DESIGN 0?

CURVED^ BEARS

IN RSIwTORCKD CONCRSIE

A Thesis

Presented to

the Facility of the School of Engineering

The university of Southern C alifornia

In P a rtia l F ulfillm en t

of the Requirements fo r the Degree

Faster of Science in C ivil Engineering

by
Stuart Yuen Lee

June 1956
 UMI Number: EP41951

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 lSC L4&1
This thesis, written by

Stuart Yuen Lee

under the guidance of .kifLi7acuity Committee
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the School of
Engineering in partial fulfillment of the re­
quirements for the degree of

Laster of Science

In C ivil Engineering

D a te.....

Faculty Com m ittee

Chairman
 ACKNOWLEDGM£Iff

The w riter wishes to express h is sincere appreciation

to Professor David K, Wilson, Professor C ecil A. Amour and

Dr, Ching H. Tsao fo r th e ir advice and su ggestion s, and to

Hr. Henry W. Chi for h is assistan ce in the preliminary work.

The w riter also wants to extend h is thanks to Portland Cement

A ssociation, Cement and Concrete A ssociation of England, and

many other engineering association s and publishing companies

fo r th eir help in obtaining some rare reference m aterials, and

to Miss White True fo r her kind assistan ce in typing the

preliminary papers.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FART I

AG

INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1

1. Prominence of Curved S tru c tu r e s 1

2. O b jectiv e of t h i s T hesis • 1
3. H is to ry * . . . . . . . . 1

GENERAL THEORY ....................................... 3

1. Scope 3
2. S tre s s 3
3. Curved 5
k. S tre s s • • • • 6
5. S tre s s A n aly sis by Theory of E l a s t i c i t y 9
6, S tre s s A n aly sis by th e Theory of P l a s t i c i t y 11

PART I I

ANALYSIS OF CURVED BEAKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE

GENERAL DISCUSSION • ......................................................... 13

1. R ein fo rced Concrete Curved Beams • t « » 13
2. Illu s tra tio n s ............................... 13
3. moment D is tr ib u tio n method . . 15
PEES1DBSNT OF EQUATIONS .......................... 18

1. D isplacem ents and R o ta tio n s . . 18

2. S tif f n e s s and Carry-O ver F a c to rs 20
3. F ixed End moments ...................... 22

TABLES & CURVES FOR DESIGN PRACTICE 26

SELECTION OF PROBLEM 3k
1. S tatem en t of Problem ................. 3k
2. L o catio n and A r c h ite c tu r a l Layout 3k
3. G eneral Assumptions f o r D esign . 3k
I].. Sign Conventions .......................... 37

DESIGN OF THE SLIGHTLY CURVED BEAN .. 38

1. Loadings 38
2. D esign o f Slab 38
 V

CHAPTER PAGE
3. Design of End Span byC o e ffic ien ts . . . . I4.O
I*. Design of In terior SpanbyC o e ffic ie n ts . Ij2
5. Moment D istrib u tion s ..................... . 1;3

VIII DESIGN OF THE RING BEAM .................................... . . 1*5

1. The Ring Beam .................................................. 1*5

2. Loadings . 1*6
3. Moment D istrib u tion s ..................................... 1+7
1*. R esults SO
5. Approximate Comparison ................................. 51
6. Design of C o lu m n ................................ 52

IX CONCLUSIONS 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sb

APPENDIX .. ................................................................. . 57
 vi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PA(D

1. CORRECTION FACTORS FOR CURVED HEMS ............................. 7

2. STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS k * 1 ................................... 26

3. STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS' k= 2 26

il. STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS- k= 3 27

5. STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS k »U ..................................... 27

6. STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS k =10 28

7. FIXED-EM) MOMENT COEFFICIENTS. FOR UNIFORM LOADS . . 29

 vxi.

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PAG,

1. COi-imiSOH OF STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS; h

2. CURT/ED BEAM ANALYSIS . . . .

3. REDUCTION OF APPLIED FORCES TO A SINGLE FORd

AID BENDING COUPLE . . . 8

h. CURVED BEAM SECTIONS ............................... 8

5. STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM ............................... 10

6. STRESS DIAGRAM ....................................... 10

7« PLASTIC ZONES OF I-BEAM .......................... 10

8. PLAN VIEWS OF FRAMES IIITH CURVED MEMBERS lU

9. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN WITH ONE FIXED AID

ONE FREE END ................................... 19

10. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAMMITE ENDS FIXED 23

11. RATIO OF TORQUE TO El© MOMENT CURVES 30

12 . STIFFNESS FACTORS FOR END MOMENTS CURVES 31

13. COEFFICIENT OF STIFFNESS FOR TORQUE CURVES 32

1 )4 . FIXED El© MCNENT COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT

AND TORQUE CURVES . . . . . . . . . . 33

15. SITS PLAN, LOCATION A ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT . 35

16 . DIAGRAM Oi1 iiixli OURV'-iiiL/ BiiiiLLi . . . . . . . . 39

17. THE RING BEAM » « « US

 v iii

LIST OF PICTURES

PICTURES PAGE

1. ROUT® OFFICE BUIIDING .................................................... 1J

2 CURVED HIGHWAY OVERPASSES.............................................. 16

3. FOUR-LEVEL HIGHWAY ITFTERCTIAHGE .................................. 16

 PART I

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL THEORY

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Prominence of Curved S tr u c tu r e s , Curved S tru c tu r e s

have r e c e n tly become a f a v o r ite among a r c h it e c t s and e n g in e e rs .

C irc u la r b u ild in g s , domes, curved highway ram ps, skewed r i g i d

fram e s, curved s p a n d re ls , and o th e r s p e c ia l s tr u c t u r e s a re examples

where curved beams a re employed to give h ig h e r s tr e n g th and b e t t e r

economy. Because of t h e i r in h e re n t b e a u ty , h ig h e r s tr e n g th and

b e t t e r economy, i t i s b e lie v e d t h a t th e curved s tr u c tu r e s w i l l

become even more prom inent in th e f u tu r e .

O b jectiv e of t h i s T h e s is . The main purpose of t h i s

th e s i s i s to i l l u s t r a t e a p r a c t i c a l d esig n o f h o r iz o n ta lly curved

beans in re in fo rc e d C o n crete. A lso , th e g e n e ra l th eo ry and a n a ly s is

a p p lic a b le to any type o f curved beams w i l l be review ed. Various

methods of a n a ly s is such as th eo ry of s t r a i g h t beams, th e o ry of

e l a s t i c i t y , and th e o ry of p l a s t i c i t y w i l l be eimployed.

The method used f o r a n a ly s is and d esig n of re in fo rc e d

co n crete curved beams w i l l be a s p e c ia l form of moment d i s t r i b u t i o n .

A p r a c t i c a l d esig n p r o je c t i s in clu d ed in th e l a s t p a r t of t h i s

th e s is to show p r a c t i c a l d esig n p rocedures and d e t a i l s ,

3. H is to r y . Curved s tr u c tu r e s have lo n g been employed

in the e a r ly c i v i l i z a t i o n . In th e c o n s tru c tio n of th e a n c ie n t

Temples, Churches and M emorials in C hina, I t a l y and E gypt, curved

 2

beams were u se d . J u s t p r io r to w orld war I I , curved s tr u c tu r e s

composed of c e l l u l a r s e c tio n came in to wide use in th e a i r c r a f t

in d u s tr y . D uring th e l a s t f i f t e e n y e a r s , e x te n s iv e r e s e a r c h on

r e in fo rc e d co n crete curved beams has. been in p r o g r e s s .

To th e b e s t o f th e w r i t e r ’ s knowledge, a p p lic a b le a n a ly s is

and d esig n of r e in fo r c e d co n crete curved beams have n o t y e t been

p u b lish ed in p ro p e r t e x t book,form . There a re only a few v a lu ab le

and p r a c t i c a l a r t i c l e s on t h i s to p ic p u b lish e d in some E ngineering

P e r io d ic a ls . However, i t i s known t h a t some e a r ly a n a ly t ic a l

s tu d ie s on t h i s type of s tr u c tu r e have been conducted by C harles

Rathbun (l)*- and ¥ . T. M arsh all (2 )* . Some o th e r e a r ly s tu d ie s

on g e n e ra l curved beam th eo ry have been conducted by M. S. Ketchum

(3)"XM O esterblom (I*)* Abroad by A. H. Gibson and E . G. R itc h ie (5 )* ,

George Unold (6)*', and J . S . P lppard and J . E . Baker (7 )* .

