Chu 1948 Guia de Insectos Inmaduros

Sudo.
, lanplOl'4t Ind
/-low To Know The

IMMATURE INSECTS
An illustrated key for identifying the or-

ders and families of many of the immature
insects with suggestions f or collecting, rcar -
ing and studying th em .
IJY
J I. F. JIll. PILI).
ZooJo_gist, Jmtil utt' {If Z()()I()g~' .
Natiollal Aeudl'1l1)1 of Pt·ipill~ .
Pt'ipill~. China
1946·17 Vlllttlng Protf'IIlIor

Iowa 'NI'II)(IYIUl Coll{1lto
WM. C. BROWN COMPANY

Publish."
DUBUQUE, IOWA
Copyright 1949
by H. E. Jaques
THE PICTURED·KEY NATURE SERIES
"How to Know the Insecta." laques. 1947

"Living Thlnga.-How to Know Them," Jaques. 1946
"How to Know the Trees," Jaques, 1946
"Plant Families- How to Know Them," Jaque., 1948
"How to Know the Economic Plants." Jaques, 1948. 1958
"How to Know the Spring Flowers," Cuthbert. 1943. 1949
"How to Know the Moues and Liverworts," Conrad. 1944, 1956
"How to Know the Land Birds," Jaques. 1947
"How to Know the Fall Flowers," Cuthbert, 1948
"How to Know the Immature Insects," Chu, 1949
"How to Know the Protozoa," John, 1949
"How to Know the Mammals," Booth, 1949
"How to Know the Beetles," Jaques, 1951
"How to Know the Spiders." Kaston, 1952
"How to Know the Grasses," Pohl. 1953
"How to Know the Fresh-Water Algae." Prescott, 1954
''How to Know the Western Trees," Baerg, 1955
"How to Know the Seaweeds," Dawaon, 1956
"How to Know the Freshwater Fishes," Eddy. 1957
"How to Know the Weeds," Jaques, 1959
"How to Know the Water Birds," Jaques..Qlllvier, 1960
"How to Know the Butterflies," Ehrlich, 1960
ln Both Spiral and Cloth Binding

Other Subjects in Preparation
Printed III U .A.

/
'/~ C)
c .'() 550 )~I
I NTRODUCTIO : fi-i
.~G"LOh. E -5aO
;" '_~
...._ /
.,:j
NSECTS conatilule the 1ar9eal group 01 Ih
a_;;;:~~:.....t
There are over sevon hundred Ibouaand .peclea wblch
have been narned and described and .till a large number
01 new sped ia being added 10 our lmowledge ev.ry
year. Becawa. at Ibe greal diveratly 01 Iheir behavior and
habita. their study Is filled wtth inler sl . From the econo-
mic poinl of view. some insecta are conaidered beneflda)
and others injurious 10 human beings. The bell r w.
Imow our insect enemies and I.naect fri nd.. the better are our chane••
of anticipating prolectiona or of pr.pa:rlnq and conductinq our d.f.na••
aqainal them.
lnaecta are hiqh1y dUferenl In th ir younq and their adult sloq ...
For example. the butterlUes fly in air and leed on nectar 01 flow.r.
whU. their caterpUlars liv. on plan I. and chew the.. coar.. tiuu ••;
mosquitoes suck blood whUe their larvae dw 11 in water; many mothll
do not feed at all but tb ir larva. do qreat damaqe to our crops. Th.r.
are thouaand. of diUerence. in their ways of llvinq and also of the
body structure. between lnaect parent. and their children. We need
to Imow the adult I.naecta and It is also nee uary to know the imma·
ture iIuNtcts. From either the economic slandpoint or the evolutionary
Clapec:t the more we Imow 01 Ihe immature .Iages Ih. beller we un,
der.tand the adult !.naect.a.
Unfortunately our lcnowledqe of the immatur. Insect. ia still far
away from complete. Much work mu.t still be done in thil inter.stlnq
and v.ry Important field. ThiI book I. complied from the available
literature and deaiqned to make it CIa eaay as pouibl. to acquire a
ready Imowledge of the immature 1naec:1a. It contalnl a nwnber of
illustrated keys for Identification of the.. inaects to orders and th.ir
prlncipal families. For advanced study. Important ret.r.nc.s are 91'\··
en. In attemptinq thia book the author feela lib an explor.r .nlering
an uncharted region. At beat there will be ommlulona and zm-tak...
J shall be gratetul lor any conectlona or conatrudiv. .ugq••Uona to
put into lat.r printings of the book.
The excellent irmruction of Dr. W. P. Hay... Prof.uor of EntomoJ..
<xzY. Uninralty of Illinois on the immatur. InMc:ta during the tim.
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
when the author was a student in his classes has made the book
possible. Dr. H. E. Jaques, Professor of Biology, Iowa Wesleyan College,
has qiven encouragement and invaluable suggestions. My wile, Y. S.
Uu has helped with drawings and in many other ways. The author
wishes to thank Ihem most sincerely for all their kind help.
Peiping, China
January 1. 1949
We have found Dr. Chu nol only a thoroughly IJained Entomologist

and an excellent teacher but also a most faithful friend. He bas given
much time and thought to the preparation of this manual in a com-
parative new and dif.Ucult field. We feel certain thai students of in·
secta will find it highly helpful.
CONTENTS
Paige
What JUe lmm(lt\U& Insecta . . . . .. .. ... ., .. 1
The Importance of Imma\\U& Insecta . . .... .... 3
What Immature Insects Look Llke .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 6
Where to Collect Immature wee.. .. .. .............. .19
How 10 Collect Immat\Ue Insects .. .. ................. 21
How to Rear Immature Insecta ........... . .. . .... 26
Pictur d-Keys 10 Orders of Immature In.sects .. 28
Pictured-Keys 10 Faxnilies . . . .. ...... ............. . M
Order Prolura ...... ..... ............ ....... 54
Order Thysanura . " ....... .... ....... . ... . . 55
Order Collembolo . .. ....... . .. ............. 58
Order Pieeoptera .............. 59
Order Epbem roplera ............. 62
Order Odonata .. ........................... 67
Order Or\hoplera .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
Order Coleoptera ............................... 72
Order Hemiptera ........................ . ....... 129
Order Homoptero .....•........................ 135
Order NeuToptero .......................... ..... 140
Order Trichoptera .. " .................... 146
Ord r Lepidoptera ............................... 149
Order Dipiero . .. . .......................... .. ... 189
Order Hymenoptera ... ..... . ............ . ....... 210
Some Important Reterencee . ........................... 217
Index and Pictured Glo.aary .......................... 224
j i~ 't/tit ~ ~
" >t- ;.e ~ - :r
WHAT ARE IMMATURE INSECTS
DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTS. - When an egg and a .perm unite
to form one cell fertili.&ation reaulta and the embryo beqina to develop
within the 8q9aheU. Thia ta oalJed embryonic deY lopm nt and all
tbat ta]c • place after hatching or birth ta po$t rubryonk dfl'felopm nt.
The We cycle ta compi ted when the lnaect 1. fully qrown and capable
of producing young.
METAMORPHOSlS. - The term metamorphoaia I. derived from

the Greek worda. meta, change, and morph , form . d algnatlng a
change of form. The plwal ta metamorpbo$es. It ta defined aa the ..r·
I • of chang • through which an Insect pa.... In it. qrowth from the
egg through the larva and pupa to the adult. or from the egg through
the nymph to the adult.
a) Gradual or .dmpl. m tamorpbosI• . - In many inaect .peeIe. the

young are v ry much .imllar to
the adult erternally. xcept for tbe
complete abaence of wing.. But
alter a period of growth the wing
may appear. attached to the out·
.ide of the body a. .mall wing
pada. The more developed the
young Insect become.. the more
11 re.. mble. it. parent.. Such a
development ta c:a11ed a gradual
or .impl metamorphosl.. Tbe
young of wch Inaect. are called
FIQ. 1. The 111. stOQft 01 chlncn buQ . nymph.. They commonly have
............
~.,tent. t Soyl . 0 - ., 1st
to 5th Inltor nympha; I. adult. Q.
the ·~e habit. a. thefr parent.
.........
ecHIs. tU.S.D.A. 1 and the nymph. and adult. fr.
quently feed together. An .example ta the aphid. where both adult and
young are habitually found auodated on the earne plant. Graaahop-
per nympha and adult. both eat qra.... and clovete and may be found
hopping about together In tbe pa.ture.. The lnaect. oj gradual or
almple metamorpbom Include the order. Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera,
Odonata. Embioptera. Orthoptera, taoplera. o.rmaptera. Thyaanoptera,
Corrodentla. Mallophaga. Anop]wa. H miptera and Homoptera. All
th ae inMcta are collectively )mown aa the Heterometabola.
b) Complete or complex metamorpbo$la. - In thta type of meta·
morphosla. the young are very different from thefr adult • . There
are no external trace. of wtnq.. The young are )mown aa larvae
and the adult ta preceded by a pupal .tage. The lnaect. having
thla type of metamorphoata are collectively called the Holo-
metabola and Include the order. Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Tri·
choptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, l>lptera, Siphonaptera, Strep-
aiptera and Hymenoptera.
1
o a.
..
FtO. 2 . 'the I". HOO" of ...... "'... Ic._... Hay., 6 Mc -

Colloch : 0 , -00; bod. 1$1 10 3rd 'nstor lorvoe; ., pupa; f,
adult . (Redrawn 'rom Hayes)
c;) No melamOlphosis or Amelabola. - The insect of this type 01

metamorphosis have no distinct external
changes in development, except in size.
When the young hatches {rOIIl the egg it
resembles its parenls and scarcely shows
any changes in appearance during the
course 01 development. This is especially
true of a small number of wingless insects
belonging to the orders Protura, Thysan-
ura and Collembola.
These insects shed their ouler coat (molt)

from time to time to pennit more comfort-
able growth, but all of these successive
stages appeat very much the same except
in size. Some would call theae immature
stages "nympha" but "young" ae8l1lJ1 to be
a more accurate and preferred term.
Flg g, a, Protwo; b, 'l'hvsanuro.
2
Wetamorphosis Lite Stas

Heterometabola or
Gradual metamorpho sis l!:gg Nymph Aciul.t
Holometabola or
Complete metamorphQ4is Egg Larva 1 Pupa Adult
Ametabola or
No metamorpho s is Egg Young Adult
IMMATURE INSECTS From the pr vious figur 01 th Ina t III

stages. insects afl: seen to have two or thr e staq I b lor th y bocome
adult or imago. The stages. egg. young (nymph or larva ) and pupa
are the immature stages 01 msects. W must con.iaer all the lif I tagol
which prec de tbe adult slag .
INST ARS. - Ev ry insect during its growth ah da Ita akin on or
mor times. Thia process is known as a moult or ecdYSIS. Th. casl
skin is lermed the exuviae (this term does not ex li t in th lingular).
The intervals betwe n moults aro known as stages or stadia (slnqular.
stadium ). and the form ossum d by an inll ct dunnq a particular sla·
dium is termed an instar. Wh n an insect illsues Irom th egg it Is
aaid to be in its lirst Instar ; at Ih end 01 thla stadium Ih IIrsl moult
occws and the insect then assum a its s cond fns tar. and 80 on. Th
final instar is represented by the fully mature form and I. known as
tbe adult or imago.
18t mow. t 2nd moult.

-----. L
hat.ch 1.t in. tar ----
A R
1n."a.rr •.;;;;;;;:.~~~r:d~1na
2nd
VA .
:::t~az'
:f.
liUlmER OF DlSTAllS = nWllber ot moul t. + 1

Fog. S. Llf. '100ft ond tn,toro.
THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMATURE INSECTS

NUMBER or SPECIES OF INSECTS. According to Z. P. Metcalf
(Ent. News 51: 219·222. 1940). approlflmalely 1.500.000 .pecl •• have
been described during the period from 1758 to 1940. This would make
the insecta occupy almost eighty peT c nt of Ihe spede. 01 the whol
animal lcingdorn.
IMMATURE STAGES occupy A LARGER PART OF THE LIFE

CYCLE. - The egg stage usually lastB but a few days. sometimea
even ahorter. or the egg may hatch before it is laid. as is the case in
the aphids. Many insects hi·
bernate in the egg slage in
which evenl the egg period
may last several months.
The growing stage is WlUal-
ly much longer than other
stages. The nymph of the
periodical cicada. Magici·
roda seplendec:im (L') Lives
underground from 13 to 17
years as compared with the
30 or 40 days of its adult's
life and 6 to 7 weeka 01 its
egg slage. While some May·
mes live Q.I adult. for only
a few hours. their nymphal
stage is believed to occupy
,..,,,,..
F" , 6 . L,f. cr.cl. 01 th. Japane.. beetle
'.pon~. N ....man. •
three years. Many insecta
spend their winter time in
the pupal stage. In general. insects spend considerably more lime In
tbeir immature stage. than they do as adults.
LARVA AND NYMPH ARE HEAVIER FEEDERS. - When a .urny

01 tbe feeding babit. of insect. is made, the nympb. are WlUally found
to take the same kind of food as their adults. Larvae on the other
hand, usually feed diUerently and corusume much more than their
adult.. Take the order Lepidoptera as a good example; the caterpillar.
eat a large quantity of food while a good number of molba do not feed
at all.
ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND ADAPTION. - The zoological position

of lOme anlmala tbat are of degenerate form in the adult .toges baa
})MD e.tabliahed only by .tudy of their embryonic and larval .tage• .
Th. larvae of barnacle. Show that these animala belong among the
cruataceana, and the peculiar parasitic barnacle~ Sacculina can be
recoqnked Q.I a cru.tancean only during Ita larval emtance. LIkewise,
the tunicate. were found to btl Chordatea only by a atudy of their larval
charactemlica. The adults of the Conloplerygidae look Uke aphids but
are reqarded Q.I Neuroptela becauM of the atructure. of their larvae.
The deq nerate form of tbe adults 91...e. no clue to their real position
among animala. Among in.Ie<:t. there are many highly intere.ung
point. to .tudy In their evolution and adaptation. A knowledge of the
lm.mature .ta9.. makes for a much clearer understanding in both of
th... flelda.
4
INSECT CONTROL. - The injurloua in8ecU qive ua a clear idea

of the importance of immature inaecla. It is the larvae of th Codlinq
moth. Carpocapsa pomonella Linne. for example which feed on our
apple• • not the adult moths. The maqgots of th Mediterranean fruit-
fly. Ceratitis copilata (Wled man). do Mrious damag • to fruit• • but
the adult rues except for laying eggs are quit inollenaive. Noto at.o
the Gypsy moth. Portbelria dispar (L.). the Browntall' moth. Nyqrnla
pbaeorrboea (DonovCJ7ll, and many WlIe worms (Elaterldae), White
grubs (Scarabo idae). Cut worm. (Noctulda ); theII larvae coat u.
millions of doUar every year. We need to know the morpbological
structures, lile histories and babits of the immature insect. in order to
aucceufully conduct me<DUJ'e. for theII control.
WHAT IMMATURE INSECTS LOOK LIKE

EGGS
Insects develop from gg. which dilf r greatly In ahe and .hape in
different .pecies. AJ a rule, insect. tend to lay egg. proportionate to
their own .ize. The amalle.t known egg. are tho.. of the Collembola.
The egg. of one of the .mall headed flie. mea.ur 0.15 by 0.18 milU·
meter. The egg. of the clover .. d midge and of tbo Tlngldae are
at.o minute. The other extreme is found in the egqs of the giant .Ilk
moth, those of the polyphemua moth being 3 milUmeters In diamet r.
The shape. of insect egg. are dellCTlbed In the following :
(a ) Flat and .calelike (Fig. 7).-Take for example

the egg. of the codUng moth and the orl.n-
tal fruit moth.
FIg. 7 . Egg. 01 tM cod -
........... L C.,_ .....
lIng moth
(h) Spherical (Fig. 8).-The egg. of many

de., .uch a. the swallow-tail butterfly, the
·pe-O· 0 0
green june beetle and many other Scara- Fig .
• EgQa 0 1 0
g .
baeldae are spberical. butt.rfly .
(c) Conical (Fig. 9.)-The egg. of the imported

cabbage worm. Pieri. rapae (L.) and the
violet tip, Polygorua fnterroqatloru. Fab., are
Fog. 9. Egga 01 the
fall ormyw()(m. conical in shape and deeply ridged.
~.,.... ,",.I....•
.. (Sm,th (z
Abbott ) .
5
HOW TO KNOW THE'IMMATURE INSECTS
(d) Elongate (Fig. IO).-Many eggs are elongate,

as for example, the eggs of leafhoppers. tree-
hoppers and tree crickets,
Eggs oj this type are ohen inserted in nar·

row cavities such as hollow grass stems or in
burrows made with the ovipositor or lend
Fig. 10. Eggs : 0, luoor-
themselves readily to being laid in compact
cone leafhopper. P.rlel.. - groups.
••'Ia •• cchDrlcidD Kork-
oldY, b MexICan bean
~"., 1, lIo.hllO " .., Inl'
t io MullOnt ; t. hOusefly.
Millce ........ ti.. L.
(e) With appendaqes (fiq. ll).-The eggs of a
water scorpion have eight or more iilaments
radiating from the upper rim. Pentatomic ' ,.:-
ggs ar usually bes t with a circle of spinel I
around the upper edge. Reduviid eggs haVE

a definit cap at one end. The poultry louse
has a striking qq,- white and covered with
glasa-like spin s. The fr e end of this egq is lFig. ". Eggs : o. Podi-
UI ...... uliy.ntr;. Soy, b,
furnish d with a lid which bears at its apex le.t"f IT,lcorythod
Moyfly, . . . t_
Needham , .
a long lashUke appendage.
With sculpturing (figs. 12 and 13).- The sur-

(f)
{aces of insect eggs may be entirely smooth
or with imbricated designs. Eggs that are
100d in wood, leaves. or in the ground are
frequently without Eculpturing. The eggs of
Fig. 12. o. Egg of
the Wat.en 12-lpat - Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae are per-
ted cucumber beetle,
b, egg moss, cod, fectly smooth . On the other hand. many
lCulplur. of eog.
IFrom WeI»ter' eggll are reticulated or strikingly marked.
Th se reticulaUon. are the imprint. of the
cells of the follicular epithelium. The eggs
of the flower £lies are chalky white and
microscopically aculptured. The leaJ-mining
iii s (Genus P gQmya) usuaUy have eggs
that ar weU marked by hexagonal or poly-
gonal areas. The eggs of many butlerfliea ::::~==~::::::::~::::::::-=
and moths such as Pierida • Noctuida • etc. FIg. '3. Peri4to_ _It-
ar d ply ridged and strongly aculpturect de H..tIr\eI : o. egg; b.
egg - -
6
NUMBER OF EGGS. - The sheep-lick and the true f mal 01 many

aphids, for instance, produce but a f w eggs (a s f w a. 4 ). On th
other hand. the egg mass 01 tb dobsonfly may contain 3,000 eqg.,
and a parasitic fly, PlerooonllO lJavipes (Cyrlida ) has been report d
as laying 3,977 eggs. The social ins cts lead the hst. A t rmlte qu n
may lay 1.000,000 eggs during h r life. Qu n ants and qu n non y
bees likewise are highly prolific.
WHERE THE EGGS ARE LAID - The whole story 01 wh r insect.
a.
F,o. 14. Eool . 0, 8011 - _ , 1 porallt. e.r ...."y ..Itl ... cy.nlc.PSI b, 8011-
w"vII p<I'OIlI., hoyt.",. ty~.''''.I. Alhrrl , C, Rono. cot.rpillar;
d, Aaporogus beet I., C..c.,11 ••
......_
,.,.,1 IL. I ; . , egO mcu 01 , .. Ie•
Wledemonn, f , .00 moll of Ih. IIYPlY mOlh, ,."'." .. 4.
,,_ I L I; Q, Rosy oppl. aphid, h, appl. I..,f roll.r; I, orouhopper;
" sheep ..,._ . k, H"..._. lin.... IDe VIIII.rl l; I, kotydld; m,
Snow Ir.. c"a.e., n, Oec.nlt",. "'...... IDe Geerl
7
lay their 89ga a a complicated one, but very interesting. Insect eqqa
are generally laid in situations where the young, upon hatching, may
readily find food. Specie. that feed upon foliage usually lay their
eqg. upon leave. of the correct plant. The ability of adult to recoqnize
the right specie. of food plant for its oft.prinq of1en seem. remarkable.
Aquatic m.ect. lay their 89g. in or near the water. Parasite. general-
ly lay their 89g. upon or within their ho.t. Some flower flies lay their
egg. in cluster. of aphids or other soft-bodied insect.. The Mallophaga
and Anoplura lay their egg. upon the hair or leather 01 their ho.ta.
Ther. are also many spedal caMS. Some insects lay their eggs upon
foliage or in the ground and the young are compelled to seek their
ho.'s. The twisted-winged insects (Styloplds) ohen lay their young
upon plant. where they must wait until certain solitary bee. viait these
plant.. The young then grasp the leg. of the bees and are carried to
neats where they find thell host.. The eggs of walkingstiCD lie dor-
mant beneath leave. or other debra upon the ground. With the ap-
proach of Spring, the egg. hatch and the nympha must find the leave.
of their ho.t plants. Insect.l such as leafhopper. and aphids. many of
which feed upon herbaceous annual plants during the summer. seek
woody plant. on which to lay their eggs when winter approach e• .
Many lea1-mining insects of the order. Lepidoptera. Hymenoptera.
Coleoptera and Diptera insert their 89g. into Wood. leave.. fruit. and
seeds. thus offering ready acce.. to food for the young when they
hatch. The Fruit Flie. and many Snout Beetle. insert their egg. direct-
ly into the fruit in which their larvae will develop. The tree crickets.
treehopper. and leafhoppers lay their egg. within woody plants for
protection 01 the egg.. Some
Chaldd. oviposit In seeds. In-
sect egg. are sometimes car·
ried by the adult for better pro-
C tection. The Hydrophilid beetle.
of the .ubfamily Sphaeridilnae
carry the egg. attached to their
hind 189s. Certain Mayflies
may carry two egg. adherinq
to the post rior end of the body
~............. d. until opportunity ia found to
drop them into the water.
Fog. 15. Oothecoe : a . Montld; b . c'_-lK!ion Roach •• often carry an egg
of manttd ootheCa; c. phownld; d , C<De (ootheca) at the tip of the
Genna" cocktOoCh.
abdomen. The femal 8 01 the
•
HOW TO ENOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
giant water bugl, BeJCIStorna, Serph s and

A.bedus deposit their 8991 on th back ol
male. wh re th y r.main until hatched. Some
malt interelting OOMI are tho naectl which
impoae upon other lpeele.. Th wat r boat·
man, Ramphocorlxa acumlnata, attach.. It.
egg. to th body of a ccayfilih. Th human
bot £\y, Dermatobia homlnJs, u • the mo.
quito to tranaport itl 899' to man. The bot-
fly vi.it. marshy place. where mo.qultoe.
are em rglng . It M!JIe. a mo.crulto and d.
posit. 10 to 12 egg. on the abdomen and leg.
01 the mosquito. after which It reloo • It.
bold. When th mosquito vialt. man, tho
warmth of hil body couae. th botfly ql
to hatch and th young maggot. dig Into th.
n IIh 01 the victim. The femal.1 of lhe Euro-
pean b tl, CJythra quadtlmaculata, depoalt
their ogg' on th follag. of birch or other
treel. TheM are coverod with excc m nt and
rosemble small bract. of the plant. The ant.
~'f ~. EI~.!c'r. '~~ ~:I~ pick the up apparently miltaldnq tbem for
:=~·",o:::I~~ ;A":: bit. of vog table rofu.. , and take th minto
4_ ",. their nOlt.. When the egg. hatch the larvae
Uvo in tho ant'. nest a. que.t.
(called Inquilines).
The ravenous larvae 1cnown as
aphid liona hatcb from ogqa held
erect aD .lender tbreada (fig. 17)
and are thus lupposedly prevented
from eating the unhatched egg•.
NYMPHS
The term nymph i.a obtained from the Gr k word meaning bride
or maiden. In mythology, a nyu:ph was one of the InJerlor deltl I of
Nature, repreMDted by a becrJtiful maiden, who inhabitated the
mountaina, for ••ta and water. In entomology, a nymph i.a one ot the
immature tnatar. of I.naecta with a gradual metamorpbOli.a. Th. im-
mature atag • of Orthoptera, laoptera, Hemiptera, Homopt.ra, Thyaan-
optera, Anoplura, Dermaptera, Mallophaga and Corredentla are known
as nympha. Nympha have certain characleu in common. The wing.
elevelop on. the exterior of the body (lOme in the later lnatarl). Com-
pound eyel are uwally pre nt, and the Ipeci I are mOllly t.rreltrial.
9
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSEcrs
They have no resting stage (pupae) bejore the adult is reached. The
body lonn and structures as well as the feeding habits are generally
similar to thOle of the adult.
!J
FIg . l B. Nympl'll' a , gralshoP9C!r, b , pear Plyna, I'syllo "yrlcolo Fors-
ter, {RedraWTl 'rom Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta I c, West"rn cflck-
e l, "' ..ob,u•• lm"l. . Holdeman; d , plant bug ; e, Mollaphago;
f, Anopluro , g , apl'lld
In the Thyaanoptera. there ia no indication 01 wing pads until the

second or third inslar. In Conodenlia, the nympha lack wing pads
ven in epee!e. that develop winga. In Tbyaanoptera and th male
G
c.
FIg 19. 8eon thn Pl Henothrl". f .. cIo .... {P.,gondal : 0,

I
4tQO; b , now y hatched nymph; c, mature nymph;
d , p r ' _, e, pupa. {U.S.O.A. I
Aleyrodidae and Coccidae, there ia wbat appean to be a pupa. In

the mal Coccidae, even a cocoon is formed. The nympha of Noto-
necticioe, Corixida , B 10atomldae. Neplda and some other smaller
familiel of H mipt ra are semi-aquatic. They descend beneath the
water. and remain there for 0 considerable period of time, ' but they
are air breatherl.
10
HOW TO ItNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
NAIADS
In mytholoqy, a naiad was one of the nympha believed 10 lIv In,
and give life and perpetuation 10 lak s, nveI1l. spring. and fOWllains
In enlomology, the term naiad is applied to the nymph with aquatic:
habit.. There are al·
toqether only 1hz or·
.
dera of inMCI. which
poueu Immature
.tage. thai are termed
naiad.. Th are the
Plec:optera, Ephemerop-
tllra and Odonata. The
naiads have lOme char·
e ac:ter. in c:ommon. All
• naiads are aquatic: (ex·
..~ c pI a few l[otic:.~
c:1 a); they have c:loted
.piracle.. breathe by
mean. of qlll.. and
FIg . 20. Naiads ; do"".. 1 fly (Odonota) ; b. ,'oneflV hav mouth part. of
( Plecapl.ra I. c. MaVfly ( £ptlemeroplera I
the ch wing typo. Moat
of them are predacious, but the naiads of Ephemeroptora are II ved
10 be herbaceous.
Naiads are generally quite uniform in appearanc . The leg. are

long. the body is Hattened and c:arnpodeUorm and they are very ac·
tlv. in water. The naiads of Plecoptera and the Eph m ropt ra have
conspicuous caudal filament •. varying from two to three
in number. In the damselflies (Zygoptera). the caudal
appendage. are modified into leaf·llke form and known
a. trac:heal qiIllJ. Tracheal gilia ar located on varlou.
porta of the body. In Plecoptera, they are ulually lo-
cated on the underlide of the thorax, although some
apec!ea have gilt. on the head or on the abdomen. In
Ephemeroptera. Ihe gilt. are located on the abdomen.
In the dragonfUes, Ibe rectum is modWed to form a tra·
cheal gill cham.bet. In Ihe clarnael1lie., there are three
plat like giJls at the polterior end of the abdomen.
FIg 21 . Rec:.Iol
Ir~ 01
drogonfly.
LARVAE
The term larva is derived from the Latin word for mask, having
reference 10 the ancient beUef Ihat Ihe adult torm was mallced or ob-
SC\Ued in the larva. 18 entomology, the larva applle. to the Immature
stage between th 899 and tho pupal .tage. of the IOMCI. with com-
plele melamorpho.n.. There are several character. in commOD. Alar·
va has DO trace oj wing. and compound eye. are never preaenl. The
11
ah~ and the appendages ordinarily are very different from those of
the adult; while the body a otlen soit, thin slcinned, or weakly sclero-
tUed.
TYPES OF LARVAE
1. CampodeUorm (Fig. 22).-Tbe char·

acteriltica 01 a campo<ieiform larva
are flattened body and long legs with
cerci or caudal momenta usually pre-
sent. The larvae 01 most of the Neu-
roplera. the Trichoplera, many of the
Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Carbldae, Sta-
phylinldae. and the nQlads of Pleo-
opleTa, Ephemeloptera and Odonata
are c:ompodeUorm.
Fig. 22. Lo"'<l. : Q, ground IIMII.,

........tld"" I".; b, Dobsonfly,
eery.... _ c.,..,"" I L. )
2. Carablform (Fig. 23).-Thl. II a modilled.

form of the cam.p odaiform in which the
body is flattened but the leg. are short·
er. Generally there are no caudal IDa·
menta. The majority of the ChryIOme-
lid beetlea and many other Coleoptera
CLampytidaa, Carab!dae, Melyridae) ax-
hlhit this type.
F",. '23. Q . Corobold Instar of

tMIofd . ionia: b, _·toothed
groin beetle, ~ .....
......... ILI
12
3. Eruciform (Fig. 24}. -This type of larva is cylindrical, the tboracic

leqs and proleqs are present and the head -is well formed. 11 is well
illustrated in the Lepidoptera. Tenthredinidae and M copt ra.
1i.~~~~!'""I" t'
~--- ~<:
c
b
Fig. 24. Larvae : a; altai 10 coterpillar, ("."m". • .. ."th.m.
(B'lisduval ; b, tomato nornworm, Protoparc.. ..••t.
IJonnuen I; c, tUHOCk moth, H.mer.compo Yetl"to
BOlsduvol; d, tomato frUltworm or eorf"l eof'worm,
H.Uo,hl. obloleto Fabricius, IU.S 0 .1\,)
4. Scarabaeiform (Fig, 2S).- The acarabaelform larva I. cyl!lldrlcal and

curv d in U'8hapo with a well
develope~ head and uaually
with thoracic 1691 but without
proleqa. There ate a pal! of
spiracle. on the prothorax and
eight paira of abdominal apir.
acies, Tbi. type of larva 1a
typical of the Scarabaeldae.
a. h It is alao represented by the
_.t. k._".
Bruchldae, Ptinldae, Anobildae.
Fig, 25, l,Qrvoe : 0, A_",." Hoy..
IT McCollcCh; b, clover leof WHvll, and other Coleoptera.
HJ'1N"I .... (Fob, '
5. Elaterlform (Fig, 26}.- The.. larvae are cylindrical in

shape with a thick tough body wall. The ..tae are
much reducec:l the leqa are usually pre..nt but mort.
They r mble both the vermiform and carabUorm
larvae. Thia type iI well repreaented by the .EIateri·
doe. Tenebrionidae, Alleculldae, Plilodactylida. and
Eurypoqonldae.
.....Fig.,,_m, 26, Fal..

1.1oMI•
let...." " ....
drkal 8lalclelf.
13
6. Platyfonn (Fig. 27).- Tbis

type is short. broad and
ememely Oat. The 1891
are short. mcollJlpicuous or
absent. Tbey are iound in
the genera Mlcrodon and
Xantboqramma of ayrphld
larvae. the larvae of some
slug caterpillars and those
FIg. 27. G, Mo"",,,, .. _t. Loc. ; ( RodrQWl1

'rom Bovlng and Cro..ghood' b, Saddle.
bOck .fug caterpillar, SOIoiIlO afl",,,100
of the water pennies, Pse-
pheus. hiatel' beetle.. etc.
CI.,.._.
7. V rtnifonn (Fig. 281.- The larvae of th1a a

type ar more or I as wormlike. This
designation I. indefinite but is usually
considered 10 include larvae that are
cyllndriCQ} in shope, elongate and with·
out locomotiv appendages. Most of
the larvae of DipIero ore like that. This
1a olao true of the larvae of woodborlnq
been I, .ome aawille. and the flea
beetles of the genera Syst.Da and Epl. F.g. 28. Larvae : 0., cabbe".
tOOt maggot Hy .... 'lo ,., ••-
Iri". The larvae of fleas and many para· .Ic.. (Bouch.;) ; b, buffalo.
.itic Hym noptera alia beloD9 to this
type.
_o 1......lI_t.,..
gnat, $1 .....
H,.....
pee".",,,,
Riley; c, common caltle grub,
VUH.". under host Jltin.
(U.s.D." .1
( 0.
8. Hypennetomorphoaia (Fig. 29). - 'l'bt. is a kind of complex meta·

morphosis in which there are several ~ of larvae. inclUding: a
minute active firllt in.Itar. 0 more or 1 robust (IJld .luqgish 18C01ld
malar. and a mmUar but legleaa third malar. 11 is represented in the
NeUfoptera (Mantispidae). Coleoptera (Meloidae. Coro.bidae. Sta-
phyli.nidae. Rhlpiphoridae). Strepsiplera, parasitic Diplera \Acrocera·
tidoe. Bombyliidae. Nem atrinidae. Tochi:nidae). and Hymenoptera
Uchne umonlda . Pteromalidae, P rilampidae). The larvae ot this
type allen have special names. The fir8t instar 01 Meloidae. Slrepo
lipl ra and Mantispidae at called triunguJin.s. They receive thia
name bec:cr:u the leqa hav. three claws. The Wth iDter at Me10idae
14
is called a coarctate larva or a pseudopupa. The fir.t inltar of

Platy9asfer, a paraaite of the Heul.a n Fly, Ielemhl • a cru.lacean
FlO. 29. Ufo "oges of lplco ..'. "IH.t. Fobtlclut.
and 11 called a naupliliorm larva. The flral inltar of PerflamplU, a

aecondary poraalle of ~he fall webworm. is called a planldium, mean·
\11'9 a d1miDutive wanderer.
COMMON NAMES OF LARVAE
The Importcmce of common name. haa been empbaalaed by many

entomoloqiatlin recent year •. We wiJlb we could bave common name.
far all the more Important 1:oHct.. Only a few order. now bave com-
mon nam... The larvae of LepidopteJXI are bown CI.I caterpillar.. The
tel'1ll 9rubs is applied to the larvae of Coleoptera. MClC/90t. indicate
the larvae ot Diptel"a. Cyclorrbapba and Caddlrwonru the larvae of
Tricboptca. A number of common name. have been appUed to the
larvae of certain fcnniliea: the Geometridae are called Inchworm. or
mea.surin9 W01J2:U; the Limacodfdae are Jmown aa .lU9 caterpillar.; the
Paych1dae are called .baqwOJ'lU: the Chryaopldae are named aphid-
HOM; the Mynneleonidae are known aa ant·l1ola. The Elatcldae are
c:o.lled wfrewonu and the Sphingidae are known aa honnrorma.
Some common nam.. are dezn.ed &om the larYal babita, IIUd1 aa
15
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMATURE INSECTS
f
FIg
lIP.; d. sawflv larvae, e, aphId I.Q<\; I. S••
pOrt frOf" U.S 0 ."'.)
_ph"...
30 Larval!! a, ...0"" .... op, b, ground beetle; c, 'Io"ph,...
II' . lIn
leaf tollerl, leaf minefl, casebearers. webWOfmS, tent caterpillar•.

leaf Iket.tonizerl. cutWOl1'lt8. armyworml. borers, leaf tier.. loopers.
leaf folderl, gall maleers, etc. Namel
of the hoat. are usually used in in·
dicating the insects of that particular
host. tor example. com borer. tobac-
co homworm, etc. The part of the
bost which the inaect. attack ia a.lao
used in the common name. of the
larvae, such as the elder shoot borer,
pink bollworm, tomato fruitworm, etc.
FlO. 31 . Th. farmatlon of the Common names, unl881 standardized.
. Itt...,.
boO In eorly .tOOts of Thy,'''''-
.ph........,.''''I.
WOfth. (U .S.O•• . I
Hav ' are often confusing .
The common names of iasect. with economic importance have been

atandarized by the American Aaaociatlon of Economic .Entomologiats
which include a number of name. for the apeclfi.c larvae.
PUPAE
The term pupa. derived from. lb. LadD word meaning baby or
cbUd. we. proposed by Lllmaeu. on account of ita t semblance to e
papooae or baby bound in garments. The term was fir.. used in con-
nection with the chrysalis of Lepidoptera. The pupa is defined as the
rdtinq .tage or inaetlv perlod of all inIecta with complete metamor-
IS
phoBia, the intermediate stage between the larva and the adult. Anolh·
er term prepupa refers to the last larval instar 01 some Inaect. which
retain the larval form and mobility but cease to feed. Thia condition
exists in many ordera 01 insects. notably the Dipiero. Hymenoptera and
Coleoptera.
TYPES OF PUPAE. - The pupae of insects can be claaaiUed with

reference to the degrees 01 freedom of Ihe
appendages.
If the appendages are c1ol18ly

I . Obleel (Fig. 32). -
appressed to the body. il is said to be an oblect
pupa. This is a common type in the L pidoptera.
in many of the Coleoptera, and in more primitive
Diplera.
Pupae 01 this type are covered with a tight- lit.
ling. more er less transparent Ildn which holds all
the parts except the end of the abdomen practically Q.
immovable. Cbrysalis is a term often applied to the FlO. 32 . IlUpcH : a .

l.a' '011.,. c.c•••
pupae of the Lepidoptera. especially 01 th butter· ca. ,...c .....
flies, and by some would be restricted to those ~e~~ ,,1 i.or~:'o,t!:
P ..t ... ~. . . .1,,·
pupae bearing marlcingl of IUver or ~old . • ....... Cll .... Ho-
worth.
2. Exarate (Fig. 33). -

When the appendag I
are not closely appre.
lied 10 the body but ore
free, It is said ft'l be an
exorate pupa. The Neu·
roptera. Tricho pt. r a.
moat of the Coleoptera
and a few of the Lepl.
b doplora (TlscherUdae)
have exorate pupa• .
11
HOW TO KNOW THE 1MMATORE INSECTS
3. Coarctate (Fig. 34). - The appendaqel are not. visible

at all and are oblCUred by the larval skin before the
last moult. in th. coarctate pupa. Thia type is found
in the more spedaJhed Diptera (CyclorrhapbaJ and
in certain Cocci.dae and Stylopidae.
The Jenqth of time in which an insect remains in
u. pupal .tate Is hIgbly variable. Much goes on within
the pupal cQle before tbe adult ia ready to emerge but
Ibe whole process moves so rapidly with .ome species
Ibat the insect remains as a pupa for only a few days.
Many inlects pa:ea Ibe winter or other unfavorable
time in the pupa ala"'e. When their tTTnwth is com_Fig. 3<1. Cabbage
" ".- root maggot. H".
..
pleted many larvae travel for a day or two thus acat-'r:'~ J ~."I".
taring the apeciel and lessening the chances for total
lou of a b.rood. These larvae usually ..lect some pro-
tected spot beiore settling down.
PROTECTION OF PUPAE. - Moat pupae are concealed in one way

or another from their enemi... and
a1110 from such adverse influence.
aa exee.. of moiature, sudden mark-
ed variations of temperature, abock
and other mechanical diaturbance. Pro-
viaion against such influences is usual-
ly made by the larva in it. last inatar.
Many lepidopterous and coleopterous
0. b larvae burrow beneath the qround and
there construct eartben e&US in which
to pupate. The larger number of inHct.,
however. conetruct cocoonr which are
apecial envelope. formed either oj .uk
or of extraneous material bound t0geth-
cl er by m QI1II of threada of that sub-
atance. Thus many wood-boring larvae
f;ig . 35. Cocoons : 0, bt_id
<»coon; b. empty bfo<;onld c;o- utiUz chips. Larvae which tranaform
- i C, cocoon of IN C'-'- in the qround Mlect parti.c lea of earth..
Ieof _11; d, cocoon of the
ophid 1101'1. tU.$.~A) Many Areti1d larvae u.se their body-
hair. and Trichop\era use pebbels, vag-
18
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMA TUBE INSECTS
etable fragmentl. etc. . th se larval caaea

functioning as COCOOIUJ. In th Ie inltan a
tbe substanc are held together by means
of a warp of .Uk and worked up to form
cocoons. A large number of other Insect •.
including some of the Neuroptera and Trio
choptera. many L pldopt ra and Hymonop-
tera and the Siphonaptera, utilize .Ult
alone in maldnq th it COCOODI. AmODg
the Tenthredinidae, cocoons of a parch.
Ca...
Fig. 36. of In. ment-like or abell-like conal.tency are fr.
=:.:!::;.fo~~~oP~"'r. quent : in some case. the outer cocoon n·
worth. doses an inner one of mor dellcat teX'
ture whicb may be called a doubJa cocoon. The naked pupa. 01 but.
termes are suspended by silk on the erema.tar at tbe caudal end 01
the abdomen. In the Diptera (Cyclorrhaphal. In·
stead of spinning a Bilken cocoon or constructing
a case of extraneous material. the larva prac-
tices an inter sting economy by retaining about
itself one of lis own coat. dry sleins to form a
case called a puparium. Thi. next·to-the-la.st lar-
val skin is not discarded at the time of pupation
but is ret.a ined until the adult brew out of the
pupal akin.
WHERE TO COLLECT IMMATURE INSECTS

Insecta are &0 higbly diveramed in their food and ways 01 living
that one may find at iea.st a few insects almost any wh re h looks.
When we consider their habits the insecta fall into group. which may
be rather definitely located.
A. CHARACTERIZED HABITATS:
1. Aquatic lnaecta - Those In.Iects that dwell in water or are more or
leu closely related with water are said to be aquatic. About Uv. per
cenl of all the In.sect. are aquatic and stUl another Ibree per cent are
closely related wilh water. In a atrict Mnae; the truly aquatic inaects
are those which employ qilla 10 . .parate the oxygen from tb. water in
which they live. Other in.sects ·obtain their oxygen. hom the air but
becxluse they are closely related with water are said 10 be aem aquat c
insecta. II we talee a count of the insect ordera. olmos' bali of th m
bave aquatic or semiaquatic species. The Epb meropt fa, Odonata.
P1eoopfeTa and Tric:hopteTa. wilh rm. e:xc:eptiOAl, are strictly aquatic.
19
HOW 10 KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
The Neuroptera. Hemiptera, Diplera. Lepidoptera. Coleoptera and

Hymenoptera are only partly aquatic. Some CoUembola live on the
wrface of water.
2. PbytopbagolU Insects. - Moat insect. feed on plants. We can find
them on ot in the plant.. Othera in like manner feed in dead woods
or decaying plant materlala. All these are said to be phytophagous.
3. Para.ltIc: lnaects. -
Tho.. insects that secure their food by living
wIthin other animalJl are Jcn.o wn as endoparasiles. Ecloparasites live
and f. d on other animalJi from the outside as with lice. Many insects
live within dead or decaying animal and plant materials and are said
to be /laprophaqoulr.
4. Subterranean In..ct8. - These Insecta exial beneath the surface 01
the 1011. Mo.t of the orders contain some species with subterranean
habJt.. Remarkable examples are ants, termites. social wasps and
be•• which live toqether of their own. Nume.r ous insects lay their eggs
in the .oil, .uch a.s the graaahoppera, earwigs. beetles, flies. etc. Among
the Coleoptera. the Clcindelidae. Carabidae. Scarabaeidae, Meloidae
and Elat ridae are outstanding examples. With the Diptera. the Tipu-
lida . Blbionldae. Dolichopodidae, Rbaqionidae. Empididae. Asilldae.
BomhyUidae and Anthomyiidae commonly hide the eggs within the
ground. LepidopteroWl larvae and pupae frequently hibernated in the
lOll. ComparatIvely Lew nympha dwell in the IOU except certain root-
feedlng Apbidida8 and Coccldae and the immature mole crickets. The
cicada nymphs on the otber hand spend a long time underground.
B. SOME CHARACTERISTIC MARKINGS:
1. Darnag1Ki Plants. - Defoliated plants. skeletonized or partial eaten
leave•. bole. bored in plant stems or u.;.. rruits. etc.. are good indica-
tion. for locating the insecta which did this damage.
2. AUOC1ated Animals. - When a collector sees busily wotking ants.
h. can find aphid colonie. near by. From the noise 01 bees or flies.
we can often Und their nut. or their larval breeding places. On the
hOlt animals. we can usually find predators and parasites.
3. Sweet Secretions. - A number of insect families, such as the Cbir-
midae. Apbidldae and Coccidoe «}ive off a molasse. like sweet secre-
tion Jcn.o wn as "Honey dew". Thia ia easily observed cmd helps to
'?COto the maect. producing it.
Inaec:t Feces. - Many calerpWan for instance eo1 such large
lonUli.. of coarse foods and discharge such large amounts of waste
aterla} !rom the digestive tract a.s to give a clue to their presena..
J.filiennore. from the charoc:teriatic shape 01 the feees. certain ;p.,aea
tn be identified.
Abnormality of Plant.. - Not only the abnormal growth 01 plcm~

Dut also the malnlltrition of plants can lead ta to find the insecta re-
spon.sible for these stunted conditions. The gall·insects and leaf min.
ers are readily located within the galla and the mined leav a. Many
other insecta can be found on malnutritive plants v n though the in.
sect pests are feeding underground.
Fig 38 o . Wool IOw.r ga ll . ""d,leu. . . ",I".to, Ho rr , b. SPring roo.

gall Rhodlt •• bleolo, Horr., C , goldenrod bo ll ga ll. l",oot.
,0Ild.,lnl' Fil ch. d . Oryophon lO gall!., Dryoph.",. I.".t . Gi ll .
• m ine of Ph,Uocnlltll populll.lI . .. h om
HOW TO COLLECT IMMATURE INSECTS

I. Sweeping. - There are usually numerous nymphs and larva that
live or hide in grass. weeda. shrubs and trees. Sw ep the n t bock
and forth on those plants in ord r to get those Insects Into tho not .
This method ' of collecting can uaually give large returns. The con·
tents of the net should be examined often and tbe speeimans remov·
ed before tbey are damaged by thia vigoroUi treatment.
2. Trapping. - Many inaect .. are attracted to food. certain cbe mlcala.
or places of shelter. We can use cans or bottlel l unk Into tbe ground
cmd baited with molasses. fruita or meat. Not only the nympha or
ICD'Vae can be trapped in. th is way. but the egqs may also be laid by
the adults.
3. Digging. - Many subterranean 1naects can be collected by dlgginq

in the earth. You will be surprised at the large numbers of Insects a
aquare foot of soil may contain.
(. Hand Pic!cing. - This is th. aimplest method to collect Insecta. M
a matter of fact. w. use It fr.equently. When we the insects we can
&imply pick them up in our banda. However. som. insects have
nettled hair. or strong mouth parts which may hurt the handa. th if.
fore. it is advisable to use a pair of tweezer. or forcepa on som ••peeles.
5. Netting in Water, - For the aquatic inaecta. a water net can be
used for acraping the boltom or pauing through vag tation In water.
Occaaionally the aerial net is u.aed in water, but 11 Ia quit. poor
economy.
21
6. Silting. - Rinse the aquatic plana or bottom mud in a sifter. Many

insecta can be collect~ on the screens of tbe silter (See Fig. 41). Sub-
tm'anean inMctI may be easily lMtCW'ed by runninq the ground litter
or IIOU through a lifler.
7. Sepcuatillg. - Field aoUa, debris and animal nesta or diacbargea can

be put in a ..paralor with a light on the top for heating. Some sapa-
ra10r. employ a stream of water to remove the insects from the debra.
A good number 01 unusual insecta may be collected in the receptacle.
Tho.. insecta are usually amall and active. or they feign death when
dUturbed. and can not be collected readily by ordinary methods. II
heat 11 being uled a. in the Berleee trap. great care should be taken
that the material doe. not catch lire. Your specimens may not only
be damaged in this way but you could also have no place to work
th. next morning.
COLLECTING APPARATUS
1. Sw pinq Net. - The IIweeping net needs to be strong enough to
atand rough beating and sweeping. For the bag. 6-ounce drill. heavy
------~-- ..----------
I
I
I
I
I
I
• I
:::
I
FI9. ~9. s"'"P,oQ .... t · 0 , net horldle .... ,th ..... 01 cylmder to hold
,... rong in ploce; b. "'Ig; c. net hondl. With gr_; d.
bag.
mu.tin or light COJ1vaa is usually recommended. The .h andle with a

I nqth of three 10 four feet and a weuneter about' an inch is dealtable.
Many prefer a abolter handle; a few atrokea of a eaw will take care
of that.
2. Water Net. - The triangular dredge haa lOme advantag.1 over

other typel beeau..
no matter which aid.
r.ltl on the bottom
one of the bladel
will cut Into t h •
ground when the In·
Itrument 1a dragged.
Fig. 40. " t,longulo, d'~,
Thia dredge haa a net of fairly clo.. mesh. lturdy fabric. It may he
drawn behind a boat or the net may be rolled into a compact body and
thrown out to lOme diltance from the ahore then drawn back by It.
long cord. In the ablence of a dredge net. a garden rake can be uaed
to good advantage. The debrla at the boltom of the waler COurl 1a
dragged out on the bank and examined for the lDaectl thai are hiding
within it. M the water TWlI out of the debril Ihe In..cll try 10 get
bade to the body of water alao.
3. Sifter. - Any container with a wir.

mesh bottom will Hrve thia purpo... Th.
lize of the meshel In the acreen d.pend.
upon the lize of the loMetI. but for gener-
al pUrpo"l eight melhel to the inch will
be found uaeful. Figure 41 Ihowl a Il1t-
ing box which 11 good for collecting IOU
in.I8cta.
Several Ii eves with dillerent II zed meah
will help aeparate the lnaecl calch. Th.
proceu lhould not be ruahed. but th water
turned on gently or many of the lpeclmena
will be damaged.
23
4. Separator. - This is also known as the Ber-

lese funnel. It oonaists of a funnel over which a
sieve is placed. The fwUlel leads into a recep-
tacle whic:l contains liquid preservative. Over
the top of Ihe funnel a light bulb is placed by
which !he heat and light drive the insecta down
unU! they fall into the receptacle. A rack or
specJal container is often employed to support
the funnel. Where a constanl source of hot
water or 8t am is available the funnel may be
lurround d by a water jacket or coils of hollow
tubing which greatly reduces the fire hasard.
Fog. "2. S.porOlor :
A . coolOOl'le,.. 8 . loght ;
C. fun,.,.,l ; 0. scrHn;
E. p' . . .rvolo y• .
5. Alphator. - Thi. il a1ao known as a suction bottle. It i8 conven-
"'...
Fig . 43. Asporot«.
i nl to collect small insects either from the sweeping net or from under
Iiones. bark. Ie. 111 con.etrucUon is illustrated in the 1iqure 4.3.
6. Other ApparatuL - Different sizes of bottle. and vials are needed

fo.r Itoring in ct specimen-. Tweezers. foreepl. pocket lrnffe. small
ahovel or spade. nole hook. labela. elc.. are all important in collecting
lnaecta. It is prefe.rctble to have a collecting bag to 1I0te those toola
fOT 11 Idwork.
HOW TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS

For facilitating permanent atudy and handling. the inIecta must be
lttlled and care1ully preaerved. to make qood .pedmenL It 1.1 lmpor-
2'
tant that the specimens be kept in as good condition al poaalbJ.. Th.

insect body should retain Ita correct shape and the colora ahould llk.
wiae be kept as true to life as possible. No on method it entirely tat-
wactory to cover all these aspects.
Immature insecta are not ordinarily mounted OD pint, but 70 r,~ to
80 <1, alchohol or other special liquid preservatives ar uaed. Occaaion-
aUy the arnall-bodied lpecimens n d to be mounted on slid I for mic-
roscopic study. Before the insect is plac d in the pr rvallv It Ihould
be killed by pulling it into boiling wat r tor one to flv mlnut a. The
length of time in boiling wat r d pendl entir Iy upon the alz. of the
specimen. It will be swHcient wh n th specim n becomo 1""011 n up.
This method of fixing il found oven b lIer than by injecting th pr
aervative into th inaect body.
For exhibition purposes. the larvae are often Innat d and kept In
dry condition. However, that il not d sirable for sci ntiflc atudy. for
during the procels of inflation. many
cuticular appendagel could be damag-
ed and the body color Ia IOmetl.mel
changed. inflating larvae is rather
Simple; place the larva on a clean blot-
ter or a piece of paper and pro.. tbe
body contentl out by gontly rol11n9 a
round pencil from jUlt back of the head
to th. end of the abdomen. Intert the
drawn end of the glaaa tubing Into the
anal opening of the larva and Heur.
it In place with the clipl. Blow gently
F,O. .... An mliolecl and into the glasl tubing 10 that the larva
mounted lo(vo.
II diatended to Itl normal liz. but not
diatorted, and warm It. gently in an oven until dry. A lamp can be
used for heating and a chimney or a tin can be uaed al an oven.
For blowing air into the body. It it better to Ule a hand bellows. An
expanaion bulb III desirable to give an even flow of alr. When the
apecimen Ia thoroughly dry. r move it from the 910.. tubing and mount
it on a kitchen match by lnaerting th match atem into the anal open-
ing and then mount the match atem on a pin (He Fig. 44 ). U tb. I~
men I. too 100" on the match Item. glue may be added.
Specimun. mUit alwaya be accompanied by labeia In which briel
in1(1It1lation of dot., locality and collector are recorded. For tb. liquid
pr...rved apedm 11.1. the label should be written with Indja lnk or
black pencil and the label put in the preservative with the lpectm n.
For the pinned 'pecimel1.l, the label should be pinned below the specl
man.
Petereon recommends the following preservatlvea:
L X A. mixture:
Xylene ............................ _. .. ......... . ....... 1 part.
9~': .thyl alcohol ...................................... 1 part.
Good for oa1erpiDarl. coleopleroUi larvae and Tentbr.dinld larvae.
25
2. X.AA.D. mi¥ture:
Xylene ............................................... . 4 parta.
Commercial refined iIopropyl alcohol ....... .. ........ . 6 parta.
Glacial acetic acid ........ ... ......................... 5 parts.
DiolraJl ................................................ 4 parts.
Good for lepidoptero\LI larvae and coleoptero\LI larvae.
3. IC.A.A.D. mixture:
Kelosene ..................................... . ........ 1 part.
95 % ethyl alcohol or
retined commercial lsopryl alcohol ................... 7·9 parta.
Glacial acetic acid .......................... . .......... I part.
Dioxan ......... . ..................................•... I part.
Good lor maggot •. lepidopterous larvae, hymenopterous larvae and
pupae. coleopterous larvae and neuropterous larvae. But it does not
produce tIOtislactory specimens where larvae possess a thiclc axo-
.Jcolelon. namely wireworms and similar species or among some aqua·
tic insect. e.pecially immature stag os 01 Zygoptera and Ephemeroptera.
Larvae collected in the field are dropped into the killing aolution
and kept .ubmerged until they are completely distended. If narrow
viall are used for larqe larvae they should be places in a horizontal
poIIUon until the larvae straighten out and become firmly set. this
may take tram one to several hours dependinq upon the species. At
the end of th1a period the larvae should be ll(lllSferred to ethyl alcohol.
Larvae possessing a firm exoskeleton may be preserved in 75 '7 ethyl
alcohol, while soil bodied torm. killed in KA.A.D. mixture should be
prelOrved in 95 '10 ethyl alcohol to prevent any collapse.
HOW TO REAR IMMATURE INSECTS

For ltudying the ille bi.tory or identifying the adult staqe, the im·
mature Insecta are often reared in the laboratory. Rearing insect. ia
quit. a technical joh. The natural conditions under whlch the imma-
ture insecta were found should be simulated as closely as possible.
The following i. just a brief account of the more Important cupecta.
1. Cage. - Scr_n cages oj dillerent sizes are desirable for rearing
immatur insect.. Th food plant can be cultured In soU or in water
and put In the cage. For rearing a large number of isolated Individual
Insects it il usually difficult to provide a Jarge number ot cages and
bottle. or vials are used instead.
2. Food. - The kind of food mal.e rial the insect feeds on must be d.
termined at the start. Ordinarily the rearing container is not large
enough lor putting the entire food material inside. ao fresh food lIhould
b auppLed every day . For 6xat:lple. leav or the oilier p-:xrta 0
plant should be prOVided for the pbytopbaqous insecta and they al·
ways Mould be kept fresh. Insecta that infest aeeds and thOM that
cause plant galls may be reared by enclosing the Med.e or galla in a

tight container. Paraaitic w~ may be reared from their boat. by
keeping the host until the adult parasite. emerge. Boring inaectI can
be left in the original food material and kept in a cog- untU th.y
emerge.
3. Humidity. - Humidity play. an important part in rearing insoct •.

U the condition inaide of the container ia too dry tho food material
becomes UllSUitable for the inaocts. On the other hand. 11 the humidity
11 too high. moi.sture will be deposited on the lidel of the container
and frequently the death of the insect wUl result. To adju.t the humid·
ity of a vial or a bottl.. changing of tho materiala of tho .topper ia
acmetimes found practicable. A cork stopper can keep the humidity
much higher than a .topper of cotton. In.Mct. that feed on decaylnq
animal matter .hould have the caqo provided with .lightly moiat IOU
or sand.
( . Pupation. - 1naects that are being reared oUen di. during the pupal
staqe. Thia requires a careful .tudy of the pupation habits. Some In-
secta make sUk: or soU cocoons and lOme lust pupate in the IOU with·
out forming any covering. SoU must be added to the cage to m ••t
the needs of tbe insect. otberwt.e a succeuful rearing will not bo ob-
tained. The cocoon should not be removed arti11dally from Its enclo.
ed pupa for it ia neceuary to protect the insect. The over-winterinq
pupae should be kept in good condition. Cold can kill Ihe pupa. and
too higb temperatures may cause the pupae 10 emerge 100 early.
S. Preserve the different stagea. - For life hiatory study. not only the
differ, III stages and different instars need to be preaerv.ci, but al.eo
the cast larval .kins. pupal caael and COC001l.l which are very im·
portant in adentitic study. Th se should all be carefully labeled.
6. Becording. - Every change of th. insect. both morpbologlcal and

physiological, ahould be lecorded at once. Th. student may d.viM
hia own form of records but should keep thmn uniform and with all
the neceuary details. Car. obMrvatlona and records are WorM
than none at all; the latm can DOt be ~.e.d.
21
HOW TO KNOW THE JMMATUBE INSECTS
The fonowing form is recommendated for recordin.q the life history:
....., •.••••• __ ..•• .. . Lt'EI. '.,.,''-1 .... ........ A ~. .. . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . .
VV "'Y ?aot ~. "11<':9 .. • .• !~/..._.

