coefficient,
B T U / h r . , ft.- °F.

V V o l u m e of c o n d e n s a t e c o l l e c t e d , m
l
3
v V o l u m e of the p a c k e d c o l u m n , ft

w L i q u i d F l o w Rate, lb/sec

x D r y n e s s F r a c t i o n of S t e a m , Dimensionless

Z L i q u i d L e v e l in Surge Tank, cms

Greek Letters:
2
T h e r m a l Diffusivity, cm /sec
P Orifice Diameter Ratio, Dimensionless

Increments, Dimensionless
£
Porosity, Dimensionless

Surface Tension, dynes/cm

p 3
Density, gms/rnl or lb/ft

e Viscosity, centipoise or lb/ft, hr.

Time, sees
Subscripts:

1, 2, e t c . Different Locations

e Equivalent

i Inlet

1, L Liquid

0 Outlet

s Steam

tank S u r g e tank

V Vapour

w W a t e r at 2 5 ° C

No s u b s c r i p t Aroclor
 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ruckenstein, E. , Metiu, H . , C h e m . E n g . Sc. 20, 173 (1965)

T a n n e r , D. W l ; P o t t e r , C . J . , et a l I n t . J . H e a t a n d M a s s
v Trans-
f e r 8, 419 (1965)

C o o n s , K . W . , D i r e c t C o n d e n s e r s , B u l l . N o . 3, E n g . E x p . S t a t i o n ,
C o l l e g e of E n g . , U n i v . of A l a b a m a , J u n e 1953

H a s s o n , D. , L u s s , D. and N a v o n , U . , Int. J . H e a t a n d M a s s Trans-

f e r ]_, 983 (1964)

H a s s o n , D. , L i i s s , D.and P e c k , R . , Int. J . H e a t a n d M a s s Trans-

f e r ^ 969 (1964)

Olander, D . R. , I n d . E n g . C h e m . 5_3_(2), 121(1961)

Lackey, D. L . , U . S. A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m . U C R L 1033,9 (1962)

Hu, Shao C h i o , The R e f i n i n g E n g i n e e r , C - 1 2 , 722 (1956)

W i l k e , C . R . , Cheng, C. T . , L e d e s m a , V . L . and P o r t e r , J.W.

C h e m . E n g . P r o g r e s s _59 (12), 69 (1963)

Cheng, C. T . , " D i r e c t Contact C o n d e n s a t i o n i n a P a c k e d

T o w e r " M . S. T h e s i s , U n i v . of C a l i f . , B e r k l e y (1963)

H a r r i o t t , P . and W i e g a n d t , H . , A . I . C h . E . J o u r n a l 10_
(5), 755 ( 1964)

Ciborowski, J . and S u r g i e w i c z , J . , B r i t . C h e m . E n g . 7_,

763 (1962) ~~

Levine, D. G. , and F r i e d l a n d e r , S. K . , C h e m . E n g . S c .
13, (2), 49(1960)

P i n d e r , K . L . , R e s e a r c h P r o p o s a l to the U . S. O f f i c e of
S a l i n e W a t e r ( A p r i l , 1964)

S h e r w o o d , T . K . , S h i p l e y , G . H . , and Hollo way, F. A. L. ,

I n d . E n g . C h e m . 30, 765 (1938)
 94

Sherwood, T. K. and H o l l o w a y , F . A . L . , T r a n s . A . I. C h . E .
36, 39 (1940)

Wilke, C R . , Chem. Eng. Progress, 4 5 , 218 (1949)

H a r r i o t t , P . , a n d Wiegandt, H . , P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n to
D r . K. L . P i n d e r (Oct. 1963)

"The A r o c l o r Compounds, " Monsanto Chemical Company,

O r g a n i c D i v . St. L u i s , M i s s o u r i .

"Tower Packings, " Bull. TP54R, U . S. S t o n e w a r e , A k r o n 9, Ohio

Chiarulli, P. and D r e s s i e r , R . E . , J . of A p p l i e d P h y s i c s , 28,

990 (1957)

Brass, G . H.> C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , 60^ 2 2 3 ( A p r i l , 1953)

Vener, R. E . , C h e m i c a l Engineering, 63, 175 ( A u g u s t , 1956)

Shulman, H . L . et. a l . , A . I. C h . E . J . 1_, 247 (1955) .

P e r r y , J . H . C h e m i c a l Engineers' Hand Book, 3rd E d .

M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o . I n c . p . 372

Ibid., p. 403

Ibid., p. 405
 95

APPENDIX A

BASIC DESIGN C A L C U L A T I O N S

The entire apparatus w a s d e s i g n e d o n the b a s i s of u s i n g an

e i g h t e e n i n c h l o n g s e c t i o n of f o u r i n c h i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r , pyrex

g l a s s p i p e as the p a c k e d condenser..

2 1 ft 3

T o t a l v o l u m e of the c o l u m n = 4 ) x 18 x —3
4... . 1

= 0. 131 ft 3

A. PACKING REQUIREMENT

T h e b e s t s i z e of the p a c k i n g to r e d u c e c h a n n e l i n g a n d pressure

drop = x I n t e r n a l d i a . of the c o l u m n

10 1

= _1_ x 4 = 0.4 inch

10
, 3 inch
8
F o r 3 / 8 " C e r a m i c R a s c h i g r i n g s (20) ,
3
w e i g h t of r i n g s p e r ft of c o l u m n s p a c e = 52 l b
• w e i g h t of r i n g s r e q u i r e d = 0. 131 x 52
= 6.81 lb

B. AROCLOR FLOW RATE

A s s u m i n g no p a c k i n g , the v o l u m e of l i q u i d r e q u i r e d to f i l l the

3
column = 0. 131 ft

If t h i s l i q u i d b e r e p l a c e d e v e r y m i n u t e ,

f l o w rate =0.131 C F M

= 0. 131 x 7. 48 = 0. 981 G P M
 ~ 1 GPM

T h i s flow was p r e s u m e d to be the m a x i m u m .

C. S T E A M RATE

A t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f 50 C w a s p r e s u m e d i n the A r o c l o r ,

at t h e m a x i m u m f l o w r a t e of 1.0 G P M .

F o r A r o c l o r 1248 (19)

Density = 12. 04 l b / g a l

M e a n S p . h e a t ( 5 0 - 1 0 0 ° C ) = 0. 290 BTU/lb. °F

. . H e a t e x t r a c t e d i n the c o l u m n = 12. 04 x 1. 0 x 0. 29 x 50. x 1. 8 B.TU

= 315 B T I i m i n min

F o r A r o c l o r ' 1242 (19)

Density = 11. 50 l b / g a l

M e a n S p . h e a t ( 5 0 - 1 0 0 ° C ) = 0. 310 BTU/lb. °F
H e a t e x t r a c t e d i n the c o l u m n = 1 1 . 5 0 x 1 . 0 x 0 . 3 1 x 50 x 1.8 BTU

= 321 B T U / m i n min

N e g l e c t i n g the s e n s i b l e h e a t , the h e a t g i v e n u p b y one l b of s t e a m

d u r i n g c o n d e n s a t i o n ( s a y at 2 5 p s i a ) = 9 5 2 . 1 B T U
. . M a x i m u m r a t e of c o n d e n s a t i o n o f s t e a m =321
952. 1
= 0 . 337 l b / m i n
<w 20 l b / h o u r
3
V o l u m e of c o n d e n s a t e = 0. 337 = 0 . 0 0 5 6 2 ft /min
60.0
D. SEPARATOR-COOLER

In o r d e r to d e s i g n a s e p a r a t o r i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to f i n d the s e p a r a t i o n

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w a t e r f r o m the A r o c l o r s . S i m p l e e x p e r i m e n t s were
 97

done f o r m e a s u r i n g the s e p a r a t i o n t i m e . It w a s f o u n d that w h e n A r o c l o r

1248 o r 1242 i s s h a k e n v i g o u r o u s l y w i t h l i q u i d w a t e r , the l i q u i d s

separate almost instantaneously. The s e p a r a t i o n t i m e being l e s s than

ten seconds. However, when s t e a m was bubbled into a b e a k e r con-

t a i n i n g s o m e R a s c h i g r i n g s a n d A r o c l o r 1248 o r 1242, it was found

t h a t the w a t e r s e p a r a t e s f r o m A r o c l o r r a p i d l y ( t i m e b e i n g t e n to t w e n t y

s e c o n d s ) but t h e A r o c l o r l a y e r b e c a m e m i l k y . T h e m i l k y l i q u i d w a s

f o u n d to h a v e e x a c t l y the s a m e d e n s i t y as p u r e A r o c l o r . It d o e s not

b r e a k o n . k e e p i n g for a l o n g t i m e o r on h e a t i n g . It w a s , therefore,

d e c i d e d to u s e t h i s l i q u i d as s u c h , after water.was removed f r o m it.

O n the b a s i s of the a b o v e e x p e r i m e n t s a s e p a r a t i o n t i m e of one

minute was allowed.

3
V o l u m e of A r o c l o r = 0. 131 ft
3
V o l u m e of w a t e r = 0. 00 562 ft
3
T o t a l v o l u m e of l i q u i d s = 0. 13662 ft

A l l o w i n g 5 0 % o f t h i s v o l u m e f o r the a c c u m u l a t i o n of w a t e r , total
3
v o l u m e r e q u i r e d = 1.5 x 0. 13662 = 0. 205 ft

I n the b e g i n n i n g i t w a s d e c i d e d to h a v e a r e c t a n g u l a r p l a s t i c t a n k

for separation.

A c r o s s s e c t i o n of 6 " x 5 " g i v e s a l i q u i d v e l o c i t y =

= 0. 13662 x 144 = 0. 655 f t / m i n

 98

T h e l e n g t h of t a n k r e q u i r e d to p r o v i d e a v o l u m e of 0. 20 5 ft

= 0. 205 x 144 - 0. 985 » 1 ft

6x5

T h i s l e n g t h a l l o w s m o r e t h a n 1. 5 m i n . f o r the l i q u i d to f l o w t h r o u g h

the t a n k , enough for s e p a r a t i o n .