'/C See B ib lio g ra p h y , number in d ic a te d th e l i s t i n g o r d e r.

 CHAPTER I I

GENERAL THEORY

1, S cope. Beams curved b e fo re a bending moment o r lo ad

i s a p p lie d are c a lle d Curved Beams. There are two main ty p es of

curved beams. F i r s t , beams curved in s p a c e , such as curved members

in arch es and b e n ts , th ey are a ls o c a lle d v e r t ic a l ly curved beams.

Secondly, beams curved in p la n such as curved g ir d e r members in

c i r c u l a r b u ild in g s and domes. They are a lso c a lle d h o r iz o n ta lly

curved beams. Curved beams may be f a b r ic a te d from v a rio u s types

o f m a te r ia ls such as s t e e l , tim b e r, o r re in fo rc e d c o n c re te , and

th ey may be formed in d i f f e r e n t cro ss s e c tio n a l sh a p e s. C urvature

may vary from p o in t to p o in t in the beam. In r e in fo r c e d co n crete

c o n s tru c tio n beams of c o n sta n t cro ss s e c tio n , and c o n sta n t cu rv atu re

are m ost common. This type of c o n s tru c tio n w i l l be th e main to p ic

d iscu ssed in P a r t I I . The fo llo w in g i s a d is c u s s io n of th e g e n e ra l

th eo ry of curved beams.
2. S tr e s s D i s tr i b u t io n . A d i r e c t a p p lic a tio n of the bend­

in g fo rm u la d eriv e d f o r s t r a i g h t beams w i l l le a d to co n sid e rab le

e r r o r f o r curved beams. I f th e member i s sh arp ly curv ed , the s tr e s s

d i s t r i b u t i o n i s m arkedly n o n lin e a r and i s h y p e r b o l a F i g . 1 shows

th e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a curved beam of c o n s ta n t cro ss s e c tio n

s u b je c te d to a bending couple as compared to th o se of a s tr a i g h t

beam.

* Advanced Theory and Problem s, S tre n g th of M a te ria ls ,

P a rt I I , PP. 6 5 -6 ?, by Timoshenko, 19k2.
 *4 -

P PT

S tr a ig h t
Beam ^

Curved
Beam

M o N e u tr a l
S u r fa c e
F ig u r e 1

COMPARISON OF STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS

C e n t r o id a l
U - A x is

A x is o f
C u rv a tu re

F ig u r e 2

CURVED BEAM ANALYSIS

 5

3* Curved Beam Theory. A ssm e p lan e r a d i a l s e c tio n

rem ains p lan e a f t e r b en ding. In ^ i g . 2 ,

d0 = d i f f e r e n t i a l angle

doC = angle o f r o ta tio n of PQ to F*Q1 due to bending

ran 1 pq - two c ro ss s e c tio n s of a curved beam su b je c te d to

bending c o u p le s.

By Hook’ s Law, th e s t r e s s a t a d is ta n c e y from th e n e u tr a l su rfa c e

<Tx = e £ „ = E
x Ud0
To s a t i s f y the c o n d itio n I f e q u ilib riu m

where
U x = s t r e s s on x d ir e c tio n

(x " s t r a i n on x d ir e c tio n

E - modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y

e - d is ta n c e from c e n tro id to IT.A

R = d is ta n c e from c e n tro id to a x is of c u rv a tu re .
T h e o re tic a lly sp eak in g , t h i s e q u a tio n i s s a ti s f a c t o r y f o r
c a lc u la tin g s tr e s s e s In curved beam. However, the com putation of
v alu e ”e n i s d i f f i c u l t .

The e v a lu a tio n of "e!t may be s im p lif ie d by u sin g the

 6

fo llo w in g approxim ate fo rm ula developed by A. D. Richards'*'

Where k i s th e ra d iu s of g y ra tio n of the s e c tio n about the

tra n s v e rs e a x is through c e n tr o id .

A nother method to avoid th e tro u b le of f in d in g th e value

of"e" i s by means of the comparison method developed by W ilson

and Querea. D iscu ssio n of t h i s to p ic w i l l be p re se n te d in the

next a r tic le .

1|, S tre s s A n aly sis by Comparison. The d iffe re n c e in

s tr e s s e s between curved beams and s t r a i g h t beams can be c le a r ly

seen by th e stu d y made by W ilson and Q u e r e a T h e extreme f i b e r

s tr e s s e s in curved beams of v a rio u s c ro ss s e c tio n s a re computed

b o th w ith th e curved beam th eo ry and w ith th e o rd in a ry fle x u re

fo rm u la. By comparing t h e i r r e s u l t s , a m odified e q u a tio n i s

o b ta in e d ;

(j curved ®- C (T" s t r a i g h t = €
I

Where C i s a c o r re c tio n f a c to r and v a r ie s w ith the r a t i o R /c .

R i s th e ra d iu s of c u rv a tu re o f the c e n tr o id a l a x is and c i s the

d is ta n c e from th e c e n tr o id a l a x is to th e in n e r f i b e r . At v alu es

* '‘S tre s s e s in Curved Beam." by A. D. R ichards in E n g in e e rin g ,

J u ly 2hy 1953y London, England.

"A Simple i-lethod of D eterm ining S tre s s e s in Curved Beams",

C irc u la r 16, E n g in ee rin g Experim ent S ta tio n . U n iv e rsity o f
Illin o is •
 7
of R/C become g r e a te r than 20, th e c o r re c tio n f a c to r s approach

u n ity j so t h a t th e f le x u r e form ula may be a p p lie d d i r e c t l y to

such s l i g h t l y curved beams. Table 1 l i s t s some c o r re c tio n f a c to r s

f o r v a rio u s c ro ss s e c tio n s . For beams s u b je c te d to o th e r than

pure b en d in g , as in F ig . 3* th e system of co p lan ar f o rc e s a c tin g

in th e p lan e o f cu rv a tu re i s reduced to a s in g le fo rc e R a c tin g

a t th e c e n tro id of th e s e c tio n , p lu s a bending couple M. The

norm al s tr e s s e s produced by the couple are found as in pure b en d in g .

The f o rc e R i s reso lv ed in to two components, a s h e a rin g

fo rc e V in th e p lan e of the c ro ss s e c tio n , and a norm al fo rc e N

p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e p lane o f the c ro ss s e c tio n . S tre s s e s can

be computed by u s in g the form ula (T" ® N/A and ^ - 3L- Q where

ib
A i s th e c ro ss s e c tio n a l a r e a , ^ i s th e s h e a rin g s t r e s s e s , Q is

s t a t i c a l moment of a r e a , and b i s th e w id th .

TABIE 1

CORRECTION FACTORS FOR CURVED BEANS

R/c C irc le o r E llip s e R ectangle O ther S ectio n s

(Ave. V alues)
In s id e O utside In sid e O utside In sid e O utside

1.2 3 -k l 0.5U 2.89 0.57 When unsym m etrical

R /c r e f e r s to the
1 .6 1 .9 6 o .65 1.79 0.67 in s id e f i b e r .

2 .0 1.62 0 .7 1 1.52 0.73 1.63 0.7JU

h .o 1 .2 3 0.81* 1 .2 0 0.85 1.2 5 0.86

6 .0 l .l U 0 .8 9 1.12 0.90 1.16 0.90

1 0 .0 1 .0 8 0.93 1.07 0.91* 1.10 0.914
20 .0 1.03 0.97 l.O li 0.96 1.05 0 .9 5
 M

Figure 3
REDUCTION OF APPLIED FORCES TO A SINGLE
FORCE R AND A BENDING COUPLE M .

M
Figure 4
CURVED BEAM SECTIONS
 9

5. S tre s s A nalysis by Theory of E l a s t i c i t y * The s tr e s s

a n a ly s is o f curved beams by th e e x a c t M athem atical Theory of

E l a s t i c i t y * i s much too com plicated f o r th e purpose o f g e n e ra l

p r a c t i c a l d e s ig n . Winkler*'0' developed a sim p le r form ula by a s ­

suming t h a t s e c tio n s which are p lan e b e fo re bending rem ain plane

and t h a t th e r a d i a l s t r e s s can be ig n o re d . T h e re fo re 5

Where (T = The s t r e s s a t any p o in t y from th e g r a v ity a x is

A1 ® The "m odified area" of th e s e c tio n d efin ed

r&JSu. aa

Sign C onvention: +K i f th e c u rv a tu re i s in c re a se d

+■ y i f outward

+ t e n s ile s tr e s s e s

- com pression s tr e s s e s

Care i s n e c e ssa ry to e v a lu a te A* because i t never d i f f e r s g re a tly

from A. Where (Rq dA cannot be e v a lu a te d by d i r e c t i n t e g r a ti o n }

J R o t?
a sim ple g ra p h ic a l method w i l l h e lp . As shown in F ig . draw

P»Q* = — PQ. Area of th e d i f f e r e n t i a l s t r i p = P ’Q1 dy -

Ro-*y
Rq PQdv - dA. T herefore th e t o t a l d o tte d lin e a re a
Txo+y
= R .o. . dA = A1.
Rq"^

J . J . G uest. P ro c. Roy. Soc. A1918.

