CVEN 444 Homework 4 - Concrete beam design

A simply supported beam has a 20-ft span and carries a uniform dead load of 600 lb/ft
and a concentrated live load of 9 kips. Design the beam if b = 12 in. fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi. (Beam self-weight is not included in the dead load so you need to estimate it.)

The beam will be designed to handle additional 10% of the weight for a dead load.

w  1.4 0.6 k/ft  0.06 k/ft   0.924 k/ft

P  1.7  9 k   15.3 k

The shear and bending moment diagram is

Maximum moment is Mu=122.7 k-ft and maximum shear Vu= 16.89 k
Find the value for  for the beam. Assume 0.5max

  
 0.85 f c  1  87 
 max  0.75  
 fy  87  f
  c 
 0.85 *  4 ksi  0.85  87 
 0.75    0.02138
  
 60 ksi  87  60 

The magnitude of = 0.5max = 0.5(0.02138) = 0.1069

fy  60 ksi 
w   0.01069   0.16035
 
fc  4 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   4 ksi  0.16035  1  0.59 0.16035    0.5807 ksi

The dimensions of the beam are:

Mu 122.7 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0.9  1 ft   2817.3 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.5807 ksi
 2535.5 in 3 
d2    234.8 in 2  d  15.3 in  Use d  15.5 in.
 
 12 in 
Compute the dead load for the beam h = 15.5 in + 2.5 in. = 18 in.

  1 ft    
w  bh  12 in.  18 in  1 ft   * 0.150 k/ft 3  0.225 k/ft
     
  12 in    12 in  

Redesign weight DL = 1.4(0.6 k/ft +0.225 k/ft) = 1.155 k/ft. This will result in Mu =
134.25 k-ft.

Mu 134.25 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0.9  1 ft   3082.5 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.5807 ksi
 3082.5 in 3 
d2    256.9 in 2  d  16.1 in  Use d  16.5 in.
 
 12 in 
Repeat using 16.5 in and the Mu = 135.25 k-ft, d =16.1 in.

Find area of steel As  0.0106912 in 16.5 in   2.12 in , we can use Table A-8 to get
2

the number of bars 3 #8 (2.37 in2) . From Table A-6 we can find that chose either to fit
into a 12 in. beam. Need 9.5 in for 3#8 bars.

Find a from the equilibrium equation.

 a
As f y

 2.37 in  60 ksi 
2
 3.49 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 4 ksi 12 in.
Make sure steel has yielded:
  
 16.5 in   3.49 in  
d c   
s   0.003    0.85   0.003  0.00907  0.00207  OK
    3.49 in  
 c   
   
  0.85  
Calculate moment capacity
 a  3.49 in 
 
 

M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 2.37 in 2  60 ksi  16.5 in    1888.3 k - in

 2  2 
 157.4 k - ft  16.3 % OVERDESIGN!

Minimum amount of steel needed for the beam

200 200
As  min   bd  12 in.16.5 in   0.66 in 2
fy 60000

3 fc 3 4000
 bd  12 in.16.5 in   0.63 in 2  Use As  min   0.66 in 2
fy 60000

The area steel is greater than minimum and less than the maximum steel
Amax =0.02138(12in)(16.5 in.) = 4.23 in2. So 0.66 in2 < 2.37 in2 < 4.23 in2. Check.
Design a reinforced concrete section that can carry an ultimate moment of 260 k-ft as:

1 Singly reinforced, b =10 in.

2 Doubly reinforced, 25% of the moment to be resisted by compression steel,
b = 10 in.
3 T-section, which has a flange thickness of 3 in., flange width of 20 in. and a web
width of 10 in. fc = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Determine the quantities of concrete and steel designed per foot length of beams and then
determine the cost of each design if the price of the concrete equals $50 / yd3 and that of
steel is $0.30 / lb. Tabulate and compare results.

Find the value for  for the beam. Assume 0.5max

  
 0.85 f c  1  87 
 max  0.75  
 fy  87  f
  c 
 0.85 *  3 ksi  0.85  87 
 0.75    0.01604
  
 60 ksi  87  60 

The magnitude of = 0.5max = 0.5(0.01604) = 0.00802

fy  60 ksi 
w   0.00802   0.16035
 
fc  3 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   3 ksi  0.16035  1  0.59 0.16035    0.4355 ksi

The dimensions of the beam are:

Mu 260 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0.9  1 ft   7960.2 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.4355 ksi
 7960.2 in 3 
d2    716.4 in 2  d  28.2 in  Use d  28.5 in.
 