.... ~_~~ . . ~ .. A ___ _ _
~ I I J • I,. • , , , H H ~ #, '. ~ I~ ., " ,..,., . ' I" ~ U' 14 It " n ,J.

, t, I . I
H- I--i-
,
.. JIIII" If ,. '" It
" .
~
PI
""...., ' r...IM . _""'" . __

Fig . •45. U te hl"ory , _ ding fOl'l'l\.
For recording the following abbreviations c:cm be UHd:
E for egg; L for larva; N lor nymph; A for adult: H for hatCh; M for
molt; P for pupa; D for died.
PICTURED-KEY TO ORDERS OF
IMMATURE INSECTS·
lQ. Mouth parta of ch.winq type, oft.n relraded within head: 3 pcdra
of ItltJ1l p ....ent; tan! &.
quenUy slDql. .eqmented
and us-ually with 2 claws:
winq pcrcb n.....r preHDU
ald.. of thorac:le le<,pDenll
and .t.ma not di'rided Into
__all acl.dt.., abdomen
may poIHU card. forcept •
I'.g. 46. o_ Mouth pons of ,,,. ftrebrCJf.
or furcula and c:ollophore. TIter_We IPCKkotdl; b. Mouth
potts of !he lont -nosed '0",. tows., LIM.
.-nee
petit... ¥'It.1I • I
FIQ'. 46. ............ . ... 2
• The ordMa and 10m lies of 1nMc1.. IoJlow the _ t ..... lnology n ttl" ~ 01 that
UMd In tne...-.vIMd .dlt.on of " How to ~ the INKtl" tl M7 1. For ~'c
1101 of t'- ardtm ond Iomt _ _ ,'How to ~ the tn.Kb" _ 171~193 .
°
28
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE lNSECTS
lb. If mouth parts of chewinc;r. raaplnc;r, or plerdnq and lucldnq typ..,

they are oot retracted. witb1n head: U retracted. the mouth paria
are usually hook·Uke (leql mac;rc;rota) or of uaucd .uc:ld.nq ~
(ADoplura. etc.): 1891 ordinarily pr..eot. tani compo.ed of 1 to $
.eqmenta. when on...eqmented. poaeu1nq oDly ODe claw, wlnc;r
"":;:" "
d..
. .....,,""1
.""'AN,.t.L.
C ·~". ,,,,, A
*..t ... ,~ ....
Fig. 41. a , Head of HlUfi"I'1III ........ t..eont. wl!h elwwlng

mouth part.; b, Head ot a thrl~ with pllfelng ond
rasping mouth part., c, lat.ral c;upect 0' the thOr·
a" of a dam..lfly; d, PI.rclng ami .ucklng mouth
part.; . , Head of a maggo' and mouth hookI.
pada preHot In .om.
ordera. when pr...nt the aid.. of the thor-
ade .eqmenta and .tema cue uaually cUYlded. into smaller ade,..
ltea: aD appendaq.. ab.ent amonq lOme larvae cmd puparla.
FIq. '7. ....................................... ,..............•
2a. AD'enae absent. FIq. 48. . .......... .

Order PBOTUM pac;re 5.
The member. of this order C1fe very millute, Ilend·

er. wbltillh. wingina Insect. with reiracttKi mouth
pc:ata. no 81" but with a pair of paeudo<:ul1. poinltKi
head. D1n&oHqJJlented abdomen in yOU1lq and twelv.
Mgmented abdomen in adult, Loa them a hundr.d
IpeClee have .been deacribecL
29
2b. Antennae present. ... . ......................... . .............. 3
30. Antennae cona1sllnQ of 10 01' more seqmenta: cerd usually mula..

articulate, lonq and filiform. or apedallz.ed Into foreepUke etn1ctur..:
abdomen u.euaUy ll.seqmented. without a furcula or collopho"N:
meaothorCIX De....r o...erlapplnq and eoneeal1nq the prothorax.
Fig. (9. • .......................... Order THYSANURA paq. 5S
They are known as

bristletaile. ailvediab and
slickers. About 400 s~
./ cies have been described.
~ They ar-e found in the
soU, in rotting wood. UD-
der atone.. or in leaf-de-
posits of forest floors.
and also live In the neJIta
of ant. and termites.
a.
FlO. 49. 0, C.lllpod. . f,.slll. ~I ,,*,, ; b, .....
"II"'. cp.; C, J.,IY. . ." ......
31>. Antennae conalltinq of not more than 8 seqments: cerd n .....t pr.
sent nor .pedalh.d Into fon:ep-Uke .lrIlcturu; abdomen s.seqment.
ed. U seqmenta are vlalble: qeDerally pou a furcula and a
~ophore may be present: meaothorax may overlap and conceal
Ibe small prothorax. FIq. 50....... _Order COLLEMBOLA pa;e 58
lpringtaill are small 1naecta rare-
ly u:ceedinq 5 mm. in lenqth. and
occur In almost all situations. They
are found in the aoU. In decaying
vegetable matter. amonq berbage.
under bark of trees. etc. A few ape-
""",..._-- de. live in the nem of ants and tar·
mit.., other 0CCUl' on ·th. auriae 0.1
fresh water and several are littoral
or marin•. In habl1l they are .apro-
phagoUB or phytophagoua. About
1,500 ~. . ha'f'. been deIIcribed.
30
'a. Tam Ulually conalatlnq of 2. 3. or •

leqmeDta. rarely 01 5. and nry rarely
of a I lnqle leqment. L~ ~ary rarely
wantlDq. Thorax with all 3 aeqment.
axp<ned and qanerally dillerent In
fonn: pleural and .temal IcledtM u..
ually dlatlnct and Dever concealed:
winq padl Ulually pre.ent: eplc:rcmlal
lutwe doel nol extend 10 the clW-Ul1
extemal qen1lalla may be evident In
later lMtan.
Fiq. 51 . ......... NYMPHS .......... 5
(I). Tarsi Ulually conalatlDq of a Ilnqle

leqmeDt. or l~ wantlDq. or leq·
mentation of tarsi cWilcult to deter-
mine: more rarely tanat 01 2. 3, or •
leqmenta: thorax with all three leq·
ment. atm1lar in form and winq
padl wanUnq: or. winq pada pr.
leDt. laterally and "entrally. the
thoracic leqment. not exp<ned: the
pleural and Itemal IcledlM neTer
dlatlnct. either not cWJerenlfated
a bom Datum or concealed by leqa
and wing pada; eplcrcm1al luture
Ulually ext.nda to clypeUlI extem-
al qen1talla not evident..
.... Kirby; b. Larvo .
riMiI (Scopoh l.
,t.....
Fig 52. a . Pupa : Yea,. •• CII -
I4. . fI.Q. 52_ . . LARVAE and PUPAE .. 17
NYMPHS
Sa. Mouth p<zJU adapt.cl

for plerdDg and INa.
Ing. or for p1erdDQ
and nmpIDrJ.
FJq. 53• . ......... 1'
b
FlO. SJ. MauffI port, : a. P .... ~1nO ond ,ospIl'IQ: b.
pl«cino and wcll.ll'lQ.
31
5b. Mouth parts adapted for

chewtnq. Flq. 5L .. ..•.. 8
a
Fig. 5" . Chewing mout ... ports : o. coroblC!
larva, b , g,osshopper.
Ia. Labium wheD extended.. uaually 4 or more tim" as 10nq as broad.

ac:oop-l1ke In .truetwe and when folded .e"," as a mcuk that
coye,. the other mouth porta: plat.l1ke qW. may occur at caudal
end of abdomen: aquaUc: W.. Fiq. 55. Order ODONATA paqe 67
The dam.HUll..
and dragon1lJ • are
the member. of tha
Old r which Include.
about 5,000 de.crfb.
ad .p.cle • . Th.
naia~ a r. .xt.n-
.tvely aquatic. U...•
ing In variou. .It·
uationa I n hem
water. Many U....
hidden in .and or
mud, etc. Without
b exception a 11 the
naia~ are prada-
cioua. feed.il'lq upon
' Ig. 55. 0 , • •, .... sp., b, lob 11m of LIMI .. ' " " - variou. JarmJI o.f
Blirm." t_,; C, L ........ "'~ 8_"t.,.
aquatic 11 Ie . The
principal .xt mal chang.. In...olved during m.tamorphoaia Includ. an
IncreaM in the IIi&e of th compound.y , and during the la.t f.w
wtan, ~lli becom••vident; the ant nnal aeqtDenta increaM in num-
ber. and the wing·rudimenta und rgo certain chang.. with the r ..ult
that the d.....loping hind wing. overlap the ant.rior pair; the caudal
qillI chang the Zygopt a.
lb. La.bham of normal type. Dot mocWled Into a ecoop nor blnc;r«L ••• 7
32
7a. Tracheal Q1lla (plate. l.ather. tauel or &Qe...

lilte) uually occur on abdomen or thorax (aoae
lD lIOIIle .mall Plecoptera>, 2 or 3. }ono. many
.-om.Dted taill pr..eat at caudal end of abdo-
men: (lquaUc We. Flq. 58. .. . ................• 8
1b. AbdomeD or thorax without lracb.al qlUa and
without lonq .eqm.nted tall·lIke fUamenti at
caudal end: ahort cercl may exilit. ............ 9
The presence of qila CIa well CX8 their type ia more Fill. 56. ~ Mayfly
_:I
vwnJy . ad if th e apectmen
d elermlD . ,_ float e d In
.. . wa t or naiad
lrocheol&howlng
g ll1a.
the
or pI_rvaUve. They ore often so fine and may lle so clo.. to the
I.n.sect aa to not be readily apporent In dry .pedmena. The function
of the qilla, of COUIH, is to extract oxygen from the waler. The qUIa
ore extenaiona of the tracheal tubu.
8a. TICJCh.m qUla (plate, feather. or tall·lIke) located on lat.ral mar.

IjJIna of abdom.l.nal lerqll.. only: 3 Ian. (In some fOJDJly only 2).
frfnqed with rather 10aq ..toe. occur at caudal end: tarat poaua
1 claw. FIQ. 57. . ............... Order EPHEMEROPTERA. pelO. 62
About 1.500 apecle. of Mayflle. are

deacribed. Theh naiad. are aquatic
and 10119 lived. In some ca.... tbU per.
iod ia beUeved to occupy thrM year•.
s.tweerl the nai(ld and the Imago. there
ia a IUblmaqo atClge which dUlce f:rom
the mature 1mCl90 in III duller appear.
ance and ill somewhat tranalucent
wing. whicb are unally morqined by
prominent fr1nq" of hair.. They ore
....nUally herbtvarou. feeding upOD
fragmenll of the pJcmt ttuu... Certain
Fig. 5'7. 0, ~ 11).; foma. however. are beUeved to .be car-
b, H....... III...... Soy,
ntvoroua.
33
tb. Trach.al qUIa. uauaDy finq.l'·like bunches or single. oft.n located

on the "entral cup.c:t of the thoracic legmenl8: in 110m. ccm.a they
occur on the law. on the proximal and the l<Ult ••;menl8 of the
abdomen: (may b. ab••nt in N.mourida. and Capniidae): 2 dis-
tinct Icrlla (c.rd). usually without 10Dg fring.. of •• ta.. occur at
the caudal end of the abdom.n., tanl po....... 2 claw••
Fig. 58. . .. ,........... . ......... .. Order PLECOPTERA pa.q e 59
The stoneflies constitute a small order. about

1.500 species being described. The naiads are
aquatic, they live under debris in eddies or un-
der stone. in clear fresh water and feed largely
upon the larvae of Mayflies and midges, but
some are thought to feed upon vegetable d.
bris. The time occupied in development appears
to range from about a year to four years.
Fig. 58. T.,.,.." •

..... ,. (Walker ). •
9a. Antenna. not more than s.segm.nted: body strongly d.pr....d:

h.ad larg.r ond broad.r than prothorax: .ctoparaalUc W•.
Flq. 59. • . ............. .... .............. Order MALLOPHAGA
The biUnq lice or bird llce are

ec:toparaaites of birds and mam-
mals. About 2.800 speciel have
been described. Their food con-
sists of dry and nearly or quite
dead cuticular substance.. . Egg.
are gl.u ed separately to the feath-
ers or hair. The nympha clOHly
resemble their adull8 except in
me. The diatrlbution of the biting
FIg. 59. 0, VOrloble hen 'ouw, Lipellrv. lice is quite limited to their defin-
COpOft. ILl (OhiO Agr. £'''1)1. $10.1; b ,
Lorg th lekon 'OIlUl, Goniecot.. .'10. ite h.osla.
I ToKhenborg) {Ohio Expt. SIO. 1.
ab. Ant.nna. mON than Hegmenteci. ........ . _................ . 10

lOa. Prothorax usually aubequal to mesothorax or larq.r; U prothorax
is milch amalL r than meeothorax then c rei aN PftMllt. tanl aN
5-e89Dlented onc! the _ aN 9!'Mdly elonqateci. . . . . . ...... .. 11
34
lOb. Prothorax shorter than and amaller than muothorax or meta-

thorax: cerci. wantinq: tcmal 2 or 3-seqmented: lab cd palp 1..eq.
mented: r..emble aphlda in ahape. FlQ. 60. Order CORRODENTlA
The pllOCida, .booldice, or dustUc are the memo

bers of this order whJch includ s about 1.000 d.
acri.bed apecie.. They feed upon the paste of book
bindings. fragment. of animal and decaying veg·
etable matter. and cereal products. They are found
in houses, on tree trunk" und r bark. in bird'.
neata, etc. Eggs are laid in amall groupa on bark
or leaves and are protected by a me.hwork of
silken threada. After hatchJng. tha chang • of d.
velopment are slight. Slx wlars are recorded In
Fig. 60. '''',..eft
.... co,t......
certain ~ie• •
lla. Lonq axis of head and mouth parts Ulucdly Yertlccd, In one fam·
Uy (Blattidae) the mouth parts project caudcd and In another
family (Phaamldae) cepllalo-ventradl amonq the Pbaamldae the
prothorax I.a much amaller than the mMathorax or metathorax
and the leqa are qreatly elonQoted: the mouth parts of aU the
.ped.. are of a qenerall.&ed chewlnq type: antennae with many
.eqmenta. FIq. 61 ................ Order ORTHOPTERA paqe 69
The number of record d speeie. I.a

about 22,000. They po..... greatly d.
veloped powers of running and leap-
ing. The eqq. are mo.tly cyllndrlcal
and aome are depoaJted in ootheca•.
In many ManUdae and Locuat1d.ae the
nymph. abed a membranous coverlDq
shortly alter hatchlnq. The winq pads
are uaually preNnt in the NCOnd or
third lnatar. There are commonly 6 in-
atars paaMd in tb nymphal staqe.
roodI, .Iett.... ....."'f..fw-

FIll 61. 0, Getmon cock·
ILl; b, IMIeMjll...
Ice
.... IT"""-'.
lIb. Lcmq CDda of lwad and mouth parta prolec1 c:.phalad or eephalo-
....ntralJ the antennae uauaIly locatttd on the head ecrpsule near
the mand1blelu eompound ey.. may be absent. ... ... ........ . 12
12a. Head 10nqer them broad; leqa of moderate lenqth and tanl '"-0-
menl d (frequenUy lncozwplcuoua); color uauaIly dirty white: exc>
ableton trequenUy .ofI: anl.Uke in mope: U.... within aapwood
or dead wood. FIq. 62 . ........... . . .... . .... . Ord r ISOPTEBA
The members of thi8 ord are

.
]mown ClI lermile. or while ants.
There are aboul 1,900 dncribeci
.ped... The aocial ille of the ter-
mit.. include. dillerent type. of
Calles: the reproductive caste.
which have functional winqa. the
mort wlnqttd forma and the winq·
1881 forma. The aterUe CClII.. are
divlaible into worker. and 801-
dietl.
'!g. 62.. T.."..lt .. : a , young ~;
b , young worker.
12.b. Head dlatilleUy broader than lone;. lani 2 or 3-Mqmenteci. ..... . 13
13a. Proximal tCU'lGl HQJDenla of prothorac:lc l~ as lone; or 10nQe,
than the tibia and 'lronQly dUatttd !bearlnQ openiIlqa to aUk
e;landa on nntral .unaee): proximal tanal .eqmenta of other
Jeqa or normal alae and m~. FIq. 63. . . .. . Order EMBIOPTEBA
Aboul ISO apede. have bHn described. Th

in.aecta qenerally avoid dayllqht. Uvinq beneath
.Ion • or under bark. etc. Silken lUDDea are aJ.
way. COll8tructttd. Wh n disturbed in theM re-
treats they are able to run baclcwarda or forwarda
with equal aqillty. Eqq. are elonqate-cylindrlc:al
with a conapicuoua operculum at one pole and are
laid in tIDal! qroupa. The newly hatched younq of
both IUU do not diller in any important charac-
ter. from the female parent.
36
ISh. Proximal tarsal leqmuta of prothoraclc leqa not dUeted nor do

they dWer qr.atly from the lame leqmenta of the other leqal
forcep-Wce ItruCtures occur at caudal end oj abdomen.
FlQ. 64. . .. . .... . ....... .. .... . . ... ..... . . Order DERMAPTERA
About 1.000 Ipecie. of earwl91 are known.

They are probably omnivorous but e m to pr.
fer animal food. When alarmed or molelted.
the extremity of the abdomen Is often uprailled
and the forcepl widely opened in a threatlnq
manner. The e9g1 are depolited in the 11011 in
a qroup and the female r ata ov r them. The
nymphs relemble their par nta except the for·
cepl are limple and more or 1 U ItylUorm.
They pa.u 4 to 6 moltl before reaching the adult
Itage.
Fig . 6<4 . I'orlfeY" ,po
1~ Mouth parts externaL 'rialble and in form of e trouc;rh·llb tube or
a con.: winq rudiments usually mlbl •. Flq. 65. . ...... . ...... 15
14b. Mouth ~ IntemaL short pt.rclaq

Ityl.ts witbchawD Into bead parallel
with m8lO1l. with DO memal labium;
1t'In9 rudim.nts abHDl1 tanal acan-
ItOtial type.
FIq. 68. . ........ . Order ANOPLUllA
FlO. 65. H.ad 01 thrtPl.

Tb wcldnq Uce are blood·
IUcldng .ctoparaall I 0 f
marnmala and around 500
.peel • have been dellCt'tl>-
eel. Of th.... two aped I in·
l..t man and about a dozen
occur on domestic anlmal..
The 10UM lay. up to 300
eggl, which are usually at·
b tached to e balr or fibre.
Th. *19 period Is about a
w . .k. Tbr.. moults occur
, 66. Hog IouIo!t N....... 'h • ..,.._.

,...._, 'U.s....A) : b. 'hI moult! pom..
dprlnq the l1fe and the younq
resemble the adult In utero
nal featur...
37
15a. Mouth parts hi form of a CODe located between the .,.entro-caudal

marQin of the heacl and the pro thorax abowiDq maxillary palpl
and InCOUPlcuOUII labial palpl: mouth parts are asym.meltica1 hi
that only cme functional mandible exlat. which may project a
abort d1atcmce hom tip of mouth-con.: tarsi smalL apparently
l ..ltCjJJDentecL clawl... cmd poaHQ .qle. protruaibl. pada: body
cyUnclrlcal. unally 1... than Iii Inch 10Dq and pointed at caudal
end. Flq.67.. .......................... Order THYSANOPTERA
Approximately 3,100 species of thrips have been

described. They are found among all kinds of
qrowinq veqetation. as well as in wood and fungi.
They ba.v e the habit of curving the apex at the
abdomen upwards. They are generally four in·
alars before the adult stage i& reached. Partheno-
genesiS is of frequent occunence.
A favorite feeding qround for thrips is within the
flowers of plants where they oiten do heavy dam·
age. Both adults and nympha may be readily
shaken from flowers out upon a white cloth or paper
and picked up by a small brush moiatened in the
preaervative in which the lpecimens are being
FIg . 157. G•..., hoUMt pIa oed. A separate vial should be kept for each
thrips, H.IIoth, I , • species of plant and the spedes of plant recorded
........nt..I4.11t
(Bouche •• on a paper slip with lead pencil and put in the vial
ISh. Mandibl.. and maxWae unally endOMld

wil.bln a trouCjJh·llke tubwcu labium which
uaually pro)eeta caudad between the thoMdc
18CjJ1: labium may b. abHnt. 11 labium Is con..
abaped. maxUlary palpl and labial palpl are
a_t. 1'Jq. 68. . . ... • .. .. .. . ........ ... . 18
38
164. The mouth parts. conmtinq 01 a leqment.d labium enc1oe1oq
needl.Uke mcmcUbl.. cmd maxillae. aria. hom 111. c.phalic pOl'
aped..
tion of the ~entral aapeet of the head CGpllw.: In aom. aquatic
the mouth patti appeat to ria. from the caudal portlcm
oJ the bead cap.ule: amonQ th... the 1~. \lBually lihow aom.
kind of adaptation for aquatic locomotJoll cmd the prothoraclc
leq. may b. modUied for 9M8p1nQ.
Fiq. 69 ............................. Ord.r HEMIPTERA paQ. 129
Together with th. or-
der Homapt ra tbere
are approximately 52,-
b 000 .pecie. recorded.
Cl The Hemiptera are true
bug.. The great ma-
jority of the .peel..
are phytophagou. and
feed upon the juic•• of
living planta, cau.1nq
great 101". to agri-
cultural c r 0 p ., but
some are predaclou.
-. C and allO attack birdl
and mammal.. includ-
ing man. Mo.t of th.m
aro terreatrial and oth.
Fog. 69. a , Trlphlep. "Ietlcolo, (Whol.) (Redrawn eta aquatic or aem$-
from U.S.D.A ); b & ~, Green .tonk bug,
.uut.,,,,,,,, 101"',. l$4vl. aquatic.
llSh. Th. mouth part., ccmalatlnQ of a labium (may b. ab••nt) CUld
needl ..Uk. mcmcUbl.. and maxillae. arise cUaUncUy from the
caudal portion of the b.ad cap.ule or from the meson b.twe.n
the thoradc leq.: no aquatic .p.d••.
Flq. 70...... .................. ... Ord.r HOMOPTERA paq. IS5
Fog '70 0
AQhia ' CI ... ...,1'b•0•41.
(I 01""_... pt'.... .w...l Van 0 .: c,
sp • . • , .... deello ..p t _. . . .
• LI ; 'f (I' g, T_ dlff...."t .mof. of Itirt__"''' sp.
I IJ.:S.O.A. I
39
There are about 52,000 apedea when countinq the Homoptera and
Hemiptera together. Practically all the member. of Homoptera are
phytophaqou and mcmly Snjuriou. 10 agriculture. Except for the d·
cadal. the Homoptera are m01llly &mall lnsecta. The aphida or plant
nee. the lCQ}e.insecti. the apittle buqs or froghoppera, the Ireehoppers.
the leafhoppera. the whitefliea, the jumping plant liee and the plant-
hoppera are all destructive insecl•.
t'1a. N...r any traca of wSnqa

or winO' pcr91 compound
ay.. na.,.r pr..ent; worm-
IDe.,a faedlno and aetin
ataq •. Flq. 71 .. . LABVAE . . 18
The membera of thia active feed.
Inq alage of the inaecta developing
by complete metamorphosis vary
wid.ly in .tmclure. size, habita.
color, etc. They are u.ually heavy
f den and often Iepreaent the
moat d atructiv. ataqe of the ape-
cl... They may be ahort or long Fig. 71. 0
CUfculio .
Hy4,..,.yd.. sp.; b, Plurn
C....... eh.".. .. ... ", h • ,
Uvad which haa muc.h to do with (Hertnt. l ; c.......tlc lie sp.; d, Cer,,-
the length of the Ufe cycle. .. 'ri",," L
l'lh. Leqa and wiDq

pada enc:aud In
a 11. axtra mem-
brane. not uaed
for locom.otloa.
uauaUy Incxrpabl.
of belnq mond;
compound • y a.
Tialhl. UDl... d·
ulta are .y.l...:
a nonl cllnq and
,..t1Dq ataqe. f g . 12. 0 , Puporiurtl of ••It ftv, 00clMIe frtt eLI;
Fiq.72. PUPAE.f5 b.....
. Pupa
__ ~.
of ....,. ( I ; d.ap.;
Pupac. of
P\.opo 0' '-"-""
V. . . . . . . . . .
Ie Kilby; . , Pupa of . . . __._ eLl.
LARVAE
18a. Thorac:lc leQS ab at or r.Pf"enteci
by paired neally .welllnqa OD m ..o-
thorax and metathorax or on all thOI'-
ac:lc aeqmeatL .... .... .... . ..... 19
18b. Seqmeated thoraelc leQS always p~
Hat on 2 or all thoraelc aeqmenta. .34
19a. Thoraelc leQS repr.unted by uaaeq..
mented. neally. palr.d pl'OtuberanCM
(called pedal lobe.) on 2 or 3 thorae> '10. 13. .,.,.,._..•• .,.,.-
.... 2Imm.
lc leQS. Flq. 73. . . ................ 20
19b. Thoraelc leQS n ••et preMn\. . ..... 22
2Oa. Adfrontal areaa. spinDeret. and one oc mor. pairs of almple ey..
uaually pc..ent; pl'Oleq. with crochela on 3rd to last abdominal
.eqmenla (excepl NepUculldae without crochets on prole.;ra oj 2-
1th abdomlnal aeqmenla). FIQ. 74 .. Older LEPtDoPTEBA paCiJe 149
The Old I is a large

one numberlng about
110.000 aped... E99'
are highly variable in
alu, ahape. ac:ulptur-
lng, color and arranq.
ment. L a r v a e are
mown aa caterp1llara,
and have 3 paira of
aeqmellted t b 0 r a c I c
leq.. Th. abdominal
.NC]JDentf bear plot.q.
which are armed with
crochets. The bad
Fjg 14 A ~"c - ' 01 the h.ad 01 C -.
;.;sulob........
",ct. lHo"--!i 8. C4ud0J - ' 01
bear. adtrontal areas.
,n.
maple cow-beater, ,_c.......·
01 C "",Ie ......,_.. ( How I;
NIl
-. ._"1IeUe
C, The
(Fitchl : Iotvo; b ,
0,
2Gb. Not -. ••.•...•..•.•••..•••••....•.•••••.••...•.••.•.•..... 21
41
BOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
21a. Body .trcdqht and of more or 1... unifODl1 dJam.t.r throuqhout:

uauaUy 2 aphacl•• on thorax (pro. and meao-).
FJq. 75 ....................... Order HYMENOPTERA paqe 210
At the present time. at least 120,000 described
apedu are known. The ants, bees and social
wasps live in colonies. The larvae vary in form
ranging from caterpillar·like sawfly larvae to the
logle.. larvae of bees and aniJI. They live in nests
Fig. 75 CloYer constituting a colony or are solitary. Most are
!WIed-cholc,d, pbytophagous but many are parasitic. Hypermeta-
'"choPh~" morphosa occurs among many parasitic forms.
hi,.... ow·
a,d Iu.s.n."'.) Gall-makera and leaf-miners are alao found among
the members of thi8 order.
21b. Body U·shaped with mld-abdomlnal .eqmenta of qreater cUameter
than those near the caudal and cephalic ends: uaually with 1
aplracle on meaothorax. Flq. 76. . .. Order COLEOPTERA pclqe 72
This is the largest order 01 insecta and comprises
about 40 perce.n t of all the known members of the
clan Insecta and no less than 264,000 described
species. The habits of the larvae vary greatly.
moat are terrestrial and phytopbagous; some are
predacious, or carnivorous. or sapropbagous; some
Fig 76. Laro. CI'Ia!- are aquatic or semiaquatic. Many species are also
nut "'HVII. C_It' • inquilines in the nests and commuaft'ie. of other
,lrobotc. .._ Fob.
fU .S.O."'. 1 insects.
22a. With partial (caudal portion non••clerotlzed or absent) or com-
pleted bead capsule. . ................. ... .................. 23
22b. Without a cUatlnct sclerolDed h.ad capsule. . ............... . 29
23c. With pclrtlal sclerothed h.ad capsul.. . ..................... 24

23b. With complete .clerolDed h.ad capsule• ........ ... .......... 25
24a. Mouth parts of Donnal chewhlq type and antennae cUatlnct. ... 30
2~. Mouth parts h1qhly modWed. frequently by hook-like mancUbl..

or· apparently absent. FIq. 77.... ..... Ordel' DIPTERA paqe 189
It includes about 80.000 described

species.. The larval habit.. present a
great diversity: phytophaqoUl. f:unql-
VorOUl. saprophagous, predacloua
and parasitic. Moat are tarrNtrlal.
1'19. n . ................... Wied. lIOlDe aquatic or MJDiaquatic.
25a. Head capsule clinlcted dialblctly a.phalad. . ............... .. :11

25b. H&Cld capsule directed nntrad or lom.what e'phalO-Tentrad . .. 26
26(1, Usually with on. or mote dhtl.Dct ceph.alCl·c:aud·

al folds or dept.satona on the lateral and ..... ntroo
lateral aapec:t. of the abdominal aeqm.nt.: body
U·ahaped.
n~. 78. . ........ Order COLEOPTERA poqe 72
Fill 78. Block
HIli, Wt-tl~.
Pendroctonul
l'O"det'ol ••
Hopk..
26b. Usually without such folds or depl'flaloul on lateral or laleroo
ventral aapec:ts; body nol U·ahaped. .... . ................... 27
27(1, Adfrootal areca. apinnerel. 1 or more palrtI of

IlInple ey.. and prol~ with crochets usually
pr...nt. FI9. 79 . ... Ord.r LEPIl>OPTERA paq' 149
Fill. '79 Tl«h",1ot

_lIfoliellot
Clem.
27b. Not ao. . ..... . .................. . ..... . .............. , .... . 28
28C1. Lar'f'ae may b. pointed al on. or both ends and

U·ahaped: 11.... within plant tluu... ot In mud or
pape.r·lik. gen.: on. pair of alInpl. .y.. moy
oeau. FIQ. 80•.•. Ord.r HYMENOPTERA paq. 210
2Sb. Larva. Ulually 10n9 and .tend.r: (a) t.rriltrial speci..~ apiracle.
on ••veral abdomlnal .89Jn nla. the caudal pair Is much larqer:
Ib) aquatic aped.. may have gilJa OJ' breathinq tube. at caudal
_ _ _.... end of abdo-
men. Flq. SI.
Order
DIPTERA
paqe .... . lS9
Fig. 81 . Mylof"" fIorM L •
. 29a. Larvae uaually U-abaped. more or 1... pointed at

bolb ends and larqer in mid·reqion: u.... withJn
plant tluue. or Uve in ceU. or nesla; mouth parts
may b. reduced to a pair of opposable (or liearly
.0), ahcup-pointed mandible. or 10 acleJ'Otized plat..
fuaed with the c.pha1fc aeqment or 10 more fleshy
FlO. 82. Mono. aensoria. riq. 82 ... Order HYMENOPTERA paqe 210
111,..1"", I'IIlnl •
... ,,'" , Bruckl.YI
tu.S.O.A.!
19b. Larvae aplndl.• lilr:e or peq·Uk. with

cepha1fc e.d pomled and mouth parts
uaually 1 or 2 h.ook·Uk••tructur•• em-
bedded in the prolhorax: or the mouth
parts qreatly recluced: aquatic apede.
may abow 1 or Hveral ". .tral pro-
leqa and a caudal breathinq tube or
Flo. 83. o. Rhe....tI. ~I". vtlla•
• " .. '" I Loew) ; b. A ,yr·
Dl>id larve.
FlQ. 83•. .. ... Order DlPTEBA paq. IS9
3Oa. Labrum a 1liD91. 10b41r ambulo-

torial wurta may occur on em..
clom_: m.a ny speci.. Un III
wood.
FlO, 84. a, Flot- hIIOCIed appl. tr. . Fl9. 84. _. Ord.r COLEOPTEBA
bar r, Ch Nth. f . '" 0 t e t .
IOllv. ) IU. O.A.); b. Round·heod· ~12
eli OP!1'. I,," barer, s.:,..nte ~• •
,,!lie fob. I U.S .0. A.1.
30b. Labrum and .ometim..

c:lyp.u.a .ubdlvid.d later-
ad into 3 parta with qroupa
of .et.ae or .pin.. on the
lat.ral portions: h e a d
d.eply retracted within
prothora¥1 aquatlc: or ••mI·
aquatic. FIq. 85.
Fig. 85. 0 , Head of C"I.. ; b, C"I.. $I).; c,
Order DIPTERA PQq. 189
C.Mplocl... h... byn'"1lI Schronk.
31a. Head capaule peq-Wte. etc .. variable in ahape and llae, not of
uaual roWlded or d.pr...
~-:.1.;J- ~ ed type. nq. 86,
F'g. 86 T"p"l• • I"t. t.oe.. Order DIPT£RA pclge 189
31b. Head capaul. round type or d.pr.... d typ•. ................ 32
~~1ii!1L~~~-!]!~ 32(1. MOuthrabPlarllra: 87· •

Ppo abl
~ • orpa e •• ~ • •
FIg. 87 . • ,b,le ."',,""'' $oY. Order DlPTERA paq. 189
32b. Ch.w1nq mouth parta uaually diatlnc:t. ... . , .................. 33
33a. Abdomen with 11 '~DUQlt.l .plraal... U pr.'.lIt. lnconlplc:uoua;
••.,.ral lonq •• ta. on thorax and dbdomeJ1.
fl<J. 88. .. ................. ......... . . ... Ord.r SIPHONAPTERA
Thero are approxim,"'.
ly LIDO dellCfibGd ' pocle•.
The larvae GTe small,
cylindrical, nul.paraaltlc
and feed upon a mi.e.l.
laneoua diet 01 vegetable
and animal dabria and
even the feee. of theu
adult.. They hequent the
floor. of hlUllan habltaliona and the nem of theu ho.ta. Wben fully
grown. the lanae ~in .mall cocoona in wbJch thoy tran.fer into the
pupa .
33b. Abdomen wllh 9 or 10
~4In181 .plracl.. WlUa),.
ly pr...nl on sueaothorax
cmd mo.l abdomlna:l .eq.
menta. FiQ. 89.
Ord.r COLEOPl'EBA
PG9. 71
Ua. Prol.qa abHDt on bt to 8th abdominal aeqm.nta (rar.ly pr...nt

on 8th) . ........................... . ......... . ............. 35
341>. ProletJ8 prnent on 2 or more abdominal MQDl.ntL ... • ..... . 39
35a. H.ad dlrecled c.phalad. ................................... 41
3Sb. Head ciltKled Tenll'ad or c.pbalOT.ntrad. ................... 36
360. Head eapaule Dlay be d ••ply im.bedded in

prothorax: may aJ.o pas....
aclhontal area:
Dlany ap.cI.. .aluO'·Uk. .In fo1m.
Fl9. 90.. .... ... Ord... LEPIDOPTERA pa9. 149
:1' 90. $oddl. bocII·

:!:lIIOf.
.....!UOIltI
(Cle",_I.
3Gb. Head capsul. not dMply .mbedded In Pl'Othorax and without
adfronlal aHaII. .....•............................... . .... .. 37
370. On. pair of .m:q,1 ••y .. preHnt
or absent: 2 pain of spiracles
on thorax (pro- and meso-I: body
usually erucUorm. Fiq. 91.
Flo. 91. V..,. _~ Kirby. Order HYMENOPTERA pclge 210
37b. S....ral paln 01 almpl• •Y" pNHDt. ....................... 38
38a. S.veral paln of almpl• •y .. may be pr...nt:

epbacles usually preHnt on m..athorax only:
body O-chQJ*l.
Fi9. 92•......... Order COLEOPTERA pcI9. 12
'Ig._ 92.
... "_Ie
Havel
it Mc:CollOdl.
38b. S.v.ral almple eyes cnuI in a clON duster usually p .....nl; m.-o-
thoracic and m tathoJUc1c 1*11 c&tlnctly larver and project more
Jcrten:rd than the pI'Othoradc: Jeqa. •...••.•.• Ord.r MECOPTERA
Thia amall order presents eome 3SO apec:ie.. The larva. are moal·
ly f w feed upon veg labl. matt.. Th. larvae beat a
c:arnlVOlOUS.
close reaamblance to caterpillara.
39a. Head uaually with more them 10

aimple -r" on eac:h alde. donI,
c;rroup.d: proleqa on abdominal
leQmen.. 111 to 8th or 3rd to 8th
Inc:lual,..: anal end rei mbl.. a
FlO 93 . , . _ , .
Mlyok e.
.,,'.n_ .ucldnO d1ak.
Fio. 93. . . ... . Order MECOPTERA
39b. Head with neYer more than lO limple ey.. on each aide or en-
tirely ..anlino. ............ .............. . ... . . . ........... 40
4Oa. Prolec;r. usually pr..ent on abdominal aeQmenti 3rd to 6th and

lal\. c:roc:he.. pr..enb adfrontal areaa Wlually vr.aentl 1 to 8
palrI of limpl. .y.a usually pre••nt.
Flq. 94.. ........ . ................. mOlt LEPIDOPTERA paq. 14g
FIQ 9<4 0 , c..."o .1",,10 I L • b, Corn eorworm . H.llotto • •,''',__

( Hbn I. c. lu".. olllllllo.1t G.oI.
40b. Proleqa usually pr..ent on ab-

domlnal leQmenti 2nd to 8th
and la1l. IIOm.tim.. 2nd to 8th.
2nd to 7th aDd !alt: DO m>c:he"
prNeD\: DO ad1rontal areaa: on.
pair of limpl. .Y" Wlually pt.
FIQ. 95. Imponod cuttOntwOfm. I.Vt. Flq. 95.
",-" ..... " .....11 (ScopolH, Order HYMENOPTERA patJ. 210
Iln91e claw (Itout aptn_ about baH of claw

41a. thoracic Leqa with
may aeat. tmpreuion that th.r. are 2 or more c:ltnnl. . . .... . . 42
Ub. Tboradc l~ wUb 2 dJdDc:t c:lcnn. ........................... "

HOW TO KNOW THE IMMA TUftE INSECTS
Ua. SinQle claws on thoracic lec;ra:

llckJ.e.shaped mandibl.. and
maxilla.. FIq. 96.
Fam11y SlSYBIDAE.
Order NEUBOPTEBA paq. 140
Thia family contains some 20 spe-

ci.. of rather small inaectJI known
as sponqilla fliN since the larvae
feed on Sponqilla and other fresh·
Flo 96. Smoky ol~rfly, 510'. I".water spong.., as well as on algae
"''''01' Newman. and bryozoa. The small, elongate
eqqs are laid in eluatetll on object. overhanqinq water from which the
larvae drop inlo the waler upon hatchinq. Pupation talcN place under
obJecta alonq shore or within the soil above the wat r line. The pupa
la covered with a double walled silken cocoon.
Perhaps leu than 5000 speci.. of Neuroplera are known and many
of th... are rare. Some of the larvae are helpful friends of man. Only
a few of the famili.. have larvae thaI are aquatic but all the families
are similar in bavinq pupa that are enclosed in a rather Ipherical
cocoon.
42b. SinQle claws with spur or splae about the baae: chew1nq mouth
parta. ......... . ................. .. .. ... ... . . .. ............. 43
430. Thoracic lec;ra elbowed and may poueu stout

spines at base oj claw: prolec;ra and cerd may
occur at caudal end of abdomen: aquatic forma
may po abdomlDal qUla.
FiQ. 97•........•.. Order COLEOPTERA paQe 72
This odd appearinq larva belongs to the crawlinq

wat r beeU (family Haliplida ). and Ia .1milar to
other members of the family. They are small and
alender and not likely 10 be observed un} one Ia
looking for them.
48
Uh. Larvae live in casu OJ' web. in water: thorac:lc 189. po......pUla
Oil or about the baae of claw: no proleqa. but the cCNdal hooDs
qWa may be pJ'ft.nt Oil thorax and alxiom.n.
FIq. 98 . .......................... Orde, TRICHOPTERA PG9. l48
The order haa approximately

4,200 described .pecles. Th. lar-
vae are known al cacldUworma
and are mostly aquatic, but (I few
are terrestrial. The &qg. are do-
posited in th d bri. at the bot·
tom of water or attached to aqua-
tic plants and olber object. in lb.
water and are protocted with 'l.1a.
Unou. masse. or alrings. The lar·
va.e cOllJltrucl characteristic CaN.
Fig . 98 . 0 , Co.e of 1,0cll •• ntnlJ
or ailken retreats. Their food hah-
ita are '1ar1ed, mo.t of them ar
0' ..
'P.; b, Co,e ot Um"eplt.h.. ',,"Iyl.-
til Wolke'; ( , Co.. tenophylol
5P.; d . Cose of T.I..nocl.. fI... I- lileely herbivorous but some are
te.nlO Bonko; e o Co.. 01 ".11.. ,,-
IYeh. Ip.; Lorvo of "ydrol'.yche IP. known to be c:arn1vorou•.
The immense number. to which IheBe lnlerestinq larvae develop
malee them very important CUI food for flah and doubtl .. a very lar'l.
percentage of the larvae contribute to the growth of flab. Naturally
they are used extellJllvely as fiJIb lxxil. They may b found In abun-
dance In the debriB of flowing Itream.a or attached to rocka under waler.
Pupation usually talcea place within the waler, o.{ten within the lar-
val CCUI8 but sometlm" outside it cmd within a ailium cocoon, Some
lpeele. burrow in wbmerqer 1098 or in crevic" In the locka 10 pupate.
The adult may emerge under water or bring the pupal ccrae to the
lUlface of the water to effect its e.cope.
«a. Mandibl and maxiUa. uauaUy of I10rmal chewinq type1 on the

abdomen amon9 t.n..trial spec::lel c.rci uaually occur on th. ·9th
le<pn.nt; amollq aqu.a tic .~
ci.1 the cCNdal Hqm.enl(.) may
b. tub.l1k. or ¢lla may b.
pr...n\. Flo. 99.
flo. 99 H...,............ t..e-te. Old.., COLEOPTERA p<t9. 12
49
44)).
IUctorial type, aquatic species may po.....
Mcmdibl.. Qhd maxUlae lODrJ cmd sicld..mapeci. of mcmdibulo-
abdominal proleg.
with hooks at caudal end: 9illa may he pl'esent on most abdom-
Inal UQ1Dent., FIq. 100........... Order NEUROPTEBA parJe 140
~ ... ~:_!~ •..,

. tr,
............... About 5.000 spe-
cies of the ol'der
,
bave been describ-
ed. Tbe larvae ex-
c hibit great diversity
o f structure a 11 d
mode oi lUe. but
they are all carniv-
orous; in a consider-
able proportion 0 1
the species they are
aquatic.
Fig 100. 0, Gold.",-ty. laceWIng, Chryn,. oe ...... .
Soy ( Redrown from SmIth); b, eo",d.'1It
......... tll. Il.l; c. Mond,bulo'$UC10rtOI mouth .
porta.
PUPAE and PUPARIA

4&(1. Appendaqe.. mc1udlnq mouth parts. In'rialble on exterior. or. U
'rialbl•• they are iwled. with each oth.r cmd to the body wall to
form a contlnuou. co.e1'lnq: obtect type.
I••e Flqs. 107 cmd 109)•. .................................... 51
(Sb. App.ndaq.. diatlncUy Tl&ibl. emd u... even thouqb beld In a

Bud poailion; rnemhl.. a mummy: exarate type.
(S••· Fiqa. 101· 106). . .........................•.............. 46
460. Body • t ron rJ 1 y comprnaec:l:
lenqth 1_ them 3 IlUQ.I wing
pads absent: emtenoae minute,
mancUbl_ of plercinc;r type:
compound ey.. abnnt. 101. nv.
. . . . . .. Order SmlONAPTEIlA
l6b. Body rounded or flatteeci. not .bonQ1y coDlPNU4Hi: antennae

'iIld wtnq pads u.ually prominent. .. ........................ 47
so
\IIUIlQJmI~tJtb Imnlllf of 10109 r~
'nd"
.TU!I!!AftlP!ill8lleaanp'or ..
47a. Mouth parts for ch.wlnc;r GIld
lappinq: mandlbl.. P,..Qt:
usually a median or bUurcat.
lob. or tonqu. (th. hypophar-
ynx) aria.. from the labium;
d1atal I~.nta or .nela 01
the 12 or more leqmenl.d
antennae usually adlae.ot to
and frequenUy parallel with
the melon: palr.d o'ripoal.
~~ -- . -- tOB frequenUy ...la1ble a t
caudal end: a d1atlnct con-
.tricllon Wlually pre.eot 0.-
tween the thorax and abdo-
Fog. 102. a . Ch.wonO and lapoing
men. Flq. lC2.
",.,IIt.,.
moulh parts; b. Pupa of V",.
Korby.
mo.t HYMENOPTERA poo. 210
&1b. Mouth parta for ch.wlnO only: 00 dlatinct tonqu. or palr.d on-
potIltoB p.r...nt. . ............................. . ........... 48
180. Antenna. lono. always with 12 or more I~.ntal winO rudiment.

not .1ytra-lIk.. ... ........... .. .. . .......... .. ............. 49
iSb. Anl.nna. abort.r than body. U elon'lated. with oumeroUl lioul

leqmenbl and much 100ger than the body. Wlually 11 or 1...
leqm.ota and d1atal aeqmenta UluaUy far remo....d from me,oll)
win'l rudiment. alwaYI .1ytra-lIk. and located betw.en the dlatal
portion of mNOthoradc and metathoraclc leqa 00 the •• ntral CD-
peel: leos .lbowed aharply at .nd of femur.
FiQ. 103•. ......... ............. .. .. . most COLEOPTERA po'l' 72
The pupa. are mOltly of exarale type. but

in *<)me of the Staphylinidae Ihey are obtect.
Pupation tak •• place mo.tIy In earthen cells
in the 8Oil. but al80 occurs within the food
plant. Certain CurcuUonlda make COCOO11ll
with the product of the Malplqh1an tuDes.
whUe .. veral of the Lamelllcotnia UN the
contenbl ot the posterior caecum. Many Car·
amhycidae con.etruct pupal cells largely im·
pregnated with carbonat. of 11m.. The pupae
Flo. 103. P_ of t ...
..,.
...
( Soy ).
,.l1li-
COlorado parata beetle.
a..,t1Nhone
of the CocclneDldae are often protected by
the petu nt remainl of the ta.t larval aldD.
51
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATUBE INSECTS
49a. Head abnormal in shape: head capsule and

mouth parta e}onqateci: antenna. wilh 1.6 or
mOle .eqmenta. ari8e from th. head capaul. near
th. compound .y•• and not from the beak CD In
IIOm8 wee.o. (Bhynehophora).
FIq. 104. . .................. Order MECOPTERA
49b. Head normal In tAaptI; mouth palU not qreatly elonoatad. .... SO
SOQ. Mand1bl.. thort. .tout. c:urvad. nearly cylindrical: they Ulually

prolect cephalad or nearly 10 and crOll each other: thorax and
abdomen freque1Aly bearinO fUamanloQl qUIa; Qlually found In
ca... or web. conltructed by the larvae (Mlc:ropteryqoldea of the
Lepidoptera may alto fall tnlo thl.l qt'oup. but they are non-
aquaUc and Dot o.er 4 DUn. In J.nq!h).
Flq. 10D............................. Order TBlCHOPTEBA paqe 146
The appendaqe. are quite free from the body. and

the abdomen i. armed with donal .pinel which en-
able the pupa to work it. way oul of it. habitation.
The pupae of 80me species are able to IIWUn freely.
SOb. Mandib1.. lCD'Q'. and .tout n •••r o•• rlapplDQ or croulnO each
other. Fiq. 106•.................... moat NEtJBOPTERA paq. 140
The pupae of thI. order are free. enclosed In a silken

cocoon. curved with the head and tip of abdomen near
each other. and with oJl the appendages visible. Pupa·
tion oceurs in the soil or in mosa. etc. The pupa are
able to work their way out to the surface.
Fig. 106. PIJI)Q

o( Cory"""
c.." ..t ... (l. l .
510. All appendaq.. In'rialbl. OD .xterior. the ectal IIut-

fac. smooth or mad. up of conc.ntric :tnq.. usual·
ly r ..embl1nq a barrel with two end. somewhat
slmUar (blunt): caudal and thoracic .piracl •• 01 la.t
larTal staqe usually .lalble as remnants or scerra:
Ihla hard.ned or leath.ry larTal exuTla. (called
puparlum) contains a pupa or a hlbematlDq la"a
wlthln: coarctat. type. 119. 107.
ium of
MO.O oIocto
(Savl .
Z._-
f ig . 107. Pupa,. chiefly CYCLORRHAPHA. Ord.r DlPTERA paq. 188
SIb. The cera.. poueu1nq the appendaq.s of the d ...lop.!nq adwt

'risIb1. on the lat.ral and •• ntral aapecta of the thorax. y.t more
or 1... fused to each oth.r and In most In.tanc.. to the body
co••rlDq; obtec:t typ.. ...... . ............ . ...... . .......•.. 52
S2a. DIstinct respiratory prol.ctlnq

of(Jana pr...nt on the do~..
phallc reqioru on. pair of wlnQ..
FIq. 108.
. . , ... .. chIefly NEMATOCERA.
Order DlPTERA poq. 189
53
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMATUBE INSECTS
52b. Distinct respiratory proJectinq orqau ab.ent on the doraocephal.

Ie re¢on: spiIacl.. uually preunt on mnothorax and some of
the abdominal aeqment.: functional mandible. absent (excepl
amonq Mlcropteryqoidea): paired qal.a. of maxillae Ulually pre-
..nt alonq .,enlJ'Oom..on: antennae adJacenl to mew m.ar'Qina oj
winq.; 2 pa1rl 01 wino-, outer pair may conceal inner pair.
Flq. 109............................ m<m LEPIDOPTERA paqe 1(9
The lepidopterous pupae are of 2 main type.:

(1 ) the Incompletae which have the appendag..
oft n partially Iree and more than 3 of the ab-
dominal aeqmenta are mobile. Dehiscence is ac-
companied by the freeinq of segments and ap-
pendage. previoualy fixed. The pupae exhibit
considerable power of motion. usually emerg·
ing from the cocoon to allow 01 the escape of
the adult. (2) The Obtectae w.h ich are smooth
and rounded and the only free seqm.ents in both
sex s are the 4th. Stb and Sth. Dehiscence takes
place by an Irregular fracture. The pupa rare-
ly emerges from the cocoon and a cremaster is
FlO. 109. Pupa 01 fhe
Eucopeo!\ com boref, generally pr sent.
"yroll.to ""Io'lolla
(Hubnerl .
PICTURED-KEYS TO FAMILIES
.....------0--------
ORDER PROTURA
lao M..o- cmd metathora.cic Iplracle. cmd trachea pre.ent.
flq. 110. ...... ... .. . ................... F~y EOSE!iT()~JUE
Practically nothing b known concerning the me

histories of the proturana. They have been f.o und in
damp situations under leaves. bark and .tonea. in
rotten wood. decaying veqetation. turf and humua
IOu..
lb. SpLra.cl.. aDd cradlea .a beMt. •...........••.....•.........•... 2

10. Abdominal t.l'qO .ac:h with on. or thrM tM:Dn.n. suture••

filii. Ill. , ............................. ramlly ACEBENTOMIDAE
The proturan. are minute whitiah Of9anlaml. The

largest species scarcely attain 2 mm. io lenqth. Thoy
are widely distributed lo Europe. Aal.a and America.
F,g . I' l. Ac.'... •

to...... do •• ,ol
511"..lrl.
2b. Abdom.1u.al t.l'qQ without trounts. autur •••

FlQ. 111. ........... .. ................. Famlly PROTENTOMIDAE
PrOluraruJ are peculiar lo that they walk only oJ). the

mlddl. and hind leql and bold the for. I.ql in front
and above the head.
~. 112. Mkn-
..,.._ -.e.
........
ORDER THYSANURA
10. a caudal appndCIQ": compound ey.. pr...nt (Suborder Ec1otro-
pbl). (See no-.
11>. 2 eaud.al appea.daq..; compoWlcl ~.. ..t
113 cmd 114). • ................................ 2
(Subon:t.r Eud.ofl'o..
pId). (.8M Flt;Is. 115 • 118)• .....••.•. •..• ..••...•.••.•.. . . .....• 3
55
2a. Compound ey.. larqe, more or 1... c:ontiquoua; ocelli pr..eDt;

ItyU pr...nt on thoradc: coxae, alto on abdomlnal leqmentl 2-9.
Flq. 113 • ............................. , .... F~y ~CEOlIDJLE
BtiaUetalli. IUverfiah. and slickera are the common

names. The family contains about 150 described
apede.. They inhabit <]Tassy and woody areas. Some
are tenantl in caves and lOme inhabit the ne.ts of
t..-mite.. At leaat six instars have been reported. In
tbe first two inatarl ecale. and styli are abient.
Fig. I I 3 "'.eIIl. ·
lit _,ltl",.
L.adI.
2h. Compound ey.. &mall. widely separated: ocelli absent: .tyU al>-
.ent on thoradc: c:oxae. but pre.ent on abdominal .eqmenta 7·9 or
8-9. Flq. 1a. .. . ............................ Family LEPlSMIDJLE
About 200 .pecie. are known. They are com·
monly called the brlaUetaila. fiah·motha or slick·
er.. They are found in dry hot places. among
leave.. under .tone.. d bria. cave.. buildinql and
tbe ne.t. of ant. and termites. They feed upon
dry veqetatlon or plant produc:ta. They are also
fond of pcute. glue and rayon cloth. The aUyer·
fish. Lepisma aac:c:barflla L. and the fire brat.
TbermobJa dom. stlca (Paclcard) are common in
building..
Fig. 114. n-....
......1.. (Pockordl.
Ia.. StyU abMDt on lit abdomlnal MQJI.lut.

Flq. 115• ...... F~1' CAMPODElDJLE
About 75 apecl have been duc:ribed.

Moat lped.. are from the PalaearctiC:.
Nearctic and N80trOpical reqiona with
Tery f 'tV DOwn in th Ori ntal reqiona.
Th y are blind and occur in damp places.
FIg_ liS C. , . . . ......-

II MeIMtt.
3b. Styli pment on f1rI ! czbdomitlal

a.QJDent. . ...... .. . . , ................. "
Fig. 116. V..,trol ~t
0' hI 10 41h obdo""'nol
Mgmenh
4a. Cerci with qlandular opeDinq at apex.

nq. 117 . . ............................... Famlly PROJAPYGIDAE
There are only 5 .peele. lcnown. dl.tribuled

in the Mediterranean reqloIa of Southern Europ41
and Northern Africa. and in Mexico and South
America. Tbey are .mall bUnd inMcta with a
pair of ahort aeqmented cercI.
Fig . 117 A"",.,.,.

....,<:..'-" SIl....I" .
41>. Cerci without o~Dinq at apex.

Fiq. 118. . .... . ............... , .. , .. , ....... Famlly lAPYGIDAE
About 100 aped•• are deecribed. The younq beDe

MC]Dlented cerci which are replaced in the la.at moult
by pincerUb cerci. It .. reported that the e<J9' cmd
tOUDg are carried beneath the body of the female for
protection.
57
ORDER COUEMBOLA
la. Body mora or 1... cylindrical and .lonoat.; abdomen plainly
MqIn.nted. ............. .. . (Subord.r Arthropleona) ............ 2
lb. Abdom.n aubolobular. aeqmentatioD obUt.rat.d or .... tiqial.