** E . W inkler., P e r C iv ilin g e n ie u r Bd. IV5 1(358.

 Y ie ld S t r e s s
/ ^ P l a s t i c Range
STRESS

E l a s t i c Range

STRAIN

F ig u r e 5

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

dA

M id-A rea A x is

7 -f

F ig u r e 6 , STRESS DIAGRAM

P l a s t i c Zones

F ig u r e 7

PLASTIC ZONES OF I-BEAM

 6. S tre s s A n aly sis by the Theory of P l a s t i c i t y . This

method i s based on the o rd in a ry s im p lif ie d s t r e s s s t r a i n diagram ,

F ig . 5« The d e sig n in d ic a te s t h a t th e c o n d itio n s a t f a i l u r e are

such th a t one h a l f o f th e s e c tio n i s s tr e s s e d to the y ie ld s t r e s s

in te n s io n and the o th e r h a lf in com pression, F ig . 6 . T herefore

% * fy A ya
th e re = moment o f r e s is ta n c e of the s e c tio n .

Ay = moment o f a re a of th e s e c tio n about the raid -area

a x is .

f y = y ie ld s t r e s s .

The m id -a re a a x is c o in c id e s w ith the g r a v ity a x is in a sym m etrical

s e c tio n * The moment of r e s i s ta n c e , acco rd in g to th e th e o ry of

p l a s t i c i t y , does n o t depend on the ra d iu s o f curv atu re* I t would

be th e same as f o r s t r a i g h t beams of th e same se c tio n *

The d esig n of curved beams a cco rd in g to the theory of

e l a s t i c i t y i s r e l a t i v e l y te d io u s and in any case does n o t r e s u l t

in p u re ly e l a s t i c s tr e s s c o n d itio n s as p l a s t i c sones are formed

in th e neighborhood o f f i l l e t s e t c . D esign by th e th eo ry of p l a s ­

t i c i t y i s r e l a t i v e l y sim ple and can r e s u l t in an e l a s t i c moment-

r o ta ti o n r e la tio n s h ip i f th e beam i s allow ed to become s e l f - s t r e s s e d .

Two p o s s ib le o b je c tio n s may be r a is e d re g a rd in g " P la s t ic

D esig n ". ‘ That p a r t of the s e c tio n in a p l a s t i c s t a t e i s q u ite

"Design of Curved Beams" by ¥ • ‘A rig h t, C iv il

E n g in e e rin g , p . 1|6, January 1952, London.
 12

tru e, but the f i l l e t s o f structural section s designed on the

e la s tic theory are also frequently stressed beyond the e la s t ic

lim it as shown in F ig . 7 • The moment-rotation relation sh ip i s non­

lin e a l a fte r the extreme fib ers y ie ld . In some design cases th is

may be n eglected . In other cases the d if f ic u lt y can be surmounted

by s e lf-s tr e s s in g of the beam. I f the beam i s so loaded as to make

a l l or part od the section p la s tic and i f the load is then released ,

the resu ltin g resid ual str e sse s s e t up are such that when the same

load i s reapplied the beam behaves e la s t ic a lly , i . e , , the moment-

rotation relation sh ip i s lin e a l.*

-jt
Design of Curved Beams, by W. Wright,
C iv il Engineering, V. Itf, No. , January 1952,London.
 PART I I

A M U SIS OF CURVED BEAMS II

 CHAPTER I I I

GENERAL DISCUSSION

1. R ein fo rced Concrete Curved Beams. The d e f in itio n and

ty p es of curved beans have been tr e a te d in Chapter I I . This

c h a p te r concerns only re in fo rc e d co n crete beams curved in p la n .

Beam members whose a x is are curved in p la n a re o r d in a r ily

continuous and m o n o lith ic w ith columns in r e in fo rc e d co n crete b u ild ­

in g o r s p e c ia l s tr u c tu r e s . The a n a ly s is of t h i s type of beams i s

d i f f e r e n t from th e o rd in a ry a n a ly s is o f beams as shorn in C hapter I I .

Due to th e t o r s io n a l moments and th e v e r t i c a l lo ad s which pass through

th e a x is o f the member, b o th in t e r n a l bending and tw is tin g moments,

as w e ll as tra n s v e rs e sh e a r must be co n sid ered in d e sig n .

2. Illu s tra tio n s . F ig . 8 i l l u s t r a t e s some of the curved

p r o f i l e s tr u c t u r e s where curved members are u sed .

PICTURE (1) i l l u s t r a t e s the u ses o f the h o r iz o n ta lly curved

P ic tu re 1 . Round O ffice B uilding

 14

\Z

*h

F igu re $
PLAN VIEWS OF FRAMES WITH CURVED MEMBERS
 15
beam applied to building construction. This building i s c a lle d

ffThe F ir st Round O ffice Building in the World"*, and the fin ish ed

structure i s located in Hollywood, C alifo rn ia . In t h is b u ild in g,

many beams have been elim inated by means o f f l a t slab flo o r and the

horizon tally curved beam spans along the circu la r edge.

PICTURE (2) and (3) illu s t r a t e sane o f the places where

the h orizon tally curved beams may be applied to the design of

curved highway ramps and overpasses, Picture (3) shows the famous

fo u r -le v e l interchange where the Hollywood Freeway, Harbor Parkway,

and Pasadena Freeway meet at Los Angeles. This in tersectio n con­

s i s t s of three curved highway overpasses.

By applying the curved beam theory instead o f f l a t slab in

designing the above mentioned building or curved Highway ramps, the

construction c o st i s much lower.

3. Moment D istribution Method. In solvin g the problems of

continuous c ircu la r curved beams, a sp ec ia l moment d istrib u tion

method i s found very convenient and p r a c tic a l. This method was

developed by Becla V e lu tin i. Moment d istrib u tio n can be applied

to members o f any curvature in plan, but o f particu lar concern here

*
"Modem Architectures & Engineering", Los Angeles Examiner,
January 1 , 1956, also C aliforn ia, Here I Come, Los Angeles: Standard
Federal Bank and Southern C alifornia A rch itects 1 A sso ., 1955.

"Analysis of Continuous Circular Curved Beams", by Becla

V e lu tin i, Journal o f American Concrete I n s t it u t e , V. 22, No.3 ,
Proceeding V.Jttf, 1950. ”
 16

P ic tu re 2 . Curved Highway O verpasses

P ic tu re 3* F o u r -le v e l Highway In terchange

 17

are th e common c i r c u l a r curved beams o f c o n sta n t cro ss s e c tio n .

By ap p ly in g C a s tig lia n o 1s theorem /" th e r e l a t io n s between

th e end moments and to rq u e s and th e co rresponding r o ta tio n s o f

th e end s e c tio n s can be d eriv ed from th e e x p re ssio n f o r th e t o t a l

s t r a i n energy due to bending and t o r s i o n . From th ese s t r a i n r e ­

l a t i o n s betw een end f o rc e s and end r o t a t i o n s 3 th e f a m ilia r s t i f f ­

n ess and c a rry -o v e r f a c t o r s o f th e moment d i s t r i b u t i o n a re d e riv e d .

Some form ulas and ta b le s are then e s ta b lis h e d . There are two s t i f f ­

n ess c o e f f ic ie n ts f o r moment and to rq u e and s i x c a rry -o v e r f a c t o r s

which give th e sim ultaneous change in a l l end moments and to rq u e s

f o r any r o t a t i o n . The method o f o b ta in in g d is t r i b u t i o n f a c to r s

and of th e c a rry over f a c to r s in d eterm in in g the corresponding

changes in th e o th e r end moments3 and to rq u e s by usin g the two

s t i f f n e s s c o e f f ic ie n ts i s i l l u s t r a t e d in th e d esig n p r o je c t of

P a rt I I I .

’’E l a s t i c i t y in E n g in ee rin g ” by E . E. S echler^ 1952.