 10 in 

Find area of steel As  0.0080210 in  28.5 in   2.29 in , we can use Table A-8 to get
2

the number of bars 3 #8 (2.37 in2) or 2 #10 (2.54 in2). From Table A-6 we can find that
chose either to fit into a 10 in. beam. Need 9.5 in for 3#8 bars and 8 in. for 2 # 10 bars.

Find a from the equilibrium equation.

 a
As f y

 2.37 in  60 ksi 
2
 5.58 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
Make sure steel has yielded:
  
 28.5 in   5.58 in  
d c   
s   0.003    0.85   0.003  0.00934  0.00207  OK
    5.58 in  
 c   
   
  0.85  
Calculate moment capacity

 a  
  

M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 2.37 in 2  60 ksi   28.5 in  
5.58 in   3290.4 k - in

 2  2 
 274.2 k - ft  5.5% Overdesign ed. OK

Minimum amount of steel needed for the beam

200 200
As  min   bd  10 in. 28.5 in   0.95 in 2
fy 60000

3 fc 3 3000
 bd  10 in. 28.5 in   0.78 in 2  Use As  min   0.95 in 2
fy 60000
The area steel is greater than minimum and less than the maximum steel
Amax =0.01604(10in)(28.5 in.) = 4.57 in2. So 0.95 in2 < 2.37 in2 < 4.57 in2. Check.
Doubly reinforced section:

The compression steel must take in to consideration 25% of the moment. Single
reinforcement must take 75% of the moment. (260 k-ft)*0.75 = 195 k-ft. Use the
max = 0.01604 (from the singly reinforced member)

fy  60 ksi 
w   0.01604   0.3208
 
fc  3 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   3 ksi  0.3208 1  0.59 0.3208   0.7802 ksi

The dimensions of the beam are:

Mu 195 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0.9  1 ft   3332.5 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.7802 ksi
 3332.5 in 3 
d2    333.3 in 2  d  18.3 in  Use d  18.5 in.
 
 10 in 

Find area of steel As  0.0160410 in 18.5 in   2.97 in 2

Find a from the equilibrium equation.

a
As f y

 2.97 in  60 ksi 
2
 6.99 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
 a  6.99 in 
 
 

M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 2.97 in 2  60 ksi  18.5 in    2406.6 k - in

 2  2 
 200 k - ft

The required compression steel will handle M =65 k-ft/0.9 = 72.22 k-ft

 12 in 
72.222 k - ft  
M  
As    1 ft   0.94 in 2
 d  d   f y  0.85 f c  18.5 in - 2.5 in   60 ksi  0.85 3 ksi  

The total steel needed will be As(req) = 2.97 in2 + 0.94 in2 =3.91 in2.
Use 2# 7 bars(1.2 in2) in the compression steel, and double layer of 5 #8 bars (3.95 in2)

Calculate the new moment capacity of the beam. The tension steel can not exceed the
max area of steel.
 As  As  As  3.95 in 2  1.2 in 2  2.75 in 2  2.97 in 2

The capacity of the tension steel is

a
As f y

 2.75 in  60 ksi 
2
 6.47 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
Check to see if compression steel and tension steel yield.

6.47 in
c  7.61 in
0.85
d c  
s   0.003   18.5 in  7.61 in  0.003  0.00429  0.00207  OK
   
 c   7.61 in 
d c  
c   0.003   7.61 in  2.5 in  0.003  0.00201  0.00207  Does not yield
   
 c   7.61 in 
Find the c value.

  c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c b 1 c  As  E s   0.003  0.85 f c 
   
  c  
   
 3.95 in  60 ksi   0.85 3 ksi 10 in  0.85 c  1.2 in   87 ksi  1  2.5 in   0.85 3 ksi  
2 2


  c  

237c  21.675c 2
 104.4c  3.06c  261
c 2  6.2588c  12.04152  0  c  7.80 in.
The moment capacity is
  a   c  2.5 in   
    
M u  M n   0.85 f c ba d   As E s   0.003  0.85 f c  d  d  
 
       
 2   c  
  0.85 7.80 in   
 0.85 3 ksi 10 in  0.85 7.8 in  18.5 in  
   
 2 
 0.9 
   7.8 in  2.5 in   
  1.2 in 2  87 ksi   0.85 3 ksi  18.5 in  2.5 in  
     
  7.8 in  
 0.9 2567.3 k - in  1086.1 k - in   3288.0 k - in
 274.0 k - ft  5.4% overdesign ed.