Initially, a p l a s t i c t a n k ( P e r s p e x ) 6' x 5 " x 1 ft w i t h p y r a m i d

shaped r o o f was m a d e , w h i c h w o r k e d w e l l as f a r as .'separation w a s

c o n c e r n e d , b u t t h e p l a s t i c w a s f o u n d to b e a t t a c k e d b y A r o c l o r at h i g h

temperatures. Therefore, i t w a s d e c i d e d to d e s i g n a n d b u i l d a g l a s s c o l u m n

for this purpose.

If a c o l u m n of one foot l e n g t h w e r e u s e d , the cross-sectional

2 2
a r e a r e q u i r e d = 0 . 2 0 5 ft = 29. 5 in . A six inch internal diameter
1
2

g l a s s c o l u m n h a v i n g a c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a of 2 8 . 43 i n a n d one foot

l o n g was chosen.

It w a s a l s o d e c i d e d to i n s t a l l a c o o l i n g c o i l i n the c o l u m n .

E. S U R G E TANK

T h i s t a n k w a s d e s i g n e d to h o l d the l i q u i d f o r " r e c i r c u l a t i o n a n d to a l l o w

f o r the i n c r e a s e i n v o l u m e due to c o n d e n s a t i o n . A r e c t a n g u l a r s i z e of

6 " x 6 " x one foot l e n g t h w a s a r b i t r a r i l y d e c i d e d . T h e t a n k w a s to be

o p e n to the a t m o s p h e r e . A t f i r s t a p l a s t i c tank was m a d e but l a t e r was

r e p l a c e d by a g a l v a n i z e d i r o n tank.
 99

F. LIQUID P U M P

, A p u m p i n g c a p a c i t y of one g a l l o n p e r m i n u t e w a s n e e d e d to g i v e

the m a x i m u m f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r . F u r t h e r , i t w a s d e c i d e d to u s e the

s t e a m u p to a p r e s s u r e of 20 p s i g f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n . Accordingly, the

p u m p m u s t be a b l e to c i r c u l a t e the l i q u i d at one g a l l o n p e r m i n u t e

a g a i n s t a p r e s s u r e o f at l e a s t 20 p s i g . F r o m an E a s t e r n I n d u s t r i e s

pamphlet, a gear pump model G W - 1 , 1 /4 h o r s e p o w e r w a s f o u n d to b e

quite satisfactory.

G. FLOW METER

It w a s n e c e s s a r y to a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e the f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r

to the c o n d e n s e r . F o r t h i s an O r i f i c e : m e t e r w a s d e s i g n e d . Primarily

i t w a s d e s i g n e d f o r A r o c l o r 1248 b u t l a t e r i t w a s f o u n d to w o r k satis-

f a c t o r i l y w i t h A r o c l o r 1242 as w e l l .

T h e m a x i m u m f l o w r a t e o f A r o c l o r 1248 = 1 G P M

= 12. 04 l b / m i n .

A h a l f i n c h n o m i n a l d i a m e t e r h a r d c o p p e r p i p e w a s c h o s e n to

i n s t a l the o r i f i c e due to i t s s t r e n g t h to s u p p o r t the f l a n g e s . Assuming

an o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r of 1 /8 i n c h a n d a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e of 5 0 ° C at

the o r i f i c e , the p r o p e r t i e s of A r o c l o r 1248 a r e (19)

3

Density p = 1.43 gm/cc =89.1 l b Ut

Viscosity ^X. = 9 0 Saybolt U n i v e r s a l seconds

= 0. 17 S t o k e s ( K i n e m a t i c V i s c o s i t y )

= 0. 17 x 1. 43 P o i s e
 100

= 0. 17 x 1. 43 x 100 x 2. 42 lb
hr, ft.

= 59.3 lb
hr, ft.

. . Reynolds number at the orifice

Re = d
oW =( 1 /8)x 12. 04 x 60 x 144
A
o^ ' 12 x JA_ / 1\ 2 x 59. 3
4 [BI

= 1490

Diameter ratio A ^ 1 /8 = 0.25

' " " 1 12

The coefficient of discharge for a circular, square edged orifice is (27)

C =0.65

The mass rate of flow is given by (26)

T
A h
w = CYS,
'2 J~i~r&
Y = 1 for liquids
2 L
' • A h =/_w_\ / 1 - /3 M

^C s2/ (T7^
= 2 5. 5 ft of Arochor

= 2 5.5 x 30.48 = 63. 8 cms of mercury

13. 6 - 1. 43

This much pressure drop can be easily read by a 80 cms long

manometer. It was decided to make a 30 cms long manometer and to

fill it up to about 40 cms with mercury. It can thus read pressure drops

up to 70 cms. The pressure drop for lower flow rates will also be

enough to be measured accurately.

 101

APPENDIX B

CALIBRATIONS

T h e c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s w h i c h w e r e u s e d i n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the

results are presented in this section.

A. THERMOCOUPLE AND THERMOMETER CALIBRATION

The standard t h e r m o m e t e r , u s e d to c a l i b r a t e t h e r m o c o u p l e

n u m b e r one a n d a ' B r a u n ' m e r c u r y t h e r m o m e t e r , was a T a y l o r M e r c u r y -

i n - g l a s s , t o t a l i m e r s i o n t h e r m o m e t e r o f r a n g e f r o m 70 to 1 0 1 ° C a n d

g r a d u a t i o n s o f 0. 1 ° C ( S e r i a l N o . 7 A 7 6 2 9 8 0 ) . T h i s t h e r m o m e t e r h a d b e e n

c o m p a r e d b y the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , D i v i s i o n of P h y s i c s ,

w i t h the S t a n d a r d s of the N . R . L. o n A p r i l 9, 1959, a n d f o u n d to i n d i c a t e

a t e m p e r a t u r e g r e a t e r t h a n the t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e b y 0. 1 ° C ( n e a r e s t

first decimal place).

T h e r e s u l t s of the c a l i b r a t i o n a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 a n d i n F i g u r e 2 8 .
 102

TABLE 2

C a l i b r a t i o n D a t a f o r T h e r m o m e t e r a n d T h e r m o c o u p l e No. 1

' ' , •

Standard 'Braun' Thermocouple True

Thermometer Thermometer- No. 1 Temperature
o o
°C C rr.V C

70. 3 • 69. •8 2. 910 70,. 2

74. 5 74. 0 3. 090 . 74.. 4

81. 0 80. 5 3. 380 80.. 9

85. 0 84. 5 3. 550 84,. 9

91. 0 90. 5 3. 820 90,. 9

95. 7 95. 4. 040 95,. 6

99. 9 99. 5' 4. 243 99., 8

3L. 5 1. 230 31, , 9

40. 5 1. 615 40., 9

50. 5 2. 045 50. 9

55. 5 2. 265 55.. 9

60. 0 2. 470 60. 4

65. 5 2. 710 65. 9

NB . A c o n s t a n t d i f f e r e n c e of 0. 4 C was o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n the r e a d i n g s

of the B r a u n t h e r m o m e t e r and the t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e i n the r a n g e 7 0 - 1 0 0

C. T h e s a m e d i f f e r e n c e was a s s u m e d i n the l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e

to e s t i m a t e the t r u e t e m p e r a t u r e .
 103

1-0 2-0 3-0 4.0

Thermo couple Reading,mV
Figure 28 Calibration Curve for Thermocouple No. 1
B - CALIBRATION OF SURGE TANK L E V E L INDICATOR

TABLE 3

C a l i b r a t i o n Data for Surge Tank L e v e l Indicator

V o l u m e added, m l L e v e l on,the s c a l e , cms'

0 8 0 . 00

200 8 0 . 45

400 8 0 . 90

600 8 1 . 35

800 8 1 . 80

1000 8 2 . 20

1200 82. 60

1400 83.00

1600 1
• 83.60

1800 " 84.05

2000 84. 50

2200 84.95

2400 85. 35

2600 8 5 . 90

2800 86. 35

3000 86. 80

3200 87. 20

3400 87. 75

3600 88. 20

3800 88. 60
 105

0 2 4 6 8
Z , cms

Figure 29 Volume-Level Curve for Surge Tank

 106

C - C A L I B R A T I O N O F ORIFICE". METER

TABLE 4

Orifice m e t e r C a l i b r a t i o n for A r o c l o r 1242

Temperature Manometer Liquid r o l - Time F l o w rate

in s u r g e tank reading lected 6? s e e s Aw/8
C Ah, cms £\»/lbs lb /sec

30. 0 1. 5 1. 0 39- 0 0. 0 2 5 6 4 1. 224

30. 0 4. 0 1. 5 32. 5 0. 0461 5 2. 000

30. 0 6. 0 2. 0 35. 5 0. 0 5633 2. 450

30. 0 7. 5 2. 0 31. 0 0. 06451 2. 738

30. 0 10. 0 2. 0 27. 0 0. 07407 3. 162

40. 0 1. 5 1. 0 37. 0 0.02702 1. 224

40. 0 4. 0 2. 0 43. 0 0.04651 2. 000
40. 0 6. 0 2. 0 35. 0 0.05714 2. 450
40. 0 7. 5 2. 0 30. 5 0.06557 2. 733

40. 0 10. 0 2. 0 26. 0 0.07692 3. 162

50. 0 1. 5 1. 0 35. 0 0. 02857 1. 224

50. 0 4., 0 1. 5 31. 5 0. 04761 2. 000

50. 0 6.. 0 2. 0 34. 5 0. 05797 2. 450

50. 0 7.. 5 2. 0 30. 5 0. 06557 2. 738

50. 0 10. 0 2. 0 26. 5 0. 07547 3. 162

 107

(Table 4 continued)

60. 0 1. 5 1. 0 37. 0 0. 02702 1. 224

60. 0 4. 0 1. 5 32. 5 0. 0 4 6 1 5 2. 000

60. 0 6. 0 2. 0 35. 0 0. 0 5 7 1 4 2. 450

60. 0 7. 5 2. 0 31. 0 0. 06451 2. 738

60. 0 10. 0 2. 0 28. 0 0. 07142 2. 162

70. 0 1. 5 1. 0 37. 5 0. 02667 1. 224

70. 0 4. 0 1. 5 32. 5 0. 0461 5 2. 000

70. 0 6. 0 2. 0 35. 5 0. 0 5 6 3 4 2. 450

70. 0 7. 5 2. 0 31. 5 0. 06349 2. 738
70. 0 10. 0 2. 0 28. 5 0. 0 7 0 1 8 3. 162

80. 0 1. 5 1. 0 38. 0 0. 02632 1. 224

80. 0 4. 0 1. 5 33. 0 0. 0 4 5 4 5 2. 000
80. 0 6. 0 2. 0 36. 0 0. 05556 2. 450
80. 0 7. 5 2. 0 32. 0 0. 0 6 2 5 0 2. 738
80. 0 "10. 0 2. 0 29. 0 0. 06897 3. 162
 A h, c m s
o 1.5

CD 4.0

6.0

• 7.5

F i g u r e 30 Orifice, meter C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e e - A r o c l o r 1242

 109

T A B L E 5.