........................ . (Subord.r Sympbypleona) ............. 3
2a. Prothorax w.n d .....loped. with a d.Jinlt. t.rqw:n; cuticle usually

CJranulated. FIQ. 119• ................. . ..... FamUy PODURIDAE
These are the springtails and .now-
fleas including about 315 speeles. The
young live a .ecluded We and are of-
ten while or colorless. The snowflea.
Achorutes nlvico1u.s Fitch La a widely
distributed apecie. whi.c h often occur.
OD the surface of .now.
2h. Prothorax gr.atly mucacL without a t.rgum; cuticle not Qranu-

lated. FIQ. 120. ....... . .............. FamIly ENTOMOBBYlDAE
Th~re are lOme 600 de.cribed spe-

cies. The marsh springtail. Isotoma
palustris (Muller), is a widely distrl-
buled specie.. It may be found in
wei leaves. :moss and soil and often
appear. on the surface oj fresh
FlO. 120. Snto",obry. 1a ... II.
80""".
water poea.
3a. Antenna. Itout. not lonoar than baad; thorax ....ty lClrQ•.
FI9. 121 • •..............•............. ........ Family NEELIDAE
A small fam1ly cOIXIposed 01 4 spe-
d s. They are globular and bristly
with very short anleunae inserted on
the middle 01 front oj th.e head. with
eyes present or absent and with th
furcula about twice the lenqtb of the
anteuna8. They may be found under
F~ 121 . ..................
dead bark and in decaying veqe.tatlon..
58
3b. Antennae more IImder lonoer than head; thorax not exceptionally
larq.. Flq. 122. . . .... .... .... ........... Family SMlNTHURIDAE
The family is composed of about
200 species. These springlaila are
very active alld often occur in 1m.
mense numbe.r. in moist place. on
the surface of the soU or water. The
head is vertical and th antennae
inserted on the back portion 01 the
head. Various sp ciel of JIving plant.
FlO. 122. $"""tllI.rl....
M ill•.
N,,'" constitute their food.
ORDER PLECOPTERA
(This Itey is compiled from Claassen and Frison.)
1a. Gma pre.enl on firat 2 or 3 abdominal .eomenta.
Flq. 123. . ............................. Family PTERONARCIDAE
The naiads of thi!! family are all herbivoroll•. They

live in the small upland spring brOOD and are un-
able to move rapidly, getting around awkwardly.
Upon being taken out of the water, they curl up.
mainlng motionJe" for some lime.
r.
Fig. 'H. , tete .....
.,.,,. ...411. Hagen.
lb. Gllla ab..nl Oil titst 2 or 3 abdominal a-omenta. ............... 2
20. Venl.r of thorax co....red with larq. ov.r·lapplnq .hi.ld·Wee plat...
Fiq. 124. .. ....... . ...... . Subfamily PELTOPERLINAE. PERLIDAE
The .ingle genus Peitoperla

11 diBtributed over the Ecutem,
Southern and We.t m United
Slate.. The naiade are her-
bivorous and can be dleUn-
quiahed from other famUle. by
the la.tqe shield-like pro-. mOtlO-
and metanotum, .bott abdo-
men. wide leq.. ahort cerci and
head bent under the body.
59
HOW TO lCNOW THE IMMATUBE INSECTS
2h. Vent.r of thorax I10t c:o....t«!. with larq. CTt'.r-IappinQ shl.ld·Ub

plat..... . . . ... . ... . .... .... . .. ... .. ........... . ......... . .... 3
3a. Gil!. pres.nt on thorax. . .............. .. ...... ..... ........... •
3b. GJlls abMDt on tho.rax. . .............. . ....................... 5
4a. GUla on the ....l1t.r of prothorax. Fiq. 125. • •Family NEMOURlDAE
The naladll are herbivoroua and live mostly in the

small upland apIing brooks. They are uniform through·
out In color.
FlO.
MOil'.
125. H.-
,Ift ... to
Wu
~ GUla on all thr.. thoracic: aeqmenta.
~. 128• ... .. . .• • .. • . • • • ••... . . ...•...•....•• Family PERLIDAE
The naiads are all camivoroua and brightly col·

ored. They are moa11y found In rather swift run-
ning water.
Thia la the beet represented :family 01 ato.n.efliell.
It furni_hes in ita immature as well as its adult
_Iaq qreat quantiti.. . of lood for fiah. but at the
same tlme compet.. with them for mOllY of the
smaller fonn. of inaec:t life in the water.
F'g . 126.
M"-'.
TO'.r".
<Wolke' .
Sa. lIt «mel and tarsal seqm.ma toqatb..r 1... than hall as lonl,) as
3rd: labrum 3 to .. 11m.. as wid. as IODCJI lab-
bun 2-10be<l: body flattened and briQhUy colored.
FitJ. 127...... .. ... . .. .. .... .. Family PERLIDAE
The tt9911 of atoneill.. are vexy small but are pro-
duced In. immense numbera,-aa many as 6000 for
ODe individual. They are laid. directly into the
wqt r.
FlO. I 27.
~"8onIc
p.,....
60
Sb. lat and 2nd tcusal a~enta toq.lh.r as Ion; CUI 3ni or at l~t
more than half as 10n;: labrum Dot
nry much. wider than 10Dq: labium
4-lobed: body more or 1... cyUndricaL
not briqhUy colored: herbivorous.
Fiq. 128 • ..... .. ... ...... . ...... ... S
F'lI. '28. Lob.um : Q, Pe,"
" •• t.t. Sonks, b, ........ U . .
....... Son k••
Sa. HInd winq pads dl.,eJ'QiDq could.rubly outward from the body.
F\q. 129• .. . .... . . . ....... . ............... Family ~~()tnRDDJlE
The member. of. tbil family are widely distributed.

Their tails are characterlaticJy abort. The adult. are
usually dark colored.
,,.- ....
FlO. 129.
CIou4In.
LMlc.
6b. HInd wino pacla wider than for. wine; pads and not dl.... rq.nt oul·
ward from th. body. Flo. 130. .... . .......... Family CAPNUDAf!
The amall... known ~onefll" belong to thi. com-

paratively cnall family.
The naiads are hetblvoroUi and Uve In cnaU
water-cour.... The color of the naiadt I. brown or
blacldab.
81
ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA
1a. Thorax Ih!.ld·llb COYednq m,*1 abdominal s8QII1enla; qilh ID·
'YIaihle. Fi9. 131 • ................. Family PROSOPISTOMATJDAE
The naiad. are flat and disk·Uke. The gills are

concealed by a large shield·like thora:z. Their three
caudal filCBllenta are short. They live in swift running
water. and are vegetable feeders. It belongs to the
old world.
'11'01....31 , fell.
..1'0.
c ...... Fo.... croy
" • .•
·
lb. Thorax not Ihleld·llke: qm. 'risible. .................. . ........ 2
2a. Mandible. extencllDq anteriorly far beyond th. head: qm. plu·
m,*e• ................................. ...... . , ..... , ......... 3
2b. Mandlbles short; 9illa not plumOH. ., ...... " ........... . ..... . 6
3a. The proJectlDq part of mandible abort.r than head: qm. ext.nd·
lnq laterally. FlQ. 192. ......... .... , .Family POTAMANTHIDAE
The naiada live upon aUt-covered atones and

muddy bottoms. The mandibles are tusk·like
but ahort. Th.• qilla are long and plumose. They
feed on the vegetatJoD of their area.
FlO. 1n . , ...- .
til- lip.
Ib. n. PI'OJtK:tlnq part of mandible almoe:t CIa looq CIa luIacl: 9Ula ex·
~9 dGrllGlly•.•.... ...•.......•..•.........••....•...••.•. 4
62
4a. Front ot bead with 2 tuben:1..1 mcmd1bl.. c:urYM outward. ot tJ.J)81

,..-t.nna. wlth 101lq cilia. flq. 133• ....... FamDy EPHEMERIDAE
The naiads bve in muddy bottoms or muddy wat.r.

The body is elollgate cmd more or leBS cylindrical.
The mandibles are long and tusk·lile . The caudal
filaments are 11111g and almost equ.al in length.
FiO 133 . H ••••

. ."I. blll,._t.
Soy.
4h. Not 10• .. . ............ 5
Sa. Abdomen with 6 palra of qUal median caudal tUcunent ,borter tban
the lateral one•. Fiq. 134• .............. FamDy PALlNGENIIDAE
The mandibles are large and protruding. Th.

median caudal illoment I. aborter than the lateral
ones. They Hve in Europe and Mia.
FlO. 13 ...
. . . . 111.
".11••
5b. Abdomen with 1 pairs of qUia; m.ucm acrudal

tumnanl all lonq all. or Iol1qer than the lalen:d
on...
F1q. 135• ......... . Famny POLYMITAllCIDAE
The naiad.e sometimes diq into mud. The mand-
ible. are 10lig and tuO:.lI.k.. The caudal fiJamentll
are equalln lenqth.
63
6a. Ey.. dotllal: body distinctly flattened. ... ................... ... 7
6b. Ey•• laterall body more or lfts cylindrical. .................... 8
Va. Caudal fllamenta shorter than abdomen: lit pa1r of qUls f.luerted
on the ventral .id. ot lit abdominal .eom.nt.
Flq. 136. . ......................... Famlly OLlGONEURIELLIDAE
The body is more or leu cylindrical with small

and short gills. Long hairl may be present on the
fore legl.
7b. Caudal fllamenta lonq.r than abdomen: l.t pair of CJ1lla f.luerted
on the lat.ral aid.. oj II' abdominal .eom.nt.
FIq. 137• .... ..... . .......... ... ......... . FemUy ECDYURIIDAE
The naiada Uve in rapid water., clinging' to stonel

and other objectAl, where the waves break over lalc.
ahore. and on the marqina of gently flowing .tream.a.
Th body and appendages are flattened. the head
larqe and the qilla leat·like.
8a. }U)dominal CJ1lla bt.e~ donMiny• ..................... . ....... 9
~}U)de«a1ncd ~ buHNted ~«niUT' . ........ , ..... ............ 10

6'
Sa. The 2nd pair of abdominal qlU. normal. not conrinQ the remain.
inCjJ pairs. Fiq. 138• ... ..... ........... FamIly EPHEMERELLIDAE
The naiads are often .trikingly colored. In acm.

species the venter of abdomen forma a lucking <u.k.
They often clinq to the underlld. of .ton.. in .wUt
watell.
flO . 138. .""••

_ . ,. . 11).
9b. Th. lat pair of abdominal QUa ..ry lID\all; 2nd pair exceptionally
larq. and c:oTerinCjJ the rematnlnCjJ pain.
FIq. 139. . .......... . .............. . . . ..... . . Family CAENIDAE
Th. naiads live in .and or mud bottoml. They are

peculiar in having lbe aecond pair of qUI. c:overlnq
the .uc:ceed1nq pairl. The member. of thll family
are mostly of small sile.
FoO 139 TrI·

"rytt.... 11).
lOa. Claws of middle and hJnd leqe CD louQ CD the tibiae.

Flq. 1"0.. ... . . ... . ... .... . ....... . . . . Family AMETBOPODmAE
There 11 rather wide varia·

tion In the naiads of the May·
ru... A 1_ are even thought
to be predacioua. Th.y appar.
ently molt many tim.. during
their d.velopm nl. They belong
in the ea.atern bm1spher.
65
JOb. Claws of the middle and hlnd leqs aborter than the tibiae.... : 11
Ila. Lateral caudal 1Ilamenla with very abort haira. or with longer
hcxin friDc;red on both sid...
FlQ. 141. . .. ... .. . .. . ................ Family LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
The naiods ore elongated with three

equo! oaudo! filaments as long as the
body and with long slender leaf-like
or IItring-like ¢lis.
Fig. HI. 1110., ....... 1I,,1d ... Soy

llb. Lateral caudal filaments with 10nq hair. on the inner alde only.. 12
12a. Lalera-caudal marqin of the abdominal .eqmenla with tooth·lllte
proJKtiona. Fiq. 142. . ........... . ..... Family SIPmONURIDAE
The naiads live in rapidly running

water and sometimes occur in cataraeta
and watertoJIa. They have smO!1 head
and slender 1119•.
Fig. 1'12. Slll"......''' • •It_-

t .. Soy.
12b. Latera-caudal marql.n of the abdominal seqmenla without tooth-
llke projection. Flq. 143•. ................... Family BAETlDAE
The naiads are found in waterfalls. cata-

racts. slow currents and open waters. They
may be also found among aquatic planla in
still pools. The family la larg_ and widely
lCOi1ered.
Flo. 1'13. GeIIIoMtII fttoc·

, _ !Walshl .
ORDER ODONATA
la. Abd=~ .Ioul. _ally wid., !bao ~.:

head. with 3 mort. trianqu}ar or .pm. . " .
... ...,).".,."' ..,.,.". ...... .,
lilte appendaqe. al tip (Suborder Ani, _, :', ," .",~ .......... _ ••
.. .... - - "1fII~"~J6( ..,.".,. . . . . .
seplera. draqonflle.). Fiq. 144. . . .... 3
Fig. , ..... Dorsa' a_<1 of
Obdo",'nal ••o",.nl_ of
draoonfly no'ad
°
lb. Abdomen alender. u.ual}y nanower than head.

with 3 10nq. leaf·like tracheal qUI. al tip (Sub-
order Zyqoptera. dCDXUIeWi•• ). Fiq. 135. . .... . 2 t- MI"PlAN ~/"i.
_ .l.ArE"'A~ .I" ~
'I •
II will be noted that both the imature stage. and \ , ~
.I,
the adults of the damselilies can be .aparated at
sight from those of the dragonflies. One do s not
Fig '''5 . DorIa' o.
always find c:liatinguiahlng characters 10 obvious. peel of abdom inal
leg",,,,," 01 a do", ·
..Illy na,od.
2a. 111 antennal leqxnent morter than the rema10mq leqm.nll to-
q.th.r: lat.ral qULr 2-a1ded.
Fiq. 146. ............. .... ....... , .. ,Famlly COENAGBIONIDAE
The naiads of this large and ptolWc family m '.

very abundant. A lmga petcentag8 of th Ie d.li·
cate creature. are eaten by fith and olher aquallc
(luociat... but large number. ellOClpe to become
adults.
flo- 146. 0, 11do-

_ &p.; b. 0 lot •
...01 caudal olli.
81
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMATUBE INSECTS
2b. lit antenncd HQment CD lon9 CD the BmaiDlDq se<JDlenlll toqeth-

erl lateral g1l1a kided. FiQ. 147•. ........ .. Family AGRlONIDAE
Thia family of broadwinged damselilies is much

&maller than the preceeding one. The naiads are
larger and sturdier.
Fig. 147. a, ••,10"

to.; b, a 101.'01
COudol gill .
3a. Labium spoon.Uke. F74. 148• ....... . ... . . . Family LIBELLULIDAE
Tht. is th large family of dragonflies in

point both of abundance and numbers 01
~cies. The immature forms may be found
among the debris of almost any ahaDow
body of water.
Fig. 148. 0, LIIMII"t.

kle,"o. Burme.,let; b,
Lote,ol o_ct Of heod;
1:-, toburn.
3b. Labium not spoon.lIb. F74. ]49• .... . ..... •Famlly AESCHNIDAE
The m.ember. of this family average larger

than thoee of the preceeding family. though
there are m.uch fewer individuals and apeci...
their naiads bile not CD abundant .m ay be
collected rather readily.
68
ORDER ORTHOPTERA
10. HInd ta:ral with I ..qmenl or obllOl.t•.
Fiq. 150. . . . . . .... .. . ...... Subfamily Trldactyllna.. GRYLLIDAE
They are piqmy cricketa. acarcely
more than 10 mm. lonq. with the Jor.
tibiae touorial and lb. hind f.mora
enlarqed for jumpinq. Th. terminal
end of hind tibia. provided with
movabl elonqaled platet called ma-
talory lamellae. They inhabit damp .
Fig. 150 1111....... I""t. Scudd.r plae.. and near wat.r. They can
alao burrow into aand.
lb. HInd ta:ral with mON than 1 .eqment. ................. . ...... II
20. For. leq. qreatly modlBed. elth.r adapted for qraaplnq Flq. ISla
or for diqQiDq FJq. ,"M
\..:';e-
c"'"' .... ~ '",
151b • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 3 CDc.. /'"
"II ' t l l ......(
, • .lA {' (j
-
'~' . .. ')
.. 1PfA.~' ~It.,,,,-,,; •
0. fJI\.lwU"1(
FIg 151 0 , For. 169 of 0 mo"IId . b . F()(. leg o f

o mol. crock.t
2h. For. leqw normaL ............................................ 4
30. FON 189. adapted for dlqQtnq.

FJq. 152. . .......... ..... .. Subfamily GryUotalplDa.. GRYLLIDAE
The wbtamUy conatat. of about 50 1p8Ci. .. They

are called mole crlekel.l. becauM of their fo.
IIOrial fore tibia. and th.ir burrowlDq habit.,
They live iII" mud alonq waterway. and are
veqetabI. feeders:
FlO. 152. Mol. Cl'iQ_

et. Iq~ 4"-~
cfyI-. Lotr.
69
3b. For. leQ8 adapted for QraSPtnq. FJq. 153. .•... FamUy MANTIDAE
About 1.550 ~cies are de~

ed. The name. prayinq mantids. is
applied becCIUl!e their fore legs are
held in front of the face as if pray·
inq. They appear to be wholly car·
nivorou. and devour only livinq
prey.
Fig . 153 C!>lneM monl .. , T_·
4_ .,I. lItoli. .1"....1. Sou sur.
4a. Hlnd leQ8 much larq.r than other pairs. adapted for Jumplnc;r.
(See F1Q. 159). . ...... . ................ . .. . ................... . 5
4h. Hlnd lec;ra 01 usual m •. nol adapted for lumplnQ.
(See Flc;r. 161). ..... ... .. .. . ............... . ........... .9
Sa. Antennae usually much ahort·

er than the body: auditory or·
c;ran when pr..ent. near the
base of the abdom.n.
flc;r. 154. ............... 6
FlO 154, " oro.~ , t.I>owlf'lO
lho audllory oroon .,.. obdomon
5b. Antennae usually aa lonc;r as or

lonc;rer than the body: auditory or
Qan. when pre.ent, near the baa. of
the fore tibiae. Flc;r. ISS. . . . . .... 7 fig 155 " fore log wlrn audl'
lory orgon on ',blo
6a. Fore and mlddl. taral 2·SeQmented. hind tarai 3-aeQmented: prono-
tum c;rreaUy extended.. often beyond the tip of the abdomen.
flQ. 156. ...... . . . ...................... FamUy TET'ItGIDAE
About 650 aped have been described. They

are herbivoroWi and found in wet places. They
can swim and dive in water. Eqga are laid in
the sou. Th... are the pygmy or qrou.ae tocu.ta.
fig 156. . ny4I....

............. I Kubyl .
70
6b All tarsi 3-HQm.ntttd: pronotum normal als••

~. IS7 • .. . ..... . .......... .... . . . . , FaDruUy LCX;USTDDIUE
Tbe family containl about 8,000
known lpedea. The common name
grasshopper Is gem raUy applittd
to the nonmigratory apoci • and
locUlI is applied to th miqratory
forms. They are aU destructive to
crops. The miqratory locult, Lo
cusIc mJgTOtoTJa L. Is the mOlt
aerious POlt and 11 cll.tributed
Widely In moat of the Ea.t rn
~.g 157 "'.1.......1...
(0eGH. I. 3.d .nsto.
f ......'·'.......... H mispbere. It breed. In dry
grasay areaa. Grasshopper 899 1
are ofhm laid underground.
10. Tani "'Ieqm.ntttd. ...... ... .. ...................... 8
Th. Tani 3-seqm.ntttd. ~. IS8. .... . ........ . Family GRYLLIDIUE
About 1.150 lpoelel have been
described. They are 9 nerally
called cricJcet8, and are both her·
blvoroua and carnivoroua. They
hide th rIaelv • in hoI I in the
ground or under .ton I and d
FOil 158. Snowy t.M. crocltet. 0. •• ". bri8 and 10m. llv on treel ••hruba
1:, "i::~' I OeGeerl I N Y " .11' and grail. Nymphl and adulta
are often found together.
8a. Auditory orqan U8Ually pr•• enl on th. for. tibiae.
FlQ. IS9. . .............................. Famlly TETTIGONUDAE
They are commonly called long·horned

gtaaahoppor. or katydida, about 7,000 lcnown
lpeelel. They can produce Itrldulatory
sound. by the for. wing. of the mal.l. They
are both herblvoroua alld carnlvorou•. living
F.o t 59 Mormon crock- In graaa or tree.. The egg. are oft.n Inaerted
et, . . . . . . . .,..,. in the .tema of planta.
Ho'~
8b. Audltory orqan D .....r Pl'MeDt on the ior. tiblCl••
~. 160. . .... Sublam1ly St.nopelmcrt1nCl., TETTIGONllDAE
Th•• ubfamlly include. about 300 d.
acribed apecl... They are mostly car·
n1vorOUl, livlng in Cav.l, in hoi •• , un-
-ier .ton.. and other conc:ecdment• .
• Tb... cam.l cr1clceta and r.lated formJl
FoQ. 160.
. . lrurwwr.
St................ are given lb. I.r own family by lOme
sy.tematlatL The adulta are w1nql...
and .atronqly rNembl. th. nympha.
71
Sa. Pro thorax small. mHO- and metathozax mcxWied either long and
in Unear fozm or abort and in leaf form: antennae aborter than
the body; c.rel not s-om.nted. Fig. 161 • .. . . . Family PHASMlDAE
They are commonly known as walkingsticks and

leaf inHcta becauae of their body structures closely
resemble the twigs or leave.. Over 700 species are
de.aibed. All of them are veqetable feeders.
The nympha and adults of many species appear much
aUke for mOlt adults are wingle... The eqgs are often
dropped at random.
Fig. 16 .. Walk -
ings! Ick, D I • -
"'.'0"'.'.
"'CONt. (Soy l f. • •
9b. Prolhorax larve, proJ.cting o..... r the head: antennae as lonq as or

lon.q ar than tha body, carci a-omented.
Flt,r. 162• ... . ...... .. . , ... . .................. Family BLATTIDAE
About 1.200 species of c:oc:laoa.chea CX1'e known
and they occur under dead leav •• mOH. refuae
and on flowers and bushes. The most familiar do-
mesticated speci•• are the c.rman cockroach, B1at-
teUa qermaruca (1.), the American c:oc:laoach. Peri-
planeta americana (L.). and th. Auatrallcm coclc-
roach. Periplaneta austra1a.lae (Fab.). They have
been distributed throughout the entire wodd and
are liousehold pests. The females may often be
seen carrying their egg CeDe. which are presently
Fig. 162. German
cockroach, ....- left for hatching.
te.1e ...."'nlce (1.. 1.
ORDER COLEOPTERA
(The key is mainly compiled from BaYing and Craighead. 1931.
and Van Emden, 19(2.)
lao lAqa cona1al1nq oj 5 .-omen" (coxa.

trochanter. femur. tJbla and temma) and
1 or 2 distinct c1cnn (except In lnatam
of MlclOlDalthus ..blch are leql or
aaYa 2-aeqmented lllql). FIQ. 163.. ... 2 F'II 163. A leo.
HOW TO KHOW THE .IMMATUBE INSECTS
lb. L~ consiatlnq of 4 .~enla (coxa.

tro<::bcmter. femur and tiblotOl'llUl) and
1 claw: or 1... than 4 .eqm.nla, or
even .....tiqIal or abient. Flq. 164•.. 13
FlO 16" A '~ .
2a. Mandible with molar Itructu.re. Flq. 165. . . .. 3
The food habits of an inlect posaemng chew-

ing mouth parts can usually be judged fairly ac-
curately by the me and character of the man-
'10. 1115. A rloll'
diblea. Theae structurel are "tint line" orqara mandfbl • •
when it comes to securing food. It Ia intereating to note that Insect
jawl meet on a vertical plane wtead of a horizontal one a.I with the
mammala,
2b. Mandlbl. without molar .tructure. 1lQ. 166. . ...... ,
'10. '66.
IIICIndlbl..
A I.it
3a. 9th abdominal uqm.nt "tended terminally IDto a aln;l •• coNCal.

ltrai(Jbt ptoc...: .,.ntrally with a limple. UCDlll.,...... narrow Item·
al plate: l.qa abort. CONCal: clawa of .ubequal Il.&e.
flq. 167• .................................... FazaUy ~ESD)JlE
A very S1l1all fctm1ly

ranging into both hem!-
aphe,.. lnclud1nq A,.
frolia. Th. larva of Cupe•
• Ia a wood boret, at are
mOlt of th. othet mem-
• ber. of th. famJly. They
~ -., .
., .. -,;,,::.:-::---10 are medium. Idsed baret.,
and may be lound under
bark.
73
3b. 9th abdominal nqment with termiDal

. process bent downward IXIld
directed toward a s.Imilar but upward bent PIOCHS from the slem-
al plate: 1eq Un bulla: in which tully developed) provided with a
Ionq. slender tarsus carryinQ 2 claws oj equal lenqth.
F~_ 168. ............. , ............. . F~y ~~()~TliDDJlE
It consists of a single North