3 T section

beff =20 in d =10 in hf =3 in and fc =3 ksi fy = 60 ksi

  
 0.85 f c  1  87 
 bal    
 fy  87  f
  c 
 0.85 *  3 ksi  0.85  87 
    0.02138
  
 60 ksi  87  60 

The magnitude of = 0.45bal = 0.45(0.02138) = 0.00962

fy  60 ksi 
w   0.00962   0.1924
 
fc  3 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   3 ksi  0.1924 1  0.59 0.1924   0.5117 ksi

The dimensions of the beam are:

Mu 260 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0 .9  1 ft   6774.4 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.5117 ksi
 6774.4 in 3 
d2    677.4 in 2  d  26.1 in  Use d  26.5 in.
 
 10 in 
Find area of steel As  0.0096210 in  26.5 in   2.55 in
2

Use 2# 10 bars (2.54 in2) Use the flange to find the a.

 a
As f y

 2.54 in  60 ksi 
2
 2.99 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi  20 in.
Compute the moment capacity of the T beam
 a  2.99 in 
 
 
M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 2.54 in 2  60 ksi   26.5 in 

  3429.8 k - in

 2  2 
 285.8 k - ft  9.9% overdesign

Compare the cost of the individual section is $50 /yd3 and $ 0.30 lb for steel.
So $50/(36 in)3 =$ 0.00107 / in3 and 490 lb/ft3 = 0.28356 lb/in3

Section A concrete A steel Cost

Single Reinforced 310 in2* $ 0.00107/in3 2.37 in2*0.28356 lb/in3
= $ 0.332 /in =0.672 lb/in*$ 0.3/lb $ 6.41/ft
=$0.2016 /in
Doubly Reinforced 220 in2* $ 0.00107/in3 5.15 in2*0.28356 lb/in3
= $0.236 /in =1.460 lb/in*$ 0.3/lb $ 8.09/ft
=$ 0.438 /in
T Section 320 in2* $ 0.00107/in3 2.54 in2*0.28356 lb/in3
=$ 0.343 /in =0.720 lb/in*$ 0.3/lb $ 6.71/ft
=$ 0.216/in
Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam to carry service moments of
MDL = 170 k-ft and MLL = 270 k-ft. Physical limitations require that b = 14 in. and
h = 30 in. If compression steel is needed, d'= 3 in., fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.

The loading on the beam is

M  1.4 DL  1.7 LL  1.4170 k - ft   1.7 270 k - ft   697 k - ft

The maximum allowable 

  
 0.85 f c  1  87 
 max  0.75  
 fy  87  f
  c 
 0.85 *  3 ksi  0.85  87 
 0.75    0.02784
  
 40 ksi  87  40 
Use the max = 0.02784 (from the singly reinforced member)

fy  40 ksi 
w   0.02784   0.3712
 
fc  3 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59w   3 ksi  0.3712 1  0.59 0.3712   0.8697 ksi

The dimensions of the beam are:

Mu 697 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0 .9  1 ft   10685.4 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 0.8697 ksi
 10685.4 in 3 
d2    763.3 in 2  d  27.6 in  Use d  28.0 in.
 
 14 in 

The h would be h =28 + 3.5 in = 31.5 in, therefore we will need to use a double
reinforced beam. So assume that we will be using a doubly reinforced beam with a
double layer. The d value will be d = 30 in. – 3.5 in. = 26.5 in. b = 14 in. and d’= 2.5 in.
Use a max so that area of steel will be 0.02784(26.5 in)(14 in) = 10.33 in2

Find a from the equilibrium equation.

a
As f y

10.33 in  40 ksi 
2
 11 .57 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 14 in.
  a  11 .57 in 
 
 

M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 10.33 in 2  40 ksi   26.5 in    7703.0 k - in

 2  2 
 641.9 k - ft

The required compression steel will handle M =(697 k-ft- 641.9)/0.9 = 61.21 k-ft

 12 in 
61.21 k - ft  
 
M  1 ft 
As    0.82 in 2
 d  d   f y  0.85 f c   26.5 in - 2.5 in   40 ksi  0.85 3 ksi  

The total steel needed will be As(req) = 10.33 in2 + 0.82 in2 =11.15 in2.
Use 2# 7 bars(1.2 in2) in the compression steel, and double layer of 4 #11 bars (6.24 in2)
and 4# 10 bars( 5.08 in2) or a total of 11.34 in2 The total was found from Table A-8 to get
a value for area of steel. One row of 4 #11 will fit into a 14 in beam from Table A-6

Calculate the new moment capacity of the beam. The tension steel can not exceed the
max area of steel.