O r i f i c e , m e t e r C a l i b r a t i o n f o r A r o c l o r 1248

Temperature in Manometer Liquid Time F l o w Rate

S u r g e tank C reading Collected 0, s e e s Aw/0, l b / s e c
_,h, c m s Aw, lbs L_

34. 0 2. 0 1. 0 40. 0 0.02500 ' 1. 414

34. 0 4. 0 2. 0 51. 0 0.03922 0. 000
34. 0 6. 0 2. 0 40. 0 0.05000 2. 450
34. 0 8. 0 2. 0 34. 0 0.05882 2. 828
34. 0 10. 0. 3. 0 47. 0 0.06383 3. 162
34. 0 12. 0 3. 0 40. 0 0.07500 3. 462
34. 0 14. 0 3. 0 37. 0 0.08108 3. 740
34. o' 16.0 3. 0 34. 0 0.08824 4. 000

50. 0 2. 0 2. 0 66. 0 0. 0 3 0 3 0 1. 414

50. 0 4. 0 2. 0 46. 0 0. 0 4 3 4 8 2. 000
50. 0 6. 0 2. 0 36. 5 0. 05479 2. 450
50. 0 8. 0 2. 0 31. 5 0. 0 6 3 5 0 2. 828
50. 0 10. 0 3. 0 42. 0 0. 0 7 1 4 3 3. 162
50. 0 12. 0 3. 0 39. 0 0. 0 7 7 0 0 3. 462
50. 0 14. 0 3. 0 35. 0 0. 08571 3. 740

65. 0 2. 0 2. 0 64. 0 0. 0 3 1 2 5 1. 414

65. 0 4. 0 2. 0 44. 0 0.04545 2. 000
65. 0 6. 0 2. 0 35. 0 0.05714 2. 450
65. 0 3. 0 2. 0 30. 5 0.06557 , 2. 828
65. 0 10. 0 2. 0 27. 5 0. 0 7 2 7 3 3. 162
65. 0 12. 0 3. 0 37. 5 0.08000 3. 462

80. 0 2. 0 2. 0 64. 5 0.03101 1. 414

80. 0 4. 0 2. 0 43. 0 0.04651 2. 000
80. 0 ' 6. 0 2. 0 35. 0 0.05714 2. 450
80. 0 8. 0 3. 0 , 47. 0 0.06383 2. 828
80. 0 10. 0 3. 0 42. 5 0.07059 3. 162
80. 0 12. 0 3. 0 39. 0 0.07692 3. 462

95. 0 2. 0 1.0 31.0 0. 0 3 2 2 6 1. 414

95. 0 4. 0 1. 0 22. 0 0. 0 4 5 4 5 2. 000
95. 0 6. 0 2. 0 36. 0 0.05556 2.450
95. 0 8. 0 2. 0 32. 0 0.06250 2. 828
•95. 0 10. 0 3. 0 45. 0 0.06667 3.162
95. 0 12. 0 2. 0 27. 0 0.07407 3.462
 110

O.IO

0.08

o
.CO

0.06h

0.04

0.02r-

40 60 80 oo

tank 1 u

Figure 31 Orifice meter Calibration Curves-Aroclor 1248

 Ill

D. D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F H E A T LOSSES

TABLE 6

D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Heat L o s s e s f o r A r o c l o r 1242

Ah, T <> „ T h . Co. w T T T Heat loss

cms it-ank i*., T h . Co. 2 av ,.
°C No 1 No. 12 lb/sec o o^ o_ BTU/hr
mv mv
6. 0 57. 0 2 . 080 2. 060 0. 0 5 7 3 52. 0 51. 4 51. 70 66. 8

10. 0 55. 0 2 . 005 2.. 000 0. 0752 50. 3 50. 0 50. 15 43. 8

, 4.0 55. 0 2 .015 1,. 985 0. 0470 50. 5 49. 6 50. 05 82. 2

6. 0 67. 0 2 . 440 2.. 380 0. 0564 59. 9 58. 6 59. 25 145. 0

4. 0 75. 0 2 . 740 2.. 630 0. 0454 66., 6 64. 2 65. 40 219. 0

10. 0 76. 0 2 . 775 2. 685 0. 0708 67. 5 65,.6 66. 55 268. 0

6. 0 80. 0 3 . 005 2.. 865 0. 0555 72.. 6 69 .5 71. 05 346. 0

6. 0 90. 0 3 . 420 3.. 220 0. 0553 81 . 8 77. 4 79. 60 496. 0

TABLE 7

D e t e r m i n a t i o n of H e a t L o s s e s f o r A r o c l o r 1248

A hi,, T T h . Co T h . Co. w T Heat loss

cms T tank No 1 No. 12 lb / s e c
T
l T
2 am
BTU/hr
mv mv ° C ° c °c
6. 0 68. 0 2. 260 2. 250 0. 0 5 6 2 5 56.0 55. 5 55. 75 51.9
6. 0 75. 0 2. 510 2. 485 0. 05570 61. 3 60. 6 60. 95 72. 6

6. 0 79. 0 2. 755 2. 720 0. 05530 66.8 66. 0 66. 40 82. 6

6. 0- 82. 0 3. 125 3. 075 0. 05500 75. 3 74. 25 74. 75 U08.77

2.0 90. 0 3. 610 3. 510 0. 03250 86. 3 84.0 85. 15 141. 0

10. 0 90. 0 3. 660 3. 610 0. 06920 87.4 86. 30 86. 85 148. 0

 112

50 60 7 0
Mean Temperature, C 0

F i g u r e 32 Heat L o s s e s - A r o c l o r 1242
 113

W , lb/sec

© 0.0325

o 0.0555

• 0.0692

1
70 80 90 100
Mean Temperature,°C
Heat L o s s e s - A r o c l o r 1248
 114

APPENDIX C

RAW DATA

TABLE 8

H e i g h t of t h e T h e r m o c o u p l e s a b o v e t h e P a c k i n g S u p p o r t

T h e r m o c o u p l e No. Height, cms

1 C I.
2 B. P
3 3. 0
4 8. 0
5 12. 5
6 16. 5
7 20. 5
8 25. 8
9 31. 2
10 35. 8
11 41. 8
12 C O

C. I. Thermocouple installed at the l i q u i d i n l e t to t h e c o l u m n

B. P. T h e r m o c o u p l e i n s t a l l e d b e l o w the p a c k i n g s u p p o r t and
is not shielded.

C. O. T h e r m o c o u p l e i n s t a l l e d at t h e l i q u i d o u t l e t f r o m t h e
column.
 _TABLE 9

Steady state t h e r m o - c o u p l e r e a d i n g i n m i l l i v o l t s ( A r o c l o r 1Z42)

Run Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. T h . Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co,
No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A-l 1. 235 3. 160 4. 045 4. 190 4. 215 4. 230 • •4. 230 4. 175 4. 225 4. 205 4. 200 4. 160

A-2 2. 590 3. 685 4/07 5 4. 195 4. 240 4. 230 4. 240 4. 195 4. 225 4. 215 4. 205 4. 170

A-3 2. 565" 3. 610 3. 915 4. 045 4. 060 4. 050 4. 040 4. 015 4. 025 4. 020 4. 020 3. 980

A-4 1. 525 3. 375 4. 225 4. 320 4. 352 4. 380 4. 390 4. 335 4. 380 4. 375 4. 365 4. 320

A-5 1. 470 ' 3.270 3. 985 4. 105 4. 140 4. 135 4. 140 4. 095 4. 135 4. 120 4. 115 4. 050

.A-6 1. 205 2. 960 3. 420 3. 565 3. 580 3. 475 3. 550 3. 4 0 5 3. 49 5 3. 47 5 3. 470 3. 420

A-7 1. 220 3. 085 3. 835 4. 015 ' 4.015 4. 010 3. 9 8 5 3. 905 3. 9 7 5 3. 950 3. 940 3. 850

A-8 1. 610 3. 230 3. 750 3. 765 3. 790 3. 740 3. 730 3: 675 3. 7 3 5 3. 730 3. 7 2 5 3. 690

A-9 1. 640 3. 270 3. 835 3. 950 4. 025 3. 970 3. 950 3. 880 3. 9 5 0 3. 935 3. 930 3. 870

A-10 1. 660 3. 390 4. 005 4. 150 ..4. 195 4. 190 4. 195 4. 140 4. 195 4. 185 4. 190 4. 130

A-ll 1. 675 3. 465 4. 195 4. 290 4. 320 4. 330 4. 340 4. 285 4. 340 4. 340 4. 340 4. 340