American species, Micromal-
thus debllis Lee. The bioloqy
ot this insect is most remark-
"".J'II"-"'_'.IIt...,~_
•• ....f. •• U if able. It combines in its lite
cycle 7 or 8 forms of larvae.
~~~Mt .~.., , ',," and exhibits both oviparous
~.__;:; ..
and ovoviviparous paedoqene-
siB.
4a. Cardo ....ry IQfge: 2 pain of qWa on the Up of 9th abdominal

s89tRenL Flq. 169• .............. . ........... F~y (;~DDILE
_~
,..
'"r
... ..
They are called whirligig beetles or surface

""""t< ..........
·nrw ., ....
""
swimmers. There are about 450 described spe-
cies. The 89gs are laid on objects in water. The
b
larvae are aquatic and predacious. They pu-
pate in flimay cocoons attached to rocks. water
a. plants. etc.
FlO. 169. o • .,._._

" ,.; ~j Maltillo of 0
avtinl(l 101'YCl.
4b. Cordo of n.o rmal moderale aID or small: D....r haYe

2 pain of QUla on the tip of 9th abclomiDal HqmeDL
Fl;. 170• .•....................• .. ..... _.•....... 5
Ia o.
Fig. 110. MOllll.
larva.
0 corabId
74
Sa. LabIal paJpl latent; menlum and Uqula fused Into em llnpairttd em·
teriorly bUobed pIece. Fig. 171. . ........... Fcmilly RHYSODlDAE
Dn....
~:i Railier more than 10.0
,..... species have beon d •
•_ .cribed. N ot h i n g ap-
pecrra to be known about
the i r metamorphoa••.
'\) - b The larvae we probably
), predaciol.l.l. Look for
them under decayinq
f ill. 171. o. tllllldiuIII ICulp'I" Newn ,; b . Ventral
aspecf of labIum . bark.
Sb. Labial palpl diatlnct and .eqm.nted.

Fig. 172 . ...... ......... , .................... 6
Sa. 9th abdominal aeqm.nt pr••• nt: 8th abdominal

seqment nev.r t.rminal. (S•• Fig. 174)... ...... 7
FiO. 172. Venlrol
oapecl of loblum.
6b. 9th abdominal aeqment rudimentary: 8th abdominal aeqm.nt loog.

conical. appearin<,J cu the terminal .eqm.nt of the body.
(S.e Fiq. 177). . ............................................. 10
7a. lOth abdominal .eqment d.v.loped aa a PYQopod for locomotory
purpo••.. .. . . .. .......................... ... ................. 8
7b. 10th abdominal H<,JDl.nt not d .....1oped ca a PYQopod.
Fig. 173. . .................................. FamUy HALIPLJDAE
They comprill abou t 100 widely distributed apecle •.

Their larvae posae88 segmentally arranged group. of
freshy proce•• and are aquatic Insecta. Larvae and
adults live together among aquatic plant. and may
be collected readily by raking those planta out on to
the ahore.
fiQ . 173. ' ......

ofrt- ..,.
75
8a. 2 or 3 pa1ra of boob pr...nt on t.19WD o.f 5th abdominal H9-

ment. Flo. 17............................ Family CIClNDELIDAE
The family conaiats of about

2.000 specie. and their adults
are called tiqer beetles. The
larvae live in vertical or alant-
inq. cylindrical burrows often
a foot or mote deep in which
they can mo.ve up and down
by aid of the dorsal hook. of
the fifth !lbdominal segment.
They are predacious and found
Fig . 174. M... «.ph... «.,.,",. (LI . alonq the sandy bcmb of riv-
er. and bodies of water. in wet
meadows. and in damp par-
tiaUy shaded canyon..
8b. No hoob on 5th abdominal tetqWD. . . .... . .. . .. . ... .. ...... . . 9
90.. T.rminal ••ta. of taraua much abort.r than claws; r.tinaculum

ain;l. or abHnt. flq. 175• ....... . .. . ... . .. . Family CABABIDAE
Th. family is very large.

compriain9 around 21.000 de-
ecribed tpecie.. The larvae
cue carnivoroua and livinq
in the soU. qraaa. under d.
bris or dead baric. Pupation
take. place In a cen in the
qrouncL They are elonqat• •
usually flattened and qrub-
like. and often very active.
9b. T.rmlDal ..to.. of tcasu. much lon;.r than claws: r.tinaculum

blc:uapldat•• Flq. 176• . . . . . .. .. . ... ... . . Family OMOPHBONlDAE
Th. member. of this small famlly live

in the sand and debris alonq water
cour_L They are comparatively ran,.
'Ig. 116. o. lea of 0 ..........;
b. Mandible of 0 -....... 1 c.
0. ...... tiD.
76
lOa. Head nutant: aaemdlble falcute emd lImplel 8th ahdomlDal Iplr-
ad. abHnt. FIq. 179• .•.••.•• . .•.•.•.... FaaaDy HYGBOBIlI>AI
Th1a 11 a aaaall famUy comprlllng

all aquatic aped... They are fOWld
in the Ecutun H mlIpher• .
FIg. 177. ",....1110
t Redrown irO'"
to,". Herb.' .
Bovtng and
Crolghead) .
lOb. Head porte<:t: memdlbl. not almpl., 8th adbomlnal Iplracl. t...
mlDal. (See FIq. 178)• . . .. • ........... ....... ...•.... ........ 11
110. Mandibl. with d.l.ltlDct ,.tlDac:u1um. lnD.r mCU'Qln ne1th.r .weat.

Dor tubular: leQS foaodGl.
• FII;r. 118. . •................•. Subfamily NoteliDoe, DYTtSCIDAE
b l. Th. membera of th1I amall aub-

L.., ] laaaDy are rather mlnut. in 11M.
Th.1r larvae muat teed. of cour..,
F,g . 178. a . Not.tWJ to .; b. mandible . on tioy animal form.e.
lIb. Memdlbl. without d.l.ltlu.et ,.tlu.aculum. Inn.r aaCU'Qln eith.r .w.

cute or tubular: leQS ambulatory or natatory.
(SM FII;r. 178)•............ . ...... . .......... . ............ . .. 12
120. Prothoraclc prNt.n:uam lCD9. emd wbquaclrcrt., QUla pr...nt. aub-

quadrat. or tri.cro.cJularl qular autw. double or emterlorly bIfw.
cut.. FIq. 178• ............ . ......... .... .. FamIly DYTJ.8CD)AE
Th. family contaiDa %DOl. them 2,000 ~

el... The.!:r adult. are known Q.I predac10ua
diving bMtl... water bMtl.. and dyt18c1d8.
Th. larvae are predac1ou. and feed upon
memy Idnda of aquatic cm.lmal.I 1nclud1nq
'molluab, WOtm.l, tadpolM. 8CIlamcmdc. and
f1Ihe.s. Becawte tU hWltlDq ill..
the larTae
are .am..tlm.. called water tkj...
Their
pupae are terrutrial and pupation takM
Fig. 179. o. Ortlu- tP,
place abaT. the watAlr Uu.
b. Ventral _ , o f heod.
71
12b. Ptothoracic presternum trcm.....rH. narrow and bcmd-.haped;

quia absent: qular auture median and aimpl•.
FIq. 180• .... .•.. . .............. . . . ...•. Famlly AMPHIZOIDAE
The fc:milly conaiBta of the single qenua.

Amp.h.lzocr, with only 3 aquatic speciaL
They lnh.a bil rocks and 1091 in frem water
strea:ma along the Pacific coast of N.
America and 1 apeciel In Tibet.
FlO 180. 0, .-."'phl....

til.; b , Venl ,ol o.pect of
htIod and prolhc)rox.
13a. 81b abdominal '89Dlent qlandular. d.lacoldal and t.rminal.

Fiq. 181 . .... . . ... . ............... . . . . . ... Family PAUSSIDAE
Mora than 300 apede. are known.

Th.y are adapted to a myrmecophlloua
We. The metamorphose. of this family
have received very little attention. Ita
known membera are all .xotic.
FIg. 181 . ......... "."".,1"",
Wosm.
ISh. 8th abdominal aeqment Dot c;rlandular and not cllac:01dal. ...•. 14
16a. Cerd H9Dlenteel. IDdhidually moTabl.. . . ..........•........ 15
14b. Cerd eo1Id or abunt. ,.·.•.••............................... 28
lSa. (a) Galea. uaually ~rted OIl the ~pl:f.r: U abaeat. then the
abdomen with only 8 cilatIDct H9Dl8JltaJ or (b) qalea 1... often
lnIert4Mi on atfpM (to 1h. Olltald. of ladDIa). but
thea the mandibl. serrate. the cerci kec;pn_t.
eel. cmd the 10th abdomJnal Mqmeal almOllt aI·
waya with ex pair of rec:urnd 'Yeatral hoob.
Flc;r. 182. .. . . . • . . . . • . . • . . ... .. •........•.• 114
Flo. 181.. Mox.illo..
78
ISb. Galea neTer in.erted on the palpUer: often ab-

.ent or fused with the lacinia: abdomen alw~
with 9 to 10 distinct .eqmenta: if the mandible
is .errate. the cerci ab.ent or l·.eqrnented.
FiQ. 183. . .. . . 16
FIg 183 Ma_illa
16a. Mandible with a usually larqe. asper-

ate or tubercu1a1e molar part.
riQ. 184. . . . 17
FIg 18 ~ Twa mandlbl ..
ISh. Mandible without asp.rat. or tuborculat. molar part, ulually

without molar part. . ., ... . " .. 21
170. 10th abdominal leqm.nt prond.d with a pair of reculTed hooka.

riO. 185. . . . SubfamUy LimnebUnae. HYDROPHlLIDAE
~
b ~ The members of th.ia small Iub-
a. lamily ene for the mOlt pdl1 fou.nd
on the Pacific COOlt. and are com·
paratively ImoU in aize.
Fig . t 85 a , Ochthelll". ",I"...
.... : b. TIp af abdomen
17b. lOth abdominal .eqm.nt without termJnal hoob but .om.IIm..

with a pair of 10DQ •• ta •. '" ... 18
18a. Spiracle. aha.nt: balloon·Uke appendlc.. on protholQX, 1.t and

8th abdominal aeqm.nta: antenna Tery ahort and 2-seqrnented.
FlQ. 186. ......... Subfamily Hydroacaphinae, HYDBOPHlLlDAE
It i. a small auhlamlly. com·
prising only 4 or S .ped•• adapt·
_ ........... ~_ '~ ...
~na;,~ ed lor an aquatic ille. Th.y 0c-
cur in running water. inc:ludinq
bol apring. The on. American
aped.. la lound in our South·
welt.
lIb. "plracl.. preMDt: GO balloon·1Jb app8Ddlc:. .: cmt~a ~

meat.cL .... .. .. ....... .. .............. , .................. , . 19
79
190. Apex of mandlbl. multlMmrt.: c.rci ahort. l ..eqmented.

Flq. 187• ....... .. ...... . ........ . .... . .... . . FaDiUy P11LID)~
The larvae and adulta of the.. 'feath·

er·winqed" beetlel live in decayinq
wood, funqi and in ant's neata. They
are very minute. acme of the mnallut
known beetlel belonq to thia family.
Fig . 187 . o. "'.111411.... •....,1.
ce'".'" Moh.; b. Ma nd, b le.
lSb. Apex of mandlbl. bUld or trWd; cerci 2-MQm.nt.ct. laat aeqm.nt

often mull1annulated. (See FIll. 188). . . ... .... . .. ..... .. ..... . 20
2Oa. Mandlbl. with v ..tSo1al r.tinaculum.

Fill. 188 • .. .... ...... .. ...•. .... . .. ....... . FaDiUy LEPTINtD~
"'-6
" ,-
1
r<Zl.-_'
"
'o J: b
___
;~ -
r_
I'~ I
Th1a ia a very 8Dlall family. Ita hah-

ita are practically unknown but they
have been found in rotten wood. in the
nelta of bird. and of field mice.
Fig. 188. a, Lo,th,... t .... _

Mull; b , Mandi ble .
2Ob. MandIbl. with dJatinct retinaculum or prostheco. or both.

Fill. 189• ................... Subfamily Anlatomlna • • SILPHID~
They are 10und amonq damp herb-

aqe, in funqL under bark, elc. They
are fairly abundant but their very
amall aiM ruulta in their beinq
rather poorly Jmown.
,,0. I 9. 0 , 'riModleeto ......

$oyi. b, Mond,blo ..."th "!Inoculum;
c, Mandlbl. with ptOlth«o..
80
21a. Mala (lac:inia and qaleal and .tipe. fund.

Fiq. 190. . . . . ............... .. . . " .. . . . . . .. . .•. 12
f.o 190 M o ,., 110
21b. Mala .eqment·l.Ike, mo.able. Flq. 191 • . . FamUy STAPHYLINIDAE
Thi. ia on. of the large.t famUy of haect. and

including more than 20.000 .peel... Tho adult.
are called rove beetle.. The larvae are typically
campodeUorm and often clo..lv r...mbl. th. Cara-
bida.. Th. larvae of certain .ped •• are definitely
known to be carnivorous and predacious. Certain
larvae are pupal parasite. of cyclorrhaphoul Dil>
lera and undergo hypermetamorpboaia.
f lO· 191. Ma".lIo.
22a. Mandible with apex limple, recurY~ and beDt away !rom lb.
IGQittal plane of lbe lC1l'Ta.
Flq. 192. . . .. ....... . .. .... .... .... ... FamUy PLATYPSYLLIDAE
The famUy conaiatl of a lingle aped.I,

the beaver bHtle, Platyp6fl1w callora
Rill .. which 11 an ectoparaaite of the beav-
er in Europe and America. The bloloqy of
the immature Ilage. 11 not bown.
F.g. 192 O. Mand.ble; b.

, ...,..." .... ~ R,t ..
12b. MQDdlble wUh apex dlHerenUy ahaped. nnw recurred. ...... 23

23a. Galea PreHDt. ott.n de. .loped QI a amall.
hairy lobe on top of lCldDla. f'I9. 193. ... 2.
23b. Galea aDd lac:lnIa fu.aecL .............. 25
FlO 193 Mo,,1I1o.
81
24a. La.clnla with entire aurface ClIperate: lermiual aeqment of mcodl·

lary palpul lubulate: llqula trilobed.
FIq. 19'. ....... ... . . . . . . ............... Family SCAPHIDIIDAE
The members of this family are fungivoroul

or oc:cur in rotting wood both ClI larvae and
a dults. Less than 100 species are known in
North America although some species are very
common.
Fog 19~ . a , S•• phl.

'0"'. CO"",."," Soy.
b, Venlral Ol~ct 01
loblum.
2.th. Laclnia not asperate. or only alonq posterior marqin: termiual

.eqment of maxillary palpus not subula1e: liqula bUobed.
Fig. 19S. . ..... . ........................ .... Family Sn.PHlDAE
, .. ,~
The carrion beetl6a. burying beetles and
sexton beetles are the common names of the
b adult members of this family which include
-
..... _.
about 1,600 described specie,s . The eggs are
laid in dead animal bodies and their larvae
'Ytlv lead a saprozoic Uie, However, some are
I&~ predacious and feeding upon snails or other

insecta; othata are found among plants and
fungi.
FoO 19 5 Q. St.... ,p ;
b. MandIble; (. labium.
2Sa. liqula tither deeply bUobed emteriorly. or

aba.nt: labrum fused to become nGlfal•.
Fiq. 196. . ..... , ..•• ..•......•...•..... .. 2·S
Fig. 196. Donol CH'
pect of Mad.
82
2Sb. Anterior mcuqin of liqula entire; labrum cllatinc:t. oUen moYabl••

Fig. 197. ..................... . ..... most STAPHYl.INlDAE
The ahort elytra of the adult IItaphy·

a. linids Iesult in the larva and adult.
ollen losembUng ach other ralh r
closely. The many speel s range rath·
er wide ly in aize.
F,g 197 a , Oorso1 aspect of

hood; b, 01110'0 D..I'D'.....
Cosey.
26a. Cerci long and 2-aeqmented: antonnae more than twice CIa long
as bead: liqula bilobed: 6 ocelli on each aide.
Fiq. 198. .... .. . ........ . SubfamUy Steninae, STAPHYLlNlDAE
The members of thia subfamily are tal her Mort

and thick as compared with moat staphyllrrldl.
They Uve in IQl\d and debrla at the edge of water
COllne. and Hem to be ptedaciolLl.
Fig 19S. S'", 10.
26b. Cercl about or *D1all and immoYable: antenna. not longer them
head: liqula absent; 1... than 6 oceW on each md •• IOm.Um.. no
oc.Ui. .. . .. ... .. . ........ , .... . . . ........ . ........... . . . . 21
83
21a. TeJqa expanded 1atetaUy: body oval: antenna clu.b-shaped.

F1q. 199•....•... ...•. ............•.•. . F~y SK;~~JLE
It includes more than 1.200 species of small

wects. They mostly occur in moIlS, under
baric or in ants' nests. Scarcely anything ap-
peers to be known of the bioloqy of the fam-
ily.
21b. Tel'9a not exacmd.d: antenna not clulHhaped.

FlQ. 200. . ..•... , .•...... . ........... .. ... F~y PSELAPHlDJLE
The species mostly live in emt,' neat, and the adult

beara a resemblance to ante. The hioloqy of the
larvae is little known. More them 3.000 species have
been described. Their a.ize is small.
'Ig. 200. III,"

IKhIt c...''''_
L.,.
280. Hypenn.tamorphoela PrMeDt: mandibl. witholtt molar

part: maxlllary mala abort. thick. almost TesIiQial:
9'IlcJ' area pr...nt: c:.rd abHDL FlQ. 201. ' •......•. 29
Hypennetamorphoeia is a condition that prevails
among a r lative small percentage of insect speci...
Some of the 1natara are radically different tram each
oth r in habIts and form or in some cas addi-
lional inatara occur between th full grown larva Flo· 201 . Ven-
tral QSpOICt of
and the adult. hMMI.
21b. No bypennetamotphosla: diHereDI comhlncdlOtl of chaructva

thaD lD. 28a. •••..•..... ....••.•............. . ...........••• 91
29a. Gula w.n d .....loped: maxilla. ina.rted at a cona!d.rabl. ell.

tanc. in UoDl ant.rior mar¢n of pl'Ollt.mum: labial palpl 2..~
mented. Flq. 202. ........ .... .............. Fcmilly MELOIDAE
Thia family compriMa no
leu than 2.500 .pede.. Th.
adultl are ca.IIed bUlt r
beetle.. E991 are lald In
mClU4!lI in th 0011. Th
newly hatched larva called
a
~,
-... . triunquUnl or primary Jar·
vae. are campodeUorm They
are active and 1 eel on egg
mas... of other in ctl In
the lOil. or they may attach
them..lvo. to c rlaln adult
bo.tl and ride 10 Ib nit.
and feed upon lb. l00d or
d your Ih. young. Th n they
trana10rm into acarabaeold
type of larvae. and 110m in-
F.g. 202. a , Form. of melold larvae; b.
V.,.trol o~ of labium. to It ill a third type of larva .
A prepupa Itage II followed
by tb. pupa and then the
adult.
2gb. Gula a:r-.a abort: Dlaxllla. utendlnq

potat.riorly to near the anterior mar¢n
of pl'OIIlemum: lablal palpl Dot Hq-
meDIed. reduced to warta. or entlzely ab-
.ent. FJq. 203. . .................... 30
....,.,...,.. ......,,,.
Fig. 201. V....'ral o.pecl
of t..ad and I)folhorow of
'letao.
SOa. 1 oc:eUue on MICA aid. of

h.ad.
Fi9. 21U. ,. Genue Tetro-onylC,
MELOII>A!
The larvae of thia 9 nue IHDl
10 dilfereot from oth r Melolda
that lOme eyatemat1l'ta would er-
F.g. 204. T"_"-' ............. F.
ht inltar, rect a famlly (Tetraonyclda ) for
the few member. of the ;.nue.
HOW TO .KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
30b. Se....ral oceru placed loqether on 8(lch lide of head.

Fl9'. 205. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Family RHIPIPHOBlDAE
The larvae of this iamily are of qreat
interest on account of their parasitic
habits. Metaecus paradoxus is a para-
site 1D nests of Vespa. but tbe eggs are
laid in old wood. The larva becomes
Ftg. 2OS . ~1"'p"D''''
PI.,c.
10'10,.,1". an endoparasite and then changes to
ectoparasite. Pupation takes place in
the cell of th.e host.
31a. Mandible bearinq an acce..ory ...entral

condyle: with ellh.r a free qalea wen .ep-
arated from a db tinct lacinia or with cri-
briform 'plzacl... or with both charactere.
Flq. 306. ..... . .................... 32
f 'O, 206. Q. A 1"0'"

mondlble; b . A mo. -
,110; c. A ,robr,Iorm
w ,rod e .
31b. Charactert not 80 comblned. . .·........... ............ ...... 40
32a. M.cUan epicranial suture present: 10th abdominal seqment well

de,..loped. usually about as larqe or larqer than the well devel·
o,peel 9th abdominal seqment. lometime. fused with it dorsally.
when aborter than 9th abdominal seqment. then proTided with a
pair 01 lcrqe anal pads. . ............ . ...................... 33
32b. M.cUan eplcr:cmJal suture absent: lOth abdominal leqment much

smaller than the well developed 9th abdominal aeqmenl and al-
ways without anal pads. or both 9th and lOth abdominal nqmenta
...eatiQial. . .... ....... ... .... ... .... .................. . 37
33a. StridulatinCif orqan pr nt OD mesothor-

adc Jeq: abdom1Dal teroa not pUccle.
FiO. 20' . .......................... 3.
Fig. 207. A _t,-o<-
lc leO.
86
33b. StridulatlnQ' orqan abs.nt. or prnent as

teeth on dorsal inner mCUQ'in of maxll-
lcuy sUpUes, usually workinq aqcdnsl a
qranulat. or striped area on ...ntral
aide of mandibles: abdominal lerqa pU-
cale. Fiq. 208. .... .. . . . . . . 35 FIg 208 A ",_thotoc-
k 1-0.
34a. Anus lonQitudlnal between 2 larqe OYal. of len .cl.roU-ed pads at

end of body; metathoraclc leql normal.
Fiq, 209. . ..... " . . . . . . . Famlly LUCANIDAE
The family conallt. of around 900 sp4t-

cies. The adults are called Itag beetles.
Their larvae live larg Iy in docaylng
wood. The larval slage lalts 4 to 6 years
10 complele their development. Pupation
takes place in a coli formed 01 gnawed
wooci fragments. Some .pecie. ar very
large.
3~. Anus transyerse; end ot body cWferenl: melathoraclc leqs reduc-

ed and much aborter than m8llOthoradc 1eq•.
Fiq. 210• . _........ _... ...... .. . " ..... FcunIly PASSALIDAE
About 300 sped.. bave been deacrtNd. It wa,

reported that the parent beetle. .tay with the lar-
vae and chew wood inlo a condition suilable lor
their progeny. The metathoradc leg. of the lafvao
are qreatly modified and adapled to form an organ
which worb acto.. a striated area on the meso-
coxa. thus produdnCJ a lqUealdng noile.
flo. 210. , _ _ ",.
8'1
350. Lodnla and qalea HJ)CD'Crte. FIq. 211 •. ....... 36
Fig . 211. Mol(,11a.
35b. Lodnla and qalea fund. Flq. 212. . .... Famlly SCARABAEIDAE
About 15,000 apeci I are known in thiI very

large family. The larvae are typlcqlly ecarabaeold
type. llving mOltly in the sol1 and feeding upon
~.,........._,. plant tiuuel, but some forma are recorded as being
~ofI:!:~,""", myrmecophlloUi. The white grubs are belt known
larval peltl while the Japanese beetle, June
beetle and rose chafer are the serloUi adult peltl.
The wOTld'1 largell heetln belong here, and of
Fig. 2 12 . ..._a.
" ........ Hay_ course the largell gruba.
rs McColloch.
One fairly large and widely reprelented group within IhiI family,
the Tumbl bugl, are unique in their method of providing for their
young. A pair of beaUn make a large ball of mammalian dung
whlch they roll, often for a oonliderable distance, and bury in an
excavation which they prepare. An egg 1.1 laid in the ball and the
grub male.. 111 entire growth within the ball.
360. StrldulatlnQ orvcma absent. FJq. 113. . ....... Family TROGIDAE
It 1.1 a .mall family oompoaed of three

genera and about 160 apedel. They moat·
ly live in dried deoompcWnq animal maf·
b ter, and may be found in carrion.
, ~I) . 0 , T... ....., L.;

b , Antenna.
88
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATUllE INSECTS
3Sb. At least maxWary atrtdulatinq 'Nth preaent.

Flq. 214 •... ........ . ...... ... . . . .... . . F~y SK:JURJlBJUEnOJUE
The larva of many Scma·

baeida live in dung or other
decaying orqanic matter and
St;lfIAl- are of little consequence ex-
-t. ... r,N#
- T/i E 1H cept to act a. ICQV ngera.
Many olb 18 feed OD the
b root. of growing plant. and
are highly deatruct1ve.
F,O. 21 04 o. Whit. grub; b, Mo,ullo.
37c. 8th abdominal aeqm.nt of nonnal fonn and not termlnal: 9th
abdominal aeqment laro • . (5•• Flo. 215) • . . ..... . .. . ...... , ... 38
37b. 8th abdominal .eqm.nt laroe and terminal; 9th abdominal aeq-
ment natlqlal. (S.e FJq. 217). . . ... . .. . ... . ................... . . 39
38c. 10th abdominal aeqment almost obUt.rated and without 80ft. t.,.
minal prolonqaUon: oc:elli absent.
FlQ. 215 . . .. ..... .. ........ . ........... .. FamUy DASCILLIDAE
l ru. fa a group of amalI to med.

, Iwn terreatrlal and aquatic beetl ••.
The larva. have been found in
paature land. Some SOD apecl ••
are ImOWll.
38b. lOth abdominal aeqment ",e» de?elop.d. with 80ft termlnal WI.
paired.. .2-aeqmented and ret.ractn. prolcmqaUon: 5 oc:elU on each
.ute. Flq. 21 6. . ...... .. ......... . . . .. F~y HETEROCEBIDJUE
The faInUy fa very widely

diatrlbuted and about 100
apede. are knowu. The
larvae live in qallerfe. which
th.y excavate in the mud
fig 216. ..........cw ........ ~... borderl.nq poola and atreama.
89
390.. 3 terminal tufts of qilla retmctne into a pocket; antenna lon9 and
mult1aeqmented: one larqe ocellus and one small ocellus on each
ald. of head. flq. 217 • ................•.. . Family HELODlDAE
It is a small family.
Their larvae are aquatic.
They are all of small
size.
Fig . 217 . " ..... cypho" 4Itc.'''...1 Soy.
3gb. GIlliI ab.ent; antenna 3·.~.nted: 5 ocelli on each .lde of head.

Flq. 218 . .. . .......... . .. SubfcnnUy Nosodendrinae. BYRRHIDAE
The single genus NosodendIon contains 3 described

species. 2 from North America and I from Europe.
The larvae have been taken in fun.gi. under bark and
around the flowing sap of trees. They are thought to
be predators on dipterous larvae. No information
concerning the pupae ill available.
Fig. 218 . H_·

".""re" .. n·
..."lc..1 Horn.
40a. Gular reqion or median Qular .utun pr.-

.ent or absent: when absent, with man·
dlbl.. hcrrinq mola or protlthec:a or ex·
troordlncrry structures except a PftIudo- a. b
molo.. Flq. 219•. •.. .. , . ... • .. .. .. . .•• 41 Fig, 219. 0 , V..,trol 01·
~ 0' '-«I; b. Mond.
4Gb. Gular reQlon or Qular auture abHnll mandJbl. with pHUQomola

or nO mola. ............ . . . . . ... . ...... . .. .. ............... 118
90
4la. MaxWazy articulatlnq area eIther larqe or in·

distinct: when indistinct. mandlbl.. with mola
(except in CatOQenidae. EpUachninae and LClJIU.
inae). Fiq. 220. . ........................... 42
f,g . 220 Maxi 1110.
4tb. Maxillary articulatinq cuea ab...nl, or nry small. or cODc.a1ed by

mentum. not larqe and cuab.loned: mandible without molar
part. .. ......................... . ..... . . .. ... .. ....... . ..... 43
tia. Maxillary mala divided into a weU de. .loped lac:inla and a
flnqe,.shaped. 1 or 2-'.Qmented qalea: mandible without a cn.
tincl molar part but with a 10nQltudlnal .orie. of hainl at the
baBe. Fiq. 221. ........... . ........ . . FamUy BYRRHlDAE
The family hOB about 500 apeel a. Th adulta

are called pill beetle.. Thei.r 111. hiatori.. are
in need of study. The larvae of Byrrhus pJlula
are found beneath tUlf or mo... The larva. of
Ampbkyrta dontlpes are olton injurious to wild
and cultivated plant•.
F'g. 221. o. Iyrrh ...

f .....t...
Font ; b .
Mand,bl• .
Ub. Mala simple. or division either indicated by dlAtal notch or pr•

• ent with lob.l.I.ke qalea: mandlbl.. with or without a molar part
but withoul a lonQlludlnal ,eri.. of bainl at the baae. . ..... .. 66
43a. EIther with expond qUla below the entlre ab-

domen. or with moYable lOth abdom.1nal ,eq'
menl uaually coverlnQ retracWe qilla at the end
of the body. or with mamlllaeform appendices
from the lOth abdominal H9Dlent: mandibl..
ne"'er perforate or deeply clefl Flq. 222. . .. . . 44 F,g 223 Tip
olobdom"",.
43b. GUla or anal crpp.nd1c.. uaually absent; when preaent. then

mandible tith.r perforate or deeply cleft lonQltudlnally. . ..... 48
Ua. MO"Yable 10th abdomlnal leqment absent. ................... 45
91
44b. MoYUbl. lOth abdominal uqmet ptfteDt be-

low 9th abdominal t.l'qwD. Fiq. 223. . ........ 41
45a. Body cylindrical without Yentral Qilla. •..... 46
Fig . 222. TIp
of abdomen.
4Sb. Body Oat. broadly Oyal: with ....ntral Qllla fr••ly .xpend from
2nd to 6th abdominal leom.nta.
'F Iq. 224•.. ........•.. .... . ..... .......... Family PSEPHENJDAE
The larvae are aquatic and attach to

stones in !IWift·flowinq streams, rapicia,
caacade.1 and waterlalla. They are flat·
tened and dlac·liIte. Their pupae are ~
merged and Urmly attached to atonel.
F",. 224 . ...."'." ... Ie·

c.llt.1 Lee.
of lCUCjJ. lob..
46a. Antenna. comparati....ly lonllJI lOth abdomlzlal .ec;pn.nt with a pair
uaually carrylnQ Ipinon dl....rticl...
FIIIJ. 225. . ............... Subfamlly PtDodactylina.. . HELODmAE
The bioloqy of thia 8Ubfamlly

n cia to be inveatiqated. The larvae
of PtnodactyJa.s nicoUis Say are found
'./fri4 in the damp IOU of loreals. Only a
4~ lew apede. are known in North
'If" J America. Some -ralemalista believe
that thia 8UbfamUy bel~ else-
where or QII a separate famUy.
f' 225. 0, ftI ....ctyle ......
d II Soy; b . 9th ond 10th ab-
dornll1Ol MOfI\eI'II
92
4Gb. Antenna. ahort; lOth abdomlnal leQnlent without dl"..rtlcle..

Fiq. 226. . . .. ............... ... Genua EurypoqOll. DASCJJ.L1l)AE
Some 500 rather Id ly

distributed • pee I •• are
a.. known lor th1a family. They
c b~ are found in damp piae:

c:md are small .!sed. The
adultl are dull colored and
fig . 226 a , (",.,""9011 III,.,
Melan; b, of rather 110ft toxtu.r .
Half a"l)eC1 of head; c, 9th and 10th ab-
dom.nol sogment ••
47a. 8 pain of abdomlnal 'piracle., all proje<:tlnQ. either c:rlblform or

bUoroua but of a d..,iaUnq ainUOUI type.
Fi9.227.... ........................... FemUy CHELONABIlDAE
Only one specie. of thla small

family is known in the United
Statel.
Fig. 227 ChoJ.ollorl.", (p.

47b. AbdOlllh\al spiracl.. yory from 1 to 8 pain. either annuUtorm or
reqularly bUoroUi. neyer alnUOUI.
Fiq. 228. ..,', ........ , .. " . . ... .•..•.•••.• PamIly DBYOPIDAE
The larvae of DryOp6 1•• tated to }lve
in damp earth beneath .ton.. The
larva of one lpeete. of Plephenul II
..aid to resemble a trlloblte excepl that
Ita lateral m.arqlnl are notched. Mor.
FIg, 228. Ho'",I. 0 ....". MYI"'., than (00 lpedel are known. The adultl
are nClmed "long·toed water beetle•. "
taa. 9th abdominal ..qment operculate. nrtlcal cmd tenn1nal.
FIq. 229. . .......... .......... ' .. .. . . .... remUy BHIPICEBlDAE
ThiI &mall family of "cedar

beeUe." are dull colored and
of m.edium. to largo Iiso. Their
w. hlItory II DOl w.n known.
93
48b. 8th ahdominal IMICJDlRl othenriH• .................. , ...... . 49
49a. Sptrati.. cribriform: lOth abdominal aeqment terminal: prothorax

l<UQe and mON or Ie.. depreuecL WlUally covered with a plate
both donally and venb'ally.
Fiq. 230. .... ......... .. .............. .. Family BUPRESTIDAE
The flat·beaded. borers are a larqe
family whicb consists of about 8,000
described species. The larvae are
blind and 18<]le8s but capable of ex·
cavating in all kinds of dry and
moist wood. They live in the tnmlcs,
limbs and roots of trees. A few are
FIQ. 230. WlI$t.rn udar borer. leaf miners and gallmalcers; some
f, •• hyk.1e bIond.1I MOl'.
are highly destructive to fruit and
forest tr....
'9b. Not so• .................................................... 50
SOa. Labrum preaent. Flq. 231. ............... 60
FIQ. 231. Ooraol 01-

pec:t of t\eod.
SOb. Labrum fuNd. Flq. 232. .. ............ .. 51
Fig. 232. OorlOl os-

pect of head.
Sla. Frontal auturea pruent (exc:ep1lD 1'h.rosddae and Euenemldae the

bead capsule and mouth. parts are Nduced or much ap.aau.
ed)• . ..... .. ............................................... 52
Sib..Frontal .uturea absent (except In Brachypsectrinl and Lampyd-

dae~ both of which hCl1'e plerdDq manc:Ubl_). . .............. . 58
SIcL Bead. capsule and mouth parts nry much Nduced or extr.mely
!lpedaJl1ec!. (See FIq. 2S3~• ....................•..... .. . .•.. 53
Sib. Head.~e and moutll paris a1SQhUJ' Ndueed. or entirely

normaL ..•.. •.•.•.....•..... .........•. .. ...•. .. . . . .. ...... M
S3a. LeIP abort but with normal 'eQDlqta.

Fi9. 233. ., . , " " " " ' , " " " " , ' . . , .... ,' FamUy THROSCIDAE
The member. of thi. amall

family are of amall lise and
are Icnown as "pseudo click
beatles", The adult. are fOUlld
on flowers but bot much l.a
FIg 233 ",'Ole\ll 01) , Icnown about the habit. of the
larvae.
S3b. LeIP .....t:itJial or abIent. Fiq. 23'. ,'., ... , . FamUy EUCNEMIDAE
Leu than 100 aped ..
are known for North
America. The larvae have
the head parts enlarged
F,g, 234. Melo.l. r .. 'lp ..... I. Horn and closely resemble the
bupreatld larva . They
bore in wood usually that i.a just beqinninq to decay and are fairly
common.
540. Gular ar.a w.U d .....lo~ and quadrat•.

FlO. 235 . ..... . ............. . ......... 55
FIg. 235 . Ventral at ,

1)«1 ()f head.
54.b. Gular ar.a amall and IncUaUnct. or repr..ented only by a median

oular .utur.. Flo. 236. , .... . . , ............ Family ELATEB1DAE
Tb1a family II a large on.
with about 8.000 la1oW11 ~
d ... Th. lanae are called
wir worma and are w.n
knoWn peItI of farm and
garden. They are mostly
IlUbtenanoan and phytopha-
goUl. Som. are precladoua
'Upon whit. gnaba <md a
number of 1Iped.,
inhabit
dec:ay1nq wood <md prey
upon the xylophaqoua lar-
vae.
SSa. LarYa atron91y aclerotlled; dorsal and ventral prothorac:ic acler-

om.. united into a aolid cylinder: cervic:al membrane very larqe
and e.,emble lormlllq a ballo:»n-shapcd aac:k below the head
when ralaed. Flq. 237. _.................. Family CEBBlONIDAE
Thia amall family la
related to the wire
worma. A. for the Uni-
ted States our species
are southern or w.st-
flO 2.31 Cfltrle ."'..."«101 Schlr. ern.
SSb. Larva white and aoft...Jdnned: dorsal and ventral prothorac:lc

porta not lorml':1.1 a cyllnder: c:ervic:al membrane not e.,eraible.
Flo. 238. . ......... . ........... Genua Sandalua. BHIPICEBJDAE
The information available re-
garding the habits of this genua
111 very limited. It ia reported
that a mature larva of Sandalus
njger Knoch waa taken from the
nymph of a Cicada, having de-
FlO. 238 S."",," "I.., Knoc;h veloped aa a parasite.
S8a. 9th abdominal aeqment with an unpaired pointed prolonoatlon. or

paired c:erc:t: bcdy with featheN.lke or apino.e proc:......
Flq. 239. . .................. Group Brac:hypaec:tL DASCILLIDAE
Thi. group haa but one known North American

apoc:! s.
Thla famUy of Soft-bodied Plant BeaU_, haa leN
than a thouacmd known aped_. The moat frequent
habitat ia in proximity to water but only a compara·
tlvely small perc:enlaq of larvae and cdulta are
aquatic: aa with the apeel_ h r.
pictured.
fl . 239 . ... .
.,,..m. ... I-
.. lAc.
S8b. 9th abdominal aeqment without prolo,:uJatlon or c.rd: !:od., wtth-

out c:onaplc:uoua P~ ••.•••••••.••.••••.••••.••••.•••• 57
96
57a. Ep1cranlal halvw m..tlnq .entrally form1nq a trcm.'Hrae brldQe.

FlQ.240 . ... . ........................... FaznUy C~~
EPICI("lIVIAi.., The family ia compoMCi of 1.300 d.

HAL_!: scribed speciea. Their adults are com-
1 monly called IOldier beetles. The &qq •
.__- , are deposited in maaael in th. .oU.
The newly hatched larvae of lOme .~
ci a are feebly developed and are
called "prolarvae... The larvae are
primarily c:am.lvorol1.l and bave a vel-
vety appearance due to a coverinq 01
fine halt.. Pupation lake. place in
FlO. 210. 0 , C.fttt. ••h. SP' l
b, Ventral Qspect ot "'tOO celli in the 1011.
(oppendogea om .tt..:! ).
57b. Epkrcm1al bal... not m..tmq 'Hntrally. . .... . ........ .... .... 58
S8a. Fronlal wturN PNMIlL F1Q. 241. . ........ FaznUy LAMPYlUDAE
There are about 2,000 delCrlbed 8p8cie.. The adult.

are known aa flrew.. and IJlowworma. Tbe &qq.,
lar'Vae and pupae are alao lOmetim.. luminous. The
lar'Vae are predacious and feed upon amall animalt
includiDq earthwonna. anaill. cruataceana and i~,
They are auhterran~ but ..veral Miatic lp8de.
are reported 10 b. aquatic. Pupation uuaUy teba
place in a IOU cell b.neath rubbiab or on the aurlace
in molat sltuatioDa.
fig. 2 ... . ....

..... ap.
SIb. frontal aumr. S'

abeeaL •. _.. __ ••...• . ....... . .... _..•...•.. •
590. Antenna 3.seQDl8nled with apIcal aeqment and a diak-ahaped ap-

pendlx; .tipes and m.entum .eparate, cardo present; galea ~"89'
mented. Fiq. 24.2• .•.•.... ..... . . ....... Family PHENGODIDAE
11 is reported that the species of Pben·

gode. prey upon myriapoda. Some larvae
have light·producing organs. ClOd are very
attractive. sometimes displaying two or
more colors of lights. The adult females
of some spedes resemble the larva.e .
f ig. 2'12. 0, P'h.II ....... 11).;

b, Venlro l Olpecl 01 heod.
59b. Actenna 1 or 2·seqm.nted. cliatally covered with a laJ'9. dom.

shap.d appendJx: stipes and mentum fused: cardo v.stiqial or
abaentl oalec l ...om.nted. flO. 243. . . ........ Family LYCIDAE
They are similar to the larnpyrlds
to which they are related. The adults
fly by day, and are not luminous.
Leu than 100 spedea are known for
Fig. 2.. ,. c:....hnll ,etlc.... • North America.
, .... F.
SOa. Frontal sutures present. . ...... ....... .. .. . ........ ... ... .. . 61

60b. Frontal sutur.. absent. ... . ....... . ........ . ................ 65
61a. LaQ.ni(l distally armed with 1 01' more apW'L
FiO. 244. . ......•....•................... Family DERMEStIDAE
The family cotWsts of about
SSO deacribed spedes. The lar-
Tae are coveled with long OJ'
short hairB and feed upon dead
animal and plant materlall in·
cluding akina, hom. hair. wool.
tallow. cured meats. cheese, mu·
Mum apecimena and cereal
Flo. 2..... 0 , Carpet bft'''; b. Moxillo.
products. Some ....ry serious
household puts belonq to this
iamily.
98
HOW T~ KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
SIb. Lacinia withoul 1PllfS. ....... ............... 62
62a. Ventral mouth parts d •• ply retracted: ecudo

much small.r than sUpe.. Fiq. 245. . ........ 63
rIg 4!""
"0' Ie-tl Vf"n
0'1""<1 of
th~ h,,11 of
head
62b. Ventral mouth parts In,.rl.d In a rath.r ahallow .marqlnaUon of

the front marQin of the head: cardo at leas' (VI )arq. as ,Up...
FiQ. 246. ........ . ........................... Family CLEBIPAE
This famUy COIllJiat. of about 2.500

described ~clell. Tho larvae are pre-
daciou. and may be found in the soU.
frequently in the nells of beel and
wasps above ground. and alISO in the
burrow. of woociborinq in.ects. The
adultll are known all checkered be.d •
and are attractively marked and color"
d.
fjQ . 2<46. o. Venlrof hoff of
the head; b. C.III",.,uI .,.
~lIf.. Chop,n .
63~. Mandible with a 1011q. still proathecal Plac... near the mlddl. or
at the base of the inner marqhu eplcrcmicd suture weU denloped.
flq.247 • ........... ............ , .......... Famlly )!EL1nRDDAE
AI leaat SOme of the larvae

of thelle .,fl winqed flower
beetle, are predadou • . Some
apecle. of adult. are very
common all qreen plauts.
Around 1.500 .peel.. have
been duc:rlbed.
FIG. 247. o. ~ ~ Say; b, Mond-
!tie; It, Donol CIIPKf ot head.
99
63b Mandible with a abort or no prothec:al proc...: median epic:raDlal

wture UlIually not weU deYeloped. or entirely absent. . ....... 64
64(1. Antenna with the Hnsory appendix lonqer than the dlalal .eIl-
ment. Fiq. 2'8. .............................. . Family CISIDAE
1'lla ia a widely distribut-
ed family comprising prob-
ably over 300 species which
are tound in old wood or
fung i Some of the qrub.
eat paper and are known CD
"bookworma"; other .pede.
are pest. where qrain feed
it .tored.
FlO· 248. . . - " ' , _ '\P.
B4b. Antenna with the .enaory appendix aborter than the dlatal H9"
ment or abient. Flq. 249 • ................ . FamIly OSTOMIDAE
The weU-known cad lie. Ten.
broides maurilaniclU L., feeda pri-
marily upon qrain and grain pro-
duct., but IOmetimes alao prey.
, on other lnseca which live in the
Fig. 249 . • .,_ c,1Ito4tIH Serv. lCmle medium. They are whitlah
qrub. and noticably fIatt ned.
6Sa. Antenna without ••naory appendix: ventral mouth porta apparent-
ly protracted. Flq. 250. . ................. Family CUCUJIDAE
1'lla family of flat bark
beetle. containa Ie.. than
1,000 known Ipeci.. but they
a. ar 10 variable that the fam-
I'lg. 250. a, Ventral aspod of '-dL.now,
ily appear. at ......ral pla~
Ing the protracted mouth porta; b. _114'- in our key.
11-" Lee.
6Sb. Antenna with dUeled .eDlory appendlx; ventral mouth porta r.
traeted. Fiq. 251. ............. Group Bothndertn1, COLYDIIDAE
Some Ipeci • of lhlI group are

phytophO<)oua. some are pteda-
b OOUll upon wood boring inaed.a.
and a few ar. paraaltic. Look for
them on leav.. or ander the bark
of tr....
Flg. 25 1. a , o.nt..... _"I~.""
Hom; b t Antennoi c, V..trol ospect of
'-d. snowing t... ~ mout
port
100
66a. Ventral mouth parta retracted. (Se. Rq. 251e). . .. ...... ...... 67
66b. Ventral mouth parte protracted. IS.. Fiq. 250).
Rq. 252. . ..... . ....... . .. . . .... .. . ... FamUy CERAMBYCIDAE
The family i. choul aixth in .ise In the
order and contain. about 20.000 deecribed
specie.. BecaUH oj th large thorax the lar-
vae are called roundheaded borer.. The egg.
Fog . 252 . Roundheodecl are laid on or in the ho.t plant. and tbe f.
apple I,.. bOre,. s...,. male beetle sometime. girdle. a limb so that
... cendW. Fob.
the larva may teed on the dying wood. The
larvae feed as borer. on both living and dead plant.. and are very
de. tructive. Some of these larvae are known to live for many yearl.
87a. (a) The back of the mancl1ble etther with 2 lom~ OaqeUate .etae
diatally, and the body of the mancl1ble partially Oeshy or fully
Iclerallledl or (h) the back of the mancl1bl. without 100q ..Ia.
diatally, and the body of the mancl1ble alwcry. neshy. only with
the baae, or the tip and the base .elerothed.
Rq. 253 . ............ . . .................... mo.1 LAnlRIDIIDAE
Th. m.mber. of thl. lam·
Ily number moc. than 700
tpecJe. and are found In
mono d.cayinq wood and
fungi. A f. w have occured
' lg. 253 . a. c.,.... _ _t ..... Rell .; in herbaria . dried e~caue.
b, MondJbl •.
and in a nt.' ne.I •.
87b. The back of the mandible without lonq naq.Uat. . .toe diatally.
and the body of the mancl1ble complet.ly telerallled. ......... 68 ·
I8a. MaxWary mala with dlatfnqulahabt. ladn1a cmcl

oalea. Rq. 25.. . ....... .. .. .................. 88
FlO . 254.
MolCll la.
88b. MCIldllary mala ItDtiH, lOID.tlm.. bOobed anteriorly.

Flq. 255• . •..••• .• . ••...•••.• • ....•..••• . •••••• 7J
flO. 255.
MoICfllo.
101
S9a. 2nd anlennal a8QDlent more than " tim.H as lon9 as the baaal
aeqmenl. Fiq. 25S• . ... ................. Fcunily LATHRIDllDAE
,J::_,,~ Theae "minute brown acavenqer beetles" are

*~;)lr
very .mall. Some are pesta in druqs and other
c:ommercial products. Both larvae and adults
are 80 amall that they often escape detection.
Fio. 256, 00H01 as-
'*' of head.
8gb. 2nd emt.unal aeqment aubcyl1nclric:al. 3 time. or leu. as 100q as
the basal .e9Dlent. .......... . ................. . ........ .... 10
7Oa. Spiracles cmnular. not on tube: cerel not dJatiDct.
Flq. 257• •............. .. .. Subfamily Eucinetlnae, DASCn.LIDAE
This subfamily contains only a few

@ amall beetles. Their larvae are not
b well known.
FIg . 251 . a , IlIeI..... ,p.; b, "
,pl,a<:I• •
70b. Spiracles blforous. on tube.: cerci .tron9.
Fiq. 258. ............. . .............. Family DEBODONTIDAE
The members of this small

family uve in funql They are
known as the "Tooth necked"
F'g. 258. a, ~II'"' ..... Ie,...
fungus heetl...
M.I..,; b. " splrac:l. on tube.
1Ja. Mala falcUorm. Flq. 259. . .................. . .. 12

!' --,.."
F.O. 259.
Maxilla .
7lb. Mula obtuse. or with Imler IDal'c;yin lrreqularly

toothed or 110tehed. Flc;y. 260. .. .............. 18
Fto. 260.
Maxllla.
102
12a. Spiracl •• biforoua. FiQ. 261 . . ... .. .. 13

-,
". ;,,- "\
The spiracles. openingB alonq the sides 01
the tho.r ax and abdomen of both immature and +
.r -
adult insects which function in respiration lake ,I
I
various forms and number. in different .}»-
eies.
fIg 261 "bi.
forus sPlrocl • .
72b. Spiracle. CID11ular. FiQ. 262. . ............... 17
Fig. 262. A" on.

nulor aporotl • .
73a. Splracl.. at least ~me born. on tub •• ; c.rcl t.nnlnatinQ abNP"

ly with 2 or 3 conical prac...... (S•• FlQ. 263). '" .. .. ...... 74
73b. Splracl•• Dot at all on tub •• : c.rci 'ermlnally pointed and almple.
or cerci ab.ent. (5. . PlQ. 265). . ... ...................... . . ... 75
74a. labial palpua l ..eqmented. FIq.

263. " Family MONOTOMIDAE
74b. Labial palpua 2..eqmented.

Fiq.264. ............ . . .... ........ .... Fazaly EUftZOP~c.DDJUE
Very little !.a known reqard·
mq tb. habltl of the family.
The larvae of Rhlzophagu. are
predacious upon xylophaqollS
inaect.. Le.. than 20 .ped••
Fog. 264 . ... ,...............",It Gvlt. are known for North America.
1Sa. Body cylbtclrlcal: mandible with 3 aplcal t.eth.
Fiq. 265 • ...... . .......... . SublamUy LcmquriJnae, DOTYLmA!
nu. IlUbfamUy does not
contain many American spe-
cie •• but a few of them are
tathtH' important as plant
puts. The larvae are .lim
whitiah "worms" which bore
FlO. 265. .....ow.. ......., .... BeOIN.
(0 the .tems of clO'(er cmd
other plants.
100
.,ab. Jk.dy w.uonn: DlancUb1e with 2 apical t ••th. ........ . • .. .••. 78

76a. Cuttinq edqe 01 mancUble b.
hind the apical teeth with a
.mqle rounded projection: r..
tInaculum short and broad..
Flq. 266. . SubfamUy Clade-
FI;. 166. c, ..... , .......h. klnhl R.it .; lItenina•• EROTYLIDAE
b , MDndlbl • .
7Gb. CuttlnQ edq. of mandlbl. bUind the apical t . .th multlaerrat.:

r.tinaculum lon9 and .l.nder.
Flq. 267• .......•.......• . . ... .. . . ...'famlly CRYPTOPHAGIDAE
About 800 species are describ-
ed. They are found on funql and
decaying organic matter. A few
are found in the n.e sts of ants and
wasps where they are thought to
Fig 267 . !'I Crypt.ph ...._. ...I".h'l be predator, or scavengers.
Sturm.; b. Mond,bl • .
7'1a. CercI ab.ent. Flq. 2G8• .•.• .. ••• • •• Group SBTanlnL CUCUIIDAE
The genus Silvanus contains 5S
known species. The larvae of
some of the species are very d.
structive to stored grain products.
dried fruit, etc. their small lize
Fig. 268. SO ...· toothed groin bHII • . often permits them to get a good
Orr......II.. ....h'.,UIlIIt I L.I .tart before being detected..
11b. Cerci pr•••nt. Flq. 269. .. ... .•.•.. . ........ Family CUCUrIDAE
This family consists of QJ;()ijt
1,000 apede . '!'he development of
many species takes place in grain
and CJrain products. A few are
predacious upon wood·boring in·
I'lg. 269. C"c,".. claYl_ fob. sects and also OD termite•.
78a. Mentum with only apex tre.. 01' smalL or In·

dlatlnct by fua10n with oth.r CIHCIII (ncapt In
SphlncUda•• menlUm frM to baae and dlatinct.
but appearinq too. the' wllh a mancUbl. pro-
TIded with retinaculUD:l and a 9th abdominal
FIg. 270. Menrum
aeqm.nl without c.rcl). Fiq. 270. • ...... . . . 79 end maxilla.
'Tab. M.lllvm with more them apex free. often tr.. to baH. alwaya w.u
d ....oped and diatlnct. . .. . ..... .• . .. . . ... . . ..• . ....•. ..... •93
104
7Sa. Head awollen laterally, and much blOader than tbOl'GXl cardo of
n.o nna! shape and polllition: maxi1Jary urtic:ulaUnQ area round and
",en de...eloped: hypo.tolDa! inner matqln concave b.tw.en foua
for mandible and poaterior end of cardo.
FlQ. 271 •. .......... Genera Pro.rtolllls and DryocorQ, CUCUJIDAE
ProS'tomis mandibulaTa. heTe flqured 11 alD:lo.t
coamopolitan in ita cn.tribuUon. The CJIoup ja Q
relatively small one.
The famUy Cucujidae haa about a thouaand
lmo'Wn species of rather widely diversified forma .
Both the larvae and the adulta are otten .ertolll
pesta of atored food producta and aa IUch have
been diltributed world wide. Many of the speci..
live under the baric of treea. lOme being plant feed·
era and others feeding upon the amall an1mal forma
they find aaaoclated with them. The larvae are
Fig. 211. o. " ••-
to",1t ..."dlllv"," uaually elongate and flattened.
Fob.; b, Moxillo.
8Da. Maxillae ~q protracted In front ot the

mandlblular art1cula1lona by a complete or
partial .llmlrtatfon of the cardln...
FIq. 272 •. .....•.......•................. 81 I'lg. 272. Ventrol
OIP'lC' of head.
,..." ,
.
.
Mlf ffl'lltf
~.
80b. Maxillae deeply Ntracted. FIq. 213. . ......... 85 )
"
"!g. 273. V.",,01
aepect of Mod.
Ila. CeJd pHH:lll; lerva without 91ca:adul.a:r ~ , ., ... , ... ". 82
lOS
81b. Cera abs.nt: t.rqa with paired qlandulcu open.inqs.

Fiq. 214 . ...... . ...................... Family OBTBOPERIDAE
These cue the "fringe-winged fungua

beetles". They are small but quite abllll-
dant. A. the name indicates they live in
fungi.
Fig 271. c.ty......-. _

........ Lee.
820. 8lh abdominal .eqm.nl dlaUnctly lonqer than 7th.
Flq.275 .. ...................... .......... Family CUCUJIDAE
The genUi LaemophloeUl r:ontaina
more than 320 species whiCQ occur
FIQ 275 Le .... ophl...... 1>""" ur:der bark and some are destructive
t.toll Sov to dried fruit and cereall.
8ab. 8th abdominal .eqm.nt about aa looq aa ......nth or short.r... . 83
830. LCU'Va. paraaUlc. havlnq a .wollen abdom.n. Iliqhtly .cl.rotlzed:
h.ad and body whIt••
flq. 276. ..: ........ Gon.ra ScalJdla and Cafoq.DUI, CUCUJlDAE
The .pecie. here pictured 18 found
in our southern .tate.. Only a few
specie. of these two genera are
F,03. 276. Scot"' .. H"...1e LtIC. known to America.
83b. Lan-a. not patclAltlc: and abdom.n not awoU.nl h.ad and body
normally .c:l.rotlzed. ................. ... ....... . .. . ....... . . 84
840. Apical .eqm.nt of labial palpUi normal: hypoetomal rod.a dlverq.
inq po.l.riorly. F'lq. 271•. ............ ... Family PHALACBlDAE
The lcuvae of OUbrus bore into stems

and pupate underground. EustUbus apica·
lIs Maish. it a predator upon the pea apb·
ida. There cue lOme SOO speci.. of these
"lhini.nq flower beetle....
FIQ. 277. 0, ......_

o ~, ~rol ospect of
106
HOW TO KNOW mE IMMATURE INSECTS
84b. Apical seQ1Dent of labial palpua minute: hypostomal roda paruJ.

lel flQ. 278• .......... SubfamUy Smlcrlplnae. MONOTOMIDAB
ffJoML
~.J> Only two species of this Inlaresting sub-
family are known for North America. They
are aouthern In their range.
FlO. 278. a . SMI"I,.. ,.1.

",Iu" Lee.; b. Ventral
aspect al a hall Mod.
850. Cardo (al comparative small narrow. of len Ip.i ndl.abaped and
10nQitucUnally directed: or (b) lcuve. aboul aa IODq or lOllqer than
stipea, trlanqu)ar, and lmmoTable. without posterior condyle.
Flq.279 . ....................... ... ...... . FamUy ~tnWa)JUB
The family comprl.t811 aome 2.500
lpeel... The larvae are moatly aapro-
phagoua. They are found in fruil and
""lJ.4~B-":7 qarbage dumptl, in cereals, und r
~~4:~~~~!re~~:,,;' bark of dead Ir... in galleri.. of
wooc!borinq beetl.. and in anls'· n ..ta.
flO . 219. 0 , COl ch,KhI· Several genera are predac10ua upon
.......t ...... Soy; b. Ven ·
t,al alPeCt 01 head. aphids and acale-lnucta. Pupation
Ialr:.. place in a cell in the aoU.
8Sb. Cardo (a) moderate lIlse. wbtrianqular. much aborter than IUpee
and obllquely directed, or (b) iuaed with .Upe. to a laJ'ge. moYable
.flueture with a posterior condyle. . ......................... ..
860. Mentum well dn.loped and fr.. to baN.
flq. 280. .. ................................ FamUy SPHINJ)IDAE
Pretenl day lmowledqe of th!.a
family u quite limited. The larTae
are found under bark and in IUD-
q1. Only a lew 8pK1.. are r ..
corded for North America.
86b. Menlum Dot w.u denloped.. olteD fuNd with

wbmentum. oo1y free apically. f'Iq. 281 • ..... 11
'10. 281.
lGblum.
107
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE JNSECTS
810. MandSbl. with lCXl'9 •• mu1tltubezc:uJ.at. or multi-

cari.nat. molar structur.; carda prop.r cUatlnct
and .ubtrtanqWClT. Flq. 282. . .. ......... .. .. 88
FlO. 282.
Mondib~ .
81b. Mandible not ao. . .......................................... 89
880. Body .hap. almIlar to a acal.1nsect: alone; th. aid.. with fiat
projection. carrytnq .pbwlo.. .etae.
Flq. 283. . ....... .. .... . ..........•...... FaDLily MURMJDIIDAE
The specie. .h ere pictured ia Widely scat-

tered In lJoth hemiapher s. Only a few other
aped•• are knOWD for America.
88b. Body dlU.,.nt. f1q. 284. . •............. Famlly ENDOMYCHIDAE
The faDLily haa about 950 known specie&.

Their adult. are commonly called fungus
beeU... The larvae feed upon tunq1. dead
wood and veqatable refuM.
108
119a. Mandibl. with reduced. smooth. and usually condyWorm mOlar

structure: distinct hypopharynOeal scl.rom. pres.nt.
Flq. 285. . ............ SubtamUy Coedn.U1na., COCClNELLIDAE
The family is a fairly large on con·

sisting of about 3,000 .pede.. Th.
adults are called ladybird beet! • . Both
th adults and the larva have tbe
food habit.. Among the few phytopba.
.am.
gous apede. the genus Ephllachna are
very serioua peats 01 agricultural crop•.
Moat of them are predacious and feed
upon aphids, acal.1naects, mite. and
otber small ltaects. They ha been
utilized eUectlve)y in tbe bio)oq1cal con-
trol of crop pe.t.. The larva. and
FIll. 285 Cov.roent lady beet
H• .-..... Iooc.n......... lI..n :
G.....
o . pupo; b, lorvo . ) U.S.O.A. I
adult. may produce a Idnd of prote<>
live fluJd trom the joint. of th. leg•.
8Sb. Mandibl. without molar structure, hypopharynqeal ad. rom.

weak or absent. .. .......... ............... .... .. . ....... 90
lOa. Body armed with many lonq. often branched. s. tif.rous dorsal
and lat.ral ~ ... . .. ..... ............ ............... 91
9Ob. Body without lonO ..W.rous dorsal and lat.ral proc. ..... . ... 82
Sla. 3 oc.m on each ald•• c:.rd absent.

Flq. 286. . ... . ....... Subfamily Ephllac:hnlna.. COCCINELLJDAE
The "blade sheep" 01 Ihl. otherwa. quite help-

ful famUy fall in th1a aubfamlly. Larva and adults
unit. to dealroy QI many bean, IIC{\lQlh and a1m1lar
ptants QI poutble.
109
91b. 5 ocel11 on each aid.: ~rcl well c:l.T.lopec!.

Fiq. 287. . ... . ... •.. ... . ..... . . . .. . ... . . . •FaxnDy EROTYLIDAE
It has about 2.600 deacribed spe-
des. The larvae live in the soU,
in tems of plants and on fungL
Some species are fairly large and
,W"281.
fig . Clover .t.m bor.r.
_aenll Lat,.
I.e". many of the adults are brightly
colored.
92a. Mentum and IUbmentum distinct.

Fl;. 288. .. ........ .. ............. Group DacnInL EROTYLIDAE
b~
Q.. The larvae have been
found in herbaceoua plants.
I _
They live in decaying wood
~ 288 o.
~."""L.F
'."th.
---
'I.... I~ ~Ob .. b. Lab.
and are of little importance
economically.
S2b. Mentum and .ubm.ntum fu.aed.

Fl;. 289. ............................ . FamIly MELANDRYIDAE
a.. b They occur in dry wood and

fungi or sometimes under bark.
The larva are aIender and
cylindrical and may often be
FIQ. 289. o. ~"n4rye .triete Soy; b. found with the adult• .
labIum.
93a. Body t.rmlnatlnq In Q cledduoua OTate appendlx.

FIq. 290. .. .............. .. ... Group ScraptlDL MELANDBYIDAE
The .pedea of Scraptla occur in rotten
wood. fungi.. etc. Tha is a small group
with but two genera and only a few Ip8-
F g. 290. SeN .... _Ieee
Mellh. c:l in America.
13b. Not 80. •• • • •• • • • •• • • •• • ••••• •• . ••• •. ••••.••..••.•.•••.• • ••. N
Ma. Mcmd.lhl. with a tall·lIb. bcdry appendlx or a

fleahy. hairy l~ beNDd the baM of mola.
FIQ. 291 • • . . . ..•.... . ....... .. .•... . •... . 95
Mb. McmcUbl. not eo. ...... . 96
110
9Sa. 3 lcuq. and 2 or 3 small oeelli on each ald. oj head: apJ*lcUx

of mandibl. taU-abaped.
Fl9· 292. . . .... . ... . ....... SubJamUy ByturlDa.. DERMESTIDAE
It include. a lingle Q.nu. By.
tuTUS with tew species. Both adulta
and larvae are lnjurlou. to raap-
'og. 292. Byt,..... unlcolor Soy berri••.
95b. 1 OCe1lWl on each ald. of headJ ap~Dd1x of mand1bl. 10b.lIk••

Fi9. 293. . . . ..................... . . . ...... FamUy ANTHlCIDAE
Well over 1.000 .~cl • of th...

rather small beetle. hay been
deacribed. Tbey are widely 1ICQt.
Fig . 29 3. "'nthl.," horoiclal Co y. t.Ted and ofl 11 very numeroUl.
96a. Abdominal Iplracl.. located In dJIk·Wr. .cl.dl...

Fl9. 294 • .................. .. ....... . .. FamUy EtlHYSTETHIDAE
19J_~
Only a few .pede. are recorded In
Amedca for thil family. All of th.m are
on tb. we.t cocut.
Fog. 2~ E..,.,.tethu. . . 11 .....1·
.... ~I "'.
96b. Abdominal Iplracl.. Dot located In dJIk·Wr. IICI.rU... . ...... . Ir1

91a. Mandlbl. without molar .tructure: larYa. paraaltJc with . .OUIID
abdomen. FIQ. 295. .. .......... Group Bothrtd.rlnl. COLYDIIDAE
The larva. of .. vera! .peel••

of BolmJd"r •• bav. been Doted to
be .ctoparaaU.. or predator. of
other coleopteroWl larvae.
Fog. 295 .
Hom.
o...te........ ........,w.
91b. Mandible with molar Itructure.

Fi9. 296. . . .......... , .. . ...... .. . . .. .. ... .. ..
FIg . 296.
Mandible.
111
98a. Body elontJate. cyUndrl.cal or wbcyUndricaL or more fluUorm. . 99
98b. Body eloJ.tqal. and slronqly depreued with paral.

lei lid... .............................. . .. .. . 107
99a. Cardo .imple. FlQ. 297 . .................... . 100

FiV. 297 .
Moxollo,
9Sb. Carda dlYlded Into 2 par1&. FlQ. 298• .......... 102
Fig 298.
Moxilio.
100a. Mandible Iymmetrical. Fiq. 299. ......... Family COLYDIIDAE

Some species are known to feed
upon decaying vegetable matter,
a number of them are predacioua
FlO. 299. "'''IDnl''", ',iI,.rc .. IDI"'" upon larvae or pupae of several
1M. Cerambycidae.
100b. MandIbl. cuymm.trlcal. ....................... .. ...... , .. 101
lOla. Mola of mandlbl. d.pr••••d, With a qrtndlnq I'lriac. on the

.Intral or dorsal ald. or both.
09. 300. .' . ... .......... .... .... ... Family MYCETOPHAGIDAE
The members of this fam-
ily chlefly live in rotting
b wood or under bark, auo-
ciated with fungi. The lar-
vae of BerqfnU$ maizlC:uonf
FOil. 300. Q , My""""......"HMtw Soy; Grouv. are reported to feed
b, Mondlbl . upon lac and the lac insects
in India.
101b. Mola not d.p.....ed. . ........ . .......................... . III
1020. C.rd pt••• nt. ............ ',' .......... .. . ........ .......•. 103
102b. Cetd ab•• nt•........ SubfamUy Oed.merina,. , OEDEMEllIDAE

Moat ot the members of this lnteresllnq family fall here. They are
small to medium ai.ze. The known larvae live largely in decaying
wood.
112
103a. Ambulatorial ",arts pre.ent yentrally on 2nd to 5th abdominal

Nl;PDenta. FJq. 301 ...... Subfamily Calopodlnae. OEDEMERIDAE
The larvae have been found in

old wood or und r bark. It 11 a
, very small .ubfamUy.
Fig. 301 . Celo..........hIs Lee.
l03b. Ambulatorial warts ab.ent. .... , . ... .. .... , ............... 104

104a. 9th abdominal Tent.r almpl •• without conical point,.. ...... 105
104b. 9th abdominal ....nt.r with a conical point on each

ald.. Flq. 302. . ............. ,.. ... . . .. .. lO j
Fig. 302. e lh
and 91h ab o
doMlnol NO-
....nlt.
1050. Submentum and qalea fuaed and he<rrily Icl.rothed.

f'l9. 303. . .. .. ... ... . ......... .. .... .. . FamUy CEPHALOIDAE
Only a f.w q nero and
not many .~.. are
mown for thi. .mall fa·
mily. They are mOitly
Fig . 303. a , C...".loon ",..t.m lped. ..
....tll,'4.. N...., .; b, lab·
Ium.
IOSb. Subm.ntum and qalea Deahl"

Flq. 304. . ... . ... . . . . .... Group NOIOd.nn.lnl. TENEBRlONIDAE
This Is a .mall qroup of mo....
Iy w ..t.m beetl.. althouqh the
specie. pictured ia found In tM
Ealt.
106a. C.rd IImple, eomJf.onn and c:un-ed upward.

f'l9. 305. . ........ _ ..... .... Group SychrolnL MELANDRVIDAE
Th. one North American ~
cia. of thia qroup l.t here plctur·
ed. The adult 11 brown and of
medium me, Both adul~ and
larva. live und r dead bark of
Foo. 305. ~ ..-ct.... ""...... tr....
113
l06b. Cerci with a branch at baN. FJq. 306• ...... Family PEDUJDAE
This ia a small fam-
ily of 80me 50 North
American species. The
one pictured ia weill-
ern. Member. of the
F g. 306 0, 111"...1... C.... ,..II .. t... lee.; 0, genua Pedi1us are
9t., obdom'nol NO",."t ",It" cerci. more frequent.
107a. Venter of 9th abdominal uqment with tran.-

Tene row of a.perlt1e.. or small plat...
119, 307, ........ ........ ............... . . lOS FiO. 301 . Ven-
tral aspect of
8th and 9th ab-
domlnol , • 0 -
......'1.
107b. Venter of 9th abdominal HQDlent not 80 armed.
Flq. 308. . . . ... , . . , .... ,. , .. ... ......... , ... Family PYTHIDAE
ThIs little family 01 barJc beetle.
boasts leu than 25 North Ameri-
can apecl... Adults and larvae
are found under bark of pine tree.
Fig, 308. 0 , alll__ ,.flcell ..
Lh' b, Ventrol oapect ot 81h ond and oc:caaionally other spede•.
9t abdominal NOment,.
lOSa. !Jlh abdominal leqment at least twic. as lonq as 9th. cerci ex-
cl\lded: a pair oj pili In marqin between c.rci.
(Se. Flql. 309 and 310) • ... ... , ... , .. . , .. , ., .... .. , . . ... .. 109
108b. 8th and 9th abdominal .eqments .ubequaL cerci excl\lded; a

IInqle pit p,..ent In mCUQln between cerd.
(See FlqI. 311 and 312). .................................. 110
109a. 9th abdominal Tenter bearinq a.perlt1.. arranqed In a conllnu-

Olll arch. Flq. 309. . ........... . , .... Family PYBOCHROIDAE
The larvae are lound

... under bark or in
wood. Adults haT e
areaa of brUllant yel.
a
low OJ .red and are
b known as "fir..colored
FIG. 309. H ..."..,.. . _ . . Lec..; beetl.....
b. V lrol - a of 8th and 9th ob-
dom nat eeornen
114
109b. 9th abdominal Tenter bearlDO amall plat.. In place of aaped-

tie.. Flq. 310. . ...... .... .... . .. Genus Bo~. TENEBRlONIDAE
'\ The specie. pJctured is

a medium ai1ed bMlle.
-~ :. both adulta and larvae

being fOUDd under bark
of dead ptne tr Some
Fig. 310. Q . . . . . . ""Icolo, Soy ' b. V...trol «)S.
ayalematiata wiah 10 make
ped of 8th and 9Ih obdomlflof MOm...' ..
a new family Bonda•.
llOa. 9th abdominal a~.nt dorsally with a continuous row of 8Ulall

dark tuberd.. 011 the cerci CDld on the apac. between theUl.
FlQ. 311 • ... ....... . .......... . ........ .. ... FaxnIly PYTHlDAE
h Look undor bark for all
alag.. of the.. lMall
beetl .. The speci.. pio
lured rCDlge. from Labra·
dor through the New En9'
FiO. 311~. II,", Kby.; b. 00_1 ~ land lIates.
of 9th lnal woment with cercI.
110b. 9th abdominal ~ent only with 2 small tubercles proximally

on doraal alde of each eercua.
FlQ. 312. ...... .......... . ................. Family OTHNIlDAE
The aped.'
pictured La found in the
Middle West. Thls amall iamlly haa
only this one genUi and but a f.",
FlO. 312. 0ttI,,11II "IIIIIrtoIIII Lee. specie• .
lila. Antenna eontJquous to mouth fram ••

Flq. 313• ............................. .... 112
Fig. 31 3. OorlOl
OIJMICt 0 f Meld
lllb. Antenna lnaert.d aome diltance in from mouth

bum.. Flq. 314. •............. •....•.. .... 113
Fig. 314. Donol
~01"_'.
us
112a. Back of memdlhl. opposite the cuttinq edq. with sharp marqlJu
opposite the mola. .XCaTate emd without a .plno.. ..tos. .leTa·
lion. flQ. 315. .... .. ................ . Fcunlly ALLECULIDAE
These are the "COJDl>.
clawed bark beetl..... They
are clo ly related to the
b tenebrionids. T h • larva.
look lllte wire"onna emd
FlO. 315 o. Ce.-dl,.. ....1 _ ~1Jh ;
live in rotten "ood
b, Mondlbl• .
112b. Back of mandible oot as d.ac:rlbed abo.....
Flo. 316. . ....................... . .. .. Fcunlly TENEBRIONlDAE
One of the large.t family of
Coleoptera compriaing more than
10.000 specie.. The larvae bear
a close resemblance to those of
Flo .116. AleNt" ,."nlylv.nlce the Elateridae. but the labrum iJI
0Ne«. diJlUnct. The majority of the spe-
de. are acav nger., some feed upon grain at grain products and a
few are found in auociation with bark and "ood borer.. The wen·
known mealworm, Tenebrlo mollior L .• and the con1uaed flour beetle.
TrIboUwn coniwwn Duval. are peat. in mUla and .toreboWles.
113a. Molar part of mandible with the qri,ndinq .urfac. transversely

mulUcarmate: emtenna short and 2-Hqmented.
11q. 317 . ........• . ... ............ .. ...... Fam.lly NU.IONlDAE
The m mbar. of thl. exotic family are found in

South America.
FiO. 317. o. Leje.

c....... ap.j b •
•Mondlbl• •
113b. Molar part of memdlhle with the qri,ndiDq surface either smooth.
or beariDq obtua. tubercl..: emteDna elotu~ate emd 2 or 3-Hq-
meDted. ci1alal .eqment mlnut. or absent.
11q.318• .................................. Fam.lly LJlc;BlD)AE
ThiJI iJI IIlU another
family of bark beeU
The larTa of n feed on
leerY'" They are eloD'
FlO. 318. o. &...... ; b. Monel
qate emd cylindrical
116
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURI: INSECTS
llk 9 complete abdomiDaJ nqmenla: 10th amaJL

lSee Fiq. 319). . ........ .. ...... . . . . .................. .••. 11$
ll~. 8 complete abdomlDaJ HQmeIlla: 9th and lOth reduced.

(See f'iq. 321). . . ................................ . ........ 118
lISa. No oc:elll or bull: cardo fused with IUpel: coxae Imall and
widely leparated. f'iQ. 319• .............. . Famlly HlSTERIDAE
Thll famUy conallll of
about 3.000 known lpeel...
Many 01 the larvae are pr.
dacioul upon coleopt.roul
and dipteroua larva. and a
f w- lpod.1 attack immature
I tag I 01 ChrylOmeUdae and
Fig 319. o. Holol.". ruc.'.c. M ars. L. pldopt ra. A number of
Maxilla
them are myrmec:ophiioul in
habitat.
115b. 6 oc:ellli cardo dlatlncl:

coxae larqe. approld-
mate.
f'iQ. 320. Subfamlly
Helophorlna•• HYDRO-
FlO. 320. a . H.Io",.,uI ...... tI, ... L. I Redrawn
PHILIDA! from 8ov1r>O (;, Craighead); b, Ma,,,IIa.
116a. Head elevated, antenna lnaerted farther from the lateral

marQin of the head than fa the mandible.
FlQ. 321 . •......................... Family HYDROPHILIDAE
family com·
Thla
pr about 1.700 I~
I
ci... The 8991 of .." •
• ral gen.ra are en·
elo..d In Illken COMI
and atlached 10 qra.u
or floating objecta. but
FlO. 321. a. a...tet1rie _1 ....1 • Horbtl. (Ro. He1ochar•• and S""'r.
drown from Bovlr>O (;, C,algt..ad '; b. Dorsol os- ,.-
pect af a half hood. cbeUl fallen Ihem on
tUlr own bodi... Th.
larvae are chl.Oy vegetable aoaveng rl. but a f w 1J})eci" are pl.
dacioua. The majority 01 apecie. are aquatic: Of MmlaquaUc, bul a
number of the aub£amlly Sphaerldifnae are known 10 be terrelltrlal
USb. Bead alJqhtly lnc:llDed: antenna IDHrted Dear the lateral

IIIGI9lD of the beocl them fa the mandible. .. ............. 117
117
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMAnJRE INSECTS
ll1a. Abdominal '4I9JIlenla eoJt, with abort coDic:al 9illa: last 3 ab-
dominal . '~eDt. attenuate. not forming a breathinq pockeL
FIq. 322. ......•... SublamUy S~rchelnae. HYDROPHnJDAE
The hydrophillds Include many lip&-

cies ot rather widely diversified forma
and habita. The sped.. of this sub-
family are exotic.
FlO. 322. . Sperch....

eI".hI. Scholl .
.",.r.
IRedrawn
from 90..11'00 6 Cra1o....adJ
117b. Abdomlna1 ~enla with well denlop.d. plates: last 3 ab-

dominal seqmenla forming a breath1nq pock.t.
nq. 323. . ........... SubfamUy Hycirochiuae. HYDROPHILIDAE
The members of this subfamily are
amall and In consequence frequently
overlooked. The species pictured ia
known from the Great Lakes area.
FiO. 323. Hy'ro(hll' .111..... lt..
Lee.
118tt. Hypopharynqea1 sclerome ab..nt: mandible without a real molar
st1ucture. • •••.•••••••.•• .. ••••..•••..• .•. . . ..•.•.••.••..• 119
USb. Hypopharynqeal sclerome preHnt; b

mandible with a d.Bnlte molar ..true:-
hmI. FlO. 32.. . ................ 1(2
lob,"" .
Fio. 324. a . MaI'OdIbIo ' b
Donol ~, of
119a. 9th abdoualDal 'erqum arm.d. with a pair of c.td or an unpalt-

tel spine. FIq. 325. .. ................ .. FamUy MORDELLIDAE
There are about 800 known .spe-
dU. Some larvae are found ID ter·
mite neats and th.e bUIl'owS of stem
and wood·boriDq insecta. They aH
poaaibly predadoUAl, but that baa
been .q uM'kwwL
U8
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE iNSECTS
119b. 9th abdominal teJ'QWD without a pair of cerci and without an

UIlpairecl iipine. . ......................................... 120
12Oa. 10th aclbomhaal aeqment In front of anua prorided with a pair

of cuahloned and adJacent lobe. .eparated by a median. Ion-
QitudiDal qrocn often marked at the anterior end by a amall
trananrae acterome. (s.. FIqa. 326 and 330) • ............. .. 121
120b. lOth abdominal .eqmenl In front of anua without a pair of eoft.

o..-al lob.. .eparated by a 10nQitudlDal Qroon.
(S.. Fiq. 333). . ...... . .................................... 125
1210. Head protracted/ mand1ble dentate. . ..................... 122
121b. Head retracted.: mandible Dol dentate. .... .. . ... .. ... . .. . 123
1220. Thoraclc aptracle puahed forward to the anlerior marvin of pro-

thorax. Fiq. 326. ..... ... ...... . ........ . ... FamUy PTINIDAE
About sse .peele. have been d acrlb-

ed. The larvae are acarabaeold form
and feed upon dead and dried animal
and vegetable matter. The . toreboUM
beetle. GIbbJum PiJYUoJd., (Czempin.
, Id), la a molt d .trucUve apect..
to
. tored producta. Several apecle. are
reported cu 1nqu1l1nea in ant.' nata.
FiO. 326. "~... ap.
1Ub. Thorack iiplracle not reachlDQ anterior marc;rl.n of prolhorax.

flq.327 • .. . ................ . ............ . . F~y ~()BEa>JU&
There are around 1.200 d acr1bed
aped." Tl:ut larvae are acarabaeold
form. very ama1l. and Uvin9 in dead
and usually weU·aeaaoned hard woods.
Many feed on anJmol and plant pro-
ducta. Th. furnJture beetle. Anoblum
Itriotum Ollner. the elgarette beetle.
Latfod.rma ..rrfcorn (Fab.) and the
chuqstore beetle, Stegobfum pcmJceum
a..) are ..noua pesta.
119
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMA TUBE rnSECTS
123a. Manci1hle without a donal. molar-lllte proc..., epipharynx with·

out a larqe lIclerome: lacl.nia mandibulae absenL
F19. 328. . .. .. .. ........ .. . . .. . ....... FamUy BOSTRICHIDAE
There are about (00 !mown species. They are

known as branch and limb borers. The larvae are
IJcarabaeoid in form, feed in dead wood and may
be injurio.u.s to Jumiture and buildinq materials.
The very interesting lead cable borer, or short·
circuit beetle, Seobieia decllvis (Lee.) here shown,
bore. holel into the aerial lead telephone cables
cauainq the linemen frequent trouble.
123b. Mandibl. with a donal. molar-

Uk. proc.... qrlndinq aqalDat a
larq. .cterome in eplpharytUCl
laelnla mcmcUbula. pr...nt and a. b
fleahy. Flq. 329. . ........... . 124
Fig. 329. 0, Mandible; b,
E",pharynx.
124a. Abdominal .plrac1. . .ubequcd In alae.

Group PaoinL LYCTIDAE
This amall group live. In our we.tem at.a tes.
124b. Laat abdomlnal .plrac1. much larq.r than the othe".

f1Q. 330•...•.. .•.... . ... .. ... . ... . . . ....... FamDy LYCTIDAE
The family COMUts of SO ~ea and the adult.

are known at the powder poat beetle.. Their larvae
acarcibaeoid in form with 3- segmented leqa, live
in dead wood and are particularly demucUve to
furniture.
Flo. no. LycM

..¥Icellll L-.
120
1250. Hypopharynqeal braceD ahMnt: uauc:dly wllh nqm.nlK

lec;,s. ......... ..... ..... ........................ ...... 12S
., ...
......_ _ c· ......
e.... ", ..
125b. Hypopharynqeal bracon pre••nl: uauc:dly

without .eqm.nted leqa. Fiq. 331 • ...... 136
J
FIg. 331 V.ntrol 0.'
pect 01 head. show·
Ing the hypopho ryn.
gee I brOton .
1260. Mand1bl. aimpl • • cUatc:dly .lth.r with a broad tfan.....ra. qouq.

like cuttin.q .dq•. or with a almpl. apex. .. .... . .......... 127
126b. Mand1bl. d.ntat.. cUataUy with from 2 to 5

t. .th. Fiq. 332. . .. .... . .......... . .......... 118
Fig. 332-
Mondlbl4l
1210. Pr.m.Dtum and m.nlum fuaed. bearlnq a common median . .

cutcheon.llke acl.rom. with a pair 01 JJqht. c:IIaUar ar_ _j!!_ter. ;;
tor1y. FIq. 333. . ......... . .. .......... ..... Famlly BBU~AE
Th. m.mber. of th1.a fam·
Uy number no 1 than 900
aped.. and they are fr.
quently known aa pea and
bean ..",eeTtI. ... their larYae
undergo a hypermetamor.
b - pboa1a ln wblch the tlrll In·

Itar iJI more or 1... carabl·
form wit h w.U-developed
leg.. The lint molt occur.
in the ho.t and the body
a. becom.. cucUorm and molt·
Iy apodouI and bllnd. No
1.u than SO IIp.cl • are of
economic importance.
12'7b. Prementum and Ill_tum dlItIDc:t. wtthout 811CUtcheon·Uke 1C1.,.

OlD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
121
128a. LeQ' preHnt and fully d ...loped: body c:uned and plump.
. riq. (J34. ......... . ..... Subfamily SaQrlnae·. CHRYSOMELIDAE
The members of this small subfamily are th.e

most primitive of all the leaf beetles.
F'Q, 33", S•• ra , ••

",or.te Joe.
128b. LeQI absent: body .tralQht.

FlQ. 335. ' .. , .. , . . Subfamily Oraodacn1na.·. CHRYSOMELIDAE
The adult. feed on .pring buds and

are highly variable.
Flg. 335. Z.utopho,....
1.,1t SUllt.
"t.'·
129a. SplJ'ad•• OD 8th abdominal .eqmeDt bUoroua. t.rminal. and pro-

JecUi1q Uk. a pair of .pura.
Flq. 336. . ........... Subfamlly DODacllna.·. CHRYSOMELlDAE
The larvae are aqu.a tlc and feed on

the loot. or in the stemtl of aquatic
plant•. The pupae are enclosed in tough
cocoons attached to room of the hoat
plant-.
129b. Splraci oj Bth abdominal aeqm.nl not prolectlnQ Uke Ipan..130
• Tho family CIvYIorMIIdoe Is IUd! Q 10'911 _ thaI tome Coloopter.$h hQ... ptOpOSOd
SPlittIng It up f"fO Q mmbor of tam.. We ha". ~ 10 fol~ \.eng and give
tt-. 1M! QI'O<lPt aOfam tv ,,"If~.
122
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMATUftE INSECTS
13Oa. Labrum smalL or lndiatlact and fuaed with front and clypeua.
FiQ. 337 • ............. Subfamily Clytrlna.·. CHRYSOMELIDAE
Th g.nua pictured fa confined 10 lb.

Eastern Hemi.pher . II 1. repre.ent.d In
North America by the genu. AntJpu •.
FlO. 337. a. C~ ......

. ." ..... L. (Redrawn from
Bov,ng (I CralQheodI; b.
Oarool aspect of head.
130b. Labrum w.ll d ...loped and fr........... ......... ........ 131
1310. Maxillary palpua 3 or .... lI9m.nled l.xcludlnQ

palpif.r): 8th abdominal .piracl.. pr••• nt and
lat.rally placed: 9th abdominal leqment te,..
mlnal. Fi9. 338. . ................ . ........ 132
FlO. US.
Mo~1II0.
131b. MCDdllary palpua 2..eqmenled or I...: 8th abdominal .piracl..

if pr...nt. thua dorsally placed. or ab ••nt; 8th abdominal 1119'
meDt t.rminal with fr.. hlDd marqin . ..................... 135
1320. Tanus 10DQ. alend.r. without puh111ual mandlbl. compr...ed.
with 2 to a diatal t•• th.
Flq. 339. . ......... Subfamily Eumolpina.·. CHBYSOMELIDAE
Thia fa a Jarge and important .~

family. It. member. are wld.ly dlatrl-
buted and often highly ecODOmiC.
F.g. 339. CiatyMdl"
Fob.
132b. Tanus oj moderate lenqlb, CUl'Yed. '"'w

and usually with pul'f'Ulua; mandlbl.
palmate 'ttdth , to 5 diataJ t..th. ~
-"-
FJq. UO • ..............•.•...... 133
F'Vo 340. o. Mondlble;
b, Leo.
123
133a. Mor. than 1 oc.Uua on each llid. of head. umally 5 or 6 oc:ell1.

ant.nna ~entecL . . . ... . ... . . .. .. . . . . . . ... ..... ...... 134
133b. 1 oceUu on each 1Iid., or non.: antenna z...qm.nted or 1....

Flt,r. 341 • ...... . .... Subfamlly Gal.ruciDa.·, CHRYSOMELIDAE
Their larval habits are varied. many
feed openly on the parenchyma of
leavea. othera live In roots. and anum·
ber are leaf·minera. It a a large and
beetle, M..
(Soy,.
ee.... .'m-r1I
fig. .541. Loro-r leo f
Important aubfamlly.
134a. FIrat 8 abdom1Dal MOm.nta with ambulatory ""ana on Tentral

re¢onf anal openlnq doraal: labial palpua l"eQm.nted.
Flt,r. 342. . .......... Subfamily Crioc.rtna.·, CHBYSOMELIDAE
Their larvae are fleshy qrubI
which feed externally on the
leaves. :some have the habit
of concealing themaelvea with
cov rlnga of excrement. The
aaparaqua beetle. Crloceris as·
Fig. 342. ....paragus beetle, (,ioc.ri• parag1 CL.) 18 familiar to grow·
...... " ILl; b, Loblum. .1'11 of aaparaqua.
1Mb. nrat 8 abdominal 8eQm.nta without any ambulatory wana: anal

openlnq ••ntral and placed In the mlddl. of the aucldnq dJak of
the lOth abdominal 8eQmct; labial palpua 2-MQmented.
flq. 343. . . .. .. . . Subfamily Chrpomellna.·, CHRYSOMELIDAE
Thia family Chry.amel.
idae La one of the four
largNt of the order, com·
b priaing more than 25,000
aped a. The larvae feed
on leav.., roota, ar live
in atema, In galla, in leaf
min a, in anta' nMta and
80me are aquatic tIp8Ci...
Th.y are mOIl! destructive
Fig. 343. a , M~ "-"ti Soy; b, iDa. c t a to agrlc:ultural
Lobl"",.
crope. Thia subfamily COD-
taiDa 80me common and
very intereatinq ~
135a. 8th abdomillal 1eqlD4h11 I rmlnaL with fr.. hind mClnJin; 8th
pair of abdom1Dal ..,uuel.. weU de..lopeci and dorsaL
flq. 3«• . . . ........... Suhfam11y HlaplJlae·, CHRYSOMEIJDAE
The adult. are ~ually wedqlHbaped

with engraved elytra. The larvae often
feed 011 the .urface of leave. or are
leaJ·miner.. They often conceal th m·
Fla. 3+4 . Ch..._ .'et' .selve. with a cov ring of excrement.
weil.
13Sb. rervum of 8th abdODllDal .eqmut often pro.tded with an up-
rtqht fork bearlnq the c:aat IIIrina or the excrement of the lart'oJ
8th pair of abdomJDal .pltacl.. .....t1Qtal.
FIq. 34S. . ........... Subfamily Cau1dJnae· , CHRYSOMELIDAE
It include. the tortol.. beetle.. In

certaln .pecle. the egq. are enelo.
eel in an ootheca. The larvae often
cover their bodle. with excr ment or
ca.t .kin for protection and are a n
odd.looking 101.
Fig. 345. c....... "...u.... L.
136a. l.e9w pr...nt. but amalL and ueually keqmented.

FIq. 346. . ........................ .. ... . .... Famlly BRENTlDAE
Around 1.000 1IpKie. have been
deac:ribed. The Immature . tage.
are paued In wood. The ro.trum
of the female la used for boring
hole. in which the egg. are laid.
The larva e are elongate and .lIen-
der and pruvideel with thorac:tc
leg• .
138b. I.et,r. a.beent. pHal lobee oc:cupyiDq the1r place. .......... . 137
137a. Bead capwle elcmqate. broadenhlq po8tedorly. and with .trulQht

.set... flq. 347 . ..................... . Famlly PROTERH.INIDAE
:nu. la a very amall family
conaatinq of 2 genera . Aqly.
cyder.. occur. in the Canary
Ialanda and New Zealand and
Protberbln lU inhabita the 1fa..
Fog. 347. 0, ',.t..w".............. ~, . waUan and other Pac:llic b-
~; ~~l ~f of ~ land..
131b. Head capsule narrowinq posteriorly and with c:ur. .d 1Ildea. • . 138
138a. Abdominal hypopleUlOD subdlrided IIlto at least 2 lobes.

(S.. F19. 352) • •.••... •. .......••..•• .. ..... ... ...•.... . .•• 141
13Sb. Abdominal hypopleuron nol .uhdirided. . . ........ . ...... .. 139
139a. Abdominal H9JDenta with DO mo", them 2 trcma.... ra. dorsal

plic:ae. (S.. F19. 350). . ... ..... . .. ....... . ... . . .... ...... .. 140
139b. Abdominal H9JDenta with 3 or 4 tranaverae dorsal plicae.

Flq. 348 and 349• .. FamW.. CURCULIONJDAE and SCOLYTIDAE
theM Iwo families are not aeparable by

larval character.. The Curcullonidae lJI prob-
ably the large.t family of in.Iecta. it includn
about (0.000 known apeclea.
FlO. 3048. Trchl... ,lei'

_trll t Fob. ) tCUCUf'
llonldoel
The larvae feed on roota. fruita. leav •• aeeda and

alao live 'CD borer. and leaf miners. No truly aquatic
forplS are known although the larvae of memy apec:ie.
live in the root. of planta qrowing 1n bog. and
marsh s. The female ulUally 1l.I8. ber llIIeul to make
a hole in the plant tiasue into which the eggs are
thruat.
The Scolytida fa also a Jarge family comprlJlinq
~. ~...S:!: 3bOut 2,000 known Ipec:i a. The adulta are called
'n':t&.... ~~ bark beeU or engraver beetlea. Their larvae live
Ivtldoe ( in galleries in dead or healthy abrubII and It . They
attack aU part. of the planta. In the United States alolle the annual
loaN In dutructioD ·of timber hCD been estimated at abop:t 5100.000.000.
126
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE rNSECTS
aOa. More than 2 oce1l1 on each aide: bead retracted.

FIq. 350. . .......... Subfcrm1ly RbYDchUlnae. CUBCULIONIDAE
~
.
The larvae of Rbyncbltes and Attelabu. IJve in Iun-
nea formed of rolled leave. conltructed by the
adultl.
Th larvae of the lped.. pictured live in HeUao-

tJuu. R. bicolor. a very common 8peCi... develor-
within the hipa of wild and cultivated to....
F.g. 350.
do ............
.h,-
Soh.
140b. 1 oceUua on each aide, head protracted.

Flo. 351. ....... ........ Subfamily AploDlnae. CUBCULIONlDAE
This lIInall lubfamlly II cOllInopolltan in Ita dtatrl-

•.
, ' )
~. . . bution. The 1Ip8d.. her pictured mak.. qalla on
the acrub pine. The larvae of Aplon. a rather larqe
qenUi. live prlndpally within the aeed.I of lequm..
and other plants. Some are qall makel'll.
_If. ,...,,"
Fig. 351 . Pine 0011
. . tuc.loI R.ley .
1410. MCDdllary palpua ~ented.

Flo. 352. . ........... Subfamily Calendrlnae. CUBCULIONJDAE
a.
Many of our moat destructive "bill·bug"
-..........
.,
larva. belong here. The larvCI41 of the larqer
lped .. bore into the It IDa of plants. prlnd-
pally com and qraaMe whUe Ihe aman.r
b •
on.. qive thelt attention to HeCla and qraln.
F 352.. 0, eor-y ~I •
........ . . - - I L . I ;
b. Maxliio.
127
l"b. Maxlllary palpua l-aeqm.nted. Fi9.353. Family PLATYPOnmAE
The 89g. are laid in the primary galleries

which are made by the adults. The larvae theD
malee Dew tuwlea. Often the burrows form
definite patteru which are characteristic of the
apedes. The ambrosia beetle. live In dead
wood and cultivate funql to feed their young.
Fig. 353. 0, " ...."

COM_'11M Soy; b,
Max illo.
142a. Leqs Te.ti91aL without pointed lanal '8CjpDNlt. or abNDt: body

curred. iI.shy, and with donal trcmann. pl1ca.: 10th abdom-
fAal nqment smalL fA c:onUnualSon 01 9th.
Flq. 354. . ............... . ....... . ... Family PLATYSTOMIDAE
Certain specie. of BracbytarlUl are pre-

dacioua UPOD acal.m.ecta. The larvae of
B. niveovariegatus Heel attack the Chine..
wax acaI., EsJceru.. pala Ch.v.
fig. 354. I",.ri_

. . . .IN... Ollv.
lab. L8QS normaL with .troDq tQl'8U8I body ~, cyllDddoal. ClOY>

....d with t8JQG1
IbJ,eldt; 10th al>
liomlnal •• q JlU JI t
well dne10pecL a.
peral.. GDd pICIcecl
below ba... of
f 'll. 355. et-t nut hmlMnoorm, M*'IH._ Jcuve 9th MqIIl8llt.
~ .. tHo"'"
Flq. 35S. •• • FamDy
LYMEXYLIDAE
128
HOW TO KNOW TIlE IMMATURE INSECTS
ORDER HEMIPTERA
la:. Aquatic or leDI1-aqucrtic. .......................... . ........... 2
lb. Terrestrial. ......................................... ,', ... ,. , 10
2a:. Antenna. ahortel' them head.. uaually c:onc.aled.. ." .. " .... ,.". 3
2b. AnteDnae as lQllq 01' 10nqe1' them head.. expo.eel. ,., .. ,"'" .... 8
aa. Buq. that Uye wUh!n waler•.. . ,., .. , ... , ... ".,., ............ 4
3b. BUill that Un OD or n.ar water. ............ ,.,.,." .......... 1
4a:. Hind leqs with 2 dletlnct claws. .., ......... ,.. ., ...... , ...... 6
th. Hind llteJ without diltlnet claws. . .... , ......... , ... ' .......... 5
Sa. Baclc lWimmenl lore tarsl with 2 claws.

FIq. 3S8. . ........ , ..................... Famlly NOTONECTIDAE
The family 111 compoeed of more

than 200 lIJ>ede.. They are .known
(II back lWImmer. bec:auu they
awU:n on their back with oar·Uke
hind leg.. They are common around
edge. of fr.ah water poncia. lak••
and Itreama. They feed upon .mall
cmhnalll. E99' are laid on or in the
tiuu.. of aquatic: plaDle.
Fig. 356. ".to_too ,,,,,llIloto
Soy. 3rd .nltor .
.sb. Fore tan! fJatt.l*l. without c:lawIl. Flq. 357• . . •FcrmIly COBmDAE
About 300 IIped • hcnoe been de-

.c:ribed. ~ COllUDOD narn. 111 water
boaUncm. They lJve In fresh cmd
bracldah water. £qq. are lcUd on
aquatic: plants and other objects.
Their food conI1fta of all ldru:t. of
orqcm1c OQU,
128
Sa. Tarai 2"*1Dltmted ap:cal appendag of abdomen abort and nat.

FlQ.358 ...... ....................... FamUy BELOSTOMATIDAE
The famUy consUlts of about ISO

deecrlbed species. They are com·
monly called giant waler bugs or
electric light bugs. The fore legs are
short and raptorial; the middle and
hind leg8 are {or swimming. They
live in fresh water where they feed
on small aquatic animals.
Fig. 358. 'o!ottomo fI .. minolla

Soy, 5th InSlO'.
6b. TanS l·.eqmented: apIcal appendaq.. of abdomen lonq and alen·

der. nq. 359. . . .............................. . FamUy NEPIDAE
About 200 apede. have been described. They are

called waler 1IC0rpion.. The fore leg'8 are raptorial.
th middle and hind lega are long and linear. They
swim slowly, often crawling on obieell in the waler.
They are predacious and usually awaiting fo.r prey.
They come to the lUrlace for air and often hide und r
atone8 near water.
Fig. 359. Wotor

":0'1110<\, a.... ·
IN tun. Poh.
IOt. s.oUVO L
7a. Body toad·shaped: fore leq• .raptorlal.

Fig. 360. . •........ ...... ... ......... FamUy GELASTOCORIDAE
They resemble toads both in

shape and in method of crawl·
ing and hopping, which facta
hav given th name "toad
bug.... About 60 aped have
bean d scribttd.
Fifl. 360. CopholtC view of 0 toad bug,
e._ MOl..... lFobr.'
130
Th. Body not toad'shaped, fore leq. llmUar to middle leqa .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ramOy OCHTERII>AE
These are ahore-inhabiting bugs. The family include. only a alnqle
genua, Ochterus and only three speciea have been deac:ribod in the
United States. They are all pl'edacioua.
8a. Head aa lon9 aa entire thOl'ClX. FlQ. 361. Famlly HYDROMETRlDAE
The members of thi. family ar call d

water·measurers because they creep slowly
upon the water surface. The body 1a very
slender and the head 1a aa long as the en·
tire thorax. Only three specie. have been
described in the United State• .
FIg. 361 . Hydro",,,,,

",.",,\1
Itar.
Kirk, 1th m·
8b. Bead porter than thorax. . .................................... 9
Sa. Beak 4-s89D1entedl hind felDUf utendlnQ much beyond the apex
of abdomen. FlQ. 362. . . ........... ... . .. ..... family G.ERRIDAE
The water·.tr1der. .kim rapidly over

the water .urlaee and often con(JTeQate in
large number.. They are predaclou. and
feed upon inaec:ta that fall Into the water
or they tometim • jump to capture their
prey.. Only about 20 &peele. have been
deacrlbed in the Unlted State. aa belong-
ing to the gen.ua Germ. A few live on lOll
watef and are truly m.ar1ne.
Flo. 362.. 0 - . ...Ieit
SOy, ht instaL
,
131
8b. Beak keqment4td; hhld femur not extendmq much beyond tbe
apex of abdomen. F19. 363• ................... Fam1ly VELlIDAE
The broad·.uldered water-striders are close-

ly allled to the Gerridae. The dittal seqment of
the tarll. at least of the fore Ie<] it bUid and tbe
claw. Ole In8erted before the apex. They are
predacious and llve on the water surface. About
20 apec:.ies have been described in the United
States.
FIlii. 363. ~".1Ito

..."'"tl Whit • .
lOa. Beak 34~enled. ......................................... 11
lOb. Beak "'-omented. .................................•....... 13

lIes. Body broad and flat. without w1nq pads; paraalt1c..
Flq.364. ................................... Family ~CD)AE
Theae are bedbug. and swallow bug•.

about 36 desc:ribed apec:.ie.. Among them.
2 specie. attack humans: the bedbug, C..
mell' lectular.ilU L. in temperate and IJU.b.
tropical reqioDl; Cimex lohUldatus Signor-
et in tropical Africa and Asia. The form.er
hOI a .traight posterior margin of tbe pro-
thorax ",hU. the latter ~ rounded.
llb. With wIoq pads: not pazGIIlUc. ............................ ... 12

l2a. FON leqa w1tb CJNGtly thlckeaecl Mmora.
FIo.38S. ................................. FamlJy PRYMATIDAE
This family of "ambUlh bucpl"
contains about l~ deacribed ~
d They leed upon many JdDda
FiO. 36S. 0, AInbuII'I I>I.1II. ~ of in.ctI includJDq honey bMIo.
_ ........ IGtoyl ; b . .... leo.
132
lib. Fore leQS IOmewhat thickened. FlQ. 368•. . . . Family BEl)UVllDAE

About 2.500 IIped I of the
auaaain bug. hav been
d ac:ribed. They are pa.
dac10Ul and feed upon in·
HCla. Some apecl I invade
habltatiollAl in March of in·
aectl and other houMbold
peltl. but often infllct wounda
on humanl. A lew apecl
F,g. 366. o. Wt>eel bug. . .,.... c,h tehl. which luck blood hom ro-
(Ll (from GIo..., I; b . 1'0<. leg.
d ntl and other animala in·
cludinq man are carrierl 01
trypana.omel.
130. Donal acent Qlanda promb:lenL (S.. FlQ. 387). . .............. . 14
ISb. Donal acent Qlemda not promb:lent. .............. .. .......... 18
14a. Body broad and 0't"ClL with more them 3 donal abdominal MIl'
menta with lCent Qlanda.
FlQ. 367.. ......... .. ......... . ....... Family PENTATOMII>AE
They are called l link bU91 or

ahield buql. About 5,000 Ipeci • are
a.. known. They are olten d..trucUve
to orcbardl and other a qrlcultural
Cl'0pI. The memb4tn of the .ublam·
lly AIop~. are predac10Ul UpoD
other lnMcta and in conaequence
b are COWlted CUI helpful
Fog. 361 . • _ ......u'" 11...., .. (Soyl:
0, lit ,MO'; b. lOt .. ,nllor.
14)). Iocly eloaqat., with 1. . them 3 donal ICeDt Q1.cmda. •••..... • 15
133
15a. Antennae luerted bloh au l1cle of head. about the position of the
upper half of the eye. Fio. 368• ........ . .... Fca:ally LYGAElDAE
I ,
About 2.000 apede. are de-
scribed. Moat of them are d.
atruct1ve to crops; the chinch
bug, BlnlU6 leucopteroU6 (Say).
and the falae chinch bug•• Ny• •
ius spp. are aerlous peata..
Some species belonging to the
genua, Geocoris are predacious
on other injurioua .In.aect..
Fig. 368. Chinch bug, I, ..... Ie..
_
.,.pt.,.
(Soy): 0", hI to 51h ''1slors; f,
adult ; g , eggs.
ISb. Antenna. tn••rted low OD ald. of head. about the po.ttiOD of the
lower balf of the .y... Flc;l.369• .. . ........... Family COREIDAE
About 1,000 species hdVe been d.

ICrlbed. They are destructive to crop•.
The aquaah bU9. Anasa trlatis (DeGeer)
18 very injurioul to pumpkins. melons,
gourds and squashea. The nympha are
oiten auociated with the adults.
Fig. 369. 0, LeItt_I.. ...rI.
"mit FOb., 5th 11011) Inllor;
~~'h bug, A ..... "lttll (0.
16a. Body .pinOUSI meso- and metaple\UOJI, tused into G IolDQle piece.
nq. 310. ................. . ................ Fa:mIly TINGITU>AE
About 100 aped.. of lace bUqJ have been d.

IICrlbed. They are plant. feeder.. The 8991 are
laid in the plant t1au..
and the YOUDg are
spinO\1&. Look on the undermde of leana for
them.
134
16b. Body not lIpinoua. m~ and metaplewon dlatlnc:t.

Flq. 371 . ............ .............. . .... ..... Fcan11y MIRIDAE
They are called

plant bug. or ItKrl
buCJII. About 5,000
IJMCie. have bMn
deacribed. They are
mo.tly plant iMd·
en. but aorne are
predodoua. The tar-
nlahed plant bug.
Ly q u. obllneatua
flO. 371. Tomi," pIont bug. LN • .!III_" (Soyl .
(Say) and Creontl·
ad I pallJdua Ram-
bur carry p I a n I
di.eoa...
ORDER HOMOPTERA
la. B.ak md.nUy arlainq from the

head: tarsi 348QlDented. FIq. 372.. . 2
Fig. 372. Cephalic

otP«t IaI and
Iol.rol 01j)<K1 Ibl
of head and lega
lb. halt .?1denUy crrialnq between the fore leqal

tarsi 1 or 2-Hqm.nteds wec:1a uaually U..,. in col-
• 0111... Flq. 373 • ..•.•.••••.•••.•.•....•.•••• ••• 8
2a. LCIJ9. m..ct.. U.... wulcqround iD nymph .taqe.; for. l~ clarq-

eel and adapted for cllqrJtnq. Flq. 31.. .... . ... Fczmlly CICADIDAE
About 1.500 species of cicadas

have been described. Eqgs are laid
in stems. twig., etc. A tew weeks
after hatching, the nymphs crawl
into the ground and feed upon the
toots of plants fot a long period.
The 17-year cl.c ada, Maqicicada sep-
b tendecim (t.) spends almost the full
17 years of it. life cycle in the
nymph atage. A atrain living in the
F19 . 374. Periodlcol cleoda.
southern atatea completea ita We
M ••lclca"
0,
,.,""4.el",1\..1 :
rwmph; b, nvmphol skin.
cycle in 13 years.
ab. Small.r lDaec:ts. a.ldom onr balf em Inch 10Dc;r: Uy. on plemta:
for. l~ not adapted tor d1c;rc;rlnc;r. • •..•. .•. ...•. ..... .......... 3
3a. AnteDD.a . Ina.rted on the .sci.. of the chec:b beneath the .yn.
11;.315• .. , ...... '" ............ . ... . .. .. . Fczmlly f1JLGK)RlDAE
This family is represent-

ad in the United Statea by
about 400 known apeciea.
ru..
They are called lanlem-
and all are pl<Xllt
teedera. Certain tropical
forma are luminous. Som.
apede. l8Clete 1a r 9 e
fig . 315. 0 , Cronberrv toad bug, 1'11)'110 c•• 11 . - quantities of wax.
~nnor ; b. \.o1efQl ClIPKt of Mod.
3b. Aot.Ofta. lnI:eded In front of GIld beIwMo the

.y F'19. 316. . ........ . .....••.•... •..••.••. ,
flO- 376. FtQnt
~ of head.
136
HOW TO mow THE lMMAnrRE INSECTS
4a. Thorax with tub.rc1.. or aptn. .
Flq. 317•.•..••••.• • •. • . ••• ••••••• .•• • •• •FCIIDIly loIEMBBAClDAB
About 200 bOWD apec:ie. of treehoppen are repr.

Mnted in North America. They are plant fll4Kier..
Egg. are laid in qroupIJ arranged in two parallel
slit. in twig. of tree. or Ihruba. The nympM are dU-
ferent from their adulta in the abHnce of the pronolal
a ploce... but filamenta or .pinOM proJectiona are often
developed on tlle terq1t...
Fig. 377 . Stle-
he."h... 11). :
o . itt" jnsto.;
b. 5th Instor.
4b. Thorax without tub.~ or aptn.. .. - . . ... . .. .... . . . . .. .. .... 5
Sa. HInd tibiae with 1 or 2 .tout tNth. CIIlCl crowDed with mort .tout
.pin.. at the Up. FIQ. 378. • • •••• • ••• •. •• . • •FQZDlly CEBCOPJDAE
They are called fr09hoppel. on

accounl of tll. froq.Uke appearance
of both the yoWl9 and the adulta.
They are alao known ClI .pltU.buq.
line. the numphl of 10m. g.nera h1de
in a mCUI of "hit. froth. Th. froth-
ing fa tll. Ie lull of a fluid iuu·
~~.!7~·L.f' I~'.t
Ia., INlo,,
\.::=::. -:;
); d, A .pottle - of
inq from tU anUl becom.lnq blown
inlo bubblN by tU anu.t.
the (L. tsplllle-b\>Q, Phi....... 11.-
_ _I.ned
Sb. HInd ~ with Q row of aptn. .

FIq.319••.•.. ... . .... . .. .. •.. . ....... .••• FamIly ClCADELLlDAE
There are more than 100 ..,.clel of

leafhopper_ lmowu 1D tU United Slat••.
They are able to leap powerfully and
teed on many dUfere:ut klDd.I of plan...
The I.eafh.opperI not only eau.te daJb..
aq. to cultivated plan.. but alto tran..
f. plant dlMaIIN
137
HOW TO .KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
6a. TaraS with hut 1 c:1aw and 1 HCjp21enL

FIq. 380• •.•••.................•.•...••.• • .•. FaDJlly COCCIDAE
The membeR 0 f
this family are acale-
1nBecta, .m ealy·buqa
and othen. The y
live on the stema.
leavea, root. a 11 d
are the mo.t serious
pesta of horticultur·
iatL However. there
are BOme uaeful Ipe-
cies: ahellac 1.1 pre-
pared from the lac·
insecta. LaccUer lac-
FlO. 380 A. fhe scale, Mv,n•• p I clt,lc.le Packard : 0, ca Kerr in India.
mature .tog. ....Ih 'gOl, b, ne ... ly hatched nymph ; c, The wax 1.1 produc.
lOme with waxy ..crehon; d '" e o Int.rmediate . , 0gOi.
B, W.lln'I.... ovlllo Green, lit 'nstar. C, Flar do wax ed b y ErlcertJ6 pe-la
1C01 • C"o,'II.,..florid...... Comstock, dlfferellt I'OOOS. Chavcmne. in Chi·
na; and the cochl·
neal u. composed of
dried bodies of Ccc-
cu. cacti L.
lb. Tmal with 2 claws and 2·nqmented. ..................... " .. ,, 7
7a. HInd leqa Jltted for leaplDq. FIq. 381 ......... FaDJlly CBEIlMIDAE
The m mbera of th1a family have the ability

to jump and are oal.led. jumplDq plant Uce. They
are plant feeder. and otten occur in large num·
bers. All of them secrete honey dew and a few
produce galla on the leav .
The nymphs are nat and pouesa large winq
pads and of1en have a marginal fringe aunound-
inq the abdomen. Some are covered with a
waxy secretion.
10 .....
Fwl'S',
.,ym_
Flg , 381 . p~, PlYI.
138
1h. Hind leQII Dot fltted. for leaplnq. .... . ........................ 8
Sa. Seal.Uke wee... with waxy Wamenta around lateral marqinal

antennae InQonaplcuoua. Flq. 382 . ......... Famlly ALEYRODmAE
Q.. The common nam •. whitefly 1. d.

b rived from the cov rlog of whiUah
powdery wax on the body 01 the
adult.. The young produce quanti.
tie. of honeydew. The gr nhouM
whiteUy. Trlaleurod s vapororforum
rig. 382. AIey..d. . .p.' o. dor-
(W•• twood) ta coamopolltan and a
IO! QJP«t ; b. 'Ol.rol otlHCf. qeneral feed r.
8b. Not as Sa. .. . ............................. .................. . 9
Sa. Cornlcl .. Wlually pr..enl. Flq. 383• ........... Famlly APHIDlDAE
About 2.000 .pede. have been d.

lICl'ibed. The aphid. have a compU.
cated We hlatory which 1. character·
ized by an alternation oi partheno-
qenetic generation with a Nxual gen-
eration. Moreover. they have alter·
nat10Da of winged and wingle..
'«.
Fig 383. G,.." P<tQGh aphid
M,. ........ (Sult.r l : o. 2nd
InItor; b, 3Td ;,,,10'.
form.. The hoat planta are alao
changed in different N<lIODa.
lb. CornJcl.. always wantiDq. F1Q. 3·8•• ..... FamUy PHYUOXERlDAE
Thta family ta clo..ly related to the

aphlda. They are often red. orange
or yeUow and are irequently cover·
ed with wax. The grape pbyUoxera
which feeda on the J.ave. and root.
of lOme common grapea ta a weU.
!mown .~.
139
ORDER NEUOPTERA
Ia. Mouth pcu1tI chewinq tw-. Flq. 385. . .. .. .. ..... . 2
FIg . 385. Oo<tol

cupec1 of heod.
••_ , I.. " t

~I . U
. ~" r
lb. Mouth pcu1tI mandib\llo-wclorlal type. """ .........
Flq. 386. . ............................... 4
2a. Abdomen with lateral Wamenla

(.ee Fiq. 389). . . . . . ................... . .. 3
1'10. 386. Mondlbulo-
auc:torlol type mouth
porta.
2h. Abdomen without lateral 8lamenta.

flq. 387• ....... . ...... _ ........ . ......... Famlly RAPHlDIJDAE
There are 10 aped • d ICrlbed in the United State•.

c:rnd 12 .pedes in Europe. Rapbidia b rmandi Nova.
I.e known in Japan. The adult. are called sDakerues.
The larva are found under bark and they are com-
mon in CalUornia under 100M bark: of the ellcalyptus.
They are predacious and believed to be beneficial.
140
HOW TO !NOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
8cL Tip of abdom_ w1Ih a caudal Slament; ald.. of hody with 7 pcdrI
01 MCjImented Slamentlll without cmal proleqa.
f1q. 388. • . .. . .......... . ..................... Family SlALJDAE
Th. larvae Un in nriftly flowing *ec.r.&1. adh...

inq to tb lower aide of atone. and alIo in traaby
plae.. filled with aquaUe planta. The full-qrown Jar.
va leave. the water and traufonna in em earthen
cell on the bcmb of the *&am. or lakes. Two OJ
three weeks later the adult emerq... It 11 called em
alderlly. The larva. are p.redClCioua and fMd upcm.
dUferent kinds of amall animals.
Fill. 388. Smoky

old;trtly. Slelit
'nfu",.'. N..,·
lI'IOI\.
ab. np .,f abdom_ without a cauclal BlameDlJ aid.. of body wU!a •

paln of uauomeDt.d mamflllta: with a pcdr of boobd cmal pIO-
l~. FIq. 388. . .... . .. . .... . . Subfamlly Co.ryd.allDae. 81ALJDAI
About 80 aped.. of dobsoo-

rue. have been d acrlbed. The
larvae are found under atann
in .low or awUt water and are
predacious on naklda of draqOQo
me., .tonafl1e. and MayDlM.
Th... larvae which are k:uow1l
as ulqramlt.. are much UMd
fOJ bait in. ftab1n.g. They are
_. ;::u,IV.f£NT ratUr readlly c:aught by hold-
Inq a Il8t down meam ~
• , __ . ANAl. PIfoI..E6- atoll8. In rapids. When tU
,. aton.. are moved the b.i9J'O-
---. J./t>ol'is mit.. aw1m OJ are washed Into
Fig. U9. CMy. . . . - (L.r : a. the D.t.
!QNo; b. IJUPCL
1'1
HOW TO KNOW 'mE lMMATUHE INSECTS
~ ~ or ~~ .. .... .... . ......•............ ... ..... 5
.th. terr..trIaL ................................................... 6
5a. McmdJhl.. and mczxll1'19 c:urt'ed. &l.lQhtly upwards: without abdom-

lDal QDla but with ap1rac1..: larnxe lJye UDder atoll" In or near
water. FIQ. 390. . .......•.......•...•.....•. Family OSMYLIDAE
There are about 50 deacrlbed lp8dea but none have

been found in North America. The larvae lurk under
.ton88 or about mo.. either in or near the water.
their food conaiata of dipterous larvae.
Fill. 390 0."''1'"

","~ (L)
Sb. Mancllbl.. and maxillae c:arnd outwards wllh Qbdom1Dal 9iDa:

lanae UTe III water and feed. CIQ apcIII48L
FIq. 391 •.. .•..•.......•••.........•••.•.. ..• FamIly SISYBIDAE
About 20 apec:iea have been deac:rlbed. The lartae

feed upon fresh-water spong... Accordingly the
adult. are called "sponqllla.m..." They may be al.a
found on bryozoana and algae. Pupation tok.. place
in an oval 100M double cocoon In soil or under aton...
£998 are laid in mCD1118S an obJec:b atcmdinq in or
onrhanging freah·water. and are 8OD1etim.. covered
by a .nken web.
F'll. 391. SIll'"

...,...·Ndm.
1.&2
6a. Ahdom4m mor. than two tim.. louq., them thOlGllU larYae with
hypermetamorphoela. fl9. 392. . . ....... . Family MANTISPIDAE
Th. family conal.,. of about 110
known .ped .. Th. larvae are of
two diller nt torma: the Unt in·
.tar I. thyaanurllorm "'lth a squar-
ish head ; the second and lat r In·
.tar. become robu.t and erucl·
form with a amall head and weak
II , 169" The fullgrown larva .pin
cocoons and pupat within lhe la.t
larval .kin. The habits 01 larvae
FlO. 39 2. M."tl.~ d" ,.ce
a. newly halched; b. 1.1
Podo
,Nla,
are parcuiUc on 69q. of .piderl
fully fed; c, IGII In.ta, and also in the nelt. at PUybia
wa.pa.
ab. Not as 6a. . ..... . .. . ..... . .... . .... ..... . .... . . . . . . . .... . 1
10. Pro- emd meaothorax modWed Into a loDq emd slender neclt.
fl9. 393. .. .. .. .. .... .. ................ . FamIly NEMOPTEBIDAE
The larvae cue preda cloua and f.-d upon

paodda and other small inMct.a. They cover
thell1Mlv.. with duat partlcl.. and cue found
in cav •• and building. in ..mlarld regioD.l and
deMn. Pupation occur. In a COCOOD of a1llt and
debria. They beloDC] to the .a.tern bem.laphere.
f ig. 39 3 .r . -•
.....,. . WIthycombe.
~ ~ ~ ~ DO~ ••••• • •• • •••• • ••• • • ••• ••••• • •••••• •
143
8a. Antennae with 10nq hairs: labial palps 10Dq and c]aYate. extended
In front of head: mancl1bl .. and maxillae hid underneath the lab-
rum (U 101lq. atralqht and lleedl.Wte).
Flo. 39.. ... ... . . . ................. Fam1ly CONlOPTERYGIDAE
ThI. family include. about SO knoW':} lp8cie• .

The adults look like aphids. The structures of
th if larvae leads u. to regard them as Neurop-
tera. The larvae leed upon aphids. scale-insect.
and the egg. of red.lpldera. When fuU-grown
they make a double cocoon in which pupation
take. place.
Fig. 39~ . ,.,...",1·

...1.. fl •• lc.... Bonk.
8b. Not as 8a. ............... . ............... .. ................. . 9
Sa. EmpodJum lrumpet-ahaped. flq. 395. . ..... Famlly CHRYSOPIDAE
Nearly SOO specie. of gre n lacewing. have

been described. Their larvae are known as
•
apbid·Uona and feed on apbids. mite.. leaf·hop-
per.. aeale-insect. and other amall m.ect.. The
egg. are laid singly or in group on long .slender
.talka. In some apede. the larvae are protected
with trash or debris.
lb. Empod1um not trumpet.shaped. ............................. .. 10
lOa. Tani and tIh a of hind leq fuNd iDlo a alDqle MqJDeat: mand-
Ible wtth ...th. ..... . ............• .. ..........•.. •.... .•...• 11
1"
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMA TUftE INSECTS
lOb. Not CD lOa. Fi9. 396. .•.... . ... ........ . Family HEMEROBIlDAE
This family conliltl 01 about 220 known lpeelel.

Their adult. are called brown lacewing I. The larva
resemble the aphid.liona but ar amooth without
tubercles, Only the lat instar larvae pol .. trum·
pet.shaped empodia which becom pad·Ulee and
greatly leduc d in the later lnatars. They are pr
daclous and foed on aphidl. acal. lnaectl. m~ly.
bugl. whitenie •• plyllida. etc, Th eggl ar devoid
01 pedicel I ,
Fog 396 H.",.,o·
bill' ,...tlfle",
Bon l.... lot onotor,
l1a. Sidel of thorax and abdomen with proJec!1nq Wamentl; head

dilated polteriorly. FlQ. 397 • . ' ........ FamUy ASCALAPHlDAE
About 210 Ipeciel haY been deacrlbed. The larvae

r lemble ant·llona In the form of the body. but they
have a Hnger.IUte appendage on each Iide of the
segment. They live In ambulh on the lurface 01 the
ground. with the body more or Ie.. covered. and
walt for small Insect prey.
FlO, 397 , u..•

...... lIy.lI_
Lot,.
llb. Sid.. of thorax and abdomen without proJec:t1nQ Women la, head
Dot dilated posteriorly. FlQ. 398 • ... . . Family MYRMELEONTlDAE
Thla farnlly conaiats of about

650 d scribed speclel. The
larvae are Imown as anl·liona.
.
'''', _'\
. ~. They make pllfalJ. In eand to
trap Ihe anI. and other winq.
.~ .r .
,
,.;.-"
1... small cmimala. However.
lOme apecl.1 do not make pltl
but limply hide under IIClDd or
debrta.
'10. 398. a. Ant. Ioon. ""yr...... 19.; b.
A. pitfall.
1.c5
ORDER TRICHOPTERA
(Larval key to some important families. adapted from Rosa.)
lb. Both mne- cmd metcmotum each with a sJnQle. .c1erotized ahield
eD1braciDq the enUre no~ ... ............. . ..... . ........ ... 2
2a. Abdomen with 1jIilla. FlQ. 400. . ... . . . . f'amily HYDROPSYCHIDAE
The larvae are campodelform. often livinq qre-

qar.l ously under and about trash. loq.. stones. etc.
ur in running water. They spin loose sUlcen net•.
Their food habits are both carnivorous and herblv·
orous.
..,c....
Fig ,",00.
lIP.
M'......
2b. Abdomen without QIlla.. FlQ. 401 •.. ...... Family HYDROPTILIDAE
The larvae conatruct ca.ae.
which open at both ends. They
feed on alqae. A modified type
of bypermetamorphosia occur. in
the larval staqe. The early imtars
of some qenera have a .Iender
Fig. 401 . My.. ,.,.tU. • .......Iti_ body fitled tor tree. active lite
a.tt.". (R..d,a"," from R.oul
and have no ea.ae.
3a. AD.a l l~ proJec:t1DQ beYOlld 10th abd.omhlaJ MQ-

menL Flq. 402. • .••.....•.• . ...••••.• ... ••• ... «
FIG. <102. ,.",_

of CIbdofMn.
146
Sh. Analleq8 apJ*Xrlnq CD lateral Klerit_ of 10th

abdominal a~lIDt. Flq. 403. . ............. S
FtQ. 403. AcIe. of
abcIorMn.
40. Dorsum of 9th abdominal aeqment with a aclerotiaed ahle1d.

Flq. '04. . . ......... .......... . ...... Family RHYACOPHILIDAE
Th larvae of the aubfamily RbyacophlUnae are

pre<iac1oua and Ire llvinq whUe the lczryae of the
subfamily Glouoaomatinae are th. aaddle-caae
makera.
Th_ are th. moet primitive of pr...nl-day cod·
diaJU... The larva. are campod.Uorm and poueee
tracheal qilIa.
Fig . 404 ."yen.
..",.. f .....tno
Itotl ( R-.jrow"
fron. Ron)
4h. Dorsum of 9th abdominal MODllIDt without a Kl.rotUed ahl.ld.

Flq. 'OS. . ............................ FamUy PBILOPOTAMIDAE
The lczryae are campodeUorm and llve qregczrtous.

ly in IWifI mountain lItreama where they conatruct
n '·lib c:a.NS in the form of either cylindrical tubes
or broad aac:b. Prior to pupatinq. the Jorva bullda a
rouqb &helter of .tone and encloaee ilNl1 in a cocoon.
141
Sa. Claw. of hind lef,J11 much .boNl thaD thou of middle leq•.
Fiq. 406. . ............ . ............ ..... .. Family MOLANNlDAE
Larvae live on the sandy bottoma

of stream. and lakes and construct
shield.shaped cases consisting of a
central cylindrical chamber flanked
on each side by aD extension.
eo..
_.1Ie .
f lQ -406. a
Hind leg.
of ~ __
Vori;l.. ; b. Mlddl. leg; ,.
Sb. Clawa of hind leQ. CD lanq CD those of middle lef,J1l. . •..... . ...• 6
60. Ant.nna. 10Dq. at least 8 tbn_ CD lonq CD wid•.
Fiq.401 . ... . .... . ...... . ............. . .. Family LElrrOCEJiDDAE
All the larvae make cases \aing a

variety of materialJl and constructing
case. of varioua shope.. They inhabit
a wide variety of streams. ponds.
lake. and rivera. The larvae con swim
freely with their leql out ide the case.
They feed on vegelation.
f lO• .0401 . a . (,al.f'Q' a peel 01
head; b. Trl."""
Ballks.
.1e...
c.Me
6b. Ant.nna. .Itort. D.T.r more thaD 4 tim_ CD Jonq CD wid.. . . . .. . 1

7a. M••onolum with .cl.rotiled plat ...
Fiq. 408 • ........... . ................ ... Family LIMNEPBILIDAE
There are about 400 described
.pecies in this family. Th~ larvae
QTe erudiorm with a p 'mernal
tubercle or hom. They Ih J moat·
a ly in quiet water and a few spe-
ci.. In nrift water. The genua
Enoic:yla live only in damp mou
OD land. The cases are tubular
b and ornamented with sticka, tiny
Abella. sand and IIDlOll pebbleL
They are h81'bivorou..
14.8
1b. M.lIOnotum lubmembranollS. or "'ith a pair of

bar-ahcrpecl Icl.rit... Flq. 409. . ........... .. a
Fig. 409 Donol
o~ 01 "'_.
thoroK,
Sa. Meaonotum with a pair of bar-ahcrpecl lel.rit.l.
F19· (l0. . ............. , ..... , .. ,., ...... Famlly LEPTOCEBIDAE
Thia ia a larq. family of wide diatrlbu·
tion. The coael are cylindrical or taper·
inq and may be either Itraiqht or curved.
Fio. 4'0. Leptoc.1l0 olbida They frequent both runnioodnq Itreaml and
IWolk.rl . IRedrow" from quiet water and are q .wimm.r•.
Roq )
ab. Meaonotum without a pair of bar-ahaped ac1.rit...
Flq. 411 . ........................ , .... ,Famlly PHRYGANEIDAE
MOlt of the larval CQHI are lon9 and

built in a Ipiral. They live in ItUi or llow·
ly runninq water. In qeneral they favor
marah I and lakel for their abod 10 but
lOme sped I are taken in riverl and
lueaml.
FiO 4' I. A , .t"",,1e ....
tit. I .... olk.r I : 0, larval
B. 'tll.........
co.., b, VOUnO lo,vol co.. ;
ecelllf_
I Wolk." , onl.rior end 01
larva.
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
Key to the LARVAE of the more important tamilie.
lao t'horadc Jeqe pr_nl cmd HCjJDl.nted. , ..... ". .., .......... . 2
lb. Thoradc leqe abaent or reduced to fleahy ....1UDqs. , •. , ..• .. . . 1
ta. Bod., with larq• • oYat. ~. arranqed lI:1 a double row on each
aid.. FIQ. 412 . ...................... Famlly MlCBOPTEBYGIDAE
Th. larvae of Mlcrop'.ryx
b liv. on wet mo.. and are char·
acterised by the pl . . .nee of 8
pairl of aeqmented abdominal
prol8<J" The larYae of Saba·
Fto. 4 12. 0 , ~ 'P.; b. a KG t1Dca OCCUJ amollq llverwortJI.
1
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTs
2b. Body with .etae only• ........................................ 3

3a. Pro~ rucllmentcny ur wcmtlnq: aoc:he.. ab..nt. . . . ........... 4
3b. Proleqa at least lncUcat.ci by rucllmentary crochets.

FIQ. 413 • ........... . ........... .... ............ 12
Fig . 413 .
CrocMts.
4a. Front extencUnq upwarda to nrtex: small .pecI•••

Flq. 41(, ............................. Family COLEOPHORIDAE
~
TbiJI family containa about 1.000 describ-
ed spec!N. The caterpillars are known as
~I leaf miner. cmd caae bearer.. They feed
on leave•• flow r., fruita cmd seed.I of var-
Fig. 414. Cel .. ,..... iou. plcmts. Some sy.tematiat. make thia
_II ........ Riley. qroup a IUbfamily of the TINEIDAE.
th, Front not extencUnq to yertex.

Flq. 415. . .............................. 5
Fig . 41 5. CephalIc 01-

pect 01 head.
Sa. Head retracted: body often with spIn_ or .econdary ha1n: primary
..tae obaolAt.: body with obacure Inc:kuru and usually with COD-
.p CUOUI pita. nq. U6 • ........... . ...... Family LIMACODmAE
About 8SO apec:ies are deecribed. The larvae

are alug-llke cmd known as aluq-<:aterpillara. The
body bears tubercl.. and atinqinq or poiaonoUl
hairs. They feed OD yarious plcmts.
Flg. 416. $odd bock-

ed 11110 cot.rPlllor, 141-
....... ""'C~
ISO
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATIlRE INSECTS
Sb. Head .xpoMd.; body with primary ..ta. and Itroll.q lnc:l.sures. .•. 8
Sa. Seta. IT and T dlatant on abdominal leqm.ntla: proleqa PreMDt.
Flq. «11 .. .................. (1eq.UcuJa) Family INCUBVAlUlDAE
About 300 apeciel have been deacribed. The cat :pll.

larl of the AdeMae are ca.se-bea:r fl and are !mown aa
fairy moths, while that of the Proxodoxina. are bor 11
in seeda and stena of Yucca and other Ullac.ae. A.
used here thla include. McDwmouqh'. superfamily IN·
CURVAROIDEA.
domino'
ment.
I.
'Ig . -417. Setol
mop 01 on ob-
g -
Gb. S.la. IT and T adjacenh proleqa abHnt.

Flq. 418 . ................................. A f.w GELECHllDAE
/.
Th. members of tbis larq. lam·
ily vary rather wid.ly In habits.
Some are qall makers, others d
.tructive to stored cerealJl and
a. .___~__, .till other. attack the fruIt of llv·
b lDq plants.
"'011"g..; 418. 0, ,.......... _
b, setol mop of on obdomln-
....
o,_....,.
1a. Body splnd.l.eapec:l; h.ad. with clOMd front (separated from the
Tertn by the .plaanJa).
FIq. 419. .............................. FamJly INCUBVARlIDAE
Th. larva. are known aa needle

nUn 11 and leave a character1aUc
pattern in leave.. The adults are
b
nceed1nqly trmall.
Fig. 4 19. o. Mopl. COM beaoIt, , _-

.................. Fltd!; b, uoh-
alic 0II*t 01 Nod, showing ,he
c'-d front.
151
HOW TO KNOW THE lMMATORE INSECTS
Th. Body eyUndrtcal or flattened: U IIOmewhat iplndl....hapec:l. the

hont extencia upwCD'cia to yertex. ....................... . ..... . 8
Sa. Head with 1 ~nus on each I1de. or none. . . ......... .. .... .. . 9
ab. Head with 6 ocelli on each l1de. . .......... . ................. 11
Sa. Front tri.a nqular; oceUus at front.
FlQ. 420. . .............................. FamUy ERIOCRANDDAE
The caterpillars mine in
leaves. The pupae poaaeu
toothed mandibles. They are
closely related to the MICRO-
FIg. 420. MM_1ce ...,cy...... WI.tom.. PTERYGlDAE.
ab. F'ront quacltanqular; oceUus lateral. .... . ..... . ........... . .. 10
lOa. Front widest at posterior end: body uaually flattened; proleqs
when pr..ent. on 3rd to 5th abdominal seQ1Dents.
Flq. 421 . .............................. FamUy GRACJI.A.Rm)AE
The larvae are of two types: the young have a flat

head, ocelll very small and variable in number. They
are miner. of leaves. bark, or fruits. The tull-qrown
caterpillar. are cylindrical, with nonnal head. proleq.
well developed on the 3rd to 5th abdominal aeqmenta.
They mine, or web, or .leeletowe the leaves. The azalea
leaf miner. Gracilarla cna1eella Branta imported from
Japan to the United States iI a pe.t in green house.
flO . 421. LIthe·
........ he_*'.
. . . . Clem_
(round fonn lot·
YOI.
lOb. Front wid.., cd anterior end: body cylindrtcal: proleqa on 2nd
to 7th abd.o mlnal seQ1Denta. FI9. 422. . .. .. Fa:m1ly NEPTICOLIDAE
They are called aerpentine minera. The caterpillar is

minute. about 2.5 to 10 mDl. long. They mine in leave.
and lOmetimes in fruita and bark. The mines are linear
or aerpentlne. Certain specie. of Fctoedemla are gall
makera. Pupation occu:ra in a cocoon in the 1IOll.
15.2
11a. Abdomen with rudJmentary plO1~ bearlnq croch.ts em 3n:l to

6th H<pDenta. FlQ. U3. .......•..•....• . Family T1SCHEJlID)AE
The caterpillar. make blotch min.. In the llClV•• 01

oak. But T~ maliJoli.na Clem.na mak.. trumpet
leaf min • on appl••
Ub. Abdomen without pzoJ.c;ra em 8th MCJDl_L

Family GRACU.JUUIDAE
10
..
011
0'"
12cr. Body with tufted or HCODdary hainll at leaat 2
0 0/'1'
..ta. em tubercle oft of 8th abdom1nal aec;ment. 01
with adcllliemal Mlae on proleq. FIQ. U(' ...... U ..._
• .f ...
()
''G. 424.· '-tol

mop of 6!h lib·
domlnol NO"*'! .
10 0"
12b. locIy wlthDat tufted or MCODCIary bc:dnJ tubercl•

.t with a IIlDqle Mlcu tubercle .u with at ~ 3
aeta., ~ the proleq baa a lIlultlMdal ctrcle of
~ta. F\g. W • .......... ......... ......... 13
, O. 42' .
... Setal
mop of 6th ob-
domlnol MeI....,.f.
laa. ww.oat ~ CIa Ida abd.... tnal HCJID...I.

FCIIDSIy Q.BACILAlUlDAE
153
13b. With pro1eQII OIl 8th abdomlnal aeqment••.•.•..•...... . . . .. 14
14a. Crochell of proleqa ar·

'I'alujJed iD a clrc:l. or .1-
Up.. (.ometim.. iDcom-
pl.te), or iD trana?n.
banda. FIq. (28. ...... 15
Fig . 426. Crochets : of In tronl_
bands; . b. In . Incomp'•• c lrc •• ; t . In
complete circle.
14b. Croch.lI formlnq a alnql. band (som.t1m..

with a few v ..1IQlal on.. iD addltion).
Flq. (27. . .. . .•.......•........ . ... .. . .. . 37
Fig. 4 27 . Croc ......
in l ingle band.
15a. Pr..plracular wart of prothorax with 2 ••Ia•.
nq. 428. . ...• ...... ... . . . .......... .. ... Famlly PYRALIDIDAE
This family is th. NO-
ond larqeal of the order
and about 10,000 specie.
have been described. The
larvae are largely phyto-
phagous and .am. feed
upon dried vegetable mat-
U~.tVt ""'>NT tet. The meal moth, Pyr-
alis larlna& (L.) feeds on
cereal and cereal pro-
ducts. The caterpillar. of
the subfamily Schoeno-
biinae are borers iD water
c plants, whlle NympbuJa
b nymphaeta (L.) and N.
FlO. 428 a. Gar~ webworm, Le ....t . . . _h,oI-
staqnata Donovan a r •
.,It IGuen. l ; b, beet webwam. L. .oot...
,tlctld'" ILl; c, actol rnap of protharax.
aemiaquatic aped liv-
inq in aUk-lined 1ICIC8 on
water planta in EIU0p8.
ISh. PreapiracuIar wart. of prothorax with 3 ..toe.

FIq. 429• ••.•••.....••...........•...•...•.• 16
154
16a. Croch.ts of proleqa arrcmqed In 2 trannel'1l. banda.

Flq. '30• . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . ....... .... .... . . .... 17
flO . " 30. ero-

CM'" In two
bonck.
ISb. Croch.ts of proleql arranqed in

a circl. or .rups.. .om.lim..
broadly Int.rrupted.
Fiq. '31 • ..... . . . .. .. . . . .. .. 22
a.
FlO. 4 31. C, och.-t, : Q IfI COM-
pl.t. clrcl.; b. In {ncOMplete
cl,d e.
JI
FlO. 432. ero.
che" In 0 . 'nole
..,I".
170. Proleqa with
croch....
0 IlDql. . .ri.. of croch.... or with
2 banda formed of I.".ral •• ri.. of all.mat.
Flq. '32 . . ........ . . .. . Family INCURVARllDAE
17b. Prol.qa wtth 2 t1bnpl•••rt.. of CTOCh.tl. ~

Fi9. 433• ........ _... . ...... . . . .... . .• 18
FlO. 433. C,ochett
In two .... ,...
ISa. AbdomJaa:1 utae 1.. cmd ... remot•• Fi9. '34. (ComP<D'. with PI;.
.&35). • • . . .. ..•.. •.•.••••..••• (BuccuJatrJx) Fa:m11y LYONmJDAE
The caterpillar. frequent for.at·
eel areaa and orcbarda. They are
mcntly leal miner.. Tbou of Buo-
culotra are fillt miner. and later
Ibletonl%er•. Pupation tak•• plac.
ID a cocoon. The cocoon of Bue·
cu1atru fa ribbed and wrrOlllld.d
by a pa1laade of erect Iilken fJla.
menta.
155
HOW 10 KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
.
1..,"-:
ISh. Abdominal ••1a.", and .. udlacent.
Flq. 435. . ... .•...... .... •......•.••.•. .... •... 19
Fig. 435. S.tol

moo 01 on ab-
dom inol MO-
ment .
19a. Croch... of anal pMleq. ammqecl In 2 qroup..
Fl9- '36.................................. FamJly GELECHIIDAE
The larvae pl.c tured here ia acat·
tered very widely and does heavy
damaqe to the fruit of tomatoes as
well as to potato tubers. It attacb
--..... .,...c......
Fig. 436. Polato to.A:Mworm(e,o.-i.
I Z., I.
.till other member. of the night.
abode family aLao.
lSb. Croch... of anal proleqs in a alnqla ..d... .. .... ... : ........ 20
2Oa. Front axt.ndlnq about ona 1h1rd way to T.rt.X.
Fl9. '31• . ........ . .......•......... (Conula) Family COSSIDAE
The common goat moth. COS-
IUS co.saus (1..) of Europe. ia an
example. The caterplllars bot.
into the trunka and 11mb. 01
broad·leaved dedduoul tree.
and large IbIubl. They malee
large tunnels in the trunk. Th.
larvae of the carpenterwonn.
PljollO~:stus lobiniae (Peck) o{
Flo. 431 . c_.. IIq.........
America, make large gallerin
in tree. which Ulually CChl.I8
the death of the tree..
20b. Front utanclinq at lBalt two thlrda way to . .nax. ........... 21
21a. Splracla• •WpUcaL normal in ....: thOM 01 Bth abdominal M9"
m.nt located b1qhar than the oth•.n.
F1q. 438 ..•..........•....•..•...•........ F~y ~EEUD)JLE
The caterpillara live as boret. in rootl.

trunk.a and limba of sh:ruba and tr and
be:ba.e80\1.1 planta. Aeq ria apilo~
(Clerc:k) ia a common .pede_ which in-
festa poplars and willoW'll chiefly. The too
well known aquaab bore: belong. her..
156
2ib. SplMd.. c:lrc:Qlar. _ry analb the laat pair about In llne with
others. . .. ...... ...... . .............. Family COLEOPHORIDAE
22a. Abdominal Htae I. and • remote. or • ab.ent In a

few anall .ped...FIq. 439. .. ........... ...... 23
Fig. 439 S.'ol

mop 01 on ob·
domlnol HOm..,t .
• Utf4t
CJ ,.
22b. Abdominal .etae I... and • adJacent. often on a •
commoa tub.rd.. FIq. "0. .. ...... .... ........ 21
b
Fig. 440. S.' ol
mop 01 on ob·
domlnol HOm...' .
23a. ProleQI with croehell arranc;tMi In a .lnc;le com·

plete eWpH. FIq. 4C1. . ... . ... . .. . . . .... . ..... 24
fi g. 44 1. Cro-
chef. In 0 single
comP''' ••,IIIIM.
23b. ProleQI with croehell arraDQtMi In a broken e1-

lipH. or with addltSoDal rudimelltary .erl.. at
IU baM of DOftIlal 011... FIq. 4.42. . •••••• ••• 28
FlO. 44%. ero.
chef. In lIIoIl·
.n . IIIIIM.
157
240. P:npiraeuku ..Ia:. of prothorax about a. far from Ita apira:cle

a. from each other; abdominal ..ta: 1 hlQ,her them n.
Flq. 4"3. . .......•..•.................... Family LYONETIIDAE
\0- _C~, ThiI small famUy of ribbed case bearers live

"""" .....1\
Jlr~~
as tiny leaf minena or skeletonizers. They are of·
len flattened. The adults are WlUally briqhtly col·
ored.
Fig. 443. Setal mop

of prottlorox. •
.} 0.- _IWLI
2tb. Pr••pJracular .etae of prothorax about twice a. ~"_",,
feu trom Its IIplrac1. aa &om each Oth.• f . .3#rA'
Flq. '4" ........ .. ....... .. ................ 2S I"ftl,,,.,,,,,,x