As  As  As  11 .34 in 2  1.2 in 2  10.14 in 2  10.33 in 2

The capacity of the tension steel is

a
As f y

10.14 in  40 ksi
2
 11 .36 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 3 ksi 14 in.
Check to see if compression steel and tension steel yield.

11 .36 in
c  13.37 in
0.85
d c  
s   0.003   26.5 in  13.37 in  0.003  0.00295  0.00138  OK
   
 c   13.37 in 
d c  
c   0.003   13.37 in  2.5 in  0.003  0.00244  0.00138  OK
   
 c   13.37 in 
   a 
M u  M n   0.85 f c ba d    As  f y  0.85 f c  d  d  
   
 2
  11.36 in   
 0.85 3 ksi14 in 11.36 in   26.5 in  
 0.9   
 2 
 
  1.2 in 2  40 ksi  0.85 3 ksi  26.5 in  2.5 in  
 0.98443.6 k - in  1078.6 k - in   8569.6 k - in
 714.0 k - ft  2.5 % overdesigned.
The two-span continuous beam is subjected to a uniform dead load of 2 k/ft (include its
own weight) and a uniform live load 3 k/ft. The reactions due to two different loads are
shown. Calculate the maximum negative ultimate moment at the intermediate support B
and the maximum positive ultimate moment within the span AB (at 0.42L from support
A), design the critical section at B and D, and draw the reinforcement details for the
entire beam ABC. Given: L =20 ft, b = 12 in., h = 21 in., use d = 18 in. for one row of
bars and d= 17 in. for two rows , fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

The factor load are given as

DL  1.4 2 k - ft   2.8 k - ft
LL  1.7 3 k - ft   5.1 k - ft
Bending Moment
Shear Diagram
400

150 300

200
100
100
Moment (kip-ft)

50
Force (kips)

0
0 -100
0 10 20 30 40

0 10 20 30 40
-50 -200

-300
-100
-400
-150
-500
Location (ft) Location (ft)

The maximum moment for case 1 with the dead and live loads over the entire structure,
MB = -395 k-ft and MD = 219 k-ft and case 2 MB = -267.5 k-ft and MD =272.6 k-ft. Point
D is located at 8.4 ft from the left support.

Calculate max for the beam:

   
 0.85 f c  1  87 
 max  0.75  
 fy  87  f
  c 
 0.85 *  4 ksi  0.85  87 
 0.75    0.02138
  
 60 ksi  87  60 
Use the max = 0.02138 (from the singly reinforced member)

fy  60 ksi 
w   0.02138   0.3207
 
fc  4 ksi 
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   4 ksi  0.3207  1  0.59 0.3207    1.0401 ksi

The dimensions of the beam for point B are:

Mu 395 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0 .9  1 ft   5063.7 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 1.0401 ksi
 5063.7 in 3 
d2    422.0 in 2  d  20.55 in  Use d  21.0 in.
 
 12 in 

This result shows that Point B will need to be doubly reinforced. So assume that we will
be using a doubly reinforced beam with a double layer. The d value will be d = 17 in., b
= 12 in. and d’= 2.5 in. Use a max so that area of steel will be 0.02138(17 in)(12 in) =
4.36 in2 Find a from the equilibrium equation.

a
As f y

 4.36 in  60 ksi 
2
 6.41 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 4 ksi 12 in.
 a  6.41 in 
 
 

M u  M n  As f y  d    0.9 4.36 in 2  60 ksi  17 in    3247.4 k - in

 2  2 
 270.6 k - ft

The required compression steel will handle M =(395 k-ft- 270.6 k-ft)/0.9 = 138.2 k-ft

 12 in 
138.2 k - ft 
M  
As    1 ft   2.02 in 2
 d  d   f y  0.85 f c  17 in - 2.5 in   60 ksi  0.85 4 ksi 