 CKAP1SR IV

13IVEI0B1CRI OF EQUATIONS

1. D isplacem en t and R o ta tio n s . In F ig . 9S a beam curved

in p lan w ith end "a" f r e e and end Mb !f h eld a g a in s t any type of move­

m ent. At a , a moment MaJ a to rq u e Ta , and a v e r t i c a l fo rc e Pa are

a c tin g on th e beam, n e g le c tin g v e r t i c a l sh e a r e f f e c t 5 th e s t r a i n

energy th en

U = ^ * f ^ ^
Jo 2 SI Jo
AT‘T- I (i-h
- OT cos OC + T& sinrC
W m Pn CL sincC )2 Rd oC
C-XbX I X d
'o
+ f @r-ma s in cC + T^CosaO ?a R ( l- c o s oC ) Jpd<?C • _i_.

Where M ^ and T^c 3X6 moment and to rq u e r e s p e c tiv e ly a t

any s e c tio n a t a n g u la r d ista n c e cC from a .

By C a s tig lia n o ’s theorem , Let k * :kL.
GJ
R o ta tio n s
3? - f i i a c o s oC + s i n ^ » IBRsinod*] RdaC
Wa 7»Ma c' a * 21

+ f ^ r -M„ sin c< + T cosoC + P R (l-c o s oC )] - s 2.n °C Rd oC

J0 L * a a > GJ
= ** Ila^ @ (k+l) - sin @ cos @ (k -l)J "JL Ta sin 2^ (k -l)
2 Jiil 2. °*
+ F_ P s in 2 (3 (k-1) + 2 k (cos 6 - 1)^1
aB i ^
(F-L cos ^C + T_ sin<?C - PJ?sin<pC
Jo a a ^ SI

+ sinoC +■ I a coseC + Pa R (l-c o s e £ ) ^ CQS^

= - ^_iL ^ sin 2 ^ (k -l) +^S~. Ta £(£> (k+l) sin. (3 cos (3 (k -l/J

+ S^a ^ k sin @ - @(k+l) - sin (3 cos (3 ( k -l) J

 F igure 9
BEAM CURVED IN PLAN WITH
ONE FIXED AND ONE FREE END
 20
V e r tic a l “D isplacem ent 0 ~ jLh.
a T )fa Q
/v r(3 { ^ m . - r, ^ R s in c e d o f
= j v - ( i'-ia cosoc + Ta s in o f - s in c e ) _____ _______
Jo ° Jill
+ f 0 r ~i: sincC+ T cos oC + P R (1-ecsoC)]
Jq L a a a J ijj

= ^ Hg Q sin ^ ( 3 ( k - l ) + 2 k (cos 0 - i ) ] +
w r~
S L Ta C 2 k s in 0 - @ (k+l ) + s in p cos 0 ( k - l) J +
2jsI
^ P f* 6 (k + l) + s in fl cos (3 ( k -l) - ijk s in 0 + 2 k 0 ) l
2SI a v
For convenience l e t

A = ( 3 ( k + l ) - s in 0 cos @ ( k - 1 )

B = s in ^ 0 ( k - 1 )

C= s in ^ 0 ( k - l ) ~ 2 k ( l - cos (3)

D - (3 ( k + 1 ) + s in @ cos 0 ( k - 1 )

L = 2 k s in 0 - 0 ( k + 1 ) - s in 0 cos 0 ( k - 1)

H = 0 ( k + 1 ) + s in 0 cos 0 ( k - 1 ) - k k s in 0 + 2 k0

By s u b s t i t u t i o n
¥ a. = J221
L ( PL
a A - T.
a B + Pna R C)
* ----------
\ /

<t> = _1_ (-M* B + T. 33 + P R L ) .................................( 2 )

0

4 a j ! ( Ha C + Ta L + pa R H ) ( 3 )
4Jil

2. S tif f n e s s and Carry-Over F a c to r s . I f end !1a" i s

h eld a g a in s t t w is t and v e r t i c a l d isp la c e m e n t, then f o r any r o t a ­

t io n hTa ~ 1 . The. v a lu e of M i s th e c o e f f ic ie n t of s t i f f n e s s ,

Sjjj, f o r bending in th e member. F or ^ 88 Q, = 0 , eq u a tio n s

( 2 ) and ( 3 ) g iv e ;
 21
M B 3 T D + P R L
a a a
- Ma C - Ta L + Pa R H

T h e re fo re , R atio o f torque to a p p lie d end moment a t end 1 i s :

. B H H C . m t,
Ma D il"-I? 1 1

a ls o j

FaR " + ■° g L- \
D H - L2

S u b s titu te i n t o e q . ( 1 ) and s im p lif ie d , th e s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r

Sm f o r an a p p lie d end moment w i l l be o b tain ed as fo llo w s :

S = Ha = —-------------2,-l ..P, „J±— ——________¥ a E l

A (DH-L2 ) - B(BH + LC) - C (DC + BL) R

Follow the same p ro ced ures as above,, l e t

d3 0, W 3 0,cl and cl 3 1, i t gives

Ta B 3 na i + Pa. R c

- Ta L 3MLa C + Pa R H

R a tio of end moment to a p p lie d torque a t end 1 i s :

PL 3 BH + LC = t-i m-j
M
-tiL. ry «L
T* ah - e 2
a ls o
F R = ( AI + 3C ) T
d /*> d
AH - C2
By s u b s t i t u t i o n in e q , (2 ), s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r f o r an a p p lie d

to rq u e w i l l b e :
2 (A H - C2 ) SI
St =Ta “ A (DH-LJ - B (BH+LCj - C"‘(DC+BL; R
The c a rry -o v e rs to th e end b of the member are o b tain ed by ta k in g

= (3 in th e e x p re s s io n s :

= Ma cos (p( + Ta s in o( - Pa R s in o(

T^ « M& s i n ^ + Ta cos * Pa R ( 1-cos oC )

The c a rry -o v e r f a c t o r s between th e two ends can be c a lc u la te d from

th e above e q u a tio n s by ex p re ssin g th e v a lu e s o f Ta and Fa in term s

of Ma $ o r Ma and Fa in term s o f Ta . By th e s e s u b s t i t u t i o n s 5 th e

fo llo w in g can be o b ta in e d :

R a tio o f th e end moment a t end 2 to an a p p lie d end moment

a t end 1 i s :

M12 - cos 'p * ( H _ t .g p — ) Sin (S + ( - gf p -g 1- ) s in £

R a tio o f to rq u e a t end 2 to a p p lie d end moment a t end 1 i s :

K jtg —s in g + ( BH + IS 1 cos g - (S S _t.B I „ ) ( ^ g a )
DH + I? DH - L

R atio of end moment a t end 2 to a p p lie d to rq u e a t end 1 i s :

t-iMp = s in £ + — 1 cos 5 + (Mi. s in (5

' AH - £r AH - C2 '
R atio o f torq u e a t end 2 to a p p lie d torque a t end 1 i s :
t 12 = cos(* - (S I „* M ) sdn(S - (AL_LB£.) ( 1 - cos S
v AH - & V AH - C2 v

A ll s t i f f n e s s f a c to r s and c a rry -o v e r f a c to r s can be c a lc u la te d

d i r e c t ly from th e above eq u atio n s* Some num erical v alu es f o r

d i f f e r e n t k v a lu es m i l be given in C hapter V. F or p r a c t i c a l

d esig n p u rp o se s s some surves are a ls o p l o t t e d .