A-12 1. 770 3. 59 5 4. 220 4. 330 4. 360 4. 375 4. 395 4. 370 4. 395 4. 395 4. 395 4. 385

A-13 2. 700 3. 720 4. 040 4. 110 4. 155 4. 135 4. 130 4. 080 . 4. 115 4. 110 4. 100 4. 020

A-14 1. 960 3. 510 3. 918 4. 030 4. 040 4. 027 4. 020 3. 970 4. 200 4. 008 4. 015 4. 000

A-15 1. 885 3. 680 4. 160 4. 270 4. 310 4. 305 4. 310 4. 230 4. 310 4. 805 4. 325 4. 260

A-16 1. 735 3. 740 4. 260 4. 305 4. 340 4. 330 4. 325 4. 270 4. 315 4. 310 4. 315 4. 300
 116
o in o o o m o in o o o o o o in in o o o
U (NJ
vO oo in i—i o in in 00 ON
sO in ON in I-H o i—t
r- NO ON ro CM ro ON ro ON 1—I 00 1—1 ro o oo rr ON o
JC
IH ro ro ro rr rr rr ro rr ro rr ro rr ro rr ro rr
rr

o in in in o o o o in o in in o o in o o in
U ON ro 00 ro in CO 00 in r~ r- ro r- in o r~ rr
JC r- r- ON ro (NJ ro o ro ON r—1 ON 00 ro •- 1 ON rr ON o
H co ro ro rr rr rr rr rr ro rr ro rr rr rr ro rr ro rr

o oo o o o o o oo oo o o in in o o o o o o
U r~ ro o rr rr ON oo vO ON r- CO i—1 l> in r- OO in 0-
t> r- o ro fN) ro o ro ON 1—1 ON OO ro r-H 00 rr ON o
JC
H ro rr rr rr rr rr rr ro rr ro rr rr rr ro rr CO

o in in o in o o oo m LO o o o o in in o m o
U o ro i-H rr rr o ro o o in oo 1—1 oo in co
4
oo r- o ro (NJ rr o ro o 00 ON 00 ro f—t ON rr ON o
JC
H ro ro rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr ro rr rr ro rr ro

o in in o ro in in in in
o o o o m in un in o o
U oo rr m O0 o ON m oo ro vO rr o ON 00 1—1 ro r- 00 o
JC r~ ON ro r-H
ro ON ro ON I—1 ON 1—1 ro 1—1 CO ro ON o
H ro ro ro rr rr CO rr ro rr CO rr rr rr ro rr ro rr

o
U m m m in m in o o o o 00 . o o O0 00 ro o m
o ro r—t o rr ON rr sO i—\ o s O ro r~ o 00 ON
oo r- o ro oo ro o ro
o
JC 00 ON OO ro r-H ON rr ON o
ro ro rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr ro rr rr rr 00 CO rr

o
U m in in o o in o in o m O in CO o o o in
jc o
00
rr
r-
.—1
o
oo
00 00 ro
ro
o ro
o
o
1—1
ro os
ro
00
in
ro
in in. 1—1
rT
in
ON
00
o
H
ON

CO CO rf rr rr ro rT rr rT CO rT ro rT

O
U o in in in o o in o in o in o in o o in in in
JC sO m o rT o co sO rT ro •—i ro rT CO r- 00 rT o
CO CO o co 00 rT o co o 00 o 00 . ro — 1
ON CO
H
ON

ro ro rT rT rT rT rT rT rT rr rT rt rT rT CO rT

o
U in m m in in in in o 00 00 in o in o o o o o
rT sO r~- o CO ON CO in 00 p-H o o o rT co in in
JC CO r- ON co 00 ro o co o 00 o 00 ro 1—1 ON
?-
CO o
H
r

CO rO ro rT rT rT rT rT rT rT rT rT rT rT CO rri ro rT

o
U CO O o in o o o o o o o in o o in o o o
ro in oo 00 oo in
-
sO ON CO 1—1 i-H rT ON NO rT s£>
JC H
r~ in r- ro o 00 ON o r- ON cr- sO 1—1 vO r~
ro ro ro rT rT rT rT' rT CO rT ro co rT ro ro rT ro ro

o in
U O O O o O o o o o o o O O O o O O
O i—i O 00 o i-H
1—1 1—t o p—I 1—1 rO in rH o o o
JC 00 ro rT r- r~ CO sO in r~ cr- CO o rT in
• O

<D H CO ro ro ro CO ro ro CO CO ro ro ro ro CO ro rT CO CO
C
•iH
-<->
o o O O m in in m in o in O in m in o o o o
o 1—1 r-H
in T— in ro ON 00 r- i—i sO oo •—i oo rT o oo i-H

-
o JC in r- tS i-H i-H
ro rT r- i—f 00 00 ro rT o in o oo o
i—i 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 CO 00 CO r-H 00
<D oo ON o i-H .00 CO rT in r- 00 CT- o i—i 00 CO rT
sc ..
r-H
(—4 •—i i 1 00 00 •OO 00 00 00 oo oo oo CO CO CO CO ro ro
XI .-«
i
t l 1 1
i i i t 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 «
(ti
tri
3
« 2;
O
< < < < < < < < < < < < < < << <
 117

TABLE 10

M i s c e l l a n e o u s data ( A r o c l o r 1242)

Run P • Ah T ,
l
P
o Z
l *2 © X
No: psig psig cms tank
cms cms sees
°C
A-l 6. 5 .2.3 1. 5 36. 0 80. 0 81.0 950 0.9400

A-2 4. 5 3. 2 1. 5 70. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2852 0.9400

A-3 3. 5 2. 3 1. 5 70. 0 80. 0 81. 5 2560 0. 9400

A-4 7. 3 3. 0 1. 5 36. 5 80. 0 82. 0 1835 0.9200

A-5 5. 6 2. 0 1. 5 35. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2050 0.9200

A-6 5, 0 3. 0 1. 5 35. 0 82. 0 83. 0 1205 0.9290

A-7 6. -8 3. 4 1. 5 35. 0 81. 5 83. 0 1530 0.9290

A-8 9. 0 2. 0 4. 0 40. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1450 0. 9 5 3 5

A-9 10. 2' 2. 0 4. 0 40. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1410 0.9535

A-10 12. 2 2. 2 4. 0 42. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1250 0. 9 5 3 5
A-l 1 14. 0 2. 8 4. 0 42. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1130 0. 9 5 3 5
A-12 14. 8 3. 5 4. 0 45. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1165 0. 9 5 1 5
A-13 5. 2 2. 0 4. 0 70. 0 80. 5 81. 5 1450 0.9515
A-14 8. 8 2. 0 4. 0 50. 0 81. 5 84. 0 1850 0. 9 2 2 5
A-15 11. 8 2. 3 4. 0 47.-5 81. 5 83. 5 1210 0. 9 2 2 5
A-16 13. 3 2. 3 4. 0 43. 0 81. 5 83. 5 1150 0. 9170
A-17 10. 0 2. 0 4. 0 37. 0 81. 5 83. 5 1410 0. 9 2 2 5
A-18 12. 2 2. 2 6. 0 43. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1280 0.9515

A-19 14. 5 2. 2 6. 0 43. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1170 0. 9 5 1 5

A-20 13. 8 2. 4 6. 0 56. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1200 0.9280
A-21 12. 8 2. 2 6. 0 55. 0 80. 8 83. 0 1310 0. 9280
A-22 13. 5 3. 2 6. 0 59. 0 81. 5 83. 5 1200 0.9250
A-23 7. 5 2. 0 6. 0 65. 0 80. 6 82. 6 1675 0.9320
A-24 9. 0 2. 7 6. 0 69. 0 80 7 83. 0 1500 0. 9 3 2 0
A-25 10. 1 2. 1 6. 0 56. 0 80. 5 82. 5 1420 0.9410
A-26 11. 5 2. 1 6. 0 57. 0 80. 5 82. 5 1135 0.9410
A-27 10. 3 2. 3 7. 5 58. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1440 0. 9360
A-28 11. 8 2. 2 7. 5 60. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1305 0.9360
 118

( T a b l e 10 c o n t i n u e d )

A-29 14. 0 3. 0 7. 5 62. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1225 0. 9360

A-30 5. 4 2. 0 7. 5 76. 0 80. 5 82. 5 2255 0. 9360
A-31 7.. 0 2. 1 7. 5 73. 0 80. 5 82. 5 1430 0. 9360
A-32 9-. 0 3. 4 7. 5 77. 0 80. 5 •82. 5 1650 0. 9480
•A-33 14. 6 2. 4 7. 5 44. 0 81.0 83. 0 1180 0. 9 5 1 5
A -34 14. 6 2. 4 7. 5 50. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1180 0.9515
 TABLE 11

Steady state t h e r m o - c o u p l e readings i n m i l l i v o l t s ( A r o c l o r 1248)

Run Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co.
No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B-l 1. 550 3. 100 3. 503 3. 813 3. 918 3. 903 3. 900 3. 825 3. 840 3. 820 3. 820 3. 775

B-2 1. 575 3. 200 3. 635 3. 915 4. 010 4. 012 3. 990 3. 9 0 5 3. 930 3. 930 3. 9 0 5 3. 875

B-3 1. 560 3. 110 3. 310 3. 635 3. 675 3. 747 3. 7 1 5 3. 607 3. 615 3. 620 3. 595 3. 590

B-4 1. 500 2. 740 2. 878 3. 458 3. 458 3. 478 3. 47 3 3. 345 3. 385 3. 335 3. 335 3. 310

B-5 1. 475 2. 655 2. 750 3. 065 3. 015 3. 190 3. 195 3. 087 3. 070 3. 070 3. 035 3. 025

B-6 1. 930 3. 450 3. 740 4. 000 4. 105 4, 130 4. 150' 4. 105 4. 140 4. 130 4. 115 4. 075
B-7 1. 875 3. 335 3. 458 3. 860 3. 994 4. 017 4. 005 3. 9 4 5 3. 960 3. 9 4 5 3. 925 3. 915

B-8 1. 860 3. 260 3. 330 3. 747 3. 827 3. 872 3. 860 3. 815 3. 820 3. 820 3. 795 3. 755

B-9 1. 880 3. 275 3. 360 3. 705 3. 805 3. 855 3 . 84 5 3. 7 7 5 3. 780 3. 805 3. 7 6 5 3-,740

B-UO 1. 807 3. 005 3. 015 3. 452 3. 412 3. 543 3. 530 3. 480 3. 47 5 3. 4 8 5 3. 4 5 5 3. 4 4 5

B-ll 1. 780 3. 040 3. 070 3. 365 3. 365 3..490 3. 4 7 5 3. 365 3. 355 3. 395 3. 380 3. 370
B-12 1. 760 2. 660 2. 785 2. 965 2. 9 2 5 3. 190 3. 105 3. 090 3. 090 3. 112 3. 072 3. 060
B-13 1. 693 2. 510 2. 625 2. 87 5 2. 745 3. 000 2. 980 2. 895 2. 910 2. 905 2. 870 2. 845

B-14 2. 140 3. 600 3. 685 4. 022 4. 132 4. 152 4. 187 4. 135 4. 190 4. 160 4. 180 4. 140
B - 1 5 2. 140 3. 610 3. 710 4. 025 4. 105 4. 145 4. 175 4. 113 4. 170 4. 165 4. 175 4. 155
B-16 2. 140 3. 600 3. 650 3. 925 4. 020 4. 105 4. 110 4. 020 4. 0 4 5 4. 0 7 5 4. 07 5 4. 055
( T a b l e 11 C o n t i n u e d )

Run Th.Co. Th.Co- Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co.