The total steel needed will be As(req) = 4.36 in2 + 2.02 in2 =6.38 in2.
Use 3# 9 bars(3.0 in2) in the compression steel, and double layer of 3 #10 bars (3.81 in2)
and 3# 9 bars( 3.00 in2) or a total of 6.81 in2 The total was found from Table A-8 to get a
value for area of steel. One row of 3 #10 will fit into a 12 in beam from Table A-6

Calculate the new moment capacity of the beam. The tension steel can not exceed the
max area of steel.
 As  As  As  6.81 in 2  3.0 in 2  3.81 in 2  4.36 in 2

The capacity of the tension steel is

a
As f y

 3.81 in  60 ksi 
2
 5.60 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 4 ksi 12 in.
Check to see if compression steel and tension steel yield.

5.6 in
c  6.59 in
0.85
d c  
s   0.003   17 in  6.59 in  0.003   0.00474  0.00207  OK
   
 c   6.59 in 
d c  
c   0.003   6.59 in  2.5 in  0.003  0.00186  0.00207  Did not yield
   
 c   6.59 in 

Find the c value.

  c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c b 1c  As  E s   0.003  0.85 f c 
   
  c  
   
 6.81 in  60 ksi   0.85 4 ksi 12 in  0.85 c   3.0 in   87 ksi  1  2.5 in   0.85 4 ksi  
2 2


  c  

408.6c  34.68c 2
 261c  10.2c  652.5
c 2  4.55017c  18.81488  0  c  7.17 in.
The moment capacity is
  a   c  2.5 in   
    
M u  M n   0.85 f c ba d   As E s   0.003  0.85 f c  d  d  
 
       
 2   c  
  0.85 7.17 in   
 0.85 4 ksi 12 in  0.85 7.17 in  17 in  
   
 2 
 0.9 
   7.17 in  2.5 in   
  3.0 in 2  87 ksi   0.85 4 ksi  17 in  2.5 in  
     
  7.17 in  
 0.9 3469.4 k - in  2317.0 k - in   5207.8 k - in
 434.0 k - ft  9.9% overdesign ed.

Point D
The dimensions of the beam for point D are:

Mu 272.6 k - ft  
 12 in 
 
 0.9  1 ft   3494.5 in 3
bd 2  
Ru 1.0401 ksi
 3494.5 in 3 
d2    291.2 in 2  d  17.01 in  Use d  17.5 in.
 
 12 in 

This result shows that Point D can use a singly reinforced beam. So assume that we will
be using a doubly reinforced beam with a double layer. The d value will be d = 18 in.,
and b = 12 in. Use a max so that area of steel will be 0.02138(18 in)(12 in) = 4.61 in2
Find  for the beam.
Mu 272.6 k - ft  12 in 
  
Ru  
0 .9  1 ft   0.93484 ksi
bd 2 12 in 18 in  2
Ru  f c w1  0.59 w   0.93484 ksi   4 ksi  w 1  0.59 w   w  0.2787

wf c  4 ksi 
   0.2787   0.01858
 
fy  60 ksi 

Use a As 0.01858(18 in)(12 in) = 4.01 in2, which for single row can be done with 2 #10
bars (2.54 in2) and 2# 8 bars (1.58 in2) or a total of 4.12 in2 The total was found from
Table A-8 to get a value for area of steel. One row will fit into a 12 in beam from Table
A-6.
 a
As f y

 4.12 in  60 ksi 
2
 6.06 in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 4 ksi 12 in.

Check to see if the tension steel yield.

6.06 in
c  7.13 in
0.85
d c  18 in  7.13 in 
s   0.003    0.003  0.00453  0.00207  OK
   
 c   7.13 in 
Compute the moment capacity of the beam
  a 
M u  M n    As f y  d  
 
  2 

18 in   6.06 in  

  

 0.9  60 ksi  4.12 in 2
  2 
 0.9 3700.6 k - in   3330.5 k - in
 277.5 k - ft  1.8 % overdesigned.

The drawings are not included but the beam at Point B is doubly reinforced with a double
row at the top consisting of 3#10 and 3#9 at d=17 in. and a single row at the bottom
consisting of 3#10 at d’= 2.5 in. The beam at Point D is a singly reinforced beam with a
single row consisting of 2#10 and 2#8 at bottom at a d=18 in.