3. F ixed End Moments. The end moments due to uniform

lo ad s of q p e r u n i t le n g th of beam f o r a beam curved in p lan w ith

ends f ix e d m i l be determ ined.

 ju iu tu m m iu m u iJM

F ig u r e 10

BEAK CURVED IN PLAN V/ITH ENDS FIXED

 2h

In F ig . 10, a t any d ista n c e R from b j

cos + s in qI + Pb * R s in d - qR d 1 s in <//2

= Ii0 cos d + s ^n d + • R s in o ( - qR o(sin d/ 2 ft °^/2

O'/ c
= cos p/ - Tb s in d + Qft.2 S2-n <k ~ Oft" (1“ COSq( )

T ) = Tb c o s J - Mb s i n ^ - Pb (R-R coso( ) + qRo^ (R-R sin ^ / 2 cos ^/2)

gC/2
= Tb cos q( - II0 s i n ^ - qR2 (2> (l~cos(/. ) + qR2 (o* - s ln d )

A p p ^ a v i r t u a l moment m* = 1 a t b , a t any d ista n c e / ;

li*^ = cos d 3 Tjc =~ s i n ^ . Since th e beam i s f ix e d :

f% ;t Rdo<i + P f i l,E d < [ = Wb = 0

J0 l * °^EI i ^ b
th e n ,

cos</ + Tb s in d/ + aS2^ Sint/.- qR2 (X-cosc<{ )J

Shl 2 coso(/ d1 V -

Tb c o s / - Mh s in o / - q | 2 (1 ( l- c o s ( / )+qR2

i d “ s in )J s in t/d o ( = 0

I n te g r a tin g and s im p lif ie d ,

i M jj[^(k+l) - s in ^ cos (k -l)J - i ^ s in ( k - l) +

1 qR2 [ ^ (k+1) § k ( 1 + c c s ^ ) - |< ^ s in 2£ (k- D -

2 s in ^ (k+ l) - s in ^ cos ^ (k -l)] = 0

Apply a v i r t u a l to rq u e t £ l = 1 a t b , a t any d ista n c e ;

Kn^ - s in d 3 ^ “ cos d • Since th e beam i s f ix e d ,

f t hi*. h i . + f? t», t , M * - =0
J0 * * El Jo * * GJ
th e n )
^ [ j ‘% c o s + Tb s in d + | qR2 ^ s in qR2 ( l- c o s d ) ]

s in
 25

f a ^T b c o s p /- 2% s i n , / - | qR2|3 (1 -c o s t./) + qR2 ( c / - s i n / ) J

coso/do/= 0

I n te g r a tin g and s im p lify in g }

«. 1 i-2b s i n ^ ( k - l ) + 1 Tb C ( < k+1> + s in (g cos £ ( k - l ) J +

1 qR2 f ' l s 2 (k + l) + i ? s in g cos | ( k - l ) - s in 2 6 ( k - l) +

2 ‘ k 2 “ 2
k l ^ s i n ^ -A .(k -1 ) ( l- c o s (3 ) J =0

L et A1 =(3 ( k + 1 )

B1 =s i n 2 (2>( k - l )

C1 =s in ^ cos (3 ( k - 1 )

D* «(£(k+l)+k ^ (l+ co s(5 ) - | s i n 2 ^» ( k - l ) - 2 s i n ^ (k + l)-

s i n (3 cos(3 ( k - l )
g t s i (1 2 (k + l)+ 5 s in cos ^ ( k - l ) - s in ^ ( k - l) + k ^ s i n ^ - 2

(k + l) ( l- c o s (3 )

The e q u a tio n s become

(A*-C*) - Tb B» + qR2 D* = 0

- Hb B1 + Tb (A1+C1) + qR2 S* = 0

Solving fo r rib and Tb ,

Hb = qR2 3»B'J)JJA1*C12
-A'2+B'2+ c i 2
T = qR2 3'B '+ S '(A '-C q
b _A<2+b >2+c i 2

By su b stitu tio n and sim p lific atio n }

11 = Mph = qR2r 2I kalI.s% ?.^,-J^i,.(:! :!£ggiJ. - l l = qR2 Cm
M
13 " b L $ (k+l) - sin $ (k -l) J m
T » T™, = qR2 r z(k+l) (l-cos ? )-kg sin $ - 5 1 = qR* Ct
I ^ ( B l) - sin '^ ( k - l f 2J
Some numerical values of and Cb w ill be lis te d in next
chapter. Some curves are also prepared fo r design purposes.
 CHAPTER V

TABLES a CURVES FOR DESIGN PRACTICE

TABLE 2 .

STIFFNESS CARRY-OVERS COEFFICIENTS k * 1

10° 30° 60° 90° 120° lpO° 180°

sm 22.861 7.101 3.1*26 1.999 1.252 0.808 0.535

St 5.790 2.077 1.279 1.080 0.997 0.931 0.853

0.01*1* 0.130 0.261 0.389 0.507 0.598 0.636

ral- 2 - 0.502 -0.520 -0.582 - 0.681 -0.809 -0.937 -1 .0 0 0

m1t 2 0.000 0.002 0.020 0.070 0.176 0.362 0.637

t l ml 0.172 0 . JL167 0.700( 0.720 O.636 0.520 0.399

t l- 2 0.985 0.877 0.627 0 . 1*11 0.282 0.231* 0.25k

t l rfl2 -0 .0 0 0 - 0.009 -0.053 - 0.130 - 0.222 -0.311* - 0.399

TABLE 3 .

STIFFNESS & a 'RX-OVERS EIERTS k = 2

0
0
fxl
{■^
—1

10° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 1800

22.831 7.360 3.320 1.881* 1.11*9 0.722 0.1*62

S-t 2.923 1.123 0.781 0.708 0.666 0.618 0.558

m1t 1 o .o ii 0.130 0.257 0.377 0.1*86 0.578 0.637

ml -2 - 0.502 -0 .520 -0.582 -0 .6 8 1 ■-0.809 -0.937 - 1.000

mjt.2 0.000 0.002 0.019 0.070 0.176 0.362 0.637

0.172 0.u67 0.700 0.720 0.636 0.520 0.399

h -2 0.985 0.877 0.627 O .ljll 0.282 O.23I* 0.251*

■t-jlllg -0 .0 0 0 -0 .0 0 9 - 0.053 - 0.130 •-0.222 -0.311* -0.399
 27

TABLE 5

STIFFNESS A CARRY-OVERS co effic ;ENTS k == 3

10° 30° 60° 900 120° 150° 1800

22.810 7.302 3.225 1.787 1.065 0.653 0.506

Sm

3k 1.967 0.802 O.60I4 0.562 0.526 0 . 1*82 0.530

mxt i 0.01*5 0.130 0.253 0.368 0.173 0.566 0.637

ml - 2 -0 ;.gOi* -0.533 -0 .6 2 1 - 0.739 -0.859 -0.957 -1 .0 0 0

ml* 2 0.000 0.005 0.035 0.107 0.229 0.1*01* 0.637

0.505 1.181 1.352 1.171 0.958 0.768 0.601

* lml

*1-2 0.956 0.695 0.327 0.169 0 .1 l£ 0.182 0.259

tamg -0.002 -0 .0 5 2 -0.1 8 6 - 0.350 -0.1*63 -0.559 -0.6 0 1

TABLE 5

STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS C0EFF1CENTS k - *

O
O

120°
O

ON

10° 60° 150° 180°

OTv

3m
22.785 7.232 3.138 1.703 0.995 0.597 0.362

st 1 .190 0 . 6*0 0.509 0.*77 0.**3 o.*oo 0.35*

” 1*1 0.0** 0.129 0.250 0.361 0.*6* 0.559 0.637

ml - 2 -0 .5 0 5 - 0.539 -O .638 •-0.758 -0.872 - 0.961 - 0.100

ml*2 0.000 0.005 0.0*1 0.119 0.2*3 o .* i* 0.637

* lral 0.666 l.* 6 l 1 . 5*1 1.290 1.0*2 0.833 0.652

*1-2 0.9*2 0.626 0.256 0.136 0.139 0.196 0.280

tim2 -0 .0 0 3 -O.O 63 - 0.252 •-0.*26 -0.5*6 - 0.618 -0.652

 28

TABLE 6

STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVERS COEFFICIENTS k = 10

o
30° 60° 90° 120° ISO0 180°
H
Q

Sm 22.668 6.877 2.730 1.350 0.719 0.395 0.220

St 0.630 0.339 0.303 0.276 0.21)1) 0.211 0.179

■1*1 0 . 1)30 0.126 0.237 0.338 0.1)39 0.51)1 0.637

» l -2 -0.310 -0.369 - 0.703 -O.813 -0.909 - 0.972 -1.000

0.000 0.011 0.066 0.151 0.281 0.1)37 0.637

*1*1 1.363 2.367 2.131 1.653 1.295 1.011) 0.783

*1-2 0.863 0.372 0.093 0.125 0.191) 0.272 0.353

- 0.018 -0.221) -0.361) -0.778 -0.830 -0.819 -0.783
 29

TABLE 7

FIXED-EM) MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR UNIFORM LOADS

o
60 ° 900 120°
o
k 150 ° 180°

1 c
ra
- 0.0232 -O.O 96O - 0.2268 - 0 .k 230 - 0.6850 - 1.0000

Ct - 0.0001 - 0 . 001? - 0.0122 -0.0k78 -0.1335 -0.2976

2 -0.0233 -0 .0 9 7 1 - 0.2300 -0 .k 2 7 k - 0 . 687k - 1.0000

ct - 0.0001 -0.0023 -0 .0 1 3 k -0 .0 5 5 5 -0 .1 1 ^5 -0.2976

3 -0 .0 2 3 k - 0 . 101k -0.232k -Q.k310 - 0.6888 - 1.0000

Ct - 0.0001 - 0 . 00 k8 - 0.0178 -O.O 616 -0 .lk 7 6 -0.2976

k Cm -0 .0 2 3 k -0.0989 -0.23k3 -0.k 3 2 1 - 0.6896 - 1.0000

Ct - 0.0002 -0.003k - 0.0197 -O.O 636 -0.1507 - 0.2976

10 -0.0239 -0.1021 -0.2k00 -0.k371 -0.6916 -1.0000

Ct - 0.0003 -0.00^2 -0 .0 2 5 k -0.0723 -0.1582 - 0.2976

 6
RATIO

F iqurell
RATIO w TO RfiU E 4o END MOMENT
AT END*l

to 20 30 40 90 eo "jp go oo W
IH DECREES
 F u u re 12
STIFFNESS FACTOR
Sm for END MOMENT