-
Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co. Th.Co
No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

B-17 2. 025 3. 273 3. 440 3. 605 3. 565 3. 665 3. 575 3. 548 3. 540 .3. 500 3. 500 3. 450

B-18 2. 000 3„ 000 3. 105 3. 395 3. 480 3. 565 3. 525 3. 460 3. 420 3. 4 1 5 3. 4 0 5 3. 400

B-19 2. 035 3. 020 3. 120 3. 410 3. 400 3. 59 5 3. 545 3. 455 3. 450 3. 450 3. 440 3. 410

B-20 2. 030 2. 800 2. 990 3. 205 3. 060 3. 415 3. 340 3. 270 3. 300 3. 330 3. 300 3. 280

B-21 1. 920 3. 120 3. 155 3. 285 3. 175 3. 325 3. 225 3. 165 3. 155 3. 150 3. 145 3. 130

B-22 1. 955 2. 740 2. 870 3. 135 3. 025 3. 245 3. 218 3. 120 3. 100 . 3. 095 3. 097 3. 050

B-23 1. 940 2. 790 2. 955 3. 055 3. 100 3. 195 3. 185 3. 115 3. 120 3. 10 5 3. 085 3. 080

B-24 1. 880 2. 560 2. 69 5 2. 810 2. 59 5 2. 970 2. 865 2. 805 2. 785 2. 830 2. 830 2. 800

B-25 2. 327 3. 615 3. 655 3. 942 4. 085 4. 140 4. 153 4. 082 4. 110 4. 0 5 3 4. 065 4. 060

B-26 2. 260 3. 465 3. 555 3. 830 ' 4„000 4. 055 4. 065 3. 935 3. 955 3.'9 50 3. 960 3. 930

B-27 2. 210 3. 180 3. 335 3. 600 3. 615 3. 707 3. 690 3. 552 3. 542 3. 590 3. 565 3. 510

B-28 2. 160 3. 165 3. 235 3. 550 3. 575 3. 640 3. 610 3. 500 3. 49 5 3. 550 3. 505 3. 500

B-29 2. 125 3. 000 3. 045 3. 330 3. 380 3. 480 3. 463 . 3. 235 3. 225 3. 320 3. 315 3. 300

B-30 2. 100 2. 800 2. 985 3. 155 3. 200 3. 257 3. 235 3. 090 3. 060 3. 030 3. 090 3. 020
B-31 2. 045 2. 860 2. 89 5 3. 155 2. 950 3. 230 3. 185 3. 105 2. 975 3. 0 2 5 3. 045 3. 000

B-32 2. 025 2. 630 2. 725 2. 835 2. 675 3. 125 3. 035 2. 87 5 2. 865 2. 9 1 5 2. 89 5 2. 870

B-33 2. 010 2. 775 2. 775 2. 885 2. 565 3. 000 2. 9 2 5 2. 775 2. 790 2. 855 2. 815 2. 805

B-34 1. 840 2. 420 2. 510 2. 675 2. 290 2. 860 2. 810 2. 655 2. 575 2 . 670 2. 59 5 2. 590

B-35 2. 245 3. 330 3. 365 3. 760 3. 918 3. 970 3. 970 3. 795 3. 825 3. 8 2 5 3. 860 3. 800
 A
121

T A B L E 12

M i s c e l l a n e o u s data ( A r o c l o r 1248)

Run P. P Ah
I
o tank lZ
2
Z
X
No:
psig psig cms °r, cms cms sers

B-l 5. 2 1.9 40. 0 , 80. 0 . 82. 0 22950 • 0.9300

B-2 7. 0 3. 4 2. 4 38. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2100 0. 9 3 5 0

B-3 5. 3 2. 3 2.4 38. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2400 0. 9 3 5 0

B-4 3. 9 2. 0 2. 4 39. 0 80. 0 82, 0 3100 0.9300

B-5 3. 5 2. 0 2. 4 37. 0 80. 0 81. 5 2420 0. 9 3 5 0

B-6 11.0 2. 2 4. 4 47. 0 80. 0 82. 0 1400 0.9300
- B-7 10. 0 2. 3 4. 4 47. 0 80. 0 82. 0 1455- 0.9160
B-8 9. 0 2. 3 4. 4 46. 0 - 80. 0 84. 0 3090 0.9160
B-9 9. 0 2. 3 4. 4 46. 0 80. 0 82. 4 1950 0.9300
B-10 '7. 4 2.4 4. 4 45. 0 80. 5 83. 5 2700 0. 9160
B-l 1 7. 3 2. 5 4. 4 44. 5 80. 0 82. 0 1730 0.9300
B-12 5. 3 2. 2 4. 4 43. 0 81. 5 83. 5 2320 0. 9170
B-13 4. 6 2. 5 4. 4 42. 0 80. 0 81.5 2010 0.9230
B-14 14. 5 2. 5 7.4 55. 0 80. 5 ' 82. 5 1210 0. 9 3 7 0
B-15 14, 9 2. 5 7. 4 53. 0 82. 0 85. 0 1725 0.8930
B-16 14. 3 2. 5 7. 4 55. 0 ' 82.0 85. 0 1780 0. 9 3 5 0
B-17 9. 6 2. 6 7.4 51. 0 80. 7 83. 7 2530 0.9400
B-18 9. 0 2. 5 7.4 52. 5 80. 5 82. 6 1800 0. 93 50

B-19 10. 1 2. 6 7.4 51. 0 82. 0 • 84. 0 1640 0.9200

B-20 8. 5 2. 6, 7. 4 49. 0 81. 5 83. 5 1710 0. 8930
B-21 6.9 2. 7 7.4 48. 0 81. 0 • 84. 0 3030 0.9540
B-22 7. 0 2. 5 7. 4 50. 0 82. 0 84. 0 2100 0.9350
B-23 6. 6 ' 2. 5 7.4 49. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2100 0. 9 2 3 0
B-24 6. 0 2. 8 7.4 46. 0 82. 0 84. 0 2300 0.9200
B-25 14. 4 2. 7 9. 4 57. 0 81. 0 83. 0 1155 0.9350
B-2 6 13. 6 2. 7 9. 4 55. 0 81. 0 84. 0 1900 0.9075
B-27 10. 4 2. 7 9. 4 55. 0 80. 5 83. 0 2000 0-9400

B-28 9. 7 2. 7 9. 4 54. 0 80. 0 82. 0 1620 0. 9 3 7 0

 122

/
( T a b l e 12 c o n t i n u e d )

B-29 8. 5 2. 7 9.4 52. 0 80. 5 82. 7 2000 0. 9120

B-30 7. 2 2. 8 9.4 52. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2020 0. 9400

B-31 6. 7 2. 8 9. 4 51. 0 81. 0 83. 0 2200 0. 9 0 7 5

B-32 6. 0 2. 8 9.4 50. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2200 0. 9300
B-33 5. 5 2. 9 9-4 49. 5 81. 0 83. 2 2800 0. 9350
B-34 5. 5 3. 3 9. 4 45. 0 80. 0 82. 0 2650 0. 9110
B-35 12. 3 2. 6 9.4 54. 0 80. 0 82. 0 1350 0. 9120
 123

APPENDIX D

PROCESSED DATA & RESULTS

' T A B L E 13 '
i
Processed Data(Aroclor 1242)

Run o o w
C C C V, H,
i-
L t LOS
H

No: S
l lb Is ec ml erris BTU/hr
A-l 32. 2 99- 9 110. . 59 108. 30 0. 0266 450 16. 0 250
A-2 63. 2 100. 0 107. . 66 106. 74 0. 0266 900 13. 0 526

A-3 62. 6 96. 2 106. . 74 105. 57 0. 0266 - 450 11. 5 496

A-4 38. 9 103. 4 , 111. . 71' 109. 42 0. 0267 900 17. 0 340

A-5 37. 6 98. 2 109. , 30 107. 62 0. 0265 900 15. 0 285

A-6 31. 4 86. 5 108. . 40 107. 58 0. 0262 500 13. 0 142

A-7 31. 7 95.5 111. . 04 109. 29 0. 0262 72 5 13. 5 212

A-8 41. 0 90. 3 113. 95 111. 36 0. 0465 950 12. 5 ' 245

A-9 41. 6 95. 5 115. . 47 112. 19 0. ,0465 950 13. 0 295

A-10 42. 1 99. 2 117. 86 113. 79 0. 0467 950 14. 0 335
A-l 1 42. 4 102. 2 119. 78 115. 10 0. 0467 950 14. 0 363

A-12 44. 7 103. 5 120. 76 116. 04 0. 0469 950 14. 0 1

396
A-13 65. 8 98. 4 108. 72 107. 60 0. 0457 450 12. 5 560

A-14 49. 2 95.9 113. 69 111. 17 0. 0470 1100 12. 0 370

A-15 47. 5 102. 0 117. 39 113. 49 0. 0470 888 14. 0 410

A-16. 43. 8 102. 5 119. 12 114. 46 0. 0468 888 14.. 5 . 380

A-17 38. 6 91.7 115. 22 112. 35 0. 0460 888 12. 5 237

A-18 43. 2 91.8 117. 86 114.07 0. 0582 950 14. 0 275

A-19 44. 2 96. 3 120. 44 l i 5 . 57 0. 0582 950 14. 0 328

A-20 54. 0 102. 4 119. 67 115. 54 0. 0575 950 13. 0 470
A-21 53. 5 100. 6 118. 54 114. 60 0. 0 5 7 5 1040 13. 0 •448
A-22 57. 6 103. 6 119. 34 116. 15 0. 0571 888 12. 5 515
A-23 61. 1 96. 8 111. 97 110. 29 0. 0565 930 12. 0 485