Fig. ~. Setal
map of prothg( -
ox.
250. Abdominal ..ta:. I much low.r them U.
Flq. 445•.. .......... . ..............••••..... FamIly TINEIDAE
The larvae of the case-mokinq
," f cloth. moth. Tinea pellione11a (L.).
01 IT Uve in port.a ble parchment-like
o
C ~ casetI. The webbin.g clothe. moth.
Tineola bise11i 110 (Hummel), J.
characterised by its larvae mak-
b Ing weba with particle. on which
they feed. Both Lead on wool.
Fig. 445. eaMmaklng clothes moth,
T._ ............ ILl : 0, IoNo with hair, IIdn.. feathen and other cm1.
case; b, IQI'VO; e, Mlol map of on mal matter.
abdominal ~t.
25b. Abdominal ..toe 1 not loww them lL
flq. 446• .....•.. . ...............•...... FamIly HELIODJNIDAE
The ca:terpUlara are tiDy either herblvoroUl or pre-

dacious. They feed on hul.ta and leave. and some
min in frult.. Some 's peciea are be1tevad to be pre--
datal'S ol mecdybuqs and acal.1nIecm. They are
.m own CIS ".un mathe."
158
HOW TO XNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
26a. MHO- and metathorax with Mta la in floont of lb and . .U . .

arat.d: abdominal .eta iv abo.e le.e} of .pJJacl..
Fiq. 441•. ..• .... ... ... ...... . ............. FamDy HEPIALJl)AE
The caterpillars are aU plant borer. In-

cluding root., .tema. twig. of qrcuae•• ahrub.
and trees. Some .pec:iea are quite large and
allen somewhat wrinkled. Rather numerous
halra ariae from tubercul.. The larva. are
usually duslry. whitiah or tinged with yellow.
The adult. are narrow winged medium 10
FlO. "47. O. H.pl.'"., large ai2:ed motla and erre known as .wUta.
hlllll"llj b. utol mop
of mesolhoro,,; c•
..tol mop of on ab·
dom,nal ..gm.,,' .
2Bb. MHO- and m.tathorax wilb .eta la and lb closely CIIlIOdat4IdJ

czbdornlnal .eta lv below 1.v.1 of Ipwc1e.
FIQ. 448. . . . ..... . ... .. .... .. . . . . . Fcanlly YPONOMENTIDAE
The caterpillar. are olten found qreqarloutly

livlDq in weba or m1Jllng in leaye., twtql and
frWla. They are destructlv. to conlf... and olb.,
treea. The lped.. here piclu1'ed fMda on mezn,.
ben 01 the mustard family. n. IJDa}l gI'Mn
oaterpUl.ara Itart (II miDeu but pt...-n.Uy feed on
the aurface of the plant.
159
21a. Leat palt of abdomlnal aplracl.. placltd doraally and cloqr to-
q.the: Oil mlddl. lin•• Fiq. 449. . ....... . Family CABPOSlNIDAE
This family conaiata of about 100 dellC'rlbed apedes.

The caterpUlaJ'l are fruit·borers. One species borea
In peach • in Japan.
Fig. "49. Lot...al

aspect of 7th
ond 8th obdom·
lnal tIe(I,,*,I ..
m. Not CDI 21a. .......... •.......................... ....... .. .. 28
28a. Muothorax with 2 ••ta TIl 10C!atltd abo.... baa. of

leQ. FllI. 450. . .... . ......•.........•. .. • . ... . •29
Fig. 450. Setal

mop of mflO ·
thorax.
28b. M.IO~orax with 1 ..ta ~ ....... .................... . . .... 30
tea. Prothorac:lc aplracl. with lcmq mda .,..rt1c:al.

.. ... .•.• . . . .•.......... . . .... ........ . . . .FCJD1l1y TBYRlDIDAE
The cat rpUlara 0.( this famUy are concealed feeder •.
28b. Prothoraclc: .plrac:l. wUh loaq ala horizontal.

f\g. 451 • •. •••. . .••. . .•............ . ..•••. . Farnily ~C3!D)AE
The caterpillar. are called baqworma

because they make portabl c:aae. with
leav • twigs and other debrla. They feed
upon leaves. flower., and even bark. Pu-
pation occura In the larval CCUIe in which
the lemal may remain until the eggs are
laid..
Flo! " St. ,..,.,........

........... H - ' h.
'A .....
160
3Da. Seta. U of 9th abdominal 1e9Dl.nt elol.r toq.th.r

than on any oth.r 1e9Dl.nta, frequently on the .ame
plat•. FlQ. 452..... . .... ................... . .. 31
Fig. -452. S.tol

mop of 9th ob.
dominol aegment .
.;;-
..,
I"
30b. Setae U 01 9th abdominal 1e9Dl.llt CD far apart CD " '1 ~
011 other 1e9Dl.ntl. F1Q. 453. • ...•.•..•.•...... 32 111 /
.1
I ...
FIll. -453 . S.tol

moo 01 91h ob·
dommol ..g",."t.
31a. Crocheta of prol...,. Wllordlnal; abdominal leta. IT and T bon.

zontally plac:4ML Flo. 454. . .............. Famlly PHALONllDAE
,/
4
.
.-
....
~.,.
..... The caterpillar. bore 111 plan.. or feed. 111

aeecb. They and their adult moth. CU'. Imall
a. 6"'
..
b
161
31b. Crochet. of proleq. Ulually multionUnal: abdominal aetae i. and

v In a diatJonal o~ n:t1c:al lIn••
F14. 455. • .. . ..... .. . ... ....... ... . . . ... . FamUy TOBTBICIDAE
The caterpillars are leaf rollers.
",---'They are destructive to many
Idnds of trees and other plants.
rhe larvae when disturbed wriggle
Violently and may escape back·
ward. from. the nests of rolled
a.. ... leaves. The spruce budworm, Ar·
b cbips lumiierana (Clemens) ana
FIg. 04S5. 0, CIOller. seed CG1erplllor. the fruit tree leaf roller, Aremps
Lft,.,.,ttle I",emi"m... Clemens; b, argyrospila (Walker) are impor·
Mfol mol) of on abdominal segment. tanl pesta.
320. Abdominal •• ta. I and U clOi. toc;r.th.r.

FlQ. 456. . ......... . ... (Sch:ec:bruteblJa) FamUy HELIODINIDAE
;1Ii!
The memben of thia ge.nua of lUll motha are plant
feeder.. All are of amall me. The family is intarnt·
ing in that a few 8p8Cie. are apparently predadoua
on acale inHcta.
Fig . 156. Setal
mal) a t an a b·
domlnol ,-omenl.
Db. Abdom.lnal ..Ca. i and U widely uparuted.

119. 457. • ......................... ... ...... .. 53 v#
Fig. 457. s.taJ

f'nCIp of on ub-
doI'!'IinollllQmO!nt .
162
3Sa. .F nmt reachioq 1... them halJ way to ftltU.l C1'OCh."

IrlQrd1DaL
FIQ. 458•............ ...................... . Famlly COSSIDAE
flO . 458. o. Leoporo mO.h. Zau..r. p yrloto L.• b. Inor.

d.nol crochets.
The caterpillar. are rnoatly boreu in the heartwood of variO\1.l ldnda
of woody plant.. The leopard moth, ZltllZela pyrLrla (t.), the larva.
bore in the branche. and stema of apple. beech. birch. cherry. cunant.
elm. maple. oak. pear. plum. walnut. etc. The life cycle n..ru. two
JI.
year. to be completed.
33b. Front reac::h1D9 more or Ie.. two

thirdI way to the 'Yert.x. cmd .nd·
InIJ In em att.nuat. point; Cloch...
wdordlDal or blordlnal: small .~
c:1ea. FIq. 459. . ..... ......... . 34 a. -(..
Fig. 459 Crochera ' o. unl.
ordinal ; b. b,,?'d 'nol.
34a. Crocheta 01 pro!eq. blordlnal. F19. 480•.. . ... 35
Fig. 460. Bier·

"Inol c:roch.n.
34b. Croch... of proleqa UQ1orcllnal. FlQ. 461 . ........ 38
F'g. 461 . Un'.

ordlna' croctwt..
163
HOW TO DOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
asa. 3 oc.m QlI'CIDQed c:loHly toqether. IIIIOI'e widely uparated. hom

the other em.. FIt,r. 462. •.•....•...•... FamIly OECOPHORIDAE
The caterpillar. uwally live in

web. or rolled leav... One apecie.
ill deatructive to parsnips.
35b. Oc:.W .Teuly ~c:ed. FIt,r. 463. • • ..••. .• . Family GELECHIIDAE

The larva.e pictured here ill
a wid ly diIItrlbuted and .....
loua put of cotton. It made
ita first appeardDce in our
....y......
'1". 463. Pink bollworm, Pec:tt...,....
ISoundenl. country in 1917.
38a. S.ta. w on 8th abdominal .8QDlent uaually plac:ed Juat abaTe

cmd alJqhtly before the apIn:u:l••
FIt,r. 484. .......................... Family GLYPHlPTEllYGJDAE
Thill family includ • about 5SO known apecie.,

largely oriental. The habita of the caterpillar.
are cown as leaf roller.. leaf a1teleton.!zers,
leaf miners. stem borer. and some live on webs.
Fig. 464. 0 , Appl, and
I h a r n .kel.toniHf.
""thoplllhi per I • " •
I Ct.r~kl ; b, "'01 mop
of 81'" obdomlnol Jell-
monl .
38b. Seta. W em 8th abdominal Hr,pDeDt usually placecl abo.. and

behlnd the aplracl•• FIt,r. 485•.....•... FamIly BLASTOBASlDAE
Some larvae are known as

borerI in nuta. IIOme lICOVen-
G
d. g.... and some are preda·
Fog. 'I6S . V.. . . ....4..... Riley : 0 ,

ocorn with a halo; b, caterpillar In acom;
cloua on 1CCIl.bued:.s.
c. Mod ond I~ d , on abdom,nal MIt-

lMI\t.
16«
BOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
310. Presplracular wart on prothorax with 3 •• ta••

F1Q. 466. . ... . .... . . .. .. FamDy YPONOMEUTIDAE
Fig 466. S.,o l

mop of Pf13thor
0• .
3Th. Prespirucular wart on prothorax with 2 •• ta.. .. ~ . . .. ........ . 38
38a. Tub.rcle vii on me.o- and metathorax with 2 •• ta.. . ........ . 39
SSb. Tubercle 'riI on melo- and melathorax with 1 •• ta.
Fl9. 467 . ... . ... ... ...... . ..... .. .......... Family NOCTUIDAI!
About 20.000 .peel • bav. been
deacribod. The caterpillarl are
commonly !mown a. armyworm.,
cutworm., etc. Ni9ht ia their
uaual feeding tlme. but wben
very numerous tbey often .pread
out during the day al well. Some
feed on seed. and some 018 110m
borer. while th great malorlty
c O1e follage f.edera. They O1e no-
FlO. -467 . 0, 5.101 mop of mftDthoro>r; tOlloue pe.te of agricultural crop• .
"........ .,,,,1._,.,1.,.",.
"'J Tomato fruitworm, or corn eorworm, The com earworm, iielJothl. arml·
oPted eutwo"'!'{
( !-ibn. ); C, \'or.-
",.r•• rlt... geTa (Hubner) ia a coamopollian
lHoworthl . lv.S.O.A.)
pe.t.
390. Setae mlnute: tuberel. reduced to oblCW'e rin9l1 head uaually
wid.: prol~ reduced. Flq. 468 • . .... .... . Family THYATmIDAE
The larvae 01 thla Imall family are
lpanworrn. traveling like the gaom.
trids. Th re are known aa the b autiful
mining mothl, the "beauty" belonqlnq
to the adulta. Tho naked caterpUlar.
10m time. Uve qreqarloualy in web.,
They pupate in a cocoon.
39b. Setae heaTY, cWnosl alwaya .pblwOHI with ConaplCUOUI f.ub.
.rcl..... . ... , ......... . .... . ... .. . ... .. •. . .. ... .... . ....... 40
tOa. Tubercle Iii ot abdomen. with 2 .etae.
Flq. 489. . ........ . . ... ..... . Subfamlly LlthosUua.. ABCTIJDAE
The caterpmar. po.....
hain which axe much reduced in the
tufted
1081 inllar. Th.Ia .ubfcnnily include I

about 50 North American .peele• .
Flo- 169. 0eeIItIe ......... The caterpillar. teed. upon liehen.a.
ISS
4Gb. Tub.rcle Ui of abdomen wUh 1 .eta.

f'I9. 470. . ..... ....... ........... (VtetheJda) Family ARCTIIDAE
The caterpillars of this family are cov-
ered with denae tufted hair. often reddiab-
brown and black. When disturbed they
often curl into a compact mau and are
called woolly bear. or hedge bog cater-
pillars. The cocoon are mad of.Uk and
fig. 04'0. fall .... .-m. Hy- the no-langer-needed body bairs. They
phal)1,1a c....- (Orutyl. feed upon a wide variety of planta. The
.u.s.D..... ' fall webworm. Hyphantria CUZlea (Drury)
Uvea gregarioualy in webs.
41a. L... than 4 pain of abdomlnal proleqs; sometim.. anal proleqs
reduced. f'I9. 471 . . ...... ... ........ - ... FamUy GEOMETRIDAE
About 2.000 species have been d.
scribed. The caterpillar. are called
looper.. measuring worms. aT span-
worms becauae of their methods of lo-
comotion. They feed chiefly on Uving
~411 . PeIMcrif8 ......... plant. but a few ar able to lIUbsi.t
upon dry vegetable matter.
4lb. 4 pairs of abdominal proleQ1l or more. . .... ........ . .... . ... 42
(20. Crochets on pro1eQ1l unJordlnal.

f'I9. 472. .................... . ... . .......... . 43
FIg. 0412. Unl-

ardjnal croc .... t ..
a.. b
~ ~ croct.ta: b.
(Sa. Warts rucilmctary or abMDt. or obeeured by HCanclary hcdn.._"
4Sb. At l.a.t wart 'fi (wbnatral) maD)' bCl:lNci aDd ~tlncb .ooDCf..
Grf Iacdn IIparM or aheeDt abon prol~ ................ _.. 41
166
"a. Anal plate bUurcated: bead l"OU;hly pap1l1oae; 3rd oceUu. " ery
Imve. FIg. 4n. ..................... ... ... Fcmilly SATYRIOAE
About 60 d scribed .peele. are r.
corded in North AmerlCQ. The cat rpll.
lara chiefly live on grauel and cereala.
The rice butterfly, MeJanltis Iltda (L.), ie
FlO. '17" . 0..... Ift.cellllil Edw. 11 pellt of rice. barley, bamboo and luqar
cane in Asia.
4-lb. Anal plate Simple: bead smoother: 3ni oceUIlS rarely much en·
lcuqed. .. . . . .. .. .. ......•. .•. . . .. •.. ...•• .. .. .. .. . .... .. .... 45
4Sa. Splracl.. elllptlcal. lcuq-er: pl"Olegl .bort. • .. ................. 46
45b. Spiracle. clrcular. smaU: pl"Ol~ .lender. more or I. . . .tem·Uke.

with expanded planta, FlQ. 475. . .... . FamJly PTEBOPHORmJlE
More than 350 apeelea have
been described. Moat larvao are
.tom borerl and leaf roll r• . Some
are of economJc importance a.
pelt. of ornam nlal plant. and
agricultural crope. The adulll are
the plume molhl 10 named be-
cauae of their finel y .pUt winga.
". :T' :
46a. Body with d.DH .ec:oDdary ..Iae.

FlQ. 476. ..... . . . . .• ... .. ... .. . . ....•.• •. ...••. 47
"!f,_ r ....
Fig. '1 '6. A body
MOment ahowfnQ
tM primary Hl oe
QndH<~ry ...
loe.
4Bb. Sec:ondary ..u.. ..err IpCII'H or absent ahoY. PM181J*1 wfth

almple ..tae ,a r a ~ ~ •• .•.••.. , . . • •••• • ••••.•• 41
181
HOW TO KNOW mE IMMAl'UBE INSECTS
47a. Notch of labrum dHP. with parall.l aid.., anal proleq. CIa larQ'.
aa ath....' with wartl. mot. or 1... OT.r:sbadowed by th. HCOlId·
cry haira. Fiq. 477 ... . . ........... . ...... .. . A tew NOCTtlIDAE
Thia family of owlet motba is an
exceedingly important one. econom-
ically. Cutworma hide in the earth
of gardens. cultivated fielda. etc.. by
day and come out at night to cut
oU young plants at ground level.
The corn earworm not only cauee.
Fig. 417. (I, Corn earworM ".m.·
thll .,...1..... ! Hbn.) ; b, cutwor",.
beavy losll by feeding at the tips of
the maturing ears of corn but alao
I ......ualileri. Grot • . (U.s.D." . )
tunnels into tomatoes.
47b. Notch of labrum acute. with COIlTOl'9.nt .Jd..: anal proletp much
r.duced and not \lied; wartl rudim.ntary and dominated by a
slnql. halr (Melalopha} or absent (DatanaJ.
Flq. 418. . . .. . . .. .... ... . . . . . _...•. _. .. Fcan1ly NOTODONTIDAE
The.. caterpillars are qregarious, and
po.. often with the anterior and posterior
enda raised into the air and attached only
by median proleq.a. They frequently
po..... dorsal humps or tubercles on the
body and are often brightly colored. Their
Fig. "78. V.llow· necklld co· chief feed la the leaves of deciduoUl
, ..pl Uor, Dote". ftIlll\IItf. tr....
(Drury) .
(Sa. Tub.rcl. iv at about th. .am. lev.l on abdominal leqznenta 6th.

7th and 8th. Fiq. U9 • • .. ... . .. . .. . (Dca) Famlly LYMANTllIIDAE
Thla fcan1ly include. many destruc-
tive species. The gypsy moth. Porth.
tria dLspar (t .) and ilie brown-tall moili,
NygmJa pbaeorrhoea (Donovan) may 0c-
cur in such large number CIS to com-
:!to"79. " .... _ " " ... YOtwte pletely OV8UUD and defoliate lorq.
areaa of tree..
(ab. Tub.rd. iT of 7th. abdominal s89Jll.nl much lower than on oth_
••qm.nta: anal pro14t9S mOM or 1... reduced or moc:Ufled.
Fl9. '80. . ....... . ..... - .. - .. . - . . • . . .... Most NOTODONTIDAB
The caterpillar here pichlred is a
up,," moth". They never fall to attract
attention. The backward projec:tiDq
par1a are anal tubeL Thla aped ieeda
on the leavea of' the wilIo" family.
flo. 410. c - ....... (LI
168
esa. With e"enibl. mJd.donal olands on 2nci abclOlDhlal HQm t.

Ffq. e.81. ...••.• . .•... • • .. • . • ••. •.•• .. . •FCDnIly LYMANTBIIDAE
The caterpWan of th1e compara-
tively -=alI famlly are u.ually
clothed with 10119 bair·Uke ICClle.
which are often Itlnq produc:l.ng.
Fig. -48 1. NotolOllhus ant .q.... L
They 'Mll on the follage of fw..t
!u.S.D."") . u....
4Bb. No n.ndbl. mkl-ciol'llal Qlcmda. ..... . . . ...... . ............. . 50
SOC. Splrac1.. d.rcular. amalL . ............. FamDy PTEBOPHOBIDAE
SOb. Sp1racl.. ell1ptlcal. normal In alae. .. .... .... ................ 51
SIc. Wart Of . .la I... much low.r on 7th abclomhlal

leqment. or abnnt.
flq. 482. .. .... .. .......... Family NOCTUIDAE
Fig. -482 S.tQI
mop or 6111. 1111
on d 811. 00·
domlno l MO'
menl • .
Sib. Wart or I.ta l... about the 1.....1 on 7th abclomlnal leQDlent as on
the 8th and 8th. .. .. ... .. . .. . .... .... ...... Famlly ARCTlIDAE
52a. Body without notlceable neonciary ha1ra: with not more than 8
ha1ra on each pro.t.cJ•. .. . .. . •.. ... . (E,JunfaJ FamUy ETHMIlDAE
52b. Body With numeroua lec:onciary ludn. at lealt 011 the prol.. . S3
53c. Seta. ....ry lrreQu.lar In 1.D.Qth. 10m. t.n tim.. (II lonq as the
oth.ra: with obacur. warb. at lealt In the ecrUer Itaq.., 10m.
tim.. pl'O'ric:led with acc:d.Uk. hcdn.
Flq.483 • . .. .. .. . • . . . . ... .. . .. ..... . .. FamDy LJlBI()c~IDAE
About 1.355 .ped.. have bMn
1Cribed. The ccmterpillar. pol>
.... long hair. and are brightly
colored. They !lYe In for..,ed
ar.aa and orchard.l and f .
011 the foliaq" of Vculoua tr....
Th. tent caterpillar•• MalacolO-
me IPP. occ:ur ill large 1l~I1
and lie In webs. The Synan
~ -4Il. ..... tIT.. _ _ _. . aUkworm. Paclrypcna 01111 Dru-
ry belonqiDq here was reared.
for ita aUk by the Green and Bomau.
188
5Gb. s.aa. aubequal or sam.l1m.. with ..ta. and proadneDt wam

and spin..... ........ . ............................. . ... .... 54
54a. 8th abclom1Dal HqJJleDt with a donal horn. or plate,
or tub.rcl.. . . .•....... ........................ .. ......•..... 55
64b. 8th abdominal HQJDc\ without a dorsal horn. or plate.
or tubercl•• ••••............................................. 58
SSa. Body with numerou brcmchlnQ spin.. or enlarQed tub.rd... ... 56
!i5b. Body with at most 2 pairs of amall .pln.. on thorax. .......... 57
SSa. Head antJUlated or .plned donally. or abdomen with .eTeral mid·
dorsal spin..: croch.ts of pl'Oleqa uaually triord1Dal.
Flq. 484. ............................... Family NYMPHALIDAE
~B" . 0 , ' •• ',-,ch'- IlIty.MJI Fob :; b, V . _ ....
About 4.000 apeciel have been delC'.ribed. The caterpillar. are

usually spiny but lOme are nale d. The c:hryaallsea are suapended by
the aemaet r and the head 11 held downwards. They are often mark·
ed with .nver or gold omamentation&. Th. adults are butterflies.
S6b. Head found4Ml; crochets blord1Dal.
FlQ 485• .... " ...... .................•.• FamIly SATUllNIIDAE
The caterpUlara ehielly
.feed on broad-leaved d.
clduou. and evergreen
trees. They are called
giant or wild ailkwonna.
No 1... than 30 aped.. In
oriental Asia are able to
~~. 0, s...... cec...... L; b, 0 ptoleg witt. produce umble .nit.
67a. 88tJ1ilcts with 8 or 8 cmnweta; plOleqa not widely aepaMted.
FlQ. "8••.•...•.•..•.•••....•.•..••....•. Family SPBINGIDAE
About 900 apedes have been
ducrlbed. The c:aterpillarl are
called hornworma becaUM 01 the
pruence of a hom·like proceu on
the 8th abdominal aegment Some
l~ aaume grotllllqUe attitudes
which are thouqht to be reapon-
libl. for tU name "aphinx moth"
or "~ cc:d _pIDa r".
110
51b. s.qment. with 2 or :I aDieu... <mnulet.z prol~ widely .eparated.

Fiq. 487 .. ................................ Family BOMBYCIDAE
The ChJnele II.lkwonn. Bomby.
marl L. i. an Important beneUdal 111•
• ct which haa been dom IUcated
for more than 2.000 year.. It waa
Fig . • 0487. Chi".. Silkworm. ...... e.t!mated about '70 mUlion pouncUt
.Y" ... WI L of raw IUk are produced each year.
SSc. Head elnated. bicm9U1ar _. .. , ... (Lopata) Famlly SPHlNGIDAE
58b. Head not 10. . ...............•...•.....•••• •...•••• . ..• . • •. • 59
59cs. Crochet. on pro1elll lorm.lnq an emp.e. at malt narrowly Inle,-

rupted. FiQ. 488. . ................... . .... Fczm1ly HESPERlIDAE
About 3,000 lpecl.. have been d.
ICrlbed. The head of the caterpUlar. 1.
much larger than It. prothorax which
fonna a narrow "neclt" and malte.
them readily recoqnized. It. body 18
wide.t at middle and tapering toward
Fig. 488. 1,.,.,,- tltyrvs FOb. both encUt. They I1v. expo.ed on plant.
or within roll.d and webbed l.av••.
They feed chiefly on cereala and qraa.
e.. The adult. are Imown aa Ildpp41r•.
5Sb. Crochell urrcmqed In on. band, occaalona11y Interrupted. or
rarely formlnq 2 .eparoled~. ................... . ....... 80
60a. BancUt of aoch.lI on prol89' reduced or Interrupted at mlddla
and with a narrow .patuJate. f,..hly lob. arlalnq near the Inter-
rupUon. Fiq. '89. ... . .................... Family LYCAENIDAE
Th. caterplilarl are largely phytophagoUi and of·

ten found on lequminoUi plant.. Some are predacl-
CUI and feed on aca1.in..ct. and other homopteroua
nympha. A few are myrmecophiioul. The' body 11
ab.ort and broad, .lug·like and the head 18 amaller
and narrower them the body.
lOb. .~ with band of c:rocheta CODliDv.oua, without a o..by 10M

IMMII' . . ~ •••••••••••••••••.•• •• • , .••• ••••••••• •••••• ••
171
61a. Dorsum of profborax becutnO em eTers1ble. fortt.d acent 9lemcL

When th. qlcmd 18 retract.cl cr lrcm.....rH oroon 18 ntYeal.cl:
body not hairy or .pmy. but som.tim.. with O-.hy tilam.nla.
FIq. 490. ........... ... . . ............... Family PAPILIONlDAE
About 800 apecies have been d.
1Crlbed. The caterpillars feed on
a number of plants, but chiefly
on Citrus and UmbellUerae. The
thorax 01 the larva is usually en·
larged. and sometimes possesses
two eyeapots. A protruaible scent
gland on the dorsum which 1&
called o.smeterium- is often pr.
sent and is ejected when the ca·
terpillar is disturbed. The adults
are th. swallowtail butterflies.
61b. Not UI 610• ................... . ....... .. ... . . ........... . .. 62
620. H.ad ernd body entir.ly without .pin... hIQh tubercl••• or Oeshy
JUam.Dta. .... .. ...... .. ........... . . ........ . .. .... ... . .... 63
62b. Body with .pin". hIQh tub.rcl... or O.ahy JUam.ula. ......... 65
63a. Anal plat. .nltr.. rolUldecL ........... ...................... (l'
63b. Anal plat. blfurc:at. at tip. bearlnQ 2 c:Uslinct proc ......

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family SATYBIDAE
6.a. Head appar.ntly lar;.r than proth.orax. •. Family NYMPHALJDAE
64b. KWld amalI.r than pro thorax. Fig. '91 • ....•.. . . FamJly PIERIDAE
Abou I 1.D00 .pede. have
been deac:ribed. The caterpU,
lara f d on many kinds of
plant. but are e.pecially loud
of ca!:lbaqes and other crucifer,
oua crop•. The cabbage butter-
fly. Pieris rapae (L.) ia a co.
mopolilan epeeies and the rape
butterfly. Pi ris napi (1.. ) is also
commoll 10 both Europe and
North .America.
172
HOW TO KNOW mE IMMATURE INSECTS
6Sa. Meaothorax cmd .ometim. . .e...era! othef .~enta bearl.Dq Oeah,

WameDt&. 1'19. 491. ......................... Famlly DANAIDAB
The caterpUlara chiaO,
fMd on m111nreed.. The
monarch butt.,ly, Dan-
au! plulppus (L.) la near-
ly a coanopoUtcm .pec1...
Fig. "92. ~"'IIS ......1.,.. L.
It. caterpWar la black cmd
yellow. The chryaa.U. II
pale tp'MD cmd lrlducenl
85b. Body without OMby filament&. ..• . •••.. . ramOy NYMPHALJI)AE
Key to the PUPAE of the more important famili ••

of LEPI DOPTERA
(ChieOy from E. Moaher, 1916)
lao With func:tloDal mcmdlbl.. c:rou1nq III bont 01 head.
Flq. 493••• • •••• Fam1l1e. MlCBOPTEBYGIDAB & EBIOCBANJII)AB
The pupcrt10n of Microptwycpdae tak.. ptac.

In a denae, parc:lunent.l1b cocoon. pupa- n.
tion of Eriocranl1dae lakes place In a touqh
cocoon In the tp'ound. The pupa UNa Ita large
mandlblu to cut Ita way out of th, cocoon cmd
to dlq up to the lUrlace.
Of lDd1caled ODly aa amall tuberclea

Lbo Without functional mcmdlbl...
OI~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2.a. ,lit abd....,nal MfJIUIlt moYable OIl the 3rdJ or appeDda;_ I:ree
trom .ach other. • • .•• •••••.•.• .•...........•......•..••.•...• 3
Ib. 4th abdcmlnoJ NQIUIlt IIPd to 3rclJ appeDda;_ faMd to eadt

oe... ....................................................... 11
113
HOW TO mow THE IMMATURE lNSECTS
Sa. Mcad1lcay palpl p1'MIIZlt.

ttom maxfllae by a autuN.
F1q.484 ............................ ..
Fig. 494. Cephalic a.pee;! of

heocI and thorox.
311. Ma:x:S1lcay palpl abHDL •.•••..•••.••.••..........•.•.......•. 11
k. Donam of abdomllD pJO't'lclecl wUh an••piIl... but Dot arraDqecl

III rowa. .•••.•....•...•........••........•.•... .. .•.. . .......• 5
.&11. Th. ant.rIor eclq. of aom. abdomlllal Nqmenta COy.reel with a row
of !IpID... lIOm.tim.. with a HC:ODd po.terlo.r row of apia... . .... ,
Sa. Maxtllary palpl extendlaq GIl a bcmc:l alcmq po.tfllor IDCIf9ID of

. ,... (1M FIq. 497). • ......................................... .
Sb. MaId11ary palpl DOt at.cIlaQ a10aq po.tulor IDCIIQiD of .,....

"'. 4~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••. ••• Jl ..., ClIUl~JU!
Hlbematlon taku plac. e1the Ia adult afag.

or 1n pupal ataq.. When Ia pupal staq., the
adult la ...n dAn-e10ped. lnalde.
Mo,. than 300 1peCl.. 01 the qenu pictured
are moWD. Many of t!wn are h1qbly ItCOD01D1c.
, Q. 495. 0, LItIte-
. .1Iet1l ..... ~.
ft,..... ..,....tIMftf.
III Clem,,,,; b, Uftw..
IIICI_~ .
HOW TO mow THE IMMATURE It.'SECTS
Sa. SpJtacl4N of l.t crbdomillal .eqm.nt C'O'NM by wtnQ'L
Flq. 496. . .. .. ... . ... . . . . ....... . ... . .•. FamUy INCURVARDDAE
Pupation take. place in a .mcen coc::oon at the

mouth of the larval burrow.
FIg. 496. , ...

"'.Q ",,11,,1'''''
, ......11.. Cham .
ab. Splzacl.. of 1.1 abdomillal M9Dlent .xpoII.cL

FIQ. 497. . .... . .......... . ..... . ........ . FamUy NEPTICULJDAE
When the larva t. full-qrown II

drope 10 the qround and .pinl a dellM
nallened .meen cocoon wltn1n the rub-
blah or on the .urface of the .au.
'Ia.
C*'*-
497 'f':H.,..n.. ,........
.: o. c:IonoI QIPeCt;
b • ....,tro a.pect.
70. Mlddl. abdominal .eQmenta• .ac:h with 2 row. of .pin... ....... 8
1h. MIddle abdominal MQmenta• .ac:h with 1 row of splo ... ...... . 10
8a. Cremaaler ahnnt. or lnd1cated oaly by a tufl of .pin.., anal rIa.
wlthout~... FIq. 498• ... . ........ . • .. ... FamJly AEGERIJDAE
Pupat:1on tak.. pla.ee in the tunn.l wh1ch Sa mac!.

by the larva.
TblII t. a comparati....ly .maD famUy. The.pea.
pictured llv.. on Wac and ash.
..... .,..._ .
flO. 498. " "
(HolT.) ~-.
116
8b. Cr.mCZlt.r wen deYelop.cL 'ol"ll1lnq a defla1te proe_: or anal

rtae with Ipin... . .......... ...... ... .. ... . .. . ........ . . .. .. . .. 9
Sa. Laat abdominal aeqment with a qroup of anqWar nodul...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family PHALONDDAE
9b. Laat abdominal aeqDleDt with ..tae only.
Flq. '99. ... ... .. ......................... FamOy TOBTBIClDAE
Pupation takea place in rolled leavea or on

the baric of the bo.t plant. Some Ipin COCOOnA
which are attached to other objectA or put with·
in d.bria.
"'g. "99. &..1,.,.__

h l t . I t _... CI .....
• ns : a , donal 0Spect;
b( . "",'ral aspect.
l u .S.O.A. )
lOa. Notwn of meaothorax prolonqed into a lonq lobe.
Flq. SOO. . .... ...... ....... .. . ..... FamOy GLYPHIPTEBYGIDAE
Th. lnformatlon of the pupae of tha famUy 18 very

limited.
.....,.....
"0. 500. Afl.
~
lllb. Notwn of meeothorme not prolonqed into a lonq lobe.

Flq. SOl • •................... ......... .....•. . FamOy ~Jl£
Pupatfon tak.. place in a .nbn cocoon or Jan-al

caM.
116
Ila. Donal head·p1~. much 10nq.r them the proth.orax.

(S•• FIq. 502). . .. .. . .................... .. .. . .............. . 12
lib. Donal h.ad-pi.c. nol lonq.r them the prothorax. . .... .. .... . 15
12a. 4th abdominal leqm.nl u.. from 3rd; ant.nna. and bind leqa
not lD aub.qual lenqth. .,',', ....... ",'" .. ,.,,',.,'," .... 13
12b. 4th abdominal leqm.nl riqidly faat.ned to 3rd; ant.nna. and

~d leqa lubequal lD l.nqth. . , ., ..... ,., """""""" " . 14
13a. Labial palpl viaJbl.. Flq. 502. . ... , ... ,," Fam1ly TISCHERUDAE
The early Itag.1 are leaf·miDerl. Pupation takel

place in the Spring III the larval miD • .
Fill, 502, Til ...•

........ 11,.11....
Clem..,.. t
lab. Lt-tblal palpl lD-Nlbl.. Flq. 503. "' ... " .. Fam1ly LYONETllDAE
Pupation tab. plac. in 0
cocoon which formed on the
leaf under two bandJI of
aUk, or la IOm.Um.. naked
and .w.tpended by a few
aUk tbreadJI to a b.nt leaf.
14a. 3rd to 7th abdominal uqmenta each with 2 deep punctur.. at
the ant.dor mc:aqtn uar the mld-d.ortal llD.: 7th 10nq.r than 8th
to lOth toqether. . ......... . ....... .lPhyIJocm.,,,, LYONETIlDAE
14b. Not so. . • ............ .............. ... FCDDIly GRAClIJUUl1)AE
15a. Cnrmaatllt with a dlstlDct .tem. .. (P.ron.a) TOBTRlClDAE
15)). Cremaalet withollt a .t..m.. Ita .h oob attached 10 body. ........ 18
18a. lat abdomInal aplrad.. lD.taIbl.: donal apm.. or ..to. arranq~

iD t:ran.'t'ene rows. ...........................•............. . 17
111
HOW TO DOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
lIb. lit ubdomJDal tlphacl.. mlbl.J dotaal aptn.. or I.ta. lrreQUlar.

FI9. 504. ........................... .. .. Fdm.Uy LIMACODIDAE
Pupation talc.. place In a IUlOOth .mten cocoon

which 1a attached to the hoat plant.
Fig. 504 ..1l1c'"

chlorll. 141 .
170. M••othorax 1... than twic. at lonq at m.tathoraxJ maxilla.

quadranqular. w1cl.ly ••parated. FI9. 50S •. . FamUy HEP1ALIDAE
The pupa 1a lIend.l. fittfnq the

larval burrow. Ita mandible. are
rudimentary. but Ib.arply defined.
Before emerq nC1l. the pupa lecrv..
the larval burrow.
flO . 505. Sthln.,11 thll" Slltr.

a. v.nt,ol o'l)4Ict; b. lolerol otpect.
17b. M..othorax more than twice at lonq aa metathoraxJ maxilla.

10nQ1tudlnal. ••.•.... . ..........•....•.•.....•....•..... . ... 18
11a. 3rd abdominal I4I9JD.nt mo'n1bl. on bdJ abdomlnal .eomenta
with an anterior row of .pln.. and a po.terlor row of ••fae.
Flq. 506. . ..•............................. .. Family PSYCHIDAE
Th. pupation tab. place In the larval bag attach-

Ing to the hoat plant. Th. aped.. pictured 1a the
mc»1 comtnon on. of ita family In OIU country. The
family la Cl fairly larqe on• .
178
l8b. 3rd abdominal nqment fixed OD hdl abdominal 'eqmenta wltb

both rows of apin... f'l9. 507 . ............... Famlly CO SIDA!
The pupal .taqe pa.uel in the burrow whIch waa

made by the larva.
Thla, our moat important ap4tcl.., waa introduced
from Europe and inf..ta maDY aped.. of tz....
I lg. 507. leo·

pard moth, X....
• _~",... l.. cf
19a. Labrum with 3 lob.. (pWfera dlatinct).

f'l9. 508. . ......................... . .. . .. 20
19b. Labrum almpl. or bUobed (pUUera ab.ent). . ...... " ......... ,28
2Oa. Maxillary palpl preaent. (See f'l9. 509). .., ................ ,., 21
lOb. Maxillary palpl wantinq. . .... , ........................... . . 12
Ila. Eplcrcm1al autuH wcmtinql no deep dorac:d qroon between 8th

and lOth abdominal leqmenta, 8th abdominal aeqment free 011
7th in mal•. ....................... (AUeya) YPONOMEUTIDAE
lib. EpkraD1al autut. dlallDct at aldea; or witb a de.p donal qrooy.

between 9th cmd lOth abdominal MqDl.ntal 8th abdominal aeq-
ment fixed on 7th m both aex... Flq. 509. .. FamUy PYRALIDIDAE
Pupation takee place in .,arloua ways: aome apin

COCOOZUI in cYad leav.. or under rubbLlb. The
aquatic apectea apend th.1r pupal .t09. in a cc>
coon beneath the IlUIface of th. water.
178
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATUHE INSECTS
220. With 0 deep clonal qroo...e betw..n 9th and 10th abdominal seq-
met.. ................ . Subfcan1ly Eplpasdilinae. PYRALIDIDAE
22b. Not so. . ................................................. _. 23
230. Prothorac1c femur UPOS~I anteJUlae not swollen.

FlQ. 510. ............................. Fcan1ly PTEBOPBOlUDAE
Pupae usually .u.pend themaelve. by their tail

on th host plant.
They are often spiny. The adulta have divided
win~
Fig. 510. rt_·

,...,... t,",,,hIe.-
.,.... FItch.
23b. Prothoraclc: femur coocealecl: antenna. lIWol1~. . ...........•. 24
Ua. MaxWoe In contact with ey..: tip of mouth purta beyond tip of
wtnqal pupa uaually In 0 c:ocoon.
FL;. 511 • ................................. Fcan1ly ~EEUDOAE
Pupa 18 rounded. .u.pended by a y ..baped girth

in a cocoon.
Thill family has some 3000 known aped_ IIOme of
which. are economic.
...........
flo. $11. c.t-
Cr.
t4b. MCDdllo. . .pa:rated bQID ey..: tip of mouth parts DOt beyond tip
·01 wiD".: pupa usually expoeecl. ............................ 2$
180
250. Pupa normally eJq>Oled.. rarely lD cocoon; muothoraclc 1 .

r.ctc:hlnq forward to .y... Flq. Silt• ... .• FQXD1ly NYMPHALIDA.E
Pupa sulpended by the taU or in a qlrded thin

cocoon. They are IIOm.tim.. dull colored bu.! aT.
often marked with IUver or gold.
f lQ. 51l. .......

ttI'_ ..."o...s..·
Ie CIe"*'lL. l!I .
leqa not reacblnq forward to .y... ..........................

2Sb. Pupa normally qtrcMd a1 middl., rarely ID cocoonl mellOthoraclc
26
26a. Boc:ly roWlded: ll10uth parts not reac:hlnq the tip of 'VriDqa.
FlQ. 513• .... . ..................... , ... , . • FQXD1ly LYCAENIDAE
The body of pupa fa thort. rounded and c:l.o Hly

girded. II fa Ulually smooth and amall. Our lmall..t
butt.nU.. belong to thta fcan1ly.
lib. Body elonqa1.: mouth paN reac:hlnq the Up of wtnqa. ., .... . 27
27a. Antenor bel of pupa wtth 2 polDta.

F19. 514. .' .. . " ............ . .......... . Fcan1ly PAPILIONlDAE
Pupa looaely girded and with two polnts at the an.

terior end.
Moet of the members of the family paM the wint«
ID. thLI atage.
181
21b. h.erior Rel of pu~ l'Jith 1 poIDL

FIq. 515•. .................. .......... •....•.. Fara.Ily PJER.II)AE
The ahape of pupa ill anqular ending in a ainqle

lpine and ill girded loolely. Many lpedes go through
. .VMal qeneratloM a year. makinq the pupal Itag.
, very lIbort.
Fig. 515. C.III·
4". ••• wllllle.
280:. Tip of fore w1Dqa far beyond thl poetlrior edCje of the 4th a]).
domJDal legmlnlJ prothoraclc femur exposed. ..... . . .. ....... 29
28b. Tip of for. wtnqll not beyond the post.rlor edq. of the 4th ab-
domJDal legmen': prothoractc femur concealed. .............. :)1
290:. MaxSllary and labial pulp! concealed; pupa without mo"able leo-
mRtlI. ••••.•.••.••...•....•••..•.•.•.... FamUy LYONETIIDAE
2Sb. MaxSllcrry and labial palpl exposedl with • ..,eral mo"abl. ab-
dominal legmcte. . ......................................... 30
30a. Caudal end of abdomen with lateral prollctloMI maxillary palpl
wantlDCj. FlCJ. 518•.. ..... .. ........ ... FamUy COLEOPHORIDAE
Pupation take. place in the larval CQH ordinarily

fastened on the hem: plant.
Fig. 514.
_ _ _11.,.rot·
c.....
"Riley.
lOb. Caudal eAd 01 abdom.n withoul lat.ral prolecUoMI max:lllary
palpl pr..enL f1q. 517•..... ... ...... Famlly YPONOMEOTIDAE
PupaU.on talt.. place in a cocoon which 11 epindl.

ahaped and au.pended in till lart'al web.
F~ SIl. Icy.
ttI,1e ......HIt·
... Z.eller.
182
HOW TO mow THE IMMATURE INSECTS
31a. Fore wb:Iqa U.lually extend1nq beyoud 4th abdomlDal leqmentl U

not. th.n the body d.pr...ed, antenna. adJacent ou th. mIddl.,
BrIt 4 abdominal leqm.ntl U.lually louO'.r than th. r.mcdnd "
.p1c::an1al IUture alway. pt•••nL ••.••••.........•.••..•... . 112
Sib. Fore wb:Iqa not .xt.ndlnq beyond 4th abdominal leqmenh U b.

yond. then the maxillary palpl n...r pr.lentl Urat 4 ab<lomlDal
leqmentl rarely lonqer than the I.mcdnd." ep1c:ranla.\ luture
rarely 'riaIbl.. . ........................ 0 •••••••••• 0 •••••••• 0 3
32a. Antenna. 4/ 5 as lonq as fore wtnqa. m.. tlaO' only at ap.1U labial
palpt dlatlact. ... 0(ScytluUJ YPONOMEUTlDAE
• 0 •••••• 0 •• 0 •••••
Sib. Ant.nna. reac:h1nq almost 10 the tlp of winqa. m •• tlaq at middle

and .omelSm.. dl.... romq at apexl labial palpl U.lually colleealedo
0 •• 0 •• 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33
3Sa. Ant.nna. Dot dly.rqlDq at apex. ••...•••..••...•.....•.•... 34
33b. Antennae dl....lQlDq at apex. ................................ 35
34a. Prothoraclc leql IOllqv than mouth

parta.
Fig. 518. 0." ...., •• h_cll.,..
FIq. 518. . • .. (EthmJaJ ETHMIIDAE
0. t.eer.
S5a. Fronto-clypeallNNre compl.t•• FIq. 518• •• Fam1ly GELECHIlDAE
Pupation tuk.. plac. in a lilken cocoon.

Th. famlly II a larQ'v on. with ..veral thouaand
lped.. and numerous 9 n.ta. Th. ..veral .ped..
of RfCUrVarJa min. within the needlel of the conlJer•.
The other aped.. pictured II a widely d.latrlbuled peat
of Itored 9l'alD. fHd1nq and pupatlllq within the 9l'aiM.
FiO. 519. 0 , Sprue:.
Ieot-",Iner, liN"' •
•• ,1. JkeII"
tc.orf. b I~
.. _ "Oliv.
(U.S.O.A.I
183
aSh. FrontO<lypeo:l wture obsolete lD middle.

Flq.520•. ............................. FamIly OECOPHOBlDAE
Pupatioq takes place in hollow Item, or larval web.

or Iolded leaves, varying dUferenUy with the larval
hablta.
The larvae are often case makera.
1'1;. 520. Cryp.

tolechlcl lI_d-
••Jle CltM,n•.
3Ga. Labial palpl exposed. laneeolal.. . .. .......................... 37
3Gb. Labial palpllnvialble or reduced to a amall area. ............. Cl
370. Body with ••eondary .etae (often m.lDute), Dol arranQed around
larval warla. Flq. 521 •....... ......... Family LASIOCAMPIDAE
Pupation take. place in a silken cocoon hidden In

debria or other obJecta. Both the' pupae and the eqgl
have a lmooth extedor. The nearly 30 members of
thiI genua do serious damage to freel.
3Th. Body with pJ1mary ..tae only. or with .etae around 1arTa1
warta• ... ........... ....... . ..... . ......................... 38
38a. Prothoracie femw expoaed. •.............•. . .•......•....... 39
38h. Prothoradc: · femw concealed. . .............................. co
3Sa. Tip of abdomen with a qroup of pyramldal points. ..tae obac:u.re:

muothorac:ic: l-oa touch1nq maxillary pa1p1: 5th abdom.lDa1 HC'l-
ment without Ip«ial rtdq.. ........... . {DlatraeaJ PYBALIDIDAE
16C
HOW TO 'KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
aSh. 'np of abdomen with a c:nm.aater or hookM eremaatral ..la.,

muothoraclc leqa not touchlnq mCDdllary palpl: 5th abdominal
U91D.nt with a .pedal ridq• • FIq. 521. . . .. . Family NOCTtJIl)AE
The pupal . taq. pc.ue. in varloua waya: tome

make loose COCOOlll in leana, aom. Rler the .aU
for pupation, many pupate under debm on the
aurloCit of the gtound.
The more than 20.000 1p8d.. of thia qreal famlly
vary .a wid.ly in als4I and habit. that anyth1n9 aa1d
aboul the famUy mual be of a general nature. Many
of the species are highly economic: and 8Om. of the
moal d..tructiV8 plant peeta fall in th1a gtoup. Any
collecting trip la likely to tum up acme of their
Fig. 522. ,.,.I~.
pupa• .
_ ....... Gn. ¥
'Oa.. Th. acan of lCD"Yal warta with ..ta. not ancmqecl In c:Irc1...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •FCIIDlly NOCTUlDAE
&Ob. Th. acan of larYal with ..ta. amDI.CJecl ID drclee.

FIq. 523• ••..•• . •..•..... .. ...•...••...• FCIIDlly LYMANTBDDAE
Pupation take. plac. In a .uken eoeoon which

la .amet1m.. mbed with body Htae.
Th. pupae of the wbite marked tuuoc:lt moth. h.re
taken aa an example 01 th. fGmily. are eaaIly located
elnce they are often wtapp4ld in (I dead l.af cttac:hed
to th. tr.. or otUr food pJanL The wln9leu ~ .
abr ~ aDd t.rtill.ratSon uaually ~ta he
, . eggs upon the cocoon and conn 1hem with a wblt.
coat which la weatherproof but wblch mak.. the
Flo· S2l. •
::;::t~A.
:=- whole a.-.znbJr mote c:on.eplc:uout.
ISS
HOW TO ICNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS
41a. MCZIdllarr palpl PNMDb OIl thorax cmd baH of abdomen with a
cr..tJ cremaster p,...t.
FJq. 524. • ......•.••....... Subfamily GallezUnae. PYBALIDWAE
The caterpillar. live ordinarily in the neata of bee.

and waapa. Th. bee motha or waxworma aom.time.
do ..rloua damaq.. in beehi....
The pupa. have
....eU·marked appendaq.. and are encloaed wltbin a
thick, touqh cocoon.
'10. 52... WOlC

moth, .......
........ fl .' ",
4lb. Not CIa 4la. •••• . •...•..................................... . 42

42a. Antennae club-ehapedJ cremaster wantlnq •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (OeDe") NYI.oIPHALIDAE
42b. Antennae not club-ehapedJ If 80. cremaster preeenL .......... 43
43a. The lan'al warts with .etae arrcmqed In drcl... . ............. 44
43b. The 1arTa1 warts with .. tae arrcmqed not In drcl... . ... . ..... 41
44a. Antennae NGchlnq beyond the half of fo,. wlnqa. ••.•.•...... 45
44b. AnteDDCIe reac:hlDq 1... than half of fore wlnqa.
•.•• ••••...••••..••••••.......•...••.... A fe.... LYMANTRIIDAE
"a. Cremaster as lODq CIa tth and 10th abdomhlal MqIIleata toqethen
with hooked ..ea.. ......... SuhfamUy Panthelnae. NOCTOlDU
Ub. Cremaster If prMeDt. tha abd.omen with. flanqed plat...
f\q. 525• •••••.••.••• . .••••••••.••••.•••.••• FamUr }UR~AE
The cocoon la uaually tormed by coar.. aUk and

larval body ha1ra. n. pupation taa. place moetlr
under l.a..... or witbin debrla on the qround.
The pupa mown h.,. co.~ from the nry c0m-
mon brick·red and black "bcmd.d woolly bear" catc-
pillar ao much in mdeace in the Fall.
'lo. 525. ....
....... 1.&. 1\.
4Sa. Body with secondary ••ta.. . . ... . .. ....................... .. ,

46b. Body with primary . e'ae 01' non.. . ...... .... . ............... 48
47a. Body with !'ath.r coars• • ahort . econdary • • Ia.: camasl., rudJ.
m.ntary. FlQ. 526. . . . •. . ............. . ... FamIly BOMBYC1l>AE
Pupation takes place in whlte or yellow thJelc

silken cocoon. The Chinese slllcworm yields 70 mil·
lion pounds of raw ailk annually.
Fig. 526. 10M-

.,. IOMOri L
4Th. Body with 6ft., 80ft .econdary . eta., cremast.r well d.y.loped.
FlCiJ- 527 •••.. ..... . .................. . FamIly NOTODONT1l>AE
The pupa II often naked and protected by an earth-

en ceU. Other specie. spin a .canty cocoon which
frequently contains some of the debrt. In which It II
placed.
Fig. 527. ...."•

....14141 aoll..,·
IlId Pad<..
CSa. Antenna. not pec:1lnat.: aptrac:ular furrows otten prMent, lroSlto-

c:1ypeal IJUture diatlnc:t at enda. .. ........ ... ....... . ........ 49
CSb. Antenna. pKtSDat.: Iplracular furrowa rare-ly pr...nb iroDto-
c:1ypeal 1JUta.re wan.UDQ. FlcJ. 528••.. . ..• •Family SATURNIIDAE
Pupation take. place 1D deDH atlkon eo-

COOM w hich have been utilized for IIllk by
mc;m.
181
Ua. ADtMUlae unally Worm. the QNCIlect wklth rarely qreatu them
that 01 the prothoraclc: l~ If 9l'eater. then c::remaater alway.
preHDts anlezma. n ....u more them % the leDqth of wtDqs: . .
crcmIal nhlre alway1l wantlDq; ICCIl 01 donal hom 01 8th abdom-
lDal Mqment aaually preeeDts labtal palpl n .....r 'risIbl••
FIQ. 529•. .••••••••.••• .. • . •••••.••••...... Fam1ly SPHINGIDAE
Pupation tak.. place in the ground in

an earthen cell which ia made by the
.oU and the body fluld. A few sped...
,. ...t.
FlO. 5'29. Tabocco hornworm
....',oto,.,c. ()0I>0".:
pupate on the aurlace of the ground in a
aimpl. cocoon compaNd of leave. faaten·
ed with aUIt.
cab. ADteDllae UlNally brooder n.al the proxhnal enet their cp'eOI. .t
wtdth \&aually 9l'eater than that of the p1'Othoradc: leqa; antenna.
uaually more than % leDqth of wtDqs. If Dot. then epIcranlal au-
lure Sa preHnt. or the cremoat.r Sa wantinQ. or If preunt th.n bi-
furcat. at the dlatal end or beorinQ hooked ..tae: dorsum of ab-
domen uaually with a dHp qrooy. between 9th and lOth abdom·
Inal Mqmenta; ICCIl 01 donal hom of 8th abdominal aec;pn.llt n .....r
pr...nh labial palpl .om.tIm.. 'risIbl.. . ..................... 50
SOa. MaxWa. \&aually more them 3/ 5 lenqth of wlnQSJ If not. then the
caudal end of body with hooked .. ta..
or ani abdomlnal aplracl.
concealed by wlnqs; prothoradc: femur often expoaed: a deep
funow uaually pr.aent on the donrum of abdomen between the
9th and lOth HQ1D.nta. }1q. 530. ........ Famlly GEOMETRIDAE
Pupation tak.. place in the .011 with or without a

aUk n coooon.
Th1a rather large family includ.. .om. :1.000 ape-
d... many of which are well known.
.... ,"... .
fig . 530
Moach.
.....
SOb. MaxWae Mldom more than 3/ 5 IIlD4lh of wtnQs; If .0. then the
~tetlor mcrrqtD of mMOtborax with a row of deep pi" or entU.
body punctat.; 3ni abdominal .prade n ....., ccmcealed by wtuQS;
P1'Othorac:lc fenuu De.,.., apoeecU c::remaat., T.uapecl
" .•••••••.••••.••••••••••.•••..•• FamIly l'fOTODONTIDAE
188
ORDER DIPTERA
Key to the LARVAE of the mor important familie.
(After John R. Malloch. 1917)
Ia. Mcmdlbl.. mo'riD.Cl homontally: head compl.t.,

U DOt. the poIIt.rlor portion with d..p lODcp.
tucllDal blC:lslou, or the thorax and abdom.n
tOCl.ther cODa1atlnCl of 13 aeCJm.nta. nCl. S31 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subord.r ORTHORRHAPHA.
..rlu NEMATOCEBA .... 3 f'g . 531. Heod 01
C,,"'. liP.
lb. Mandlbl.. mo'riDq .,..rtlcaDYl head 1ocompl.t• •

without a abonqly d .....lopecl upper arcuate plot••
flq. 532 •• ... .•. ..• . •....•. •. ... . .•••......•.• 2
Fig. 532. ,1\,."".
lor port
oIIoWlt'Ig
0'11'1. man.
bodY.
dlblft.
2a. Max1llae well d .....loped. palpl cUatlnctl mandibl..

nOrmally .tcld..Ubl antenna. w.n
d.veloped on
the upper av.rtac. of II allqhUy areuat. ac:l.rotlnd
donal plat.. flq. 533.
Subord.r ORTHOIlRHAPHA.
..ne. BIlACHYCERA ••.• . •18 Fig. 5U. Dot·
101 ~ of
.-..ad,
2b. Maxma. poorly dnelopecL palpl "ftaIb1. ODly 10 a few larr~,
mcmdJbl.. short and hook.UbI ant.nnGe poorly d.....lopecI or
abMnt. wh_ PNMDt altuatecl upon a mftlbranoua surface.
flq. 534. ... . . • . .• . .. ....... . . •. •. • . Suborder CYCLORBHAPHA·
Fog. 534. Of Dr_....

"01\ flv,
""'0'1...
'lo .........
'hr.". M4tIQe,., (Coil'. fltp. Slo.l ; b. 11 ....
40"'lIeter, (Soyl IU.S.O.A. I; C, 1,11.
t.lI.....t.rd Mocq.; d. T..." , _ JIIO.1tw Soy; 0, .....c. . .
.,IIM.. Fall (U.s.O.A. I; f, ComI'l'lOt'l co"" grui;>!. ':'Y,....,_
u-t..", De Villi In host ikl" IU .S.D.A I; g, MllQI ' tlrOMOn
fruit f ly. c:-tltls q"tot. (W,ed. ' wl,h on on,.,1or rnpl,o-
tory organ (Collf, Exp, Slo. l.
oKey to fomIIla II not CMIIIceIe.
ISS
3a. Head bleompl.l.; thorax and abdom.n eombbled conaiatin; of 13

n;m..ntJI; larYae peripneustic:; unaDy with a sclerothed plate on
Tentral aW'fac. of mesothorax. Flo. 535 . . . FamUy CECIDOMYJDAE
The larvae are mostly gall-mak.
ers. but lIOme are predacious on
scale-insecta and others live in
decaying orgcmic matter. The
Heasian fly. Pbytophaga destruc·
tor (Say) .i a a serious pest of
wheat. The larvae l1ve and feed
FlO. 5l5. ..tillodl,IoJIa Inopt O. S.
on th.e stem beneath the leaf
abeaths. where pupation also take.
pla.c e.
3b. Not 80 • . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
4a. Head and thorax and lat and 2nd abdominal MCPnentJI tu.ed:
larva. with Dl1nute abdominal lpiracle.: abdomen with a nntraJ
lonottud1nal ••rt.. of lUcker-Uk. cUaca.
Fl;. 536•. ...... ................. . Famlly BLEPHAROCEBATIDAE
The adultJI are called net·winged mldgea. The lar.

vae l1ve in JrWift.flowmg slream.a and feed on algae
and diatoma. They may be found clinging to the
roeb. Pupation tak.. place in the water.
(1), Bead free. 0% U retracted within or fuNd wlIh. prothorax the other
tho~clc ~8Dt. are dBaHzu:L ••.• . ...•....••••.•....•...•.... 5
Sa. Head complete: mancUbl.. oppoMCl. . ......... . ............... 6
190
5b. Head lIloomplete posteriorly...ther with 3 cl..p weclQ...baped

alils (2 on dorsum and 1 on 'nntv). or vull'al lIW"faee very poorly
acletoti&ecl and the dorsal one poetetiorly 1Il th.e form of , Illude,
h~y aclerotiud roda. with a wealdy .cleroUaecl cll'riclecl plate on
anterior half of the dorsum. FlQ. 531•. ..••..••• Family TIPULIDAE
There are about 6,000 lip.
de. of creme ruM d..eri.b-
ed. The larvae are oommOD-
ly called leather lac:bta.
They are aquatic, aem1aqua.
tiC. emd lOme ar terr..trtal.
They feed upon decayiDq
Fig. 537. Tip .... _!uta Loew.
wood. deecrying veqatationa.
fungi. mou. emel roota of
many plan... A few are leaf
mlnera.
Sa. Thoracic UQIIlenta fused and cWated.. formlllo a complex ma:u.

Flq. 538. • .. ................................. Famlly CULICIDAE
Around 2.000 apede. of mo.
quitoe. have been delCrl.bed.
The larvae are aqu.a tlc cmd
live In various type. of fresh
water and even In bracldah
and salt water. Th culic1ne
larvae re.' under water auf·
face with the body obliquely
placed whUe the anopheline.
are horbontolly placed. Many
speel.. of female m0*<luHoe.
Fig. 538. 0 , . . . .,,,.,. . sp.; b, c..... lIP. ore the vector. of human ell-
aea.eel. AnopheJe. are reapon-
Ilble for malaria and Aftd••
carry the c:a:'II.Ialive agent of
yellow Jever and dengue.
lb. thoracic IIeCjpIUn1ta dlstf.nct. •.•. •.............................• 1
'1(1. LarYa. perlpDeua11c. or with at 1AIcut rudlmutary abdom1nal Iptr·

acl.... ............... ... .. ... ...... .... ...... . ...... . ......... 8
7b. LarYa.e ampldprteuatlc or metapDn;atIc. ...................... 11
191
8a. J.aryQ wUb rudJmenlClry abdominal fPlracl..: mouth with a lQl9_

artIculat.ci p.roc:Ma OD each .sa_ w:b1cb }).an a D~r of 10Dq
b.cdrs aDd closM. fcm-Ub. when at rest: posterior abdomlDal seq.
mats d.Ilcrt.ec:L the loat ODe armed on "ADter with a sucker-lUte d.ac:
wh1ch b.an concentric ..d .. of brkU..: aquatic: .pec:t...
FIq. 539••.••.••..••.•..••••.•••.•••.... . .•• FCDDlly SIMULllDAE
About 300 apeeiel of buUalo qnata or black:

fUel are ducribed. The larvae live moltly in
IW1ft freah water and conqreqate in mauel on
their webs on roeb in water. The larvae are
often so abundant aI to completely cover the
roeb to which they ar attached. The female
bites and c:auaea painful swelling.. They are
Fig. 539. a , SI",uliu",
dl.eeaae carriera.
pic' ..... Hagen; b, S.
"."lIIty", Soy; c S.
'P. l Utoh "gr. ~xP.
Sto. l
ab. LarYae with cl1ttlDct thouoh SOIDedID.. lQIlall abdominal .piracie.:
mouth without fan·lIb p.roc....., postenor abdominal .e;m.nta
not Dotlc:eahly dIlateci. the last one without sucker-lUt. cl1tc: te...
....trlal spec:l... • •. . •.••.••..•............ .. •......•.......... 9
8a. AntIlDDO. elonqcrtel body arm.cl with ccmaptcuou brkU.. or
hcdn•......•.•...•...........•.•............................ 10
lb. Antennae usually abort aDd blCOlDplc:uoua. SOIDettme. apparutly
ab.ent: body wlIhout c:ouplc:uou brUU...
FL;. 5«0•••.•••....••...•...•.••.....• FaraJly MYCETOPHlIJDAE
Around 2.000 apedes of th.e fun·
qua qnata have been described.
The larvae lnhabU damp places
in large numbera. They are aettve
and able to leap. Their food a
1'10· 5~. IJl'Khle ••tl... JohorInsen. decaylnq vegetation and funqt
Some apeei.. are .r ecorded aI
puts of muahrooma.
lOa. Anal .phacl.. at the cq>lcea of a pair of lonq .talk·lUt. p:oe. .
.... FIq. 541 . ........................... Fam1ly SCATOpsmAE
The larvae live in dung. in
decaying orqanfc matter. or un-
du the 100M bark of decaying
tr.... Their adultl are known
"Iv. 541. ..... Mec.......
eM,.. Say. aa dung midges. or minute
black lCa'Y8D9er..
192
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMA'ruRE INSECTS
lOb. Aaal 8plracl_ not noticeably e1.?UtecL altuatec:l Ilear baH 01

clonal wrf=- of ccrudal M9IIleDt.
FIG. sa .................................. FamIly BIBlONlDAE
About 500 aped.. 01 the March ru..
~~{~M:lt~ro:~ ~av:n:-~~~~gla:';.I::
matter. dung. and the rool. 01 qrauea.
Fig. 542. ..... .104......... Soy. cweala and veq.tabl... Th.y are 1OlIl.
tim.1 very abundant.
lla. Donal INI'face of let and 2nd abclomlllal HQIIl.nta each with I
wan·Uk• •1• ..atIoIla. FIQ. 5U• .. .....•.•......•. FamIly DlXIDAE
Only around 10 aped..
have been ducrlbed ill
the United Stat... Th.
larva. are aquatic and
feed on alga.. Th. body
II bent and move. by al·
FlO 5043 D'.e'l> t.mal. thruall of the two
.nda of tb. body. the bent
portion II foremolt.
lIb. Do:nJal wdac. of l.t and bd abdomillaJ HOmenta without
mec:l proc...... . .......................................... 12
.1.
12a. All or aom. of the donal HqIIl.nta with DemoW. ad.rotb.d .trap-
ll.b traDnerie baDdal or the aplcal HqIIlent III the form of a
abort lIc:l.rotbec:l tube: rarely the nlltral abdcnn1nal le<lIIl.llta bear
a c.ntral ..del oj auw,..lDte cllaca.
FIG. U(. ..••.... ..•. ••.••.•••.•••••.•.. FamIly PSYCHODIDAE
ten..trial and IOXQ.

drain plpu. They feed on ~
u...
Th. larva. are CIClUatic at
ill
caylng matt.r, dung. fungi and

..wo9 •. The adulta are ca1lec:I
land ru.. or moth ru... 80~
IaDd fUe. are th. carr1.fI of
human cll.IeaNa. Fl.balomu.
FlO. 5.... ,.,......... _... Bonh arg.ntlpe. Annandal. & Brun.
n.ttl. F. malor Annandale. P.
chin.nail Patton & Hindl. are
the c:arrlera of kala azar.
lib. Donum wllboQt nanow. lCl.rotINcL ltrap.lDt. banda, aplca1 MQ.
melll DOt III Ih.e form of ex Ihort .cJ.rotlNd tube, ventral abclomJ.a.
al NCJIIdD1a nnw wltb 1lUc:kM·Uk. cllaca. .•........•......•..• 13
13a. Aa~ UDCineJopec:l. appearlnq <XI pal. round IpOta OIl ald.
01 headJ T_tral 1RIIf=- of head with IClerU.. cootlquoua anter·
Iorly. widely NpCD"CXt«l pcMterlorly• ... Fam1ly MYCETOPHDJDAE
193
J3b. AnlelUlae pedunculate. uauaUy wen developed: ventral surface

of head with sclerit.. conti9Uoua for entire lenqth. not .eparated
widely posteriorly. ........................ .. ................ 14
14a. Abdominal s89Dlenta not .ubd1nded• . , ..... .. . , ... . ...... . . 1S
14b. Abdominal seQmenla .ubci1'rided by mecua 01 trannel"l. con-
stricUODA. . . , . ....• '.' .... , ....... ' .. .. . , .. ' . FamUy TJPULlDAE
15a. (c&) AC;U~tic larvae very alender. taperinq towards both encia:
without thoracic or anal pseudopods or surface halra (except about
8 at apex ot abdomen). (b) Terre.trial 1a"ae stout. with weU-d.
fined seqmenla which are armed with stronq briatl... acme 01
wblch 'a r? lanceolate: pseudopods pmetlL
FlQ. SU.......................... Famlly CEBATOPOGONlDAE
The members of this fam·
ily are called biting mic!qes.
punldes, or .aand rues. Their
larvae are aquatic, aemj.
aquaUc or terrestrial The
latter live in moist humus
soH or under bark. The
aquatic epe<:itUI inhabit var-
ious types of water includ·
Fig, 5"5 , FOfClpomyl. lpocllla,il Coq. inq seashore and salt lakes.
The adults suck blood nom
other insects and mammals.
Some species are the vectors
of filaria worms.
ISb. Larvae rately nry alend.r, qenerally of an almost unUorm thick·
n.... rarely with the thoracic .eqmenla appreciable .wonen but
not Iu••d: abdominal and thoracic seqmenla frequently with
rather noticeable soft balra. the last seqment almost InTQrlably
with a conspicuous tuft of halra on dol"lum near apex: pseudo-
poda almoat always present. sometim.. (very .rare) only the
thoracic one dlalinqulahable In terrestrial forma.
Fiq. 546•................. . .. , ... . .... Famlly CBIRONOMlDAE
Around 2.000 spedes of the
midges have been described.. The
larvae are aquatic or terr.strial.
The aquatic species live in var-
ious types of water Including .alt
lakes and oaen sea. Some feed on
the water surface, others make
f lO. S46. C:."lIfocle4l.. ~polto_ silken c:ases and attach to roeb
or other objects 011 th.e bottom or
in mud. The blood worms are red
colOTed larva.. The terr..uial
apedes Uve In dunq, funqi., mo.
ae and dec:ayinq veqetation.
194
16a. Posterior Iplracl.. approximated. altuated withln a terminal or

IlUbterm1nal cleft or chamber, usually c:onc.aled; body entirely
8haqrHlled or wholly or In part 10nQitudlaally .trlated.. '" ., .. . 17
I6b. Posterior .piracl.. rather widely separated. -rialble. altuated OD
apic:al HQDlent. which may be truncated.. aclerotaed. Of armed
with apical proe.....; or upon penulUmate Of antepen.ultimate
HQDlent: body not 8haqreened or -rialbly strialed. . .......... 18
17a. Head not retrac:We: body fiattened. surfac:e finely 8haqr..ned.
aomeUm.. with lateral abdominal spiracles. without ..... Uqial
pseudopods; splrac:ular flaaure trcmanl'le. sometime. rather smalll
pupae enclosed in larTal aldn.
Flo. 547.............................. famlly STRAnOMY1DAE
About 1.200 specie. of the soldier rue. have been

d .• scribed. Some larva Uve in water and feed on
dec:ay1nq matter and algae or prey on small aquatic
animala. Some po..... a long breathing tube on the
caudal end. Some Uve in mud. in fruit. in dung or
rotting wood.
Fog. . 0......
_ ..5~7
It,.,. Soy.
17b. Head r.tracW., body cylindrical. surfac. Dot 8haqr..ned. usually

10nQituclblally .triated: abdom.n with a qirdl. of pseudopods on
each .eoment: splrac:ular flaaur. 'Ye.rt1cal: pupa. tr••.
Flq. S48•.... . ................. ............ Famlly TABANIDAE
Around 2.500 apecies of the hor.. rue. have been

d ac:r1bed. The larva. are splndl...baped. Hvlng in
water or damp pla.c et. The fllet are blood·auc:1dnq
1nMct. and biting on warm-blooded anlmala includ·
ing man. Some of them are d.I.No:H carrier•.
FlQ.
__ S-48....T. .-
Fob.
195
180. Poatedor apIracl.. 1Il~ upon apSccd HQIIlcL .••..••.•... 11
lIb. Poa edor apIracIee IIltuateci upon penultimate or cmtepenultlmat.

~L •• •.••.••..•..•..••...••••••.•..••.••••..•••••..... 23
Ita. ProJectbao portion of llead cmd flattened apSccd plate of 'emw1I:I1

abclomlDal ~t llecn1ly IIdftOtJucL ol. former con-.1laped.
a.tlrely doHd ucept at 1I:Idral. .apex. DOt ...trac:We: Ille latter
obliquely trImcat. emd willl Ptolect!D9 proc.....
FI4. MS•• ..•• ••. ..•••.•........ . ..... . FamDy XYLOPHAGIDAE
The larvCl" are fOUAd in Ille .oU or under Ille bark

of rotten tr....They feed upon the larvae of other
iDMcta.
The members of thla mnall family are related to the
better !mown .oldier ru.. and to the horaeru...
1'10. ~-49 . x,...

......... I.......
l _.
lib. Pro,ec:tlnq porUoll of head more or I... retzactlle, DOt CODe-IIhaped.

Ill. 1Il0000le portSoa not enc:1oeecb aplc:a1 abdominal HQIIlent
..tOlout a llecn1ly IIdftOttHd Battened terminal plate. . . . ..•.. 20
200. .l\plcal abdomIa.al HQIIlent eDd!nq in 2 lonq proceeaee which are
frJDqed with lemq 10ft hcdmz abdomen ..tth pcdl'tId pMUdopoda and
Deelly domaJ. cmd latual appeDdaqee.
no.
SSo. .. ..••• .••. ••... .... ..... ...... FamDy BHAGIONlDAE
Som. larvae Uve in fruh
water with flattened body
while olllen Uve in dunq,
wood or fungi. with cylindri.
cal body. They are predel-
doua and feed 012 mnaIl cm1.
mala. Some Vermlleo ccm
"0. 550. AtMfb; 10.
make ant.trapping pit. in
dw.i OJ IKDlci aimi1ar to Illoee
of III ant·Uou. The adult.
are !mOWD CD mipe rue..
195
20b. Ap1caJ abclomlDal .eqmeDl nol CD abo.,.: pa1red abclom1llal

pMudopoda uauaUy ahHnt; oth.r appqdQ9" alwcrr- abunl... U
21a. ApJc:al abdomlnal HqlDeDt .ncllllq In 4 abort pointed PI'OCMa" Of

2 BMby llpil lIltemal portion of h.ad with a la:rq•• arched. Icl.roo
t1&.d upper plat.. the 1000Qitucllllal roda and oth.r c.phalic parta
011 a homOlltal plan••.. .... . ......... . . Famfly BHAGIONIDAE
2lb. Apical abdomlllal HqmeDt nol CD abo.,.. or the lot.mal portlon

of head without an:hed. upp.r plat.. and the 1000Qitudlnal c.phalic
roda and oth.r cephalic part. mHt at rtqht anql... . ...... .. .. 22
22a. Apical abclomlllal .eqmenl without pl'Oleetlnq proe...... . plracl..

".ry 8ZDaU: paraalt.. of spiders.
FIQ. 551 •... . . .. . . . .... . ..................... FamUy CYRTIDAE
Around 200 aped•• of the humpbacked m.. are

known. Th. fir.t inatar larvao are carabold 1n form
with di.tillc1 aeqmeot. and two looq anal brl.ltl••.
They feed on .plder .qq. and .plder.. Th.y chanq.
10 eruclform larva which 1. nol 10 activ. as the flr .1
!.nIlar.
...,,''- ,....'t...,,..-
FiO. SS!.
Grog. 'It .ntter.
22b. Apical abdomlllal aeqm.DI frequ.ntly with pl'Oleetlnq proe......

aplracI.. la:rqe; apect.. U.... In water. mud. earth. or decaytDq
't'eq.tabl. matt.r.
FlQ. 552. . ... . •• .. FamUy EMPlDAE and famfly DOLlCHOPlDAE
Empidae: Aboul 1.600 aped • of
the dane. rue. are known. Th.
lar't'aAt Un lo water or lo decay-
I.nq vtlq.tatlon. dead wood. 1011
and mo • where they feed upon
am.a11 anlmalt.
DoUchoptdae: About 2.000 ~
Flo. 552. 0eII~ ..,. d.. of the 10nq'le9qed flie. have
been deac:rtbecl. Th. lana. are
mOltly aquatic and fMd on other
1nMcta. Some are found lo plaDl
atema or \11lct.r tr.. bark.
191
13a. POIIt rlor aplrac:1.. Idtuated upon the ant.pel1ultlmat. HQment:

abdomlDal HQm.nta I·' wbdbided. the body ctppareDUy coulat·
1nc;r of 20 HQment. exc:1u1d.... of the head. ................... 24
23b. POIIt.rlor aplracl... altuated upon penultlmat. HqJD.nl; abdominal
sec;rmeDta dmpl•• the body apparel1Uy coDaiatlnc;r of 11 01' 12 aeq.
menta exc:luldT. of the b.ad. ................................ 25
MeL POIIt.rlor dcmal Int.mal ex\eua1oD of bead apatulat. at apelC:
Tentral poet.rlor proJectlou ID the fol'Dl of 2 abort acl.rotind
rods. FIc;r. 553• ..... .... •...•........ . .... FamIly THEBEVIDAE
About 300 lIp8des have
been deacribed. The larva
.-:!:~~~~~~..... ),i frequent IICDldy aoU. funqi
~ and decaying wood. They
feed upon eartbworma and
Fig. 553.
Mocouart.
,.IIew,.,........--..w... other aoft·bodied inIect.I or
decaying organic matter.
The adulta are known QI
stilleto flies.
24b. Poal.rior dorsal ext.nalon of b.ad nol apatulat. at apex: .... ntral
poslmor projections abs n\. Flq. 554. .... FamIly SCENOP1NlDAE
About SO species have been described. The

larvae are sometimes found in hou.aea under car·
peta or in furniture and alao In decaying wood.
Their food habits are thought to be predadoUB.
One species a thought to destroy the larvae of
carpet beeUe..
F g. 554. Ventral
Sc_, ..... ,_.
aspect of Mod of
"'"I
25a. Penultlmat. abdominal M9Dl8nt lonq.1' than ultimat •• with a deep

trans ... lH d.preulon near Ita apex qiTinq It the appearance of
2 c:Ustinct s8Q1Denta; ultimate seqm.nt t.nnfnatlnq in a abarp ridq.
with a median abarp polnt. on elth.r ald. of whlch donally and
....ntrally are altuated « ....ry c:loeely approximated. bairs.
Flq. SSS•..•.....•.•.•..•......•.....•...... Family MYDAIDAE
Around 100 IIp8dw han
been d8lCribed. Both adult.
and larvae are predacious. The
1arTae are found in decaying
wood. Th. adulta are known QI
Fig. 555. M", de..... 0Nrv. mydaa fliea and are often COD-
aplcuously marbd.
198
25b. Penultimate abdominal HCJm.nt ahort.r than ultimate. or U 101':19-
.r. th.n without a dMp tran....n. d.prHaion: apical leQment
not aa abo...the haira not doe.ly approximated. . .... .. ..... 26
260. Thoracic levments each with 2 1000CjJ hairw. one on each aid. OD
nntro-Iateral mCUCjJin: apical 'evmenl with 6 or 8 lonCjJ baira:
b.ad weU de"..loped, forwardly protruded, and mo,.. or I ... c:on.
ahaped when newed from abo..... appearinCjJ Dattened wb.n ?t....
ed from IIde; pellultiJDate 'eCjJJD.nt \&IuaUy ahorter than ulliJDate
or nol much 1000CjJ.r; body .l.raIQbl 1D We.
Flq. 556•. ....................... . ... ......... FaJDlly ASlLIDAE
Around 4.000 apecl I of the
robber fUe. have been d IIC'liJ>.
~TJ:r'lr-J~~ ed. The larva InhabU IOU
with decaying organic matter
fio. 556. '-dUll ........... Soy. where they prey upon oth r
in.eet larvae.
"I)b. Thoracic 'eCjJJDents without baira. U pr..enl. they are .ery weak:
apical leCjJJD.nl without dlallDCjJUl.ahable baira: bead not muCh
protruded. dlncted downward. nol cone-abaped. with a donal pro-
tuberanc. wh.n ?t.wed from aid.: penultlmat. 18CjJfI1enl dtstincily
10DCjJ.r than ultimat.: body \&Iually c:uned In a halJ clrcl. In. W• .
Flq. 557. . . . . .. ..... . .. ...... . ....... ... FamUy BOMBYLIlDAE
About 1.800 .pecle. of hee
me. are Icnown. The flllt fn.
liar larvae ar .lender and
14l91e.. wllb hair. on thorax
and anal reqlon which disap-
pear in the latter In.tart. They
are predacioUl 01' parattlle OD
the larvae of bee. and waapt.
pupae of t..... f1I '0 cat.rpU.
lara and alao on the 1t99' of
fig. 551. ~1Iw f1IlYw WIed. beetle. and qra.uhopper •. Some
HemJpenth•• have been reared
fro m lcbneumonld COCOODI.
That would wtlq.1I that they
are hyperparaalt1e.
Key to the PUPAE of the more important families

of DIPTERA
(Aft r John R. Malloch. 1917)
10. Pupa Dot ncloeed within the larYa} aldn. U 10. the h.ad la dlallDct
as in the lCU"t'G. or the puparlum 11 .1lQhtly Jlatt.u.d dOfSOo.utra],.
11. lla texture leathery. nol aclerothed. and the anterior r"piratory
OJ'QCIU 1101 dlatlDqulahable: adult or pupa W1efCiJ" tbrOUCiJb a ree-
lanqular 'PUt OIl donum of larYal aldD.
Subonler OBTHOBBHAPHA ............•...... ..... ........... 2
199
lb. Pupa .n.c loud with the larval akin: head alwaya retracted. the
.el TOtlced portion occ:upyinc; a potltion on the inn.r Idd. oJ the
....ntral .uriac. oj the puparlum; anleriol' reapiratory organa en.
thlct. elth.r pTOtruded fro.m the ant.ro-lat.ral anql•• of the c.phallc
extremity or from domun of baae o.f abdomen; adult Wlually
.mel'9 by forcing off the rounded anterior .xtt.mity of the pupar-
fum ID cap-Uk. form. or the donal half of the thoracic porti.on -
the lin.. of cleaTaqe belnq alonq the lat.ral marQina to a point at
baae of abdomen: rarely em.rqenc. is throuqh a rectanqular
IpUtthlC; of the doreWD of the puparlu.m.
Flq. 558. ........................... Subol'd.r CYCLOBRHAPHA·
Fig. 558. 0iJ Tn."".", ",lit ... Soy; b, Phytoph........ructo. ( Soy )

f .S O.A. '; c. Sh""" bOt fly, o..t .... owll L IOhlo beg, Sla. ' "
d. !th••o'.... po""....... 'Waf"" • •• wlleopi• •rI..... Fa'
IU.S.O.A I
2a. Anlenna. much .lonqaled. dlall.u.cUy Tialbl. beneath the pupal

aldn. normally currinq w.U over upper margin of ey•• and .xt.nd·
InC; to or beyond baa. of wlnC;. In 10m. caa.. almOit 10 apex of
wlnq: bead without IlronO' thoml (.xc.pl In 10m. C~domyUda.
and a f.w Tipullda.); thoracic r .puatory organ. much elonqated
or ••..u.: abdomen lom.time. unarm.d In the aped.. with abort
ant.nna.. . ............... . ........ Seri.. NEMATOCERA ...... 3
!lb. Antenna. abort.r, proJectinO' downward and outward. not CUJ'Ylnc;

0 ....' the eY.I or reachlnO' nearly to baa. oJ winO': head DUally
with .tTOUq thoma or homa: thoracic ....pirat.o ry orqana ....n•.
mrely .tedt·Uk.: abdom.n Wlually armed with ItroDq Ipln.. or
briatl... or if unarmed th.r. are only , or 5 d1atlnct pa:lra of ab-
dominal lp1rael... . ................ Seli.. BBACHYCERA ...... 21
Sa. Head with laT.ral .troDe; thoma In a ••rtical ..Ii.. OIl the mtld1cm
Un.: pupae U'rinq In qalla, .ometim.. In the hardened lan'al akin
=tt naembling e ftaxMed. Flq.SS9 . ..•.. Family CECIDOMYIDA£
PupatJon tak.. place In dif·
fereDt ways: some pupa are
naked, some are borne In pu.
parle and e f."
In silken co-
, 559. ....... 1A coona.
• y 10 tomil'" .. not oYOik:lbk
31>. Head without .troDQ tboma. or If CIt baH of .ach emteDSla wtth a
protube1'Gllc:e. thua not abarpl pupa. Dot U'I'lD.q In oalla. but uauaJ.
I., free emd not enclOHCl In larTal akin. If enclOMd the larTal moult
doea not ,...mbJ. a mu.ecold puparlum. ... .................... .
4a. Thoracic respiratory orqcma • ...u:

abdomen wtthout .troDq thom..
or leaf Ub e1. .atlona: leo- .trcd9ht. .. ....... . ............. .. .. 5
'h. Thoracic J"Mplratory orocma .talked. or If ....u. the abdomen

wtth .tronc;r thom.. or leaf·Ilk• •lnatlollll. or the leo- an ~ecl
ac;ralnat baa. of abdomen and apex of thorax. or the coxa. do not
conceal the .temopleura and the .cape of the emtuna. III almOllt
qloh<»., leo- .trcd9ht or ~ecl. . ... .. ... ..... ....... ..... . .. 8
Sa. Leo- abort. ap1c.. 01 hlDd tant prol~tSnc;r Illc;rhUy beyond aplce.
01 wlDqal emteDSla. abort. curYecl ac:rou mkldle of ey• •
Flc;r. 560•.. ............................... . . Fam.Uy BI1IIONIDAE
Pupation take. place In em earthen c:eU In the

cpound.
Thia family. numberlnq lOme 500 ~. coutalDa
a f." membeR "blch are JIOm.tImM .xCMd1n91y
numeroua. Th. aped.. pictured III our mOllt com.
mon on.. All of the m.mbera of the family MeDl to
be v~tabl. feedera.
':t 560. ....

• • ••• 1. Soy.
5b. IA9a eloDqate, 'UlUlUy all tanIl prolec:tlDq tor a CIOIlIIIderable dJa..
tcmce b.yoad ape. of wIDQa; emlacula. e1caqate, ~ to or
Nroad ba.e of ~ . .. . . . .... . .................... . ....... . .
201
8a. Thorax c:oupicuoualy . .01leD. almoet 910boH. Ita anl.rior prom.

decUvoua; alemopleura eonc:ealed.
FiQ'. 5&1 .... ......................... . Family MYCETOPHILIDAE
Pupation lakea place moaUy in delicate COCOOIl8 and

a few are IlU.lp8nded by some loose aUk from the sur-
face of fungi or other objeca.
Fig, 561. LeIe

.""~~I"
loew.
6b. Thorax Dol c:ouplcuoualy .wolleD. the anl.rlor proWe Dol slopln9
downward. .•.... ........................... .... .............. 7
1a. Scape of antennae much . .olleD. qlobon: abdominal splracl..

amall or absent; ...moplewa enIaf9ed, Dol CODC~ed by fore
coxae and femora. FIq. 562. . ... ...... . Family CHlBONOMIDAE
Some pupae are acUve <md
float at water aurlace. but some
remain In the larval tube. Th.
respiratory organa either conaUt
of a pair of branched filamenta or
Flo. 562. T. .YMI IIIIaMMII Moll.
of a simple tube.
7b. Scape of antennae Dot much swollen: abdomlnal splraclea c:U.!1nct:

.temoplewa DO' .table. concealed by laf9. coxae and femora of
the fore leoa- ...................... . .. Family CECIDOMYIDAE
Ia. Thorac:lc reaptratory orQaDS slender. lOD9 and b&b.Ub: l..;a

atraiqht, extendlDq w.u beyond aplcea of wlnqa: body without
annatwe except a pair of hain on ant dor maJ'9ln of h.ad: atemo-
pleura concealed, .••.•.......... .. .... Family CECIDOMYIDAE
8bo s.,.a. Dot ID ncb combIDatioIl of cbarac:t.n; abdomen usually

with IKdra or ...... or atemopl.wa expoaecL ••.•• _.••...•...• 9
202
Sa. Pupa in a poc:ket·ahaped or aUppel'ahaped eo<:oon conalatinq of

coars. threada. thorac:lc r.spiratory ol'qem ptO)ectinq from the wid.
"'.,_.
open end. FlQ. 563. . . ...• ............. •... . Family SIMULIIDAE
Pupation tak • place in the pocbt·Uk. c0-

" . .. coon which i. mad by the larva. Th. ree-
piralory orqcnu are Iul»lik. tHam.IlIa which
F,g. 563 SI",,,· protrude from the cocoon.
fI"", v." ...
t"",
SaY. pupe ond
cocoon.
9b. Pupa tr... or U • .ncloaed or partly 10 the cocoon II not poclret.
IJke cmd respiratory orqcnu do not colUlllt of tub.-llk. 8lam.nta. . 10
lOa. Pupa "hen .een from aban o.,al in outUne; the abdomlnal bah
nol coZUlpicuously narrow.r them thorax. 10 that the lat.ral oul·
Un. II eontlnuoua: dol'lCll .unaee with .tronq lnlequment. .... 11
lOb. Pupa wtth abdom.n well dUferencfat.d from thoraxJ the dorsum
membremoua. or U atroDq cmd almoat aclerotiled. then lunae.
with ".11 de.,.lop.d 'PineL .......... ... ....•.............. 12
11a. Thorac:lc r..plralory Ol'qcnu lamellUorm. c:onalatln9 of 4 flat
plat... the broad aid.. of wh1c:h are conUquoua.
FlQ. 564. ... ..... ........... . ... Fam1ly BLEPHAROCERATIDAE
Pupation take. plac. in the

place occupl.d by the larra.
often results in larq. number.
of indlviduala beinq produc.cl.
Fig . 5&4. ".len,,"''' ap.
lIb. Thorac:lc rMplratory Ol'qCIU &lmpl•• ~lIb.
FlQ. 585....... ......................... Fam1ly PSYCHODIDAE
Pupation tak.. place In the laDle habllat cu that of

the lanae. The pupa uaually carrie. the larval n-
uviae at Its caudal end.
120. A.plcal abdomiDal aeoment termlDatlDq in 2 or 4 paddl.Uke or

fbHhaped o:rqcma wh1ch are frinOed on all or part of outer nr-
face by .trap-Uk. hcdn; or U the aplc:al HQment termlnat.. In
2 lonq .ubconlcal proc...... the tarsi are r.c:u.rYed aqaS.n..t the
nntral lNriac. of the baH of the abdomen and QpeX of thorax
-a that they do not extend beyond aplc.. of ~ .. ........ 13
12b. Apical abdominal Hqm.nt obtuse. armed with &hort or elonqat.

~in.. or thoma; or U endlno in a pair of lonq• .tender proc. . . .
th.y are more or 1... O't'al in c:rou nctlon and without strap-like
hcdn; tarsi qen.rolly entirely straiQht. rarely the aplc.. of the
hind pair inc:urTed alJtJhtly. but never rec:urTed CIS abo. .... .. 18
130. Thorade nspiratory OJVcma lermiDatlnq in lIumerous thread·l1b

JUaments. •... . ....•...... . ........•.. Family CHIRONOMIDAE
13b. Thoracic r~lratory orqana conatatlnq of a atn91• •t.m. in -am.

CasH with a f.w loD9. or many &hort. aeal.Uk.. .unac. batn.
bUI n ..... r t.rmlDatlDq In aum.ro1U thr.ad·Uk. filaments: oceculon·
ally the thoraclc respiratory orqana not .levated. ........... 14
14a. Thoraclc r~lratory orqana IIOt el• ..-ated; st.mopl.ura expoHd.

...••..... . .......... . .••...... . ... . .. Family CHIBONOMIDAE
14b. Thoracic r~ory OJVcma CODapkv.oualy ....ated. .. •.... . . 15
15a. Thoraclc r~lratory 01'9an& altuated close to ant.dor marqin of

thorax; no stellate Ilc:dn on thorax and abdomen.
...•.... . .•. . ........ . . . .. .. .......... FamIly CBIRONOMIDAE
ISh. Thoraclc r..plratory OJVana altuated clou to mIddl. of thorac:k

clorsum. • ••• •• •• • •• •• ••• ••• • •• • • •• • • • ••••••••••• • •••••••••. • 18
16a. ApIcal abclomln.a l aeoment _dJDq In 2 or 4 broad. Oat. padcll.

Uk. plat... F'Iq. 518. .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... FamIly CUIJClDAE
The pupa are YWf acti.... and float at water

surface to breath air by a pair of trumpet-lib
r.p1ratory orqcma on the thorax. Tb1a pennlts
their cleatruc:t1oD by oil or pol8ona placed on
the surf=- of the WGta'.
, . 566. c.M. 'Po

16b. Aplcal abdominal NQlDent encl1Dq In 2 10Dq Rbcon1c:al pro-

c...... ............ ........................................ 17
17a. Apical ptoe..... armed with dlon hcdn at apl~ ODd an mlddl.
of out.r mar;tn. ......... . . .. . ............ Famlly CUUCIDAI
17b. Apical ptoe..... unarmed. Flq. 587•.. ......... Famlly DIXIDAI
The pupae clo.ely , ...mbl. pupa.

of Culicidae both In habit ODd In appear
ODC• •
Fig. 567. Diu 11).
Ila. Apic.. of l~ DOt extenc:Unq beyODd aptc.. of wJnqa. .. . . .. . 111
lIb. Aple.. of 1~ extencl1Dq beyODd aplc:•• of wlnqa• . ........... 20
190. Aplcal .eqment 01 abdolilen eDcl1Dq In 2 coDlcal proc......

flq. 588. . ..... . ........ . ......... ramUy CEBATOPOGONIDAI
The lnformatlOD of pupa. of tha tamny I.e 'Ywy

llm.1ted.
f lo. 568. .....

. . ..,. . 11).
l ib. Apcal NCJIUIlI of abdom_ -aav Ia 2 upper aDd 2 low.r abort

o.oa... ......... ............... '.' ....... FamUy PSYCHODIDAE
2Oa. Thoradc rnplratory OfQcma 10Dq. blfld.: apical abdominal M9-

met J'OUJ1ded. without proc:.....: abdominal .plracl.. p.duncu-
lat.. Flq.569. ...... . ............ . ... .... Fam1ly SCATOPSIDAE
The bioloqy of the pupae of this fam1ly ill not

knOW'IL
Fig. 569 Ith...

....e....... tr.t.
Soy.
JOb. Thoracic , ..plratory ofQcma &impl.; apical abdominal aeQDl.rat

not rounded. q.n.raUy armed with protub.rcmc...
F1q. 570. . .. . . ..... . .......... ...... •. .....• FCDDlly TIPULIDA£
Pupation talt.. place at the

aimUar altuat10n CD the larval.
Ila. Pupa 4tDclOMd within IarYal UID.

F1q. 571 • .. . •..... .. ........ .• .. .. .. . ~ Fadly, VJlATlOMYIIDAE
Pupation tan. place In IIOll or under debria

near the pl=- wher. the larva. U.....
The family numbers mar. than 1;000 1Ip8Ci...
Th. 89ga are varioualy p1ac.c:l in mud. wat., Of
Wallt. matMiala.
lib.. '-PII tr... .. . ..... ..... ................ . .... . .............. 21
206
22a. Prothorax with a 10Dq aperture mMad oj and connec:t~ with the
1Ipiracl•• FIQ. 572.. .. . ............... .. .... Famlly TABANIDAE
Th pupae are cyUndrlc:al

and elonqate with thoracic
.pirael.. connec:t~ auhcutan.
o ly with a larv. cxrrity OIl
the prothorcu.
Fig. 572 T.b.nUl Ietlo""th.,.", MocQ.
22b. Hot aa 22a. .. .. . . .. .. . •. . . .... . .. . •.. . .... .. . . ... . ..... . . . 2S
230. Head without .bon; forwardly d1rec: 1~ thoma. at moat with 1

thoro on base 01 antenna which Sa cllrec:t~ to the aldel abdomlnal
armature weak. bec:omlno qradually .tronO'er towcuda apex 01
baaal abdominal nomenlJ apic.. of hind tarai at moa' extendlD;
allohtly beyond aplc:.. of wiDoa' abdomen with 7 pcdnt of IIJdI'
ael... .......... . .. . ........... . .... . ....................... 24
23b. Head usually with .tronO thoma. or U abaent. the abdodnal elf-
mcrtuN Sa .trol19.r on bcual of 2nd MQDlent than it Sa OD apical.
or there ~ 1... thaa 7 pain of abdomlnal ~lrac:l.., aplc:.. of
h1nd taral uually dlaUnctly beyond apleee 01 wiA~. • • ••••••. . 28
24a. Ant.nnal lIheatha much thlc:ken~ at base. apical portion alender•
• tyWorm, the whole dJrec:t~ almo. t .traiqht downward.
FIQ. 573• ...•.......•..........•........ Famlly IlHAGIONIDAI
Th. lnformaUon conc:emJ.Dq

the bloloqy of the pupcw at
th1a family la quite llmlled.
24b. Ant.nna! lIheatha th1c:bn~ tbrou;hout their lenqtb. the apical

portion o.nerally more or I... dJaUnctly cumulated. the who!
d1rec:t~ eith.r .traI9bt aldewaya or In a allQbUy downward cU.
rec:tioI1. .•.••.•••••••.••• • • • • • • . . • • . . • • . • • . . . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . . 25
25a. Ant.nna1 aheatha ahowInq much more thaa 10 cumulatiou.
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • . . . Subfamily Bhacb1c:ertna.. lUlAGIONIDAE
25b. Ant.nnal lIheatha ahowiAo Dol more thaa 10 annulaUona.
FIQ. 574. .. . ......................... . . Famlly XYLOPHAGIDAE
Information about the pupae

is very limited.
28a. H~ without slroDA;r thoma; abdomen with 3 to , dktmct paIN

of aplrac1.. and without ~OH a:rmature.
Flq. 575 •.. ...... . ...... . .. , ....... _.. ... .••. Famlly CYRTIDAE
Pupation take. place In web. or bur·

row. or under acme other objecta near
the place where the hoat died.
FIg. 575. Ote. . . cOftetw

I.oew.
aSh. Head uaually with stronq thoma. at least with .lnatecl ddq.
Uk. antennal sheath emd ..,..ral amall carinated .1.YaI1ona: ab-
dom.n with 7 pain of apirael.. aDd apmOll. armature. . .... .. 27
27a. Head with 2 thoma. ........................................ 21
27b. Head with more them 2 thoma 01' with ......ral abon tuberel.... . 29
28a. Abdomen with a alnql. trcmn.fH ..11.. of spin.. OD each doraal

sltqlDents wtnQ with a 1011q thom at baH.
Flq. 578.... ...................... .. .... .. Famlly THEBEVIDAE
Th pupae O1'e hN and the pupation taku place

in the aon
The adult. of thia .mall family are known aa sW·
leto fliea. The larvae are apparently predadoua.
Jib. Abdomen wlth 2 traDIftrM aerSee· at aplD.. on eacb donal H9"

mllDts wiDcp withoul tharna at baH. .. .• . FamD, SCENOPINIDAE
wu. fa bown about the biology of the pupc-.
208
29a. Upper pair of c.phalic thoms diMctecl aldeway. and alJqbOy

up"cud.: apices of win;s extudlnO to or wry aUOht b.yood apex
of bt abdominal HQlnent: aplc.. of middle tCUll not P1endlDq
to apices ot wIDqa. nq. 577•. .. .. . . ......... Famlly MYDAIDAE
The available l.n1onnatiOD

about the b\oloqy of the pupae
ia very llmlted.
Fig. 577 . My.... c ........ Drury
29b. Upper pain of cephalic thoms dtrected forward. at moat aUqhtly

d1~tIlgeDt apically. qenerally aUqhtly cu~ed downward. or head
without .troD; upper thora. . ..... . .. ...... . .......... ....... SO
300. Head with .troD; thoms. U abaent the abdomen with dorsal
tranuezn annature conalatiuq of ~ery .troDq thoms and IDt.,.
TenlDq 10nq alend.r halts; aplc.. of antenDae obtua•. .. ...... 31
30b. Head -.ery rar.ly with thoma, 2 earlnat. e1natlona prea.nl on
upper anterior mCU'Qin; cmteQQae with attenuated apic.., body
without thoms. eom.tlm.. with brtaU.... . ......... . ........ .. 32
3Ja. Lower m4KUan portion of fae. wflh a clca.ly applOx1a:natecl pair
of .Ioul thoms ",bleb are oceaalonally fwted almoa' to aplc••:
abdom.n with trcm....ra. armature on doraal aeqm.nll conat..tiuq
of abort flatt.ned thoma and lonq aI.nder halts. the thOl1ll Ul1I01·
ly appea:rIzlq aa U attached to. rather than fOmWlq part
abdomen and .om.Ibn.. turned up at baa.. and aplc...
the 0'
F1q. 578•. • • ••.• . . . •. . .. .••.• . .•....•.• .. FamJly BOMBYLIIDAE
Wh.n the paraaite Sa tully

grown th.n it leavea the hoat
and enter. the 80tJ for pupa-
tion.
Fig. 578. ' ......f'YIv'"
Macquort.
.'''''K''t"..
31b. Lower m4KUan portloD of face without thomal abdomn with tran.
".rae camature cooaIIUn; of alt.rnatln; lonq and non thoma.
f\g. 579. .. . ... . . . . . ... .. .. . .. . , ........ , .. FamJly ~DWD)AE
Pupation tak.. pJ<IC4t 1D .oU.

However, the pupae have the
habit of comlnq to the all1'fcrce
of aoll .hortly before the em..•
qenc. of the adult.
209
324. Cephallc cumatur. c:ODJIlatlnq of 2 c:a:rb:Iated .1....atIoua on upper

ant.dot mCU9in- on .ach of wh1c:h Sa a ....ry lonq hair: antennal
Ill.ath railed ahoY. 1.....1 of fac:., tapednq aplc:ally. directed
downward and II11QhUy outward: proboKla often much .10nqatecl.
FIq. 580. • .......••............... ... ........ Family DfPIDAE
Pupation toke. place in a

cocoon which Sa danaely coat·
ed with wood particl...
FlO. 580. 0..,.." III,,. Melgen.
32b, Slmllar to EmpJda., but proboec:l.a n .....r elonqated.

FIq.581 • •••.•............... •... .....•. FamIly DOUCHOPIDAE
Pupation tok.. plac. in an

earthen cell or in a cocoon made
by wooden haqmenta and ailk.
The pupa poueuea a pair of
elongate thoradc respiratory horn.
which protruded outside of the
pupal cell or cocoon.
FlO. 581 . "'''',oeyl,.. _ ........
ORDER HYMENOPTERA
(From H. Yuaaa. 1923)
Ie. Body c:at.rpm~l1k., thoracic: Ie;. uaually PreHllt: h.ad much

more atronq1y acl4l1'Otla.ed than the rest of the body: prole;. uauol-
ly d .....loped. U absent the body Sa c:at.~Ub: antennae al·
meet al-.rcry. p,..ent and mON than I-Hq11l.ntecl: mandlbt..
hecnily acl.rotiaed ahneet always with mON than 1 tooth: oc:eW
often present: 1ar'YO. qenwally frM ll'Yinc;r. or plant boren, a few
are qaU.makera (But the memben of the family OnuaIdae Sa para-
8ltlc:). . .................... Subonlu CHALASTOGASTBA ...... 2
210
lb. Body maqqol·Uk., leql_l head nol .tron;ly ecl.l'Otlaed.: ani .nna.
10ft unaeqmented.: mandlbl.. weak almeet n ....r more than an
apical tooth.: ocel.l1 wanUn;: lCD'YQ. paraalHc:. or paraalto1claL or
U~ Upoll the food auppUed by th. adult. a f.w are gall·mak.....
Flq. 582. ......... . .. ... . .. . . ...... Subord.r CLlSTOGASTRA'
It •
\:
,J)
F,g 582 a-'. Som~ poralit ,( larvae with hypermetomorphca .. ; O. ... _h •
• Ih" .. .... 11 Hold I Aphe hn, do. ; h ~ Ch. lonu. ,p I OrOCDnlclo., ;
I. «.. pl• • tr ... plo l h ,pen • • How I tulaph,do.> ,. V.,pe ",.c" ,
• toto Klfby I Vnp,doe I ; II. Mono",o, lu", Min i"'..... Buckley
(FormIGlda.l .
20. thoracic leq. pree.nt. .Ith.r normal In form and dlaUncUy .eq.
mented or moc:U.Ued: U modlfled. n.ahy or conical U conical bead
and body depreaaed. ...•..................................... 3
2h. Thoracic: leqa not dlaUncUy . eqm.nted. mamma·Uk. Of wanting. U

mamma·11k• • head and body n ....r dlatlncUy d.preaaed.... . .... 17
30. Thoracic leq. normal In form. not •• ta·Uk.. rar.ly nlppl_bapedl

proleqa uaually pree.nt: ,ubanal appendaq.. wantlng: antennae
uaually with 1_ than 7 HqlDenta. . .......... . ........ .. . ... . .
3b. Thoracic leqa .eta-11k.: proleqa wantlng: .u1xmal appendaq.. pr•

.ent. ••taceoua: antennae ...ry lonQ. 7-M9U1.nted.
Flq. 583 . ......... . ........... . ......... FamUy PAMPHILlIDAE
Around 100 ~. have hoen d.
ecribed. The larvae roU leave, or
.pIn w.~ uaually 11v. qreqarioualy
f ig. 583. ' ...... 0... 19.
loqetber. A few are Mrtoua orchard
pea...
211
Ccl. 10 palnI of prol~ PreH11t em ec:rch abdozI:a1D.a1 HqDleDt: cmWmae

6- or 7"4IqIUDl.cL Fiq. 58C. . • .• . . ••.. .• . • •. •• Family XYELlDAE
About 80 lpeClea of the xyelld
JlQ'Wfliea have been desc:rlbed. The
larvae are free feeders on eJma,
pind. hickory, butternut, etc. Pupa.
tion lakes place in an earthen cell
FiO. 584. MII..
Creuon.
x.,'" _Jw in the qround.
4b. 8 to 8 pain of proleQS. IIOmetlm.. reduced or abunt: antennae

ne?w more than ~ent.cL ............. ·" .............. ". 5
5a. thoracic leQS normal tn form.. ~ented: U mod18ed. tanal

claws always present: proleQS usually dneloped. ............. 6
5b. Thol'Udc leQS flMby, tndlatlnctly 4-
HqlDenteci: tanal dcnn wantinq.
Fiq. 585. " .Subfamlly Phyllotomlna.,
TENTHREDINlDAE FlO. 585. c:..... c--' L.
8a. ProleQS pre.ent on abdominal 889Dlents 2-8 and 10: anteJ1Dae

.10nqat., con1caL usually S.889Dl.nt.cL ........................ 7
lb. ProleQS preHnt on abdombtal uqm.nla 2-1 and 10. rar.ly on aeq.
men.. 2-7 ODly or U and. 10. ..... " ....... .. ................. 11
7a. Thoradc leQS keqmented. normal tn form.. .••.••••..•••.••... 8
7b. thoracic leQS keqmented. modUled.

FIq. 588• ••.•• . ..•••••...•..••........•. Famlly TENTBEDINlDAE
About 5,000 specie. of eawfll..
have been described. The habits of
the larvae are various: leaf feed. .,
leaf minera, qall makers and 110m•
• pin web.. Pupation usually tak.
place in a parchment.Uke cocoon OD
FlO. 586. Q, . . . . .ytwsp. ( Em· or in the (]round. Many sped.. are
phytlnoel ; b. ...............
_ttl •• ", MQ«;IIIIV1"Oy. seriously deatruati?e.
8a. 3rd abdomlDal MqU1ent with 8 CDlDIIleta on doJ'IRUD.

(B. FIq. 587). • •.........•.•..••..........................•.. •9
Ib.. 3rti abclomlDal MIjpD-.t .tth moM· or t... them 8 caund.. CIa
cIonnuD. • • •• •• .• ••.• . •• . •.•......••. . •...•••...•.....•..•.•.. )0
212
Sa. AnteDnae c:o!lkaL 5-M9lDeot.cL

f\;.587 •.. ....... . ...... .. ..... ... '" .. F~y ~~IUS
ThI. lnclud.. three aubfamill a: Dol r·

mae. Emphytinae and Blennocamplda .
The oaka, meJ:l:lben of th. ro.. family
and grID... and Md9 are frequent
fig. 587 .. 0, T...." " ' - _ .....
4w Soy t8IennocomIMno. ); b. food planta.
0...... " .. ,11, Norton «001.,.
tnoe) .
tb. AntePllae not coDlcaL S.1eQ1Deoted. erect and peq-llke.

119. 588•... . . ........... . .. . . ........... .. Famlly DIPRIONIDAE
About 70 .peele. have been d.
acrl.bed. Th. larva. feed on the
leave. of pine. 'pruce, cedar, etc.
The body fa uauaUy yeUowilh or
qreenilh with qrayiah or brownilh
.trlpe. of with row. of black .pot• .
IDa. Ant.PIlae cobkal. MeQ1Dented: labrwo without aecondary lonql.

tud1nal .utur... 119. 589 •..... .. ... . . FamIly TENTHREDlNIDAE
Here fa mcluded 3 aubfamUJe.:

::;'landrUna.. Emphytlnae and Ten·
thred1n1nae. Many broad·leafed treea
and .hrub. and ferna are attacked by
' ig. 589. 0 , S'"tIfl'........... membeTi of th... groupi.
" ...... Norton (Selondrilnoe) ;
b, T..."'...... 11). IT...th4'~inl·
noel .
lOb. AntePlla. not coD1cal. l ..eqmented, labrwo with Hcondary

lonqltud!oal autur... FIQ. 590•.. . .. . . ...... FamUy CIMBICIDAE
About 50 aped.. have been delCrl.b-
eel The larvae are caterpillar-like.
body uauaUy curled apiraUy cmd cov·
ered with a wr::ay bloom. They feed aD
the leave. of dillerenl ldncil at decidu-
FlQ. 590. .... ....... Norton. QUI tr... and ahrub.. Pupatlon take.
plaC41 In a parchm.nt-lilte cocoon in
an .arlhen cell under ground.
lla. 1'boradc leva 5-eeQm1Mlted. Dormal in tOfDlI proleva OIl abdom1D-

al MIJIIlIMll 2-7, elther wllh or wtthout anal proleqa. • •.... ... . 12
213
lib. thoracic: leg. keqment.d. or phothoraeic leqa 4-Mqm_I~ and

others 3-Hqmet~: plOleq. on abdominal aeqmenta 2-7 and 10. or
2.6 cmd 10. Tery Ulall. Flq. 591 •. .. . ..... ..... FcuuUy ABGIDAE
About 200 specie. have been
known. Larvae feed on broad-leaved
deciduoWl tree. and shrub.. Th.
member. of thia family are widely
"0. 591. H~ 119. scattered.
12a. Prol~. pre.ent on the loat abdominal .eIjJDlent. either normal or

fued on the meson. lonnlnq a ainqle prominence. . .... . ..... 13
lib. Proleqa ab..nt on the last abdomJnal aeqment.

Flq.592•. ..•.•......... . . .... . . ..... . FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
The .ubfam.lliu Fenualna. cmd Hoplo-
camplnae are included here. A number
Fig. 592. ec.IM.... _
doYoll (Fenl4lnao I.
01 ..., Sun
d..
of lea1 JXI1ner. are included in the lip&-
which fall here.
13a. Anal prolaqa normal and .eparat.d. ........................ 1'
ISb. Anal proleqa wdtad OD the meson 10nnlnCJ a ainQle protuberance.

F1CJ. 59S • .•.•. . ....•................. FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
Th. subfamily Sollonaurinaa belong.
bare. They ara lea1 miners on member.
Flo. 593. ""...."" roW
of lb. ro.. family.
Forbe&.
l'a. klauae 5-Hc;ymentaci: 3rd abdominal Mgmenl with 6 cmnweta:

10th abdomJnal teJ9WD with ....ral caudal protuberanc...
nq. 5"- ••••.•... SubtamJly Hoploc:ampSdae, TENTHBEDINIDAE
Th. larvae fead on the leave. Qf

pear cmd other Roaaoeae.
l~. klnna. .., rarely ke9mant.ds 3ni abdominal Hqment umally

with I.. them 6 cmnweta; 10th abdoaalDal terQu,m wlth or wUbout
caudal tuberaIlc:.s. •••••• • ••••• . ••• . •..•.•.••••...••.••.•.•. 15
214
150. An ...nibl. Qland 01\ ....DUo-meeoD 01 each abdominal MQDJenl

1·7: body otten wUh Dwn.roWl c:onaplcuoWl .. ta••• ta. ariIlnq
from diatinct tubercl..; ant.nna. " leQmented.
Flq. 59S . ...... .. ...... Subfamlly N.matina•• TENTHREDlNlDAE
Som. mem.bera of th1a rather
larqe sublamily are gall malt tl.
while othert are known to feed
on the foUaqa 01 broad-leaved
tree. and ahrub. and 011 qra....
flQ. 595 f't_""," 'I..... Scopoll
and Mdqa •.
15b. Without .....nibl. qlandal body D.....' c:onaplcuoua]y •• W.roWlI

ant.nna. 3- or ~ented. . .... ........ .. ... ..... .... . .... 16
160. Ant.nna. "'eQm.nted: 3rd abdominal 'eQment with 5 annul.ta:

abdominal 'eQmeDta 2",( and 8. or 2-5 and 8 without a poataub-
apirac:ular luck.r-Uke protuberanc •.
Flq. 596. . . .. . . ...................... Famlly TENTHREDlNIDAE
The .ubfamlU.. Hoploc:am-
pinae and Cladinae are both
included hara. M.mber. of
FIg
~roy
596 Clodl.. ,.ctl"I...,,,.. Four-
(Clod,noel. for 10m. of th...
the rOM famUy fum.l.ab food
aped ••.
ISb. Antenna. l-seqm.Dted: 3rd abdominal IeQm.Dt with S annul.tar

abdominal IeQm.Dta 2...( and 8. or 2-5 and 8 with a poetaubeplr-
ac:ular IUck.r-lIk. prolubenmc•.
Flq. 591. .. ........ . ............. .. Famlly ACORDULECERlDAE
~ Around 100 apecl•• have been d.

~ acribed. The larva. are
and qreqariO\ll on plant leav••.
fr..
fMd.r.
Fi9. 597. ~.'"- ap.
170. Thoradc leqa preeenh Ja.t abdominal Mt,PUDt with .uranal

proc.... (See Flq. 599). • ... . ......... ..•..... .......... .... 18
17b. Thoracic leqs wantlnQ, laIIt abdomlDal leQm.nt without auranal

proc.... FIq. 598. .. ....................... Famlly OBUSSIDAE
About 50 aped.'
of the paraalUc
wcups are known. Tho larva. are para-
'!Ue on the lana. of eerambyc:td and
buprHtld beetlH. Th. pupae have a
10nq OTfpoetor which 1.1 held over the
back.
215
18a. Subcmal appeDCiatJ.. present.... HQIal cmd palpUOftSl: ocelli pr.

HIlt; cmt8DJ1ae 4- or 5-Mqmented. FIq. 599• •. . Famlly CEPHJDAE
ArOUDd 100 ~.. of the Item

IClWflie. are kn.own. The body of the
larvae 18 Cahaped with Cl small ter·
minal abdomblal appendaqe. They
bore iIlto the .lema of graues. tree.
and ahrubs. Pupation takes place ill
Fig. 599. ..._ ...... Norton. the larval burrow within a tbiIl
18b Subcmal appendao.. wanlinQ: oc:.m wcmtInQ. • ... . .. . ... . . . . . 19
lea. Aut8DJ1ae 3-HrJmented: meta..plracl.. fwlc:tioJU.... ...ery mueb

amaUer them abdominal .plracl...
f\q. 800• ••.••.•••.•... . ..•...••......•. Famlly JIPEnnDBlDOAE
Le.. than 50 aped are known. The
larvaa are borers ill trees. Blrebes and
mapl" are knowu to be attacked ill our
Fig . 600. Xllilhydrle ap. COUlltry.
lab. Au'almae 1"8QJIlented: mela1plracl.. fwlc:tloDaL CIa larqe CIa

abdommal splracl... FlQ. 601 •..•.•••...•.•... Famlly SIBICDOAE
Arouad so .s peci.. of the hom·
talla are knoW'll. The larvae are S-
ahaped and deeply eeqmented with
a horny abdomillal procea. They
bore ill the lItema of pill.. and other
broad-leaved dedduoua tree. that
flo. 601 . T...... _I ..1M L are usually DOt perfectly healthy.
Pupation occurs ill thiIl parebment·
lik. OOOOOD wftblD the burrow. of
the larvae.
218
SOME IMPORTANT REFERENCES

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Order PLECOPTERA
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Morgan. Anna H. 1913. A contribution to the biology of Mayflie•.
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Smith. 08Cjood R. 1935. The egq. and egq.laylnq habit. of North
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Ord.r ODOMATA
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1922 and 1925. Pictorial key to Aniaopteran nympha. Psyche 29,
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Hay ., Wm. P. 1941. A blblloqraphy of key. for the Identification of
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fennedy. C. H. 1915. Not•• on the life b.1.tory and ecology of the
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1917. Notes on the life history and ecology of the dragonflies of
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Needham. J. G. 1903. The life histories of Odonata, wbordet Zyqoptera.
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N am. J. G. and C. A. Hart. 1901. The dragonflies of lllinoia with
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Wright. MUt. and Alvah Peter.an. 19«.. A key to the genera of cm1.
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Old.. OBTHOPTEllA
Blatchley. W. S. 192Q. Orthoptera of Northeastern America. 7S4 pp.
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218
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATUHE INSECTS
Tuck. J. B. and R. C. Smith. 1939. Identification of the eqqa of Mid.

western gnuahopR8l'l by the chorionic aculpturlnq. Kana. Exp. Sla.
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Order COLEOPTERA
Anderson. WUliam H. 1939. A key to the larval Boatrichida. in the
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principal larval fOrml of the order Coleoptera. Ent. Amer. 11 :1·352.
Bovinq, A. G. 1942. Description. of th. larvae of lOme We.t Indian
mel010nthine beetle. and a key to Ihe known larvae 01 the tribe.
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Craighead, F. C. 1915. Contribution toward a claaalficatlon and blolO9l'
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Glen. Robert. 1944.. Contrlbutlon t.o th. knowledge of th. larval E1a-
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McG1llJnay, A. D. 1903. .Aquatic Chryaom.llda. and table of !amru..
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219
Murayama. Jozo. 1931. A CIOJUribution to the mOl'pholoqic:al aDd tem·

onom1c mdy of larvae of certalD May-beetl.. "h1cb oc:c:ur lD the
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Fracbr. S. B. 1915. The c1aMIficatlon of llWpidopt...~ larvae. Dl. Siol
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B..., Bryant E. 1943. ClauUicatiOD of the Dermeat1dae bellied OD
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19U. Dynaat1.aae of North Amerlca with daotcrlptlou of the larvae
aDd bya to genera aDd epec:1e.. ibid. 467:1-56.
ls.tS. Rut.Una. of btem North America with delcriptlou of the
larvae of Strlgoderme1Ja pygmaea (Fob.) and thr.. IIpec1 • of
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Sailabury. Mud Beauford. 1943. The comparatlve morpholoqy and
temoDomy of lOme larval Criocerl.nae (CJuy.omelidae). Bull. Brook·
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with hoet.plant and diatribut10n 110t... Ann. EnL Soc. Amer. 24m:
143.112.
St. George. R. A. 1924. Studi.. on the larvae 01 North American
beetl.. of the llUbiaxoily TenebriOlllDae with a duc:ripUon of the
larva and pupae of MerU11D laevis (Oliv.). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua.
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1941. Larvae of Brltah beetlu n. A by to the Brllilh Lamelllcor:aJa
larvae. Ibid. 71:117·121; 18l-l92.
1942. Larvae of BrlUlh beetl.. m Xe,. to the famlllu. Ibid. 7B;206-
212.
19<&3. Larva of Brlliab beatl.. IV. Varioua amall 1amil1u. Ibid.
'19:2()9..223: 259-210.
1942. A key to the qenera of lanal Carabldae. Trcma. Roy. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 92:1-99.
Ord., HEMJPTEBA
Butler. E. A. 1923. A hloloqy of the Brltilh H_ptera-Beteroptera.
682 pp. H. F. & G. With_by. Lcmdon..
EAelbaugh. Charl_ O. 194.6. A atudy of th. 899' of the PentatomJdae.
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FunkhoUMr. W. D. 1917. Biology 01 the Membraclda. ol th Cayuqa

Lab Baain. eomell Agt'. Exp. Sta. M.m. 11: 181...s.
Hart. C. A. 1919. Th. PeDtatomlda. 01 Illinola with by. to Dearctlc
qellera. Bull m.Nat. Hlat. Surv. 13(7):157·218.
Hunqerford. H. B. 1919. The biotoqy and ecology 01 aquatic and MmJ.
aquatic Hemiptera. Kana. UniT. Sci. Bull. 11:3-328.
Kamy. H. H. 193(, Bloloqie der Wauerinlelr:ten. pp. rr+311. Waqn....
Bella
Badio. P. A. 1926. Studi.. of the 8C19. 01 some ReduvUda. lau.
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Order NEUROPTElUl
Ro... H. H. and T. H. Frlaoll. 1937. Studie. of nearctic aquatic IDsec:ta.
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Smith. R. C. 1922. The biology of the Chrysop1da•. Corn.U Exp. Sta.
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Order TRICHOPTEllA
ElkiDa. W1natOD A. 1936. The Immature .ta9" of som. MInnesota
Trlchoptera. Ann Ent. Soc. Amer. 29:65-81.
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DO. 1. pp. 1·24.
Mllne. Marqey J. 1939. Immatur. North American Trlehoptera. Paych.
46:8-19.
Rou, lL H. 19U. The caddlafll... or Trlchoptera. of Illinola. Bull. m.
Nat. Hiat. Surv. 23(1):1-326.
Order L£PlDOPTEI\A
Buckler. W. 1886-1901. The larvae of the Brillah butterfll•• and molba.
Vo1l. I·IX. Ray Soci.ty. LondoD.
Cook. W . C. - Cutwonna and armyworml. MinD. St. Ent. Cir. 52:1-8.
Dyar. H. G . 1893. On the larval CaMI of North American Paychida•.
Ent. New.. 4:32()'321. .
189(. A c:la.a1fication of lepldopteroua larva•. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 8:194-232.
1895. Addlt10nal not.. on the c:laaUlc:crtion of lepidopteroua larvae.
Trana. N. Y. Acad. Sci 14:4S-62.
1895. A clau1ficat1on ot IApldoplera on larval character.. Am. Nat.
29: lQ66.1072.
221
1905. A d8.lCrlptive lbt oj a collection of early 81ag88 of Japane..

Lepidoptera; Proc. U. S. NoI. MILl. 28:937-956.
Forbes, W . T. M. um. Field key to spblngid caterpillars of the East·
,e rn United Statel. Ann.. Ent. Soc. Amer. 4:261-262.
1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neiqhborlnq 8101... Cornen
Aqr. Exp. Sla. Mem. 68:1·729.
Jon.., F. M. and H. B. Parka. 1928. The bagworma of Texa.. Bull. TexQII
Agr. Exp. Sta. 382:1-36.
Moaher, Edna. 1914. The cla.aIfication of the pupae of the Cerato-
campldae and Hemlleuddae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 7:277-300.
1916. The clauificat10n of the pupae of the Satumidae. Ibid.
9(2):136-1S6.
1916. A clauUication of Lepidoptera baaed on character. of the
pu~. Bull. DL St. Lab. Nal. Hiat. 12:12·159.
1917. Pupae of BOme Main. aped•• of Notodontoidea. Bull. Maine
Agr. Exp. Sta. 259:2s.s4.
OMer DIPTEBA
BatIb, N. 1912. The structure of certain dipleroua larvae with particu·
lar reference to thOA In human fooda. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent.
Tech. Set. 22:1......
rell, E. P. 1925. K.ey to gall midge.. Bull. N. Y. St. Mua. 257:1·239.
Frost, S. W. 1923. A atudy of the leaf.m1nJng Diptera of North Ameri-
ca. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mettl. 78:1·228.
Greene, C. T. 1922. mu.trated synopU of the puparla of on. hW'ldred
muacold m... Proc. U. S. Nal. Mus. 60(10);1-39.
1925. The puparla and larvae of aarcopbaqld mea.
Proc. U. S. Nal.
Milt. 66(29):1.26.
1926. Deac:rlptiona of larvae and pupae of two-w1nqed me.belong,
ing to the family Leptidae. Ibid. 10(2):1·20.
1929. Character. of the larvae and P\1pa. of certain hull f11ea.
lour. Agr. R.a. 38:489-498.
Hay.., Wm. P. 1938-39. A bfblioqraphy of keya for the idantUieatfon
of immatur. 1naecta. Pt. L Diptero. EDt. Ne. . 49(9):246-251 ; 50(1):
SolO, 76-82.
19U. A bibUography of keys to lm.n!atur. DlOIqUiloea. Ibid. 55(6):
1.1·145. 18...189.
B.Ia, E. M. 1938. A clauUieatfon of the larva. and puparla of the
Spphldae of Ill1:na1a. Unlv. Bull. 18:1.14.2.
lohann.MD, O. A. 193(, Aquatic Diptera. Pt. L Nemocera. ezclua1... of
Chlronotnldae and Ceratopoqollidae. Cornell Aqr. Exp. Sio. Hem.
IM:l·71.
1935. Aquatic Diptera. Pt. n. Orthorrbapha-Btachycera and Cyclcm.
bapba. Jhid. 171:1-62-
m. CbJroDomldae; .uhfamlll..· Tanypo-
193'1. Aquatic: Dipiero. Pt.
dinae. DiamesI.Dae and OrthocladilDa!l. Ibid. 205:1-8(,
HOW TO KNOW THE IMMAnmE INSECTS
1937. Aquatic Diptera. Pt. IV. Chiron.omida.; aubfamlly Chlrono-

mina . Ibid. 210:1-56.
Malloch. J. R. 1917. A preliminary claaaificat10n of Diptera. excluat,..
of Pupipara. based upon. larval and pupal cbaract raj with uY' '0
imagines in certain famill... PI. 1. Bull. m. St. Lab. Nat. Hat.
12: 161-409.
Phillip•• Venia Tania. 1946. The blolO9y and IdentUlcation of trypetld
larvae (Trypetldae). Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 12:1-161.
Thomaen. L. C. 1937. Aquatic Diptera. Pt. V. Ceratopoqinfdae. Cornen
Aqr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 210:57-80.
Order HYMENOPTERA
Biachoff, H. 1927. BlolO9ie der Hymenop! ra. 597 pp. Spring-or. Borlln.
Duncan. C. D. 1939. A contribution 10 the hloJoqy of the North Am.ri-
eem veapine wcmps. Stanford Univ. Pub. Univ: Ser. BioI. Sci. 8(11): 1·272.
Yuaaa. H. 1923. A clauification of th. larvae of the Tenthred1noldea.
m. Biol. Mon. 7:1-172.
INDEX AND PICTURED GLOSSARY
AllIIOI'IIInoe 80 Alj)lrotor 24
A AHNULATION : formoflon of " - I n buOI 133
Abeck.w 9 rincHlke porta 0( annuI- AII.-.ophylcil( "19, 1041
"bIG nflota 2 1S eta. A,,*II( 196
ACCfSSORY: sec:ondoty. AHNUUT ; the rlnO-J AD- Attelobua 12'
Acer_OI'IIIdoe 55 division of a MQII'Mnt. ATTENUATE : gtOduallv tap-
Acer.ntomon doderol 55 ANNULIFOftM : rIng. llke. ering oplcolly.
Adlorut. onnatw 5' Fo. 603 Atteve 179
Achotut. nlvleo". 58 Audllory organ 70, 71
AcorduleQIro 215 Aulonlurn t~1OtYrn 112
rdulecet ,doe 215
Acrott urn hllor. .99
Acrydiurn Qronulofurn 10
Adel,noe 151
Adelghocor.. ro I<k.- .9 1
ADFftONTAL AREA : the ClBCI
t.etw...., the t rontol and
@. ,
Aullrofion c:odu'ooch 72
A%aleo IlICIf miner 152
•
Bock IWlmmers 129
Flgur.603 Boetidoe 66
the odftontol MUf _ Bogworm 19
'10. 602 AnobUdoe 119 BoIl1archlO ostyonox 170
-'noblurn atflofurn "9 BEAK : the Iolnted roatTUrn
Anornolo kaNOna 2. 46, 88 of the front of heed,
Anophel.. 16, 191 Fig. 605
AnoIIluro 37
ANTENNA ; (pl. onl _ _ 1
the Mgmented 0DPend00es
on eaCh aide of' the heOd.
FlO, 604
Figure 602
ADULT : the fully mature
~-
. ;.: ;';,
' ' 1ft,
.3
Aegerlo opl form a 156
" '" , ,
• Floure 605
~~~68156, 175
Beon ttvlpe 10
A=",doe 68 F gure 604 BIIGn _ I I 121
~gr~" 125 ANTEPENULT IMATE: the Bedbug 132
Beloltorna flum lneum '30
Ao,lonldoe 68 MCOnd before the lost. 8eIottornotldcM 1.30
Agrypnia Ito 1..9 Anlh" do. 111 Bee fllel 199
A lroro cytlndrlco 100 Anlh cw helolCUI II I BM1 IONbwonn IS"
Aleyrodel S9 139 ...nlhophl1or,lono 1604, 176 BetOI".. me ndl"Ol'll 112
AIeyrodldoe f 39 Antlpus 12 8lbic olblpenn. "5, 193, 201
Alfolfo cot rpil10r 1.9 "'nt·lI_ 1045 II ibloc4lpholo 190
AllKUlidoe 116 "'phelln ldoe 211 Blblonldae 193, 201
Alobotw I*V\IYIwmlco 116 ",phellnus moll 2 11 BICUSPIDATE : two-polnled,
""'bro.lo beetl. 128 Aph dldae 139 BIFOROUS ' havng ' - _-
AMBULATORIAL: fitted for Aphid lion 9, 16, II, 1.... Ing&. FIg. 606
_I InQ. Aphids 139
Ambutn bug 132 Aph-vl .. ~ 210
Am rlCOn c:oc:krooc:h 12 Aplon 121
AMETOBOLA ' a collect I... ADIonlna. '27
nome fey the InIiICh th- APODOUS: foot __
out metamorphoe 2 APPENDIX : on 0iSd1t1ono1
Ametrooodldoe 65 POrt.
Ametro!luI 65 ~. IlICIf roller 7
""'pt,1cyrto dent'pea 91 Ape" aII.teton z« 1604
"rs!
AMPHINEUSTIC: having onlv AQUATIC : living wholly In
the thotoc:le end the weter
lost or the lost ' - PO" Arch1pe CII'V'(I'OtPiIa 162
of IQlroc:IeI OC*\. Atch lpe fwn lr.tona 162 FlOure 606
""'pt,11.00 711 Atctudo. 165, 166, 169~1I6
""'phl~ 711 , Atct_bco olt_to In BIFURCATE : forked nto twO.
AIIObna • ,"pi 10, ' 1 ARCUATE : orchecI ,. bow- 8111 ~ 127
MoIoPvlt 57 It"• . 81OROrNAL OlOCHm : the
,t.NAL IUSE , the _ I _ . - AroIdoe 2 14 '-lui onanged In 0 &A'>I-
Ing II frequentlv aItuat.:I Armyworrna • 65 _tOl clrd. but of twO
on the """mit of a mound- AtthropIeono sa alternating IengthL
Ilk... Ion known aa A.eoIQphldoe 145 8 ret ltee 3..
the onel Asllidoe 199c, 209 Bit ing lice 3..
II it
" ' - tt Is 1304
""'<Irlaa _tnotor 21
An '~_ 15'
~Ul
ASPERATE :
beet"
AaopInoe 13~
~
7, 12"
.,.,~,,..
8 ittoaa pillc:arMs 52
810ck fI_ 192
INDEX
Block Hilla beetle ~3 CMabIooe 16 OorylObottv. f _ t o ....
8iastobosidoe 164 CARA8IFORM : a type of cn~ aural.,. 23
BIcstur.. C\lPicb 66 , - with flattened body Chrv-l ldoe 122- 125
Blotella QetmCJt'I'CICI 35. 72
81ott1doe 72
and Ihorf Iega. cnrytOPO c>culalo 50 . I ....
CAROO lpi. cCll'dI.... I : bas- ChfysoQIdae 1+4
8*,,-"pinoe 213 01 pIec. of IrJO)fJlIo. See ~Iut _,.... 207
Blephorocerctidoe 190, 203 maxilla. CIcO<lell1c1oe 137
811uut ieucopt_ " 134 CARNIVOROUS : feeding on Clcodidoe 136
Blood wonns 194 animal.. C,e:lndelodoe 76
BooltHce 35 CQrpenf"'_"" I 56 Cigarette beetl. I 19
Bookworm I 00 Carpet beetl. 98 CILIA " Ing .• cilium I : tIIln
8011, _,1 pam,lte 7 Caf'J)OCOlleO pomonello 5 and oc:olt..-.c! hal....
Bombyeidoe 171 181 Corposlnldae 160 Clmblcidoe 2 13
Bombyhldoe 19'£ 209 Carrion beetl. 82 Clm." lectuiori. 132
Bombyx motl I II" 181 Cartoder. coslutota 101 Cimex rot\.lnclot", 132
. . _ unlcIOIot I I, COM bear... I SO Clmlcldoe 152
Boslroctudoe 120 Coso-moklng clothes moth C" Dhl, ,,"Ipuncto 41
8othrlder.. I 11 158 CI 'doe 100
8othrideronl 100.. 111 Cou,cIo n.bulalo 125 Clod,,,.,. 2 I 5
Bro centru " '" Co IdlnGO 125 Cladh.. "",tlnlearnl. 21 5
8roctlY~ra 1~~ 200 CATERP ILLAR : larva of Clodo.ulnlnoe 1
Bro y I '110 L.podopt ro. CLAW ' a hallow sharp or.
Brochypsec:tro fulvo 96 CologenUi 106 oon at dialol end o f leo.
BrochytarIUI 128 Co"'. g rub 189 CI . .. doe 99
Broconldoe 211 Cob, oO a ntennalUl 96 CI,n.d lum sculptn. 75
B.....,h,o povonacello 181 Cebrionldae 96 Cto logo. fra 2 11
8rentlda. 125 Cecic!omYlda. 190, 200. 202 Clov.r leof weevil 13. 18
Br.,*- ,nfa", 188 Cedar 11.. 93 Clo ...r- tMd ( olerplilor 162
8""I.la ils 30 C~pt,aloldoe 113 ClIver Ned ch<Ilcld <42 43
Brood· lho<JIdered _'.,.- Ce~oan I.r url- 113 CLVPEUS . 0 port 01 the
.tridetl 132 Cellhidoe 21 head. below Ih. front . to
Broodwlnged damaalfliel 68 C.rombYCldo. 51 , 101 wh,Ch the labrum I, 01.
8rown I~inos 145 C.rombyCQbIUl cyanic..,. 1 toched onl. " o,I..,.
Brown -loll mOlh 168 C.rornlco piela . 41 Clytro Quadrlpunc:lota l tl
8ruchophogUl funebrlt ~2 Ceratltl. cOPltota 189 CI"'rlnGe 123
BrucholltlagUl glbbut 43 Cerofopagonlda. 191, 205 COARCTATE ' a Iy p . of
BruchUi pl.lOfUm 121 CerotollhyllUi tosclatue '" pupo with ' ,he a~
8rucldoe 121 C.rolurgUi cruc:loto 209 obKurttd with lhe larval
Bucculatrl" 155 CERCI : two appenc:1ooee 0' Ikln
Buffolo- gnol "', 192 lhe IOrh abdominal NIl' CoccfdO. 138
Buorestidoe 94 "..."t. usually ,lender and Coccln.,llda. 5 1, 109
Burying beetl. 82 fIIamentOUl. Cocoecla rOtOceono 17
8yrrhldoe 90, 91 C.,copidoe I 31 I 1"8
8yn'hut fOKlot.. 91 Ceroplo,l. florldensJ. 138 Coccus cact ~
8yrrhUl pilulo 91 Cel"u,o vlnulo '10, 47 Cockroach tI, 12
8yturlnoe III Choetarttlo aamlnulum 117 COCOON : a covering com·
BytutuI ",'color II I CholOlllogo.lro 210 POsed of ,Ilk or other mo-
Cholepuo at., 125 ,.,101. and mode by 1 _
c Ch«k...ttd beet,.. 99
Chefonorllclo. 93
for the protection of lor-
va and pupa.
Chelono,'um 93 Codling malh 5
Cobboge butt... fly 112 CheionUl 211 ~Ionldoe 67
Cabbage roof InC!':lgof 14, 18 Chermldoe 138 Cal a mollvor.1l0 150.
CObbogewcIrm 112 a-Inut timberworm 128 18
Codelle 100
Coenldoe 65
O-tnut 'W..vll 42 Colooono,lda.
O-Ing ond lopping mouth Calltl2 72
"0. 157,
CQlendrlnoe 121 pom 51 eoptera
ColI,oa ~QlI 212 CHEWING MOUTH PARTS : Collectl~ 0Wrotu. 22
CQlli......w arcuf., 99
CalloPl nlg,,~ 99 Fig. 607 ~ltto~gRE : the ventral
CQllvdr as ..a.ut. 182 lube of Calltmbolo.
CQIopod.noe I 13 Colorodo potato beetl. 17.
CQlopteron ret ic:ulatum 98
CQIopla onQustUl 11 3
Calpodea etfIlka 180
CQ...,., c:rlckat 7 I
"
Colydl1c1oe 100, I"! I ! 2
Cornb-clowttd bart< ~I.
~~'1~ie 30, 56 ~~on coftl. grub I", 189
CAMPOOEIF<mM : a type of COMPUTE METAMOftPH05-
Iorvae 'W 1 I h flottened IS : the growth 01 InNCf.
IrCtrl eo" 10 larva and
~I!::f~ 2and coud- lhen thrOUQh the pupa to
the adult.
CQ~63
CQf9':OC)Qd,,, btvlrIUI .." COMPLEX METAMORPHOS-
IS : _ at complet.
Canthatldoe 97 tMlo~,.
Con1ttot1t 97 COMPOUND EYES : a group
CaQnoo _ _Us 61 01 MpCIrot. vi.uol orgo..
CQpnildoe 61 Mown os ommatidia on
CQ"flOctwoo 1"'~ 116 each .Ide of the Nod.
INDEX
CONDYlE: a pf0C*8 art e- D ELATElUFORM : a type of
IIIotlng t". baM of IN Iotvoe .... ith elOl'lgOted cyl.
mandIble to the twocI. nd,ical body and thick,
CONOYLIFORM: condyle- Oaenlnl 110 tlMlh body wall.
II~. 00,.,.,..111* 32. 67 ElectrIC light buoI 130
ConfUMd flour *,1. 116 Oonoldoe 173 Eleodes letcherl 13
ConlopteryglclOe 1.... Oonoua I)lexlJ19W 173 Ellipea mlnuto 69
Conof'ocNl"" nenupnot 40 Oano:e fII.. 197
CM.lcIOe 134 00Ki1l1doe 89, 93, 96, 102
ELYTRA (ling., .'yt,on' :
the leathery for ..... II'IQI of
CMhddOe 129 OoacillUi davldsonl 89 beetle&.
CMn eorwonn 13, "'7, 165, Ootano min Itro 168 [MARGINATION: a cut-out
168 DECLIVOUS: Ilop ng grad· I)loce In the margin.
CORNICLES '_Ing., comJc:u- uoH), downward. Embla major 36
I.. ,: 0 pair of dorlO-lot- DEHISCENCE : the Il)lIttl"O Emb optero 36
etCl t!bul.. on the pc»- of the pUpal Integument EMBRYONIC DEVaOPMENT :
,.lor part of tN abdom- In the _~ of the the period of the devel.
en which lee'''.
liquid. Fig. 608
0 ....axy adult.
Oend,octonus frantoUI ""
opment of on InMCt be-
tween fertUI:totlon and
Oendrleton"" ponde(oaoe "'3 the hotctIl"O of the egg.
Oe~rIo herocllono 1M, EMERGENCE: the IHCOpe of
a winged Inteet from Its
Oel~tl0phl'Ul o,egonenal, 100,
~
or pupal COM.
Em 212
Oermo¢ero 37 Em 197 210
OetmestldOe 98 I II EmpOOlCO 101,0; 137
Oerodontldoe 1b2 EMPODIUM (pl . empodla) :
Oerodontw maculat.. 102 the alngl. POd-like or fili-
o.v.IOl)Mel'lt I form medlon proceaa be-
Diamond-bock moth 159 tween the elaws.
DIOpl\eromera femotOto 72 Endornvd'Ildoe 108
Olatrceo 18'" ENDOPARASITE : one thot
Figure 608 O,neut. H 1eCU.. Its food by liVing
Dllltlonlda. 21 3 within other an mol ..
Oll)t.ro 189 Ennearthron 100
CORNIFORM: Ilk. the hom DISCOIDAL : Ihoped If~ a Entomobryo comparoto 30
of an ox. 01~31)1~~ Entomobrya 100""" 58
Entomobryldoe 58
CorrodIntl0 35 Olxldoe 193, 20S E_tomen rlbogo l 5'"
Corydol flOe 141 000 168 E_tomldo. 5'"
CorYdoIUl comutua 12, 40,
~s:r,,!' i.1~ '''''
Epargyte<.ll tityrUi 171
c:orr:ptIodes
50. 53, ''''I
marglnicoili. Oal.fut ,Imili. 213
Ephem• •Ua 65
Ephem_lhdoe 65
[phem.lda. 63
Cory1hucha a,cuato 134 Oollchapida. 197, 210
CoUdoe 156, 163, 119 Oolichoous 197 E!lhemero¢.o 62
Cots... CONUI 156 Danaela 122 El)hllochnlnoe 109
Couus lIauldperda 156 Oonoellno. 122 Eplcauta v/ttota 15
COXA Ipl .. coxa.' : the boa- DORSUM : the dorsal surface. EPICRANIAL SUTURE : (epl.
01 --ment ot the 1_. See DOUBLE COCDON: 10m. to- cranial ,tem' the sutu,.
_" -.. coons contain an Inner on the doraol surface of
cro~rry toad bug 136
Crone ,fI_ 191
one .... ithln an out., one.
!>rooonfH. 32, 67
the head. F,g. 609.
Cr=.
CREMASTER : the termlnol Drapetll nlgro 210
poJlldus 135
Dredge 23
IIj)lne of the abdomen of Drosqphilo ampelop/lilo 189
Drug\tOf. *'1.
[)ryOcoralOS
CRIBRIFORM : with perfOt'- OtvoPhanto goll 2'
atlons Ilk. thoR of 0 I)ryophonto lonoto 21
119
Cr=,na. 12'"
Crloc.,la oll)Orogl 7, 12'"
[)ryoDldoe 93
=~ 77
CROCHETS : the hookI on I)vtLtc.. 77
the pfolltO' of cat.rplilora. ~ m i~ 192 Flg",e609
IS'" ...... _
Cryptolechlo querclcello 184 .....t Ice 3
CtyI)tOPhagldoe 10.. Epllochno 109
Cryptophog... soglnotua 10.. E Epilochno vo,lvesti, 6, 109
Ctenoc4Oholidet con,. 50 EpllXDCh'''_ 180
g~ ~1.'r-'06
EPIPHARYNX : the I"".,
ECDYSIS : ahecId no the Iot- ~ of the Iobtvn.
g::: "'5, 189'7191, 2~ vol skin between Irwtors; ErlC»rua pe-Io 138
moultl"O. 3 EtlOCronlidoe 152, 17 3
Cvtkldoe~ ~, 20S Etdyurlldoe M E,lstahs bastard; 189
C\.II)a c:onc:oIof 73 Ec:toedemlo 152 Erotylldoe 103, 10... 110
~doe 13 ECTOPARASITE: _ which ERUCIFORM : a type of Ior-
CUfculIo pi oboIClde\A 42 ,.... and feeds on oth« _ hovong 0 eynndricol
Cumlllonlc1Oe 51, 126, 127 animals rom the ouhIdL body and both thoradc
lege and proiegL
Z=~S~l~6f89, 200
-
Egg 3
~'=~S
Ethrnlo 169, 183
Cyrtldoe 197, .NIl Ethrnlldoe 169. 183
I N DEX
Eucinetlno. 102 FURCULA : In Collemboloi GrouM Ioc.., 70
Eucinet\a 102 the mO<W or ' - foritea GRUB : the IaIVO of CoIeop-
Euclea chloris 178 leap ng appendage on the terQ.
Eucnemldoe 95 ... th abdominal MOment. Gryllldoe 69, 71
Eulophldo. 21 I Furniture beetle 119 Gryllotolp no. 69
Eumolplnoe 123 FUSIFORM: JPlndle-ahoped. GULA : t .... c.nlrol port of
Euparr.... mormorh... 128 t .... head benea'h. Ia,.,-
Eupiectl"Ul platypenoe 211 G oily bouI\cIed by' .... 0 -.
Euplectus conffuens 81 GULAR SUTURE t.... line
EUI*IIII betwMn the lIula and the
European mlnuta 125 53, 179
com bo<w GALEA: t .... out .. lobe of g.,_. Fig . 611
£urosta solidoglnla 21 the ma",lIo. FlO. 610
Eurygenl .... componulatus 114
EurymUi eurytheme 13
Eurypooon nlg., 93
EUtYltett.ldae 11 I
EIMYSt.thus collfomlcus 111
Eurytorno tylodennatlt 7
Euxoa ouxillaril 47, 168
EXAAATE: 0 type of pupo
with apoendoOft ftN. Flgur.611
EXCAVATE': with a depret-
.Ion that II not a clrd. GYPI'( moth 7, 168
or a MOment. Gyrlnldoe '74
Exechla notlYQ 192
EXUVIAE: the COlt akin " , Figure 610
Insecta. GaIeruc:I".,. 124 H
GALL : abnormol growth of
plont tllSue, coUMd by HA81TATION (01' hobltotl :
F stimuli not of the plont the region where tilt onl-
ItMlf, generollr. bY Insectl. mol II ..... nolurolly.
FALCATE: Ilckl..ahoped. Galleria melonel a 185 HoemotoplnUl o<I ....nl,cll.. 37
FALCIFORM : having the Gallihaetls fluctuans 66 Hollplldae 15
form of 0 sickle. Garden ..ebworm 154 Harpolus yogan' 29, 49
Fall armyworm 5 Gela tocorldoe 130 Harpolu. "Irkllo_us 16
Fall webworm 166
1'01.. chinch bug 13...
Gelo,tocorls ocula'", 130
Gelechlfdoe lSI, 156, 16-4, ~:Ip':ml~. ):J
Fol.. wireworm 13 183 Hellodrn?'doe 1511, 162
Fealher-wlng" 1>Ht1. 80 GENITALIA: 011 0' t .... g.nl- Hellolhl. ormlgero 13, "7.
FEMUR Ipl., ' _ 0 ) : a MO- tal structu,..; the repro- 165 168
ment of the I<JG,~"" ductlve oroon•. HellothriPi haernorrholdall.
trochanter and leg. SN Geocori. 134 98
leg. Geometrldoe 166, 188 Helml. aeneua 93
Fenuslnoe 214 Geosorgu. ...Irldal 195 Heloc:hor.. 117
FILIFORM: Ilender ond more Gerr... on cockroach 8, 35, 72 H.IOdldoe 90, 92
or Iat of equal dlamet.r. Gerroda. 131 Helaohorlnoe 1 11
Flrebrot 28 56 Gerr,. r.mlgl. 131 HeiophofUi OQUCI'I(us 117
Flre-colar;({ beetl_ 114 Giant wot., bugl 130 H_roblldoe 115
Fireflies 97 Glbblum payffolclel 119 H_.,obl", poe"'c:UI , .. 5
FISSURE: 0 lilt . GILL : a _101, varlo.... ly Hemeroccmpo I.~tlgmo
FLAGELLA T£ : whip-like. formed , .. plrotory organ 185
Flat-headed apple t,.. In oquotic: Insectl. H_roc:ampo vetusta U,
borer ...... GlitchrJXhlh... obtUIU. 107 168
Flat-headed bote" 94 GIQUOtOmotlno. 1'17 Hemlpenth.. 199
FI.tornUi orgentlpa 193 Glowworm. 97 Hemlptero 129
Flebotornous chl,.,.,. 193 GlyphlPterygidae) 6-4, 176 Henlchroo dyori 214
Flebotornus malor 193 Gno<lmoscherno opercul.lI. Hen louse 34
Florida wox sc:ole 138 156 HepiolidOe 159 178
FORCEPS: hook or plncer- Goal molh 156 H.plalu. humu(1 159
Ioke proc_ on the Galden-eye lacewing 50, 1...... Heptogenlo 33, 6-4
c:oudal end of the obdo- Galdenrod boll goll 21 HER8IVOROUS: feeding on
men, Gonlocot.. glgo. 34 planta,
Forclpomyla apKUlOtI. 194 G<'acllarla ozol..IIo 152 H.rc:olhrlPi foaclatut 10
Forllc:ula 37 Grac:llorlldoe 152, 153, 174, H..perllda, 1111 180
Formlcidool 211
FOSSOR1AL: fitted for dlg-
177
FOSSA (pl. , ' - ) : a pit, . GRADUAL METAMORPHOS-
IS : the orowth of lmec:ta
H..perobo",,,, 03
Heaperophylax
H_lon fly 189.. 90
'7,
<10, 52
glng or bur..- ng. from Ir. egg Ihrouoh the ~.,_Idoe 8Y
Frlngi-w noed fungus nymph to the od<.ofi. HeterocetW ...",trolll 89
beetl. 106 Gtonory w_1I 127 HETEROMETABOLA ' 0 col-
Ftit fly <10 Grape phylloUfo 139 lective nome for the In-
F~. 137 Grope-vine pC_ 167 1IC1. with gradual or In-
FRONl'Ai. SUTURE: the _ Go~ 7, 10, 70 complete melomorol!Otfs.
of the epIc:roniol tuture. ~ thtlPl 38 H4rx0genla bll Mota 33, 63
Fruit tI'N leo' tOIler 162 G r " " _ wh,h,flv 139 HI8ERNATION : 0 period of
Fulgoridoe 136 Green ~Ings 144 Iett.o,gy Of ~ onl-
FUI'«OIVORDUS : feeding on G<'.., s-adI aphid 139 rnotlor\ In anlmol. ac:cvr-
fungI. Green stink bug 39 Ing dI.aoJng _ I low
~ gnota 191 Ground beetl. 12 twnpIIrot .....
INDEX
Hlppodamlo ~ 109 IlIChnUl"O 67 Laod c:obI. bor., 120
~1:r.~'~~7 'ala IlObeflo 1,815
I~.,o 36
lAo' bugs 135
lAO' ml".,. 1SO
leotomo polUltrI. 58 Leaf rollers 17, 162
!cue "
a \'UC(It_ 117 leoftloppel's 137
ETA80LA ; fI coIl~ leather loc:bt, 191
tlve rtO_ for the II'lMdll J LEG: Fig. 614
hov.irIg compl.t. rn.ta-
~
mofIlhQIl.. Jonua Integ« 216
Harnoptera 135 Jopo_ l)eetle 4. 88
HorMIy 6ft( 20 jOp)')( mlnemUi 30, 51
Jumplng oIont lice 138
~=='ni~h 214 June beetle 88
Ho<.. flI.. 195'
F1Q\n6,..
H_"y6
H"""pbQcQd fll.. 197 k
Hydrobfa tardo 77 lelociltoda 116
Hydrocllina. 118 A. A. O. mixture 215
1(. Leopard moth 163
Hydrac:hus I<jUQml f . 118 Kollof"'l*) ulml 214 Lepldoptera '49
HydramCl(ra mortlnl 131 Katydld 7. 71 Lep'_ 30
Hydrom.trldcM 13 1 l.eplama aocchorina 56
L.eplsmidoe 56
rlydropllllldcM ' 9, 117( 118
Hydropl)'c:M '10, 49, <115
L Leptln doe 80
Hyd,oPtYchldf» 146 LeQflnotorao clecemllneoto
Hydrol)tHo wow.slono 1415 LABIAL PALl'I : the appen-
dages on each &Ide of the
17, '10. 51
Hydroptllldo. 1415 LeQflnua teat_ 80
Hyd roscophlnoe 79 loblum. Leotoeello olbida 149
LABIUM : the lower Up of
Hygroblidoe 11
Hyftmyo broulcoe 14, 18
,he 1_.
Fig. 6 13
Leotocerldo. 148, '49
Leprocorlxo varicornIJ I H
HylotOl1'lo 214 leptophleblldoe 66
Hym.,.optefo 21 0 Leucop. ~leOla 189, 200
HVlXIntrla C\I"'" 166
Hyl'll'o pUtlCtoto 13 t~~ ,OJf:a 6Ja
HYPERMET~ORPHOSIS : a LibelluUdoe 68
kll'ld of metomof1)hoal, LIFE CYCLE : 'the I*'iod of
wlth "".'01 dlff ....,.' lar- t ime betw... fertlfh.ollon
val ,fOgel,
each other.
,uc~lng
HYDOMrmo llneotum 7. 14,