O 10 20 20 40 SO QD 10 20 90 100 110 120 30 MO 8 0 160 n o fBO

ANG LE SUBTENDED BY BEAM IN DEGREES
 Figure 13
COEFFICIENT OF STIFFNESS
S t FOR TORQ.UE

ANCLES IN OESBEES
 12 Pi'<jure 14
FIXED END COEFFICIENTS
fo r
il
MOMENT &TO R SI OKI
10

6
r
x to

*4
I

U>
120 130 140 ISO Ifl I U»
_L E¥
 CHAPTER VI

SELECTION OF PROBLEM

1. S tatem ent of Problem . A r e in fo rc e d co n crete curved

walkway* su p p o rted by r e in fo rc e d co n crete columns* i s s e le c te d

to i l l u s t r a t e the p r a c t i c a l d esig n of a r e in fo rc e d co n crete beara

curved in p la n . This walkway i s p a r t of th e P e a rl Harbor Memorial

in H o an allia* H onolulu. I t extends from the Memorial ch ap el to

th e Ocean and i s approxim ately 200 f e e t long and approxim ately

Ik f e e t above th e w ater l e v e l . The w idth v a r ie s from 8 f e e t to

lir f e e t w ith a re in fo rc e d co n crete s la b c a n tile v e r from c e n te r

of th e curved beam. The beam r e s t s on th e re in fo rc e d co n crete

columns t h a t are spaced approxim ately 20 f e e t from c e n te r to

c e n te r .

2• L ocation arid A r c h ite c tu r a l L ayout. In F ig . 15* the

diagram shows the lo c a tio n and th e a r c h i t e c t u r a l la y o u t of the

curved walkway.

3* G eneral Assumptions f o r D esign. Hooke’s law and the

p r in c ip le of s u p e rp o s itio n are assumed v a lid . The deform ations

due to th e v e r t i c a l sh e a r f o rc e s a re n e g lig ib le . The angle of

bending p e r u n it le n g th of beam v a r ie s as m /S I. The angle of

tw is t p e r u n i t le n g th o f beam v a r ie s as T/GJ* where GJ i s t o r s i o n a l

s tiffn e s s .

The f i r s t sec tio n * from A to J * of th e curved walkway i s

su p p o rted by a s l i g h t l y curved beam. In accordance w ith the

FIG. 1> L ocation and A r c h ite c tu r a l Layout G
 a r t i c l e ii of Chapter I I , a t v alu e s of R/c g r e a te r than 20, th e

o rd in a ry f le x u r e form ula may be a p p lie d d ir e c t ly to curved beam.

T h e re fo re , the s t r a i g h t beam approxim ate method w i l l be used f o r

d e sig n in g the s e c tio n A-J of th e curved beam. The end of the

curved walkway i s a c i r c u l a r s e c tio n which i s su pported by a r in g

beam. Because of th e sh arp c u rv a tu re , th e curved beara th eo ry

m ust be a p p lied in d esig n in g th e r in g beam.

The method developed by P aul Andersen" to determ ine the

v alu e of K f o r re c ta n g u la r r e in fo rc e d co n crete beams w i l l be

u se d .
2
K = EI/GJ = 0.671 ( 1 + ®L )
b*-

A ccording to ACI B u ild in g Code, th e fo llo w in g lo ad s and

allo w ab le s tr e s s e s are assumed:

Weight o f R ein fo rced C oncrete * 150 l b s . p e r cu. f t .

W eight of th e R a ilin g = 25 l b s . p e r l i n . f t .

Live lo ad = 100 l b s . p e r s q . f t .

f ’ = 2500 p . s . i . ( Compression s t r e s s of co n crete a t 28 days )

c
f = 1125 p . s . i . ( Compression s t r e s s in extreme f i b e r of
c
co n crete )

vq = 75 p . s . i . ( A llow able s h e a rin g s tr e s s on the co n crete )

u == 175 p . s . i . ( Bond s t r e s s )

f O = 20,000 p . s . i . ( T e n sile s tr e s s in re in fo rcem en t )

"Design o f R ein fo rced Concrete in T o rsio n ," by

P au l A ndersen, T ra n s ., A .S .C .E ., V. 103.
 k* Sign C onventions.

A. DIAGRAM 0? SIGN CONVENTION NHICH IS

APPLIED TO THE END OF ANT SPAN.

B. PROPER SIGNS FOR CARRY-OVER FACTORS

■+
Moment a

Torque a L ±r
 CHAPTER VII

DESIGN OF THE SLIGHTLY CURVED BEAM

1 . L o adings.

Assume R e c ta n g u la r Beam 21!** x 18“

A. Dead lo a d .

Beam + S u rfa c in g 2* ( 1.5+Q ??)' ( l ? 0 ) - 52? p . p . f

Slab + S u rfa c in g 2 (?} (0 .6 7 * 0 .2 5 ) 1(l5 0 ) =

XlikO p .p * f

Side w a ll 2 .7 5 ’ (0 .6 7 ) ( l? 0 ) - 275 p . p . f

R a ilin g « 25 p . p . f

T o ta l Dead Load 2?76 p .p .f

B. Live Load.

Assume l i v e lo ad 100 p . s . f .

2. D esign of S la b .

Width b = 12 11

Average th ic k n e s s d = 8 ’*

A llow able c learan ce l u f o r R einforcem ent

As - 0.002? bd ® 0 .2 1 s q / i n .

Use # 1* b a r a t 10j« O.C.

Use # ii. b a r a t 13n O.C. f o r temp, s t e e l

Moment

lUi-0# ( 1 .7 ) 1 55 1.23 f t . k .
2
300# (5 .W = 1.62 f t . k. M It.10 f t . k.
So0# (2.S)' = 1.25 f t . k.
 i cy' ifr&r
Ifc-J5>

Figure. 16

DIAGRAM OF THE CURVED BEAM

 hO
Use b a r a t 10u o .c .

Unbalanced Moment due to liv e Load on one s id e

H - 50dr ( 2 . 5 ’ ) “ 1.25 f t . k . / f t .

Since span CD i s lo n g e s t w ith i t s le n g th of 20 f e e t ,

th e maximum unbalanced e c c e n tr ic moment w i l l be produced. T herefore

t h i s value w i l l be s e le c te d f o r desig n throughout the whole walkway

r e g a rd le s s o f th e le n g th of a l l o th e r sp an s.

Max. IvI a t su p p o rt = 1.2 5 x 2 •Qt a 12.5 f t . k .

2
Shear due to torque

" “t
= 12,500 ( 12 ) ( )= 78 p . s . i .
18 x 2it2

3* D esign o f End Span by C o e ffic ie n ts

D. L. + L. L. * 3776 p . p . f .

Span Length 16.75 f t .

Beam Area 232 s q . i n .

W = 3,776 ( 16.75) = 63,200 l b s .

End Span - P o s itiv e Moment

+ M= 1 WL ACI B ld g . Code P. 610
lit
= 75,600 f t . l b .

As = "Sd = l!u f(i5 ) " 3,28 sq * “ •

End Span - N egative Moment

- K - i . WL = 10.6 f t . k . = 106 f t . k.
10
As = _ 106 » ij .6 s q . i n .
l . l i i (16)
 Ill
Shear in end members a t f i r s t in te rio r Support

V = l.lg -WL - * l . l 5 ( ~ j*~ ) " 36#lt k ip s

2
36,1|00 = 107 p . s . i .
b b3d ii( 7 /8 ) ( l6 )

End Span - Unbalanced Moment

Mix = 500 X 2.5 = 1.25 f t . l b . / f t .