A-24 66. 3 102. 6 113. 96 111. 55 0. 0563 950 13. 0 600

A-25 53. 9 96. 0 115. 34 112. 48 0. 0 5 7 5 925 12. 5 412
A-26 55. 0 99. 0 117. 04 113. 81 0. 0573 925 12. 5 452
 124

( T a b l e 13 c o n t i n u e d )

A-27 55. 9 95.3 115. 59 112. 16 0. 0648 950 15. 0 . 420

A-28 58. 7 100. 0 117. 39 112. 93 0. 0645 950 16. 5 490

A-29 59. 4 102. 7 119- 89 •• 115. 20 0. 0643 950 16. 0 522

A-30 73. 0 98. 9 109. 01 107. 92 0. 0630 925 15. 0 620

A-31 62. 2 94. 2 111. 29 109. 44 0. 0632 675 14. 0 470

A-32 72. 4 104. 1 113. 96 111. 30 0. 0627 925 17. 0 675

A-33 45. 8 94. 0 120. 54 115. 17 0. 0656 950 16. 0 • 323

A-34 50. 4 97. 4 120. 54 115. 17 0. 0653 950 16. 0 395

 125

• T A B L E 14 "

P r o c e s s e d data ( A r o c l o r 1248)

o o
Run
No: h
C C
'.A w , l b / s ec V, m l H, c:

B-l 39. 5 93. 1 108. 72 107.32 0. 0310 900 . 12. 5

B,2 40. 1 95. 2 111. 31 109.42 0.0302 900 16. 5

B-3 39. 7 89. 5 108. 87 107.20 0. 0302 900 16. 5

B-4 38. 3 83. 2 106. 73 105. 62 0. ^0306 900 16. 5

B-5 ' 37. 7 76. 8 . 106. 10 105. 20 0. 0300 675 16. 5

B-6 48. 5 98. 2 116. 44 111.29 0. 0460 900 16. 5

B-7 47. 2 95. 3 115. 22 111. 57 0. 0460 900 ' 16. 5

B-8 46. 8 92. 0 113. 96 110.65 0. 0457 ins lfr. 5

B-9 47. 3 91. 7 113. 96 109.97 0. 0457 1100 16. 5

B-10 45. 5 84. 9 111. 84 109.25 0. 0 4 5 5 1343 16. 5
B-ll 44. 9 83. 6 111. 71 109.22 0. 0455 900 16. 5
B-12 44. 4 76. 8 108. 87 107. 13 0. 0448 893 16. 5
B-13 42. 8 72. 4 107. 81 • 106.62 0. 0 4 4 5 675 16. 5
B-14 53. 8 99. 0 120. 44. 113. 72 0. 0617 927 20. 5
B-15, 53. 2 98. 8 120. 87 114.29 0. 0617 1-335 20. 5
B-16 53. 2 97. 4 120; 22 113.85 0. 0 6 1 5 1 335 20. 5
B-17 50. 7 87. 5 114. 72 111.34 0. 0610 1338 16. 5
B-18 50. 1 85. 4 113. 96 110.76 0. 0614 975 16. 5

B-19 51. 0 86. 0 115. 34 111.87 0. 0610 875 16. 5

B-20 50. 9 81. 7 113. 31 110.37 0. 0608 893 16. 5
B-21 48. 2 79. 6 111. 15 108. 96 0. 0606 1325 16. 5
B-22 49. 0 77. 9 111. 31 108. 94 0. 0610 875 16. 5
B-23 48. 6 76. 8 110. 73 108. 57 0. 0608 900 16. 5
B-24 47. 3 71. 3 109. 88 108. 16 0. 0602 875 16. 5

B-25 57. 3 98. 3 120. 33 114.06 0. 0693 950 20. 5

B-26 55. 9 96. 3 119. 51 112.9 3 0. 0698 1325 20. 5
 126

( T a b l e 14 c o n t i n u e d )

B-27 54. 8 88. 5 115. 72 112. 08 0. 0698 1343 16. 5

B-28 53. 6 87. 0 114. 84 111. 48 0. 0697 900 16. 5

B-29 52. 9 83. 3 113. 31 110. 42 0. 0695 1025 16. 5

B-30 52. 4 78. 1 111. 58 109. 29 0. 0 6 9 5 900 . 16. 5

B*31 51. 1 77. 1 110. 87 108. 82 0. 0693 950 16. 5

B-32 50. 7 75. 2 109. 88 108. 16 0. 0692 900 16. 5

B-33 50. 4 72. 4 109. 16 107. 73 0. 0691 1018 16. 5

B-34 46. 4 69. 5 • 109. 16 107. 96 0. 0680 900 16. 5

B-35 55. 6 94. 3 117. 98 113. 63 0. 0697 900 16. 5
 127

T A B L E 15

. R e s u l t s ( A r o c l o r 1242)

L, l b A. M T. T..M. T. Q BTU Q BTU H C U , ft Ua BTU

hTft " 2
°F d
F V
hr" ~hr~ hTlP" 0

A- :i 1097 150. 89 202. 72 3344 3666 0.. 2350 2910

A- 2 1097 178. 88 206. 45 2229 2215 0.. 2 2 6 5 3220

A- • 3 1097 174. 92 ' 199. 07 1871 1927 0.. 2458 2461

A- • 4 1101 160. 07 208. 88 3665 3567 0,. 2237 3216

A- 5 1093 154. 22 199- 84 3044 329 1 0 . 2425 2692

A- • 6 1080 138. 11 177. 17 2973 2887 0.. 3292 1599

A- 7 1080 146. 48 194. 39 3335 3375 0 .2531 2417

A- •8 1917 150. 17 186 83 4779 4620 0.. 3301 2738

A- 9 1917 155. 39 193. 73 4866 5077 0,. 2867 3068

10 1925 159- 17 '200. 95 5450 5427 0 . 2788 3430

A - 11 1925 163. 94 • 207.55 5994 5697 0,. 2564 4067
j \ _ 12 19 3 4 165. 38 209- 43 5787 56 56 0 . 2550 37 31
A - 13 1884 • 179- 7 8, 202. 57 2224 3165 0 . 2663 3120

A - 14 1938 162. 59 197 .30 4153 4488 0.. 2 7 3 3 339 1

A - 15 1938 166. 55 207. 16 5022 527 1 0 . 2545 367 1
A - 16 1930 163. 67 209 28 5290 5620 0..2585 3988
A- 17 1897 ] 49.27 189. 08 4435 4913 0. 312 8 2735
A- 18 2400 :1 5 3 50 186. 76 5388 5712 0.. 3797 2564
A - 19 2400 158. 45 194. 96 5843 6152 0. 3340 3025
A - 20 237 1 172. 76 208. 77 5490 5613 0 2651 4270
A - 21 2 37 1 '170. 69 206 80 5526 557 1 0. 2777 4254
A - 22 2355 177. 08 2 12. 27 5103 5440 ' 0..2574 4650

A - 23 , 2330 174. 11 200. 51 39 10 4190 0. 2966 3738

A - 24 2322 184. 01 2] 1. 77 4410 4312 0.. 2550 5050

A - 25 2 37 1 166. 91 197. 51 4936 4968 0. 3117 3395

A - 26 2363 ]70. 60 203. 63 4906 5191 0. 2 8 6 3 3902

 128

( T a b l e 15 c o n t i n u e d )

Run A . M . T. T.M. T. Q BTU Q B T U H C U , ft Va BTU

L, lb o o o V— L — - — "—7-5- o-rr
No: h r " ft F
£_ j"[ n r
*L F

A- 27 2672 168. 08 196. 03 4680 5263 0. 3893 2992

A- 28 2660 174. 83 204. 52 5116 5545 0. 3579 3385
A - 29 2651 177. 89 210. 10 5421 5804 0. 3329 3780
A - 30 2598 186. 71 203. 07 2889 3516 0.3414 3450
A- 31 2606 172. 76 191. 72 3356 4215 0. 3927 2700
A- 32 ' 2586 190. 85 212. 24 39 59 4296 4. 3182 3917
A - 33 . 2705 157. 82 191. 94. 5820 6421 0.4160 2682
A- 34 2705 165. 02 198. 11 5781 6316 0;3822 2995
 129

TABLE 16

Results (Aroclor 1248)

Run
L, lb A. M. T T. M . T Q. B T U Q BTU H C U , ft Ua BI
No:
hr, ft2 °F °F V
hr . L
hr hr, f

B-l 1278 151. 34 187. 86 2776 3148 0..3317 1676

B-2 1245 153. 77 192. 20 3038 3159 0,.3360 1705

B-3 1245 148. 10 180. 79 2689 2837 0,.4005 1279

B-4 1262 141. 35 168. 67 2095 2588 0,.4851 910

B-5 12 37 135. 05 159. 96 2249 2201 0 .6159 724

B-6 1897 164. 03 197. 06 4505 4359 0,. 3287 2351

B-7 1897 ' 160. 25 190. 24 4295 4209 0..3779 1962

B-8 1884 156. 92 185. 21 40,1 5 3922 0., 4225 1716

B-9 1884 157. 10 184. 70 4005 3854 0,,4182 1702

B-10 1876 • 149. 36 172. 38 3325 3390 ' 0..5401 1248

B-ll 1876 ' 147. 65 171. 87 3751 3326 0..5648 1270

B-12 1847 141. 08 1 58. 21 2774 2733 0,.7179 854

B-13 1835 1 35. 68 153. 49 2457 247 1 0..8436 729

B-14 2544 168. 98 199. 44 5401 5407 0.,4428 2126

B-15 2544 168. 80 199. 16 5203 5383 0..4562 2026

B-16 2 536 167. 54 196. 24 5293 5198 0.,4788 1925
B-17 2515 156. 38 182. 42 3825 4258 0.,5480 1613
B-18 2532 153. 95 173. 96 3913 410"-6 0.. 5862 1407