and the death
dlvldual.
0'
of the egg ond the sperm
the i,,-
189 " 10 ..... 613 I Ife history 28
Hvooolworyngeal bracon 121 LIFE STAGE : a definite pet-
HVPOPHAR.YNX : _ tongue. ~'f!U~~ upPer lip of Iod withIn the life of on
HYPOPl.£URON : the low., InMCt auc'" os egO. Iorvo,
Lac:cl,., lceco '38 pupa or adult .toge.
port ·o f th. eolm ron.
Lace bugs 134 liGULA : the centrol o;d.,-
--
Fig. 612 Locewings , ..... It. of the labIum.
LACIN' .... Ipl ., loci" gel! the Umoccdldoe ISO, 178
,.., Inner labe of the moJClIlo.
_ mOlllllo.
Umneblina. 79
Umneohilidoe 148
Loc-lnMCta 138 lii~ilut Indlvl_ 49.
b Ladybird beetl.. 109
LCMmOphloeut b lguttotUi 106 lined spiff Ie· bugI 37
Figur.612
Lagrlo 116
Logrildoe '16
Lom.lllcomio 51
ue
LlnognothUl vltull 28
LI
coponla 34
174 letl, argentlnoteUo
LAMElLIFOR.M : thaped 11M
HYPOSTOMA : the flteo 0'
lompyrldoe 97
leav...
the head around the on- Longurto ongustoto 103
Uthac.QIIetI. homodryocIetlo
llt~hn!!4 165
tennae, 4I'f'IS and moutk. Longurlo moxordl 110 I...ocUIta mlQl'Otorlo 71
Lonourilnoe 10J t.ocu.tldoe 7 I
Lonftm-fllea 136 l.eng-homed groahopper 71
Loporo 171 l.eng-Ieggec! til.. '97
loph'fO"'O 'ruglperda 5 long-noeed cottl. IouM 28
10pygidoe 57 Lorge cn..tnut _ " 42 long-toed '<¥Ct., beet... 93
loPVX mi"..." ... 30, 57 Lorge chick.. IoLae 34 l..ooIMnl66
Id'-ua pI'OVOI'ICheri 39 loroer elm leaf beetl. 12.., I.ucQnIdoe 11
IMAGO : another nome for LARVA (pl.. 1aNoe): the l.ycoenkloe 171. 181
odwt. )'OWIg of InMCtt with lvcoenapllis Iodon 181
Imported C\ItfOntwort'l'l 47 campi", nwto~ lycldoe 98
INCISURE : 1he Im~ preceding the ClUIIOI dOge lyctldf» 120
line mar lno the lunctlon ~~ 1after the egg I1oge. Lyctus c:ovk:olU. 120
of two aevment1. L)1IQeIdoe 134
IncutvQrlldoe 15k~ ISS, 175 laitocompldoe 1611. 184 lygut iblineotul I!lS
Inflo~ 10f\lOe Q loliodenno Mrricome 119 l.ymontrlidoe 168. 169, 185,
lNOUILlNE : on InMCt gueat ~lo nterestinclClrlCr 186
o"l other Ineectt. 1Q, 176 l~1doe 128
INSTAIt : the stage of an LothrIdlldoe 101, 102 LY'on«lo .-eulello 155, 177
inseI;t tMt!WeoJn
3
'wo tIIQUItL 1..oJcoItwoe • mllOl'Ia '54
LOlCOIt.,g41 Iflc:tlcoli. 154
l)'OfWtlldoe 155. ISS. In.
182
INDEX
M MAXILLAE (a.ng't .,1101 M rfdoe US