Max. Moment a t S upport

Kt = 1.25 ( i ^ ) = f t * k*

vt = L.86+3I = 10,500 ( 12 ) ( 0 . 516 ) = 65 p . s . i .

b^
v-fa + * 107 + 65 = 172 p . s . i .

1 f t k ip to rq u e * 63 p . s . i . Allowable V* = 75 p . s . i .

use Mo. k s t i r r u p

S tir r u p Spacing
S = Av fir Max. v 1 = 172 - 75 = 97 p . s . i .
(max V’ )b
O.h (163000) =2.73"
(97) (2b) '
At 2* - O'* o u t

¥ » 1 .1 5 £ - 3.776 (2)J = 27.75 kips

6 “ W 'I t / S ) ( 16 )' = 82 ,5 P , S - i ’

Mt = 1 .2 5 (6.U ) = 8 f t . k .

= 8 (12) (0 .5 l6 ) = b9 .5 p .s .i.

vb + vt = 8 2 + = 132 p .s .i.
Max. V* = 132 - 75 = 57 p . s . i .

Use Sh S tir r u p Spacing k»7n

At h* - 0" Out
 ii2

V = 1 .1 5 £ — “ 3*776 (i*)J = 19 kips

» 19^000 = % ,6 p .s .i.
vb 2li (7 /8 ) -(ISJ

Mt = 1 .2 5 (8 .M * ) »■ 5 .5 f t . k .

rt = 0.516 Kt = 5 .5 (12) (0 .516) = 3h p . s . i .

Max v ! - - Va = 1 5 .6 p . s . i .

Use jrh S tir r u p Spacing 1 7 .1 “

d e s ig n ° f I n t e r i o r Span by C o e ffic ie n ts

Max. Span Length 20' - 0n

W = 3.776 (20) = 7.552 kips

I n t e r i o r Span - P o s itiv e Moment

+ M = ^ WL = 9U.5 k ip s
16
As = l* .l s q . i n .

I n t e r i o r Span - N egative Moment

- M = j i WL = 137.5 f t . k .

As = 6 in

Moment C apacity of Concrete

Me = K bd2 = 392 (l) (l6 )2 = 101 f t .k .

H' = 137.5 - 101 = 3 6 .5 f t . k .

As = 2 s q . i n .

Shear
v = ja«
2

V = 3.776 ( _ |° ) = 37.76 k ip s

Vb = I >V = 112 P - s . i .
2 k l7 /8 ) (16)
vt = 1 .2 5 (_20 ) (o .5 l6 ) (12) « 78 p . s . i .
 U3

v b + v t = 112 + 78 ** 190 p . s . i .
Use i k s-tirru p sp acin g 2 .3 2 {f

At 2 , -On o u t

V = 37.76 - 3.776 (2) = 30.2 fcips -

v, = j 0-3-20-0 ___ - 90 p .s .i.

2li (7/8) (16)

= 1 .2 5 (8) = 10 f t . k .

Vj. a 10 (12) (O .Sl6) » 62 p . a . i .

Use §\\ s t i r r u p sp acin g 3.5*1

At Ij. *—0,! o u t

V = 37.76 - k (3 .776) - 22.65 .kips .

vb = ...... 22,650 ^ - 67 .5 p . a . i .
2U (7 /8 ) (16)

Vt a (1 .2 5 ) (6) (12) (0 .5 1 6 ) * U6.5 p . s . i .

Use #1|. s t i r r u p sp acing 6 .9 11

5. Moment D is tr ib u tio n s

By th e o rd in a ry o p e ra tio n s of moment d i s t r i b u t i o n w ith

uniform dead lo a d s and w ith l i v e lo ad s a c tin g a l t e r n a t e l y upon

d i f f e r e n t spans,, th e fo llo w in g r e s u l t s a re o b ta in e d :
13
2S

-38.7 19.3 69.1 71.8 644 101-9 101-1 985

max.
ai.s 6 8 .3 15.6 7/-4 20.1 94-4 2 106.7

-A s 1-6 3.46 3.0 3-1 3.2 4-4 44 43

+AS 0.95 2.96 6.8 3.1 088 4 4 o 4.63

23.2 «, 32.1 23.2 32.) 2 5.9 377 23-6 +£e.

<1 31.5
% 69 78 9 5 35 69 69 9 5 95 77 77 tIZ III 79 79 III 93
eaen4
Mt 765 10.6 7.65 (0 .6 8 .6 IZ5 7-8 10.5

%: 48 43 66 66 48 48 6 6 66 54 54 7 3 73 49 49 6 6 6 6

S .T 117 126 (6 / /6 / n i in /6 ( /6 / /3I 131 190 190 119 H9 i77 /59

 CHAPThh VTII

jAdbj X I UP it As Biddi iiiliiu'*

1. Trie Icing Beam, At th e end of the curved balkv/ay

i s an o b se rv a to ry c i r c l e wbb ch i s supported by a c i r c u la r r in g

bean.. Decause of the sharp c u rv a tu re , t h i s r in g bean rrnst be

designed by means of the curved beam th e o r y • I f the s t r a i g h t

beam approxim ate method were sipp lie d h e r e , co n sid e rab le e r r o r

would r e s u l t . The fo llo w in g diagram i s th e la y o u t of th e r in g

beam*

/ /

\ \
Fi

The Ring Beam

 XiOa d i rx^s

I8«

21*"

Assume beam 2Ust x 18 n

Dead Load

Side w a lls 2 ( 2 .7 5 ') ( 0 .6 6 ') (15'0) - 550

R a ilin g 2 (25) » 50

S lab 2 (2 .2 5 ’ ) (0 .9 5 1) (150) = 656

Beam 2 1 ( 1 .7 5 ') (150) = 525

T o tal Dead Load » 1771 p . p . f

Live Load

Assume 100 p . s . f .

W idth of walkway ~ 6 l - 6n

o . 5 T (100) = 0 p .p .f .

io o a l Live Load 5=5 oD0 p * p » f,

 3• Moment D i s t r i b u t i o n s

K = 0.671 ( l + S i = l . l

^ - 90°

From Table and Graphs in.

C hapter V.

- 2 .0 Cm = 0.226?

st ■ 1.08 Ct = 0.01216

V i = 0.39
m1-2 = + 0.68

O
D-.
= 1
18*
ti^ = 0.72
?4“ t x-2 = - .51

= - 0.13

M * - qr -;t = q r 2 ct
Dead lo a d 1.77 k . p . f .

1% « - 1.77 (1 0 .83 )2 (+.2267) * - 1*7.0 f t . k .

Mt = 1.77 (1 0 .8 3 )2 ( - 0 . 01216) = - 2.52 f t . k .

Live lo ad 0.650 k . p . f .

Mj, - - 0.65 ( 10 . 83)2 ( 0 . 2267 ) = - 17.3 f t . k .

Ht = 0 .6 5 (1 0 .S 3)2 (-0.01216) - - 0.93 f t . k .

E c c e n tric Moment due to Live Load

K - 2 .2 5 1 (100 p . s . f . ) ( 24 2^ = °*253 f t . k . / f t .

or “ 3-7! (0 .2 5 3 ) = 2.1 5 kf a t su p p o rt
2:
 S lab Average th ic k n e ss t = 8 .5 11

min Ae ® .0025 (75) (12) = 0 .22k s q .i n .

Use Tfb a t lO j" o .c .

Temperature S te e l

A_
s = 0.002 (75) (12) = 0.18 s q . i n .
Use irk a t 13” o . c .

In c a rry in g on the num erical o p e ra tio n s shown in the

fo llo w in g d iagram s, th e d i s t r i b u t i o n and c a rry -o v e rs f o r the end

moments are a t the to p and f o r th e to rq u e s are a t th e bottom of

th e diagram . The d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r th e moments, was f i r s t made i n

the same manner as t h a t f o r a s t r a i g h t continuous beam ex cep t

t h a t a l l c o r re c tio n s f o r r o ta tio n of th e j o i n t s a re kept in

s e p a ra te colum ns. This s e p a ra tio n i s n ecessary to determ ine the

e f f e c t of th e r o ta ti o n upon the to rq u e s a f t e r a l l c o r re c tio n s

f o r end moments; have been com pleted. The carry -o v ers: a re of

course p laced in th e fix e d -e n d moment colum ns. The e f f e c t of the

changes due to b a la n c in g the end moments upon th e end to rq u e s a re

determ ined and added to th e o r ig in a l fix e d -e n d to rq u e s . The end

to rq u e s are now b alan ced in a manner s im ila r to the end moments

and the c o r re c tio n s a t each j o i n t p laced in a s e p a ra te column.