B-19 2515 155. 39 175. 14 3790 4048 0.,5942 1352

B-20 2507 151. 34 168. 08 3635 3545 0.6959 1164
B-21. 2499 147. 02 166. 88 3265 3590 0. 7098 1130
B-22 2515 146. 21 163. 52 3060 3326 0,, 7763 991
B-23 2507 144. 86 ' 161. 18 3109 32 32 0,, 8071 984

B-24 2482 1 38. 74 151. 99 2780 27 15 ,0227 763

B-25 2858 172. 04 197. 95 5820 5443 0.,4852 2132

B-26 2878 171. 68 194. 43 4788 5396 0.,5013 1855

 130

Table 16 c o n t i n u e d

Run, „ A. M . T T . M . T. Q B T U
Q, B T U
H C U , ft Ua BTU
L, lb o„ o„ V l - i r i-> u i 7T3o
No: n r . ft. 2
F F h r
hr hr. f t ° J
F

B -27 2878 160. 97 181. 90 4847 4474 0. 5703 1789

B -28 2874 158. 54 178. 99 4009 4421 0.5904 1573

B -29 2866 154. 58 172. 11 3629 4004 0.6759 1319

B -30 2866 149. 45 165. 76 3281 3377 0.8452 1083

B -31 2858 147. 83 164. 37 3378 3468 0.8335 1060

B -32 2854 145. 31 156. 84 2998 3198. 0.9249 918

B -33 2849 142. 52 154. 70 2692 2464 1.0641 811

B -34 2804 ,136. 31 148. 10 2468 • 2944 1. 1055 722

B -35 2874 166. 91 187. 98 4618 5146 0.4621 1969

 T A B L E 17

Reynolds;; N u m b e r ( A r o c l o r 1242)

L, lb ^ Mean Temperature Re
ii 712 o_,
hr. ft F

1090 155 1. 239

1090 160 1. 353
1090 165 1. 4 5 5
1090 190 , 2.140
1090 200 2. 310
1090 210 2. 620
1920 155 2. 183
1920 160 2. 382
1920 165 2. 565
1920 190 3. 770
1920 200 4. 070
1920 210 4. 620
2365 155 2.690
2365 160 2. 930
2365 165 3. 155
2365 190 4. 640
2365 200 5. 010
2365 210 5. 580
2650 ,155 3.013
2650 160 3. 287
2650 "165 3. 537
2650 190 5. 200
2650 200 5. 620
2650 210 6. 370

/
 T A B L E 18

R e y n o l d s N u m b e r ( A r o c l o r 1248)

i D
Mean Temperature Re
hr, ,£t* ° F

1250 145 0. 683

1250 150 0. 779
1250 155 0. 382
1250 160 0. 958
1250 170 1. 076
1250 180 '1.447
1250 190 1. 640
1875 145 1. 023
1875 150 1. 168
1875 155 1. 321
1875 160 1. 437
1875 170 1.763
1875 , 180 2. 170
1875 190 2. 460
2520 145 1. 377
2520 150 1. 570
2520 155 1. 779
2520 160 1. 930
2520 170 2. 370
2520 180 2.915
2520 190 3. 305
2865 145 1.566
2865 150 1. 787
2865 155 2. 022
2865 160 2. 195
2865 170 2.695
2865 180 3. 315
2865 190 3. 760
 133

APPENDIX E

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

A. CALCULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

S a m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o f R u n n u m b e r

A-5, A r o c l o r 1Z42 a r e p r e s e n t e d here.

1. H e i g h t o f the P a c k i n g

T h e h e i g h t o f the p a c k i n g u s e d f o r the c o n d e n s a t i o n o f s t e a m
}

a n d f o r c o o l i n g of the c o n d e n s a t e to the t e m p e r a t u r e o f the A r o c l o r ,

w a s d e t e r m i n e d g r a p h i c a l l y f r o m the t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n the

Figure 8 f r o m which

H = 15. 0 c m s .

2. N u m b e r a n d H e i g h t o f C o n d e n s a t i o n U n i t s

I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f A r o c l o r to the condenser

tj = 37. 6 ° C

M a x i m u m A r o c l o r t e m p e r a t u r e t^ = 9 8 . 2 ° C

S t e a m p r e s s u r e at the c o l u m n i n l e t .

P^ = 5.6 p s i g .

. . steam temperature at i n l e t = 109. 30 C

P r e s s u r e at the t o p o f the c o l u m n P Q =2.0 psig.

 134

Total pressure d r o p i n the c o l u m n ( 4 5 . 1 c m s ) =5.6-2.0

= 3.6 p s i

. . P r e s s u r e d r o p i n 15 c m s = 3. 6 x 15 = 1. 20 p s i

45. 1

. . P r e s s u r e at h e i g h t H (=15 c m s ) = 5 . 6 - 1.20 = 4 . 4 psig

. . S t e a m t e m p e r a t u r e at h e i g h t H = 107. 62 ° C

W r i t i n g the h e a t b a l a n c e f o r a d i f f e r e n t i a l h e i g h t of the p a c k i n g

i n w h i c h l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s f r o m t to t + dt, a n d s t e a m temper,

ature is ts

d Q = w Cp dt = U a (t s - t) dv

or w C p dt = Ua A (ts-t) d H

f "
or °[ d H = J U wa • A
Cp ( t dt
s-t)
t.1
Here, w , C p , U a and A a r e c o n s t a n t and t h e r e f o r e

H = w Cp f 2
dt

Ua A J t
t
s ~ t

T h e c h a n g e i n s t e a m t e m p e r a t u r e i n the c o l u m n tis v e r y s m a l l
s
so m u c h so t h a t i t c a n be v e r y w e l l r e g a r d e d to v a r y l i n e a r l y w i t h

t. T h e e q u a t i o n c a n be i n t e g r a t e d to y i e l d

H = w Cp ln / sl ~ l
I\ t s2, - t_2
t t

Ua A B

T h e c o n s t a n t t e r m on the r i g h t h a n d s i d e of t h i s e q u a t i o n i s the H e i g h t

of C o n d e n s a t i o n U n i t a n d the o t h e r t e r m i s the N u m b e r of C o n d e n s a t i o n

Units. T h e c o n s t a n t B i s one p l u s the s l o p e dts

"at
 135

Thus H = HCU x N C U

Here NCU= ln / 109.30 - 37.6

\ 107.62 - 98. 2 /

= 2.030

HCU = 15.0 cms = 15. 0 ft

2. 030 2. 03 x 30. 48

i = 0. 2425 ft.

3. Superficial Mass Velocity of Aroclor

F r o m the orificemeter calibration curves for h = 1. 5 cms

and tank temperature 35 ° C , flow rate

w = 0. 0265 lb/sec

Internal diameter of the column = 4 inches

.' . Superficial Mass Velocity

L = 0. 0265 x 3600 x 144

= 109 3 lb
Px4x4 hour, ft
4
4. Aroclor Mean Temperature

Arithmetic mean temperature

A . M . T . = 1 /2 (37. 6 + 98. 2) = 67. 9 ° C

= 154. 22 ° F

True mean temperature in the column

T. M . T. = 1_ T H t .dH
H
J o

Here H = 15 cms

Dividing the height in six equal intervals, length of each interval is

 136

e q u a l t o 2. 5 c m s . From the t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e , the A r o c l o r

t e m p e r a t u r e at h e i g h t

H = 2 . 5 c m s i s 3. 950 m V o r 9 3 . 8 ° C

H = 5. 0 c m s i s 4. 050 m V o r 9 6 . 0 ° C

H a 7. 5 c m s i s 4. 100 m V o r 9 7 . 1 ° C

H =10. 0 c m s i s 4 . 125 m V o r 9 7 . 6 ° C

H = 12. 5 c m s i s 4 . 140 m V o r 9 8 . 0 ° C

B y Simpson's rule

f t . d H » 2LJ5 ' f 37. 6 + 9 8 . 2 + 4 ( 9 3 . 8 + 9 7 . 1 + 9 8 . 0) + 2 ( 9 6 . 0+97. 6)]

H

o
J
3
= 2.,5 x 1678. 6 = 1 3 9 8 . 7 5 c m . ° C
H

- T
' - ' M T =
i 1^ 5.
5

U
= 93.25 °C = 199.85 °F

5. H e a t B a l a n c e

A . M . T . of A r o c l o r = 6 7 . 9 ° C

S p e c i f i c h e a t of A r o c l o r at t h i s m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i s g i v e n b y

C p = 0. 285 + 0. 0 0 0 3 2 6 x A . M . T . BTU
lb, F.U

= 0.285 + 0.000326 x 67.9 = 0.307 BTU

•Cr-
ib, F

R a t e of h e a t e x c h a n g e to A r o c l o r

= w C p (t - t ) x 3600 x 1. 8 B T U / h o u r

= 0. 0 2 6 5 x 0 . 307 ( 9 8 . 2 - 37. 6) x 3600 x 1. 8

= 3195 B T U / h o u r

T h e e q u a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m the c h a r t g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e 19-
 137

Heat l o s s through 15 cms height of the column

= 15 x 285 = 95 B T U / h o u r
45. 1

.' . T o t a l rate of heat t r a n s f e r to Aroclo/r

Q = 319 5 + 95 = 3290 BTU/hour

JLJ

Now, rate of accumulation of condensate

= V = 900 ml/sec
P 2050
o **
Density of condensate at 7.5 C = 0. 975 gms /ml
. Rate of condensation = 900 x 0.975 gms /sec
. 2050

= 900 x 0.975 x 3600 = 3.400 lb/hour

2050 x 453.6

Dryness fraction of steam at atmospheric p r e s s u r e

x = 0.9200

With a r e f e r e n c e temperature of 3 2 ° F and liquid water, enthalpy of

entering steam = H - ( l ~ x ) ^
s
= 1150, 4 - 970, 3 x 0.0800

= 1072. 8 BTU/lb
Enthalpy of condensate at the temperature t /
2
= t x L 8x 1 BTlL/lb

= 98. 2 x 1. 8 - 176. 76 B T U / l b

. . Rate of heat t r a n s f e r f r o m steam

Q = 3.400 (1072.8 - 176.76)

= 3045, B T U / h o u r

The average of Q and Q i s a better estimate of c o r r e c t rate of

JL V
heat t r a n s f e r .