Fig ~ po " at JOWl ~ICO a url<yoNo 152,
Mochlfldoe 56
Machlhl martlmo 56 MOI.A {or molar' : the grind-
MOI1axyeio major 212 Ing aurfoce of the mon-
MAGGOT: IQI'YOe of certain dlb .... F'g. 619.
Olpteto.
MoaiclcodCl aeptendeclm 1,
3~, 136
MALA : a lobe; ~I.....
applied to the galea and
Ioc:Inio ........ fuMd.
Fig. 615 Figure 618
M-'XILLARY PALPI (IIng./

polput or polpl : a polr a
oppendog.. co",ed by the Figure 619
maK,II0, See moxOllo
Mayfly 6, 33
Meal moth 151
Meolworm 116 Molombo lonota , ..
Meoly-bugt 138 Mol.,nno IM'I laphilo 1-48
Measuring ...,rml 166 Maior .tructure 73
Mecoptero 16, "7, 52 Male c,lck t, 69
Figure 615 Med,"rrone<)n fruit fly 189 Mollonldoe '''8
Mego~IO carolina 16 Monarch bulle.fly 173
Maiolo 168 Monord,a 200
M 10 ryldoe I I 3 Monocetlo coryfl 121
Malocosomo americana 169 M.londryo ""010 110 ~ I um minimum 44,
Molacoaoma d,atroo 184 Melondryldo. I 10
Malloonogo 3" Melonlt il ledo 167 Monotomldoe 103. 107
MALPIGHIAN TUBES : the Melonoplus dllle,entoll. 31 Mordeilldoe 118
excretory orgoN of lhe Melonoplus femur-rubrum 71 Morman cricket 71
Meles.. ruflpennl. 95 MOIQUltoet 191
~~:r'n=::~~ng Into the Mellttfo toty, n iforml. 156 Moth m.. 193
MANDIBLE : the first polr of Melitfomma .erlceum 128 MOULT (or moftl : the ~r
lowi. 73 FlO. 616 Meloldoe 8~ lodlcol .heddlng 01 the
Melyrldoe 99
Mernbrocldoe I 37
.k,n 0' auter coverlno of
InMet. 01 they g'ow. TIIII
METAPNEUSTIC : having only Pfoceat II altO called
M~I PARTS :
the loa' polr of abdomin-
al aplrocl.. open a collectl".
MENTUM : the dilrtol ICier-
name for the "ruetur.. ot
II. of the labium. See on InMCt'. mouth, Includ-
labium. Ing labrum mandible,
MESOPLEURON : ,he lot.rol mokUk;le1 lob(um and oth-
aclerl'e of the meoothor-er re_ed opaendooft.
0"- ISM Floa. 46 and -411
FIQIn616 MESOTHOR-'X ' the HOOnd MULTIARTfCULATE ' with
or middle segmen' at the
thoro,,- M~lbR~~'hocHETS :
MetOKUI poradollUl 86 the hooIu on the prol-oa
MANOIBULO·SUCTORIAl.; a MetollUi nbl 21 .. when they are of many
type of mouth porta. 50 METAMORPHOSIS : changes dl He,en! length. but off
!"11l- 617 of form 0' In..ct. o. they arranged In a .In,,I• •trW .
pou from one .toge to Murmldlldoe 108
ot16ther. Murmldju. oval/. 108
METAPLEURON : the lateral Muac:o ~tlco IS
acterlte of fhe metolhor- MvcetaphoQldOe I 12
ox. Mycet~... punctot ... 112
METATHOAAX : the lost or MycetoPhllfdoe 192. 193,
th,d thoracic seg....m. 202
Metcolf, Z. P. 3 MVdoidoe 198, 209
MeeovellO mulllOnti 132 Mydat clOvo'''' 198, 209
Mexican bean ~I. IS M)IdoI til.. 198
Mlc , _ , t _ ~lIIom MylOl,QI)O florea ....
29, 55 M~""" d«lljcolll 124
Mlcromolthldoe 74 MYRMECOf>HILOUS : InMCt.
Figur.617 M cr_lthue dellI" "'5.. 74 thot flv. In anI nat.
MIc,opteryoJdoe 149, 173 Myrrneleon 14 5
Mlaopteryx 149 Myr_'_'ldoe 14'
Midgea 19" Mytllotplw c'"leoIa 138
Montiel 8, 69 MlarotOfy iocuJI 7 I Myxua peRlcoe '39
Montodoe 70 MINES: gollefieS ,,_,. by
Monflrpo styrioco 143 Iorvoe ~ the UI:>I*
Montiap!doe 143 and tower covering of a
Maple C<Me-tJeor.,. 41, 151 plant feaf. 21
March f1... 193
Monh lP'ingtoll 58 M=14I"'fOr ac:ovenger
NA'''O : ony nymph with
0QU0t1c habit• .
229
INDEX
NASAL£': loImm fUNd :<rift! 08TECT : a type 0 pupa Panorpo rufoac_ 47
the Mod. Fig. 620 haVIng the QI)I)ItndCIQeI POpalpemo nebril 185
appreQod to its body. Paplllo cresphant. 112, 181
OCELLUS Ipl., ~11I1: the Popllion,doe 172, 181
aimple ey• . PAPILLOSE : superfl c I a II y
OchthobiUl mlpr_UI 19 cavored with rolled dab
Ocht ... ,~ 131 or popliloo.
Oc::hten.ll I 31 Porac1emons1o ocorl'oIleIla
Odonato 61 41, lSI
Ooconthui niv_ 7 Pa,ooernldoll. flovlCOj)1 1+4
Ooc:ophaficlao 164, 184 PARASITE : living on at In
Oodemoriclao 112, 113 olMr onimoll ta oet
Flour. 620 Oene I 186 nourishment from t h •
Oonois mClCO<M'lll 167 hoet. 27
NATATORY: f,tted fM Oonlstls quod,o 165
o..trua avIS 200 PARTHENOGENESIS: reprl)-
.... lmml"9. duct Ian by direct growth
NAUPLIlFQRM : ......, ,he 0ac0deI calfatUi 208 of the ego •• thou! fer-
larva rtlll«nbl. ,he no~ OIibrUi 106 tilizatIon by the - " '.
Ih.. IfOp,. In Crwt~. 01 oonou"a 64 POU$Ii~ 78
NMCI .. mnera 151 Olloonouri.nl~ 64
Ollpoto o",tOl'mb 83 PaUilUI kannogleterl 78
NHf~ 58 Pea weevil 121
NMlIdeI foltoml 58 OMNIVOROUS: fMCIing on Pea, paylla J0, 138
Nwnot~ro 5'\ 189, 200 bath anlmol ond plant Pectlnophora QOOIVI)IoIIo 164
Nltmophlrl~ 43 food .
Nltmouro l'nuotO 60, 61 Omoclhron 76 PEDAL L08ES : legs ItIat hove
NotmOUI'ld<M 60, 61 OmQOh,onldoo 76 bMn modified to bocarne
NltOdlprlon 213
~OOIf.r moc:ulicom-
OOTHECAE (, ng., aothoc:o) :
the GOM at an ~ mau p~\= r,~nces.
of certain Ortnopte,a. 8 PEDUNCULATE : set on 0
Notopyrochroo fotmorolll 114 OPERCULATE: having the .tolk or poduncl• •
Nltpldoot 130 form ot 0 lid 01' oper- Pllitodyt. 48. 15
Nel)tlc:ulo plotonollo 175 culum. Peltoporlo a,cuata 59
Neptlc:ula llingotrlandello 152 Ol'lOdacnlnoe 122 Peltopa,lInoo 59
Nepticulldoo 152. 175 Orthaparo~ 106 Pentotomldoe 133
Net- winged mldg.. 190 Orthoptera 69 Penthe plmella I 10
Neurol)tero 53. 140 Orthorrhopha 189. 199 PENULTIMATE : next to the
Nevennannla do,calCKnOld- OrUilidoe 215 lolf.
.. 119 OtyaaUi occidentalil 215 PERFORATE : a part dilated
NIlIonI~ 116 OryzaephllUi surinam_I, or flattened and 1M re-
12, 104
~IWJ:!HJc:: 107
mOlnlng part cyllnd,lcal.
Osclnella f,lt ~
Nactul~ 165-169,'851 186 OSMETERIUM (pl., osmetor- ~::~;= :o:c't:rl~'_ 165
NODULE : 0 smo I aarupt la): tubulo, _ _ Ibl. PERINElJ5TIC : $pIracies In
knot or swelllng .~ . gland, capabl. of belnQ a row on oacto ,Ido of
NO METAMORPHOSIS 10- projected through a 'lit the body.
metamorphosis) : with but In the protharoclc Mg- Pe,iodlcol clc:ada 4, 136
Ilight or no change of ment af certain Papillonid Penplanota omerlcana 72
form during development. cot erpillora J72 PerJ)lIane1a oustrolOSlOlt 72
NOIOdend,Inae 90 Osmylidoe 112 PerlPIQCUI phoc:opt.rus 35
NOIOdondran c:allfomlcua 90 Osmylus chrysope 142 Perlclnsiella soccharK:ido 6
NOlladerflllnl 113 Ostomldoe 100 Poria hastoto 61
Nouldlum ameroconum 80 Othnlldoe I 15 Pe,1o vert lcalil 60
No'erlnae n OthnlUl umbrolUl I 15 Pe'lodo. 59, 60
Nateru. 17 OVIPOSITOR : 'M tubular or Petrone,cella bodia 59
Notodontldoe 168. 187, 188 volved structure by means Phalocrldoe 106
NotolophUi ontlque 169 of which the eggs are laid. PhalacfUI 106
Natar\e(la undulata I 29
Notonoctldoo 129
0W"UI perlcelldoctylus
~::~~6~(~16,04
NOTUM: tM donol part of Phasmid 8
o oegment. p PhoImldo. 72
Numbe., of Ij)ItCI of In- PheIlOPll. abcordo to I 13
IOCII 3. PochypalO otus 169 Phongodos 98
NUTANT : noddIng; with ,ho Pachyrrhlna forrug noo 206 Phengodldao 98
tip IMtnt horizontally. PAEOOGENESIS : reproduction Phlloen... flneotUI 137
Nvomlo phaoorrhooa 168 acc.urlng In tM IorvoI Philaenus spumorlUl 137
NYMPH : tM young of In- ,t~ . Phllopotamidoe 147
IOCII which ha.,.- gradual Paleocrlto ....mato 166 PhJlopotamus 147
m~. 3 9 Pollngonia 63 Phlebatrophlo mot'-I 212
Nymphalld<M 170, Ih. 173, Palingenilcm. 63 PhohnUi 97
181 186 • PAlMATE : like the palm af PhtygOnold<M 149
Nym~la mymphoetu 154
N~la ,tognQla '54
the hand; with
like proceaMS.
""OW- Phryoanidla c:allfornico I rn
Phyllacnlstut populi,.lIa 21
Nys1us 134 PALPIFER : a arnoll "' Iht Phyll~ loaniato 9
bearing the maxillary pal-Phylloscolll otTO 136
o !)US. Phyllotom nee 212
PALPIGER : a _ I I otc:leriht F't1y1toxaro I 39
OBLITERATE : Ind tinct. bearing the lablol palpuL Phylloxefldoe 139
OllSOLETt : am-, 01' on- Pamphll icIao 211 Phymoto _ faotc:iato 132
tit Iy Db....': indistinct. P~"'''''" 211 I'ttytYIatIdoot 132
INDEX
""r~ destNctor 189, Potomonthus 62 PSEUOOCULI: 0 polr at Of'.

PrOYlnq monlld 70 gons In lhe I\eod; their
PHYTbpHAGOUS : feeding PredoeiOUI d,y,ng b.ellts 77 nal~ undetotrmlntd.
upon plonla. PREDATOR : on animal thol PSEUDOPOD 0 IOlt 1001 -
PIERCING AND SUCKING preys on others. like o~ 0 on
MOUTH PARTS : Fig . 621 PREPUPA : a QultsC~I n- lhe ~ <l eOl..,:>l1-
"or twlWeen lhe en<.I 01 Iors.
lhe IOJ'Y()I stage and the PSEUDOPUPA (In Col.ap-
pupal .tooo, act,,,,.
but t.rol : the laNG In 0
pr~~:g·2S, 26 ~1t11~en.!nI:O~~~lIoc.:d
PRESTERNUM : a narrow 0"· by the true pupa .
.....If"'" lerlar part of lhe ...,. p.,locephola ~OfThoIClaI -
~AN'-I.I"" num. II I ~8.( 208
IfA.".. 4.A PRIMARY LARVA : lhe new- Psoclds ,,5
Iy holchtd 10"'0 of lhe In- P,ycllidoe 160, 178
.(A.flJ"
Hd. willi lIyperm.lamor- PlvclloCla auperbQ 193 203
phOtIa. See Irll.mgulon. 85 f>.ycl'oodldoe 193 .. 201, 205
Flgur.621 PRIMARY SETAE : lhe
borne on ..tlt.roul I~r ·
"'0. PlYlla pyricOia lv, 13a
i>1.rophorUl lenuldoctyl ..
P,.rido. 172( 182 cui.. , deflnit. In numb4ar 180
P,.ris nap; 72 and poIltlon. PI.raeroe. 1t00eyi 143
Pier.. rapae 172 Prlonochoeta opoco 80 Pt.rodol'llJo 1I0vipet 197
Plomy crickets 69 Prionocypl\on dllColdeUl 90 PI.ronc,cldo. 59
PllIFERS : the GOuda· lat.ral P"ono)()lltu~ robJnJoe 156 Plet Qn5 Ideo rlbeail 31, 47,
projections of the lobrum. PROBOSCIS : an extended 21
Fig. 622 moutll structur.. PI.rophorldoe 167.1A 169, 180
ProCIa)(... Qulnquepunct.llus PI.rosllchUl 12, 'tV
175 Plillidoe BO
ProlOPVlIidoe 57
PROLEG : 0 fl..t1y unaeg·
PtUoCIactylo ""'col"1
Plilodactylinoe 92
92
m~fed abdominal leo. Plilasloml. OCAIIII'.ro 149
P,omacll", vertebralus 199 Pllnldo. 119
PROMINENCE : .Ievated part. PULVILLUS Ipl., pVlvlllll :
Figure 622 PRONOTUM ' the dOrlol foco rw:~k1 ..... ~~.':"n be·
Pr:::.,~,;:~,:I~rl~'::.um 62 Punkin 194
Pine golf ""..... 11 127 ProtC!I>l.,omotido. 62 PUPA : t.... "'''ng, lna'tl ....
Pm" bollworm 164 PRD5TERNUM : the ventral ,'ag. of holom.tabolQUI
PLANIDIUM : 11'1. n. wi y f~. of t .... protl'oOf'o><. 1"lOCt., between the lONG
hotched larvo of """. PROSTHECA : a mandibular and the adult.
chalclda. acl.rlt. Nt ""Ith holrs, or. Pupae of Dlpt.ro 199
PLANTA : the anal clO1j)lng tlculoted to the bOSOlia. Pupae of lepidoptera 173
leos of cal.rpillars. 80 FIg. 623 PUPARIUM : the ne><l.to-
Plant bug 10, 135 th•• IOII larval akin wllh.
PLATYFO"'RM : 0 type of lor. In .-hlch many moggot.
yoo with shott, brood and pupal. for great.r pro-
flat body, with or without tectlon.
shott Iega. 14 PUPATION : the act of be.
PlotypI'tylo>< 16 coming a pupo; ent."ng
Plotypodldoe 128 the resting alaoo.
PlatypeyUldo. 81 PUll moth 168
~=II:m=~ ~~8
Plotyrtomldoe 128 Figure 623
~~GOY,O~~tfn!° aPl*\doo..
of t.... 'enlh abdominal
Plecoptera 59 Mllmen' token collect Iv••
PLEURON Ipl., pleura): the Iy.
=a~t~,~~' Pra.toml. mandfbulQrl, 105 PY~~~~1dfS'6 154, 179, 180,
PLICATE : with foldL Protentomldae S5 Pyralls forlnafl, 154
PI..., curcullo <to Protemlnldoe 125 PyroUltO nubllaU, 54, 179
Plum leaf-miner 152 prolemltIUI onthrlXlot 125 Pyr~roldoe 114
Ph.... mott. 167 PROTHORAX : the tim or Pytho nloar 115
PLUMOSE : feathered like 0 ant.rlor aegment of the Pythldoe 114, 115
plume. ~O><. It
Plut.llo mocultpennil 159 Protoporc. qulnq\MmOCUlota "
Ppdo1)lQn goilicola 121 17 Ronot,a futca 130
Pod,_ macullventr. 6
PocIoMsIo syringa. 175
protoparce MIrto 13, 170,
188
Range caterpillor 7
Rope butter/ly 172
Podurfdoe 58 PROTRACTED: extended. Ratlhldlo hem!oIIdl 140
PoIymltarcldae 63 PROTUBERANCE: any .... Rophldlo obilla 140
Popfliia IoPonIco 4 vatlon obov. the MK1oca. ROJ)hIdIIdae '40
PORAECT : pro ectlng. Prot..o 54 RAPTORIAL : f'tted for orOlp,
Porthetrlo d lapor 7c..2~ __
POSTEMBRYONIC IJt:VI:UII"-
ProJCDdoxl~ 151
PIOinI 120
1"11 and holding
1V.SPING MOUTH PARTS :
pr..,.
MENT : the ~io9ment of P..lophldoe &4 willi 0 f''''lIkA1 ttructure.
on InMct ofter hatching. PMOhen doe 92 R«JrlllO InMCtI 26
PCltho'liollthldoe 62 P~ 93 R«tol trocec 11
I"otato Ieoftlapp« 137
I"otato , . . , . , _ 156
~ 1-.1.1 92
P-..do click beetl. 95
Recut\fO,la plceolffo
Reduvlldoe 133
,n
231
INDEX
RETINACULUM : tooth ·11ke out pro'-OL Sm'CI'IPIIIOe 107
p r _ of the mandible. Scatoc*dcIe f92, 206 Smic,ipa polmlcolo 107
F.g. 624 SCAVENGER: 0 fMdet on Smlntnwldcle 59
ct.c:oying M waste rnot1er. Smintnwidea lepua 59
5cMIopinldae 198 Smoky olderlly HI
~lnUi fenestroli. 198 Snokefll. 1'10
~lInoe 154 Snipe fll_ 196
SchrecUnalelnlo 162 Snowfleo 58
Sct!ymcMn1dae 84 Snowy tr.. cricket 7, 71
SCLElt ITE: ony piece of the Soft winged floww beetteI
InMCt body wall bounded 99
FigUf.624 by .utur.. Sotdl« beetles 97
SCLEltOTI ZATlON: the hard· Soldl« fH.. 195
Retlnodll>lo. . lnapa 190 ..,ing of the body woll Sponworma 165 166
RETRACTED : drown bock M by Ihe deposit of chItIn. Spornopalius fulVUI 42, 199
Into onolher port. QUa sUbltonces In the e)CO- SPATULATE: btood 0 n d
Rhochlcer noe 2.07 cutlculo. rOYnded 01 the tip, m«e
Rhaglon doe 196, 197 ~ .207 Scoblclo decll,,1s 120 slender at the bow; .poon.
~Iell. ClngU 010 "" Scolytldoe 126 shaped.
RhoiIole"s poMonet 10 200 ScolytUl rugulotut 126 Sperche noe 118
Rheomoclemo atrola 192, Scroptlo _Iceo 110 SP8fcheul. 117
206 Scroptlnl 110 Spercheul emorglnotus 118
RhnoalmUi ruflcoltla 114 Scythrt 18 Sphoerlditnoe 117
lthlplc:ortdoe 93, 96 Scythri, eboroc_ls 182 Sphlndldae 107
Rh plphorldoe 86 SECONDARY HAIRS : tcot· Sphlndua omericanUi 107
lthlplphorul solidoOlnll 85, tered hairs which hove no Sph!ngldcle 170, 17 1.1 188
86
lthllophoQldoe 103
constont poslflon.
Selondrllnoe 213
SphinIC colerp 110'
SphlnlC moth 170
,,0
lthlxophogUl grandls 103 SEMIAQUATtC , clOMly .... SPINE : 0 Iorge setoe ori.ing
Rhodil. b color 21 loted to water or portlol. from 0 calyJC M 0 cup by
lthyaeophilidoe 147 Iy aquatic. which II i. ortlculated to
Rhymbut ulk. 108 SENSORIA : the cirCUlar open. lhe cut.cuto.
RhYnchit .. oeneua 127 inga covered by 0 memo SPINNERET : the openIng of
Rhynehlt. blcolor 127 brone. on the ont__ .ilk glofld&.
Rh~lllnoe 127 or legs. SPINULOSE : set with unoll
RhYtodldoe 75 $eporotM 24 spines.
RIce bufferfly 167 Serpent.ne miners 152 SPIRACULAR FURROW: 0
RQbber files 199 SETA Cpl •• setael : slender furrow •• tuoted on the
Roae chafer 88 hair-llke oppe n dog... cephalic morgin of the
Roay ciooIe ophld 7 hollow In structure. tnOYOble obdom nol aeg-
Itooind.ModecI apple tree SETAL : of or pertaining to menta of ~OUI
wer +4 setae. pUpae and of
j\pund-heoded81wers 101 SETIFEROUS ' bearIng setae. the ~i rocl.. t Is fre·
ft_ beet I s....nteen·year cicoda 136 qvently extended olmo.t
Sexton beetlel 82 to lhe IneIOn on both the
s $heep bot fly 200
SI'"P loUIe 7
dMtol and .....trol oepecta.
SPIRACLE: the opening of
Sobollnco 1~9 Sh eld buoa 133 the respiratory OI'gon.
Soblne Itimuleo 14, 46. 150 Shill ng flOwer beetles 106 Splttle·~ ' 137
SoddleboCked ,lug coterpll· Shol -hole wer 126 Si:Iooc»tyl..., olbofoeclotum
lor 14, 46. 150 Slolidoe 141 · 209
Soddl.. _ mokert 147 SOIls nfumoto 48, 141 Sponglllo.fU.. 142
..__ femoroto 122 51fter 23 Spring roae gall 21
.... v· w Silpho 82 SprlngtQiI 58
Sogrlnoe 122 0.7 SII .... 1dae 80 82 Spruce budwotm 1.t..
~I:C= ~7 , 1 SII~ninl I~ Spruce leaf-mIner 183
Sand flies 193 194 SIIYWrllsh 30 S6 SPUR : 0 aplne-f1ke oppen-
Sopen:lo concfl~ 44. 101 SIMPLE MtTAMORPHOSIS : doge of cutlculo, connect-
SAPROPHAGUS: feeding on lOme 01 groduol meta· ed to the body WClII by 0
deod or decoylnQ onlmol morphoIla. Joint; generally on the
and pIont moterTQIs. S.mullidoe 192. 203 tibia.
SAPROtOIC: f ng on de- Simulium pecuorum 14 Squash bug 134
c;Qyong Qnlmol motter. Simul,um ptcfl~ 192 SQuash·"'ne bater 156
5otumlldoe 170 187 Simul,um venuttum 53, 192, STADIUM: almllar to .toge.
Sotyrldoe 167. \72 203 Slog beet I 87
Sown.,. 16 S nodendron cylln<lrlo..m 87 STAGE : the Int.-vol b e ' -
Sow toothed groin beetle 12 SINUOUS : curv(ng In and maulta.
Scale nJecfI 138 out. Stophyl nldoe 51, 81, 83
Scolldlo llneari, !~1 106 S phlonUficloe 66 Stegoblum po",- 119
SCANSORIAL: fimlO for S ptllonurua QltemOfUl 66 Steninoe n
clomb ng on holl'l. Siphonaptera 'IS. 50 Stenopelmot noe 71
SCAPE ' the fIrst M boIOl Sirocidoe 216 StenopelmQtus Ionglaplno 71
.. wgment of the QnteMCI. S,syro UI'IlbrOfo 142 SIIInOClhYIaK 16. 141
Scophldlicloe 82 5 yrldoe 48, 142 SI...... 83
ScoPh~ convexum 82 Sitoohlh.a g _ VI 127 STERNUM: the undenIde of
Scofaboeldoe_~, 89 S.IQtrooo cerealellel 151. 183 the ttmraJC. ' * - ' the
SCARAItAE'I'UI(M: a type Skl~ 171 COICOI awlt_
of IoNcI with U·~ Slocken 30 Sthenopla thule 178
cylindrical body and with· Slug.caterplllars 1SO Sltctoc:ephQleI 39, 137
I ND EX
Stilleto flies 198, 208 SUBTERRANEAN: .xl'tona T,puIo .'uto 191
Stink bug 39, I ~3 ber\eoth the _toe. of TlpUlldoe 191 , I~, lOG
STIPES 11)1.\ stortesl: the the soli. Tlacher,a moll!oll.11o 4l,
balD, "alit 0 the max- SU8ULATE : _I-I h a II • d :
lila. lI'_r at bote, att ....uat.
In
Tl~doe 153, 171
Stoneflles 34 at t ill. Tood bulle 1)0
Stor.houM beetle 119 Sucking lice 37 Toboc:co nomWOlm , 70, I
Strotlomy.OO. 195 206 Sugarcane leafhopper 6 Tomato 'NltwomI 13, 165
STRIDULATING ORGAN: on SULCATE : Wllh dMporoo..... Tornolo homworm 13 11
0f90"I producing ~ by Sun-moths 158 162 Tomasl.thus bard", 213
rubblna_ two IIOrt" SURANAL PROCESS : the p">- Tornoxla bldenlalQ 1 18
FlO· 625 cess ebove 'he enol MO- TONGUE 1the hypophory1\X' :
ment.
Swall_ bug 132
foe MnIOfY .tructur. at.
Swallowtail butt.rflles 172 toc~f '~~~abur.:~ lur·
Sweeping n.r 22 Tooth Meked fungus ~fI ..
Sychl'Olnl I I 3 102
Symphyaleono 58 TOIIOI>8rla 34
Svnchroo IlUnctate I I 3 TorIO'" beetl.. 125
Syrian .lIkworm 169 TortlclOO. 1152, n6, 177
T Toxom.,11 palllUi 189, 200
TRACHEA Ipl ., tracheae' :
TobonlOO. 195, 207 ringed tubee belonolno to
b Tabonua Olral'" 195 the ,.I,olory lysl8f'll.
Tabon ... 10IophttloimUi 201 TRACHEAL
TOQOIIeria medlo 60 GILLS : the flat -
FIOure 625 Tarnished plont bug 135 tened or holr· loke proc..•
TARSI IJlng., toraus) : _ _ In aquatic IQrva.
leo. through which oxygen I.
Strongylogoster annulOlUI obeorbed from the water.
213 T~lcula lSI
T.Mbf'lo molltor I) 6 Fig. 629
STYLET : a small Ityle or
STYLI I ling., tty""> : the i=~:m~~lt~~,~;..' 115
rt Iff 1l'OCeII.
arnoll oppendogel on the 100
under lide 0' the abdo- Tenodera aridlfolla II"""••
men In Th)'lOnUl'O. 70
Flo. 15215 Tent caterpHiara 169
TenthredlnlOO. 212·2 15
T.... thtedo 213
TERGITE : Ot:>r.cl scl.rl,. of
a ...,.,oenl.
TERGUM: the do<lOl IIOrt 0'
a leoment. Flour. 629
T.troonyx 85
Tetl'II'OO. 70 Trachykel. blondell ~
T.rtloonldoe 71 Tr..·crlck.r 71
Therevldoe 198, 208 TrHhoppera 137
Flour. 626 Thermobio dom..t,co 28, 56 Tr. mex columbO 216
Thorn skel.ron,ur 164 T,ialeurodeo vopororlorum
STYLIFORM : end,,,,! In a ThroPl 38 139
lOng Ilender 110,"1. Throacidoe 95 Trla.noclel flovlIICen.. "9,
SU8ANAL APPENDAGE : the Th,OICUJ 9S
a_..x.oe beneath the Thyatlra deroso 1155 '''8
Trlbollum GOnfueum 1 1IS
Trlct>opl.ra 52, 146
anal Mgm .... t. Tt1yollridoe 16S
-gene.
SUBIMAGO : a Winged atooe Thyrldldoe 160
In Moy1l1es Juat ofl.r Thyrldopt-.yx ephemer-
from the pupa
and before the lart moult .
a.'ormls 16, 19, 160,
17 B
SUBMENTUM: a «1.,lt. of ThYlOnoptera 38
Trlcorythodft oliectUl 6
Trlc:orythUi 65
T,ldoctyllno. 69
Trl='.err'60 ephemera.-
the labium next to the ThyaonUfO 55 TRIOROINAL CROCH E T S :
men.um. See labium. hooI<a 0 f Ihe proleos when
FIg. 1527 col leV""...
TIBIA. (pC., . fboel : .Il0l apI-
of tM leo. " th, . . dlffer... t lenghtl
but arranged ,n a .'nol.
0'
TlBIOTARSUS ' the MQ<Mnts
the tibia at>d the tor- r_.
.... when fwed logether. Trlphlepa trlctlcolor 39
Flo. 1528 TRIUNGULIN : 1M 'Ira' in-
--
.'ar o f M40lo.doe, Monti-
apjdoe and 5t'.""III ra.
85
TROCHANTER 0 MOment
~"!.ndleg{emu:w"'" ,he
b FlO 630
F'our.528
~
Figure 1527
SU8PRlMARY SETAE: the T,o-< beetle 715
"mary setae fcKh:t In Tinea pelilonefio 1S., 1115
lot. INten but not In Tlneldoe 15'.i. 1715
the TlnOl1ic1ae I"" Flour. 630
INDEX
T(OQ~ 88 WART: the enlarged com- Wireworms 9$

Tlo" teobel' 88 mon bose of 0 0I0U1> of Woolly bear caterpillor 186
TUBEACULATE: _eel wIth "'ce. Wool _ 0011 21
Wat., beet... 77
ru't€:g:~I.E: small lolld Water boatman 129
meow,.