The e f f e c t s of th ese changes upon the end moments a re th en computed

and added to th e fix e d -e n d moments.:, b u t i f they are very sm all

th ey need n o t be c o n sid e re d .
 MOMENT DISTRIBUTIONS
DEAD LO A D
B M -P1ST
+ 0.68 0.5 0.5 +oG 8 0 -5o5 + 0.68
-47 +47 -47 447 -47 +47
*0

r '$
'3
T-DIST*

TCVVC
-0 -4 1 lQ .5 0 .5 —0 .4 1 0*5 o 5 - O-4-l
-zv i -2.52 -2 .H -2.51 -?.W -2.5Z

LIVE LOAD CO
M - DIST.
+ 0 .6 8 05_ 0.5 + 0 -6 8 0.5 1o.5 +0 6 8
f -n-3 -8 .7 +IT3 -* 7
4 0 420 — \«0 4 3 .0 -5-7 +30 +2.0
-J3.Z - 7 - 7 +17-3 +2.0 -7*7 +3 0 S-<\ +3.0 +2.0
- 23.2 ++.6 - 7*7 + 3.0 + 2.0

<s
Ol
o O'
n
+
r?

T-DIST.
TV\

- 0 .4 1 0 .5 0 .5 -o -4 -l <?.6 o .5 - o. 4 1
- o .S S -0^3
+ 0 .68 -370 +3.18 - 0.68
+0.57 -o.ZI +0.57 +o3++|*l7 -147+0.34 + 0,21
- 0.23 fo.o7 -o.(4 +o*°7 +0.12 -0.23 +0.12 - 0 ,1 4
~o.+8 +oM-f*71 +3.43 to M + 0 4 6 W 6 -1-17+0.46 + O. o ]

- 0 .4 8 - 4 .0 1 +4.07 + 0 .7 2 '0 .7 1 + 0 .0 7
LIVE. LOAD (2)
B M -D I5 T ,
A D /
+ O-GB 05 0-5 -t-o.68 0-5 0-5 + 0-68
+87 1 1 3 + 8 .7 - 8 . 7 +IT-3 -87
+5<J i 3 .0 - 5 .4 7 3 . 0 - 3 . 0 + 5 .4 - 3 .0 ■ 5.1
+20 + 1-0 - £ . 0 + I -0 - ( • 0 +2-0 — 1*0 2.0
-252 tic.7 2 7 + 25.Z
+ 12-7 + i? .b

T -D IS T .
0.41 - 0.41

-05J3
-o m +4.<?5 -4 1 5
t0.02 +081+02 +.02 '4-95 + 4 7 5 + o.oE -0.87
- 0.81 + 0 .0 2 + 4 1 5 - 4 9 1 + .Q 2 + 0.02-447 + 4 4 5 + o .< > 2 -o B l
+475 -4 -9 7 -4 * 7 7 +4 7 7 -0 * 8 7

D.L. mil/ co= m

UUJ ®
L.L. X jO = .O .G 5 k r t <D

JOINTS A B c. D
Mb Mt Mb Mt Mb Mt Mb Mt Mb Mt Mb Mt
D.LMOMENT +410 252 +47.0 -2-52 -47*0 -2.52 +470 -2.52 -47.0 -252 +470 -2.52
LL © -23.2 -0.48 +7-6 -4.07 -1 6 +4.o7 - 3 0 +0.12 +3.0 -0.72 +2-0 +0.07
-2 .0 +0.7 -3.0 -0.72 +3.0 +76 +4.07 -7-6 -4-o7 +23.2 -o.48
MOMENT § +74 -0.89 tivr +447 +2-7 +0.72 +12.7 -447 -12.7 +4-77 -7.9 -8 4
-4.77
M/W-DES16M -72.2 -3*1 +67-3 -131 -G7.3 -7*49 +67.3 -7-44 -673 -13! +7Z l -3.81
M - +245 7227 t227 \^ 5
D esign. Maximum Moment

Max ** 72.2 f t . k .

- 7.1*9 f t . k .

Moment o f C oncrete C apacity

Hc = kbd2 - 196 (2) ( l5 .5 ) 2 = 9h f t . k .

D esign of S tir r u p s

As = r m r i W = 3 ,2 5 ^

Use h-i'f9 Top.& Bot.Cont.

vb = kpf (8 .5 ) = ^3 p . s . i .
2 . 1)2
2U(7/8) (15'.5)
v t = ( 9.06+2.15) (12000) (18x2it+3x18) = n p < s> i,
(18x2 i*)2

2 , v « 13ii p . s . i .

Use#U 8 - 56^ - U.5*

2 - #U 6 a t ijn 1 - $1* 6 a t l*u B al a t 8n o .c .

5. Approximate Comparison

Mb = ^ (2.1*2 x 17) (1.1*2. x 1 0 .8 3 ) * 52.6 f t . k .

b - 2.1*2 (1 0 .83)2 ( 0 . 2267 ) = 6U f t . k .

Mt = - q r.2 Ct
r. =
ss _- 2.1*2
o !.o h(1n0 .8
fto3^2
r (0.01216) » 3.1*5 f t .

vl » 2*1|.2 (8 .5 ) = 6^ p . s . i .
^ W T m y " G s .$ )
V - (3.145+2.15) (12000) (18x2^+3x18) = ri d -i
1 (I8x2ii)2
2 : v *• 98 p . s . i .
 6 . D esign of Column

Column D.

Max. Dead Load = *J?.) ~ 38.9 k ip s

2
S eism ic M - 3 8 .9 (0 .133) (5 1) * 2£.8 f t . k .

e *■ «8 - 0.6 6
3^9

r - 6“ - 0 .5 ’

f = 25*8 (12000 ) x c
° 3 . lit (63)

= 1*56 (2 . 1*)
= 1090 p . p . f .

A llow able

f „ = 1.33 (101*0 ) - 1380 p . s . f .

W

18" 4>

s &
6 - "9 bar

p = 6 = 0.053
(6)2
np “ ■O.636

Use

#3 a t 2U P itc h S p ir a l
 CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSIONS

Continuous beams curved in p la n have been analyzed by

the s t r a i g h t beam approxim ate method and a s p e c ia l moment d i s ­

t r i b u t i o n m ethod, A d is c u s s io n o f e l a s t i c th e o ry , p l a s t i c th e o ry ,

and s t r a i g h t beam th eo ry i s a ls o in c lu d e d .

The e r r o r s t h a t may a r is e by u sin g the o rd in a ry f le x u re

f o m u la s have been d isc u ssed and compared b o th in th e th e o r e t ic a l

d is c u s s io n and in a p r a c t i c a l d esig n p r o je c t .

This stu d y has shown th a t curved beams can be analyzed

e a s i l y by a s p e c ia l moment d i s t r i b u t i o n method i f both bending

and t o r s io n a l end couples are co n sid e re d .

The s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r s , fix e d -e n d moments and c a rry -o v e r

f a c to r s have been ta b u la te d and diagram s have been p lo tte d f o r

th e convenience o f d e s ig n e rs in s t r u c t u r a l e n g in e e rin g o f f i c e s .
 Sh

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P a r t I I . New York: McGraw-Hill Books C o., 1 9 5 l.

2i|. F . S in g e r, S tre n g th o f M a te r ia ls . New York: Harper & B ro th ers

P u b lis h e r s , 1951*

25* A. Poorman, S tre n g th o f M a te r ia ls . New York: McGraw-Hill Books

C o ., 19b$*

26 . E . S e c h le r, E l a s t i c i t y in E n g in e e rin g . New York: J . Wiley C o.,

1952 .

27. P o rtla n d Cement A s s o c ia tio n , S im p lifie d Design of C onrete

F lo o r S ystem s. Chicago: P o rtla n d Cement A s so c ia tio n .

28. J . A. Van Den Broek, E l a s tic Energy Theory, New York: J . W iley
Co. , June 1953•
 56
29. American I n s t i t u t e of S te e l C o n s tru c tio n . S te e l C o n stru ctio n
M anual. New Yorks 19h9»

30. L. C. Maugh, ''E la s tic A rches, R in g s, and Frames w ith Curved

Members". S t a t i c a l l y In d e te rm in a te S tr u c tu r e s . New Yorks
J . Wiley C o ., November 1951*
APPENDIX
FLOOR ELAN

CROSS SECTIONS

STIRRUP DETAILS
 58

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