P e r r y , J.H. Ed. , C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s ' Handbook, 3rd Ed. M c G r a w

H i l l Book Co. Inc., p. 275.
 138

= 3290 + 3045 = 3167.5 BTU/hour

6. A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e D r i v i n g F o r c e a n d U a

R a t e e q u a t i o n f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r i n a d i f f e r e n t i a l h e i g h t of

packing is

dQ = U a (t - t ) d v
s

= Ua (t - t) A dH
,s
on i n t e g r a t i o n

Q = /Ua A (t - t ) dH

or Q= U a A flt - t ) d H =U A (t - t) H
J s a s av

(t -1) =1 r^t -1) dH

8 A V
H" J 0
s

D i v i d i n g the h e i g h t i n t o s i x e q u a l i n t e r v a l s , t h e l e n g t h o f e a c h

i n t e r v a l i s e q u a l to 2. 5 c m s

At H = O, = 109. 30 ° C t
s
H = 15 c m s , t = 107. 62 ° C
s

W i t h o u t a n y a p p r e c i a b l e l o s s of a c c u r a c y , the t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p

i n t h e s t e a m c o u l d be a s s u m e d to b e l i n e a r w i t h h e i g h t . Therefore,

t at h e i g h t H i s g i v e n b y
s
t g = 109.30 - H ( 1 0 9 > 3 ( ) _ 1 Q

15

= 109. 30 - 0. 112 H °C
J (- t . - t , dH = ^* t dH - j'
H
' a H
t d H
15
J{109. 30 - 0. 112 H ) d H - 1398.75
o
 139

109. 30 x 15. 0 - 0.112 (15. 0 x 15. 0) - 1398. 7 5

2

1 6 3 9 . 5 - 1 2 . 6 - 1398.75

228.15 cm.°C
(t - t) = 228.15 = 15. 21 ° C
s a v 15.. 0

15. 21 x 1.8 = 27. 38 ° F

U a = Qav 3167. 5 x 144 x 30. 4 8 BTU

" ^av 7Tx 4 x 4 x 27. 38 x 1 5 . 0 h r . ft , ° F

4
= 2692 BTU

hr/ ft? °F.

7. R e y n o l d ' s N u m b e r

F o r n o n - c i r c u l a r ducts, equivalent diameter

d = 4 x Flow Area
e
Wetted perimeter

F o r , a h e i g h t H o f t h e p a c k i n g , t h i s c a n b e w r i t t e n as

d = 4 x Flow Area x H
e — " »
Wetted perimeter x H
= 4- x T o t a l V o i d V o l u m e
T o t a l s u r f a c e of p a c k i n g

F o r 3/8 i n c h R a s c h i g R i n g s (20)

Void volume = 6 8 %
2
and t o t a l s u r f a c e p e r c u b i c foot of p a c k i n g = 1 5 5 ft.

•'• d e =,4 _p__6_8

JE = 0 < 0 1 ? 5 5 f t

155

Reynold 1
s number = d^ j_
 140

2
F o r a value of L = 1090 lb/hr,. ft

and an average t e m p e r a t u r e of 200 ° F at which v i s c o s i t y

=35.2 Saybolt U n i v e r s a l Seconds (19)

s= 0.026 Stokes ( K i n e m a t i c V i s c o s i t y )

= 0. 026 x f> P o i s e

= 0. 026 x 1. 315 = 3. 42 c p " .

Reynold's N u m b e r

Re = 0.01755 x 1090
3. 42 x 2. 42

= 2.31

B. C A L C U L A T I O N O F H C U F R O M L A C K E Y ' S A N D W I L K E ' S E Q U A T I O N S

Sample c a l c u l a t i o n s of H C U f r o m Lackey's equation (7) and

Wilke's equation (9) a r e given h e r e f o r A r o c l o r 1248, at a flow rate

L = 1250 lb
hr, ft.

and T. M. T. = 150 °F.

F o r A r o c l o r 1248 at 150 °F (19)

6 2 o
k = 284. 55 x 10 c a l / s e c , c m , C/cm. ( B y l i n e a r interpolation}

Cp = 0.270 +0.000295 x 66 = 0.2895 cal

gm, °C
/

P = 1.41 gm
ml

= 5 3 Saybolt U n i v e r s a l Seconds = 0.085 Stokes

(Kinematic)

0. 085 x 1. 41 x 100 = 12. 00 cp .

 141

6 2
Thermal diffusivity pC = k 284. 55 x 10 cJm /sec
C p
^ 0. 2895 x 1.41
-5 2
= 69.7 x 10 elm /sec

Surface Tension <r = 41.4 dynes/cm.

o *

For water at 25 C ,

jD^ 0. 997 gm/ml

yU. w = 0. 8937 cp -
-r- = 72.0 dynes/cm
0
w
-5 2.
D T T = 2. 5 x 10 cm /sec
°2H2°
= 12. 00
7V 0.8937 = 13.44

i°w a 0.997 = 0.707

P 1.41
= "V " -5 *
0
0.0359
*C 69. 7 x 10

w
,cr
- 72.0
= 1. 74
<r 41.4
For L - 1250 lb and 3/8 inch ceramic Raschig Rings (1 6),
2
hr, ft
< H T
V M T = ° - 6 5 f t
-

Lackey's equation (7) is

HCU = ( H T U J (_A ) °'1 5 5 33

|DW.) °' ^ ° -5 5 5 5
" °- 1 5 2 L

. H C U - 0. 65 (13. 4 4 ) ° ' ^ ' ( 0 . 707) 0 ' 3 3 3

(0. 0359)°' 5
( L 74)°' 5 5 5
-°'

= 0. 65 x 1. 49 5 x 0. 08910 x 0. 1894 (1. 7 4 ) ° ' 0 8 4

- 0. 1727 ft.
—

Perry, Chilton and Kirkpatrick, E d . , Chemical Engineer's Handbook

4th Ed. , McGraw Hill Book Co. , Inc.
 142

W i l k e ' s e q u a t i o n (9) i s

H C U . < H T V M T
5 5
/ | ^ 0
- 3 2 9
^ ° - 5
^ ° - 5 5 4
" ° - 1 5 7
^ L

/ . H C U = 0. 65 x ( 1 3 . 4 4 ) ° - " ( 0 . 707) ' 0 3 2 9

( 0 . 0 3 5 9 ) ' \l.
0 5
74) ' 0 5 5 4
"°- ! "

x 3. 09o9

= 0. 65 x 4. 170 x 0. 8922 x 0. 1894 (1. 7 4 ) ° ' ° 6 6

; = 0. 4760 ft.

C. B E S T E Q U A T I O N S T O F I T T H E E X P E R I M E N T A L R E S U L T S

F o r m of the equation:

HCU = F x ( yU ) n
(1)

n = 1.16 f o r A r o c l o r 1248 ( F r o m F i g u r e 25)

n = 1. 10 f o r A r o c l o r 1242 ( F r o m F i g u r e 26)

F c h a n g e s w i t h f l o w r a t e of A r o c l o r

A sample c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the v a l u e of F i s g i v e n h e r e f o r A r o c l o r

1248 at L = 1875 lb

hr. ft 2

A t T . M . T . = 200 ° F (= 660 ° R )

HCU = 0 . 303 ft ( f r o m the b e s t l i n e , Fig. 25)

F o r A r o c l o r 1248 (19)

P = 1. 38 g m / m l

fX = 57. 5 S a y b o l t U n i v e r s a l S e c o n d s = 0. 034 S t o k e s (kinematic)

= 0 . 034 x 1. 33 x 100 = 4. 59 £pP.

O n s u b s t i t u t i o n i n E q u a t i o n (1) w i t h n = 1. 16
1 16
0. 303 = F ( 4 . 5 9 ) '
= F X 5. 86

•• F
- 0-03175

T h u s b e s t e q u a t i o n to f i t the e x p e r i m e n t a l results for A r o c l o r 1248

 143

at L = 187 5 i s

HCU = 0. 0 5 1 7 5 (/A.) ' 1 1 6

where is viscosity in centipoise.

T h e v a l u e s o f F ( T a b l e 20) f o r A r o c l o r 1248 w h e n p l o t t e d a g a i n s t

L gave a s t r a i g h t l i n e ( F i g . 27).

The equation of this l i n e was

F = 0 . 0 2 7 6 5 + 1.244 x 1 0 " 5
L

where L is i n ...
lb
2
h r , ft

T h u s the best equation f o r the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r A r o c l o r

1248 i s

H C U = (0. 027 65 + 1. 244 x I O * 5

L ) (yLA. ) ^

where i s v i s c o s i t y of A r o c l o r i n c e n t i p o i s e and L i s s u p e r f i c i a l

m a s s v e l o c i t y of A r o c l o r i n lb

hr, f t 2

T h e v a l u e s o f F ( T a b l e 19) f o r A r o c l o r 1242 w h e n p l o t t e d a g a i n s t

L, do n o t g i v e a s t r a i g h t l i n e .

T w o s t r a i g h t l i n e s w e r e u s e d to r e l a t e the v a l u e s o f F a n d L.

( F i g . 27) f o r A r o c l o r 1242. T h e equations of these lines a r e

F = 0.0535 + 8 . 9 0 x 1 0 " L w h e n L, <- 2290

F =-0,/aZ37+ 6.44 x 1 0 " L w h e n L 5
> 2290

T h e b e s t e q u a t i o n to d e s c r i b e t h e r e s u l t s f o r A r o c l o r 1242 i s

HCU= F (yu)1'10
w h e r e JUk is m e a n v i s c o s i t y i n c e n t i p o i s e ,
F i s defined b y above equations,

and L i s s u p e r f i c i a l m a s s v e l o c i t y i n l b / h r . ft .
 TABLE 19

V a l u e s of F f o r A r o c l o r 1242

L, lb
hr. ft "
2

1090 0.0632
1921 0.0706
2365 0.0786
2648 ' 0.0986

T A B L E 20

V a l u e s of F f o r A r o c l o r 1248

L, lb F
h r . ft 2

12 50 ' 0 . 0 4340
1275 0.05175
2520 0.05940
2865 . 0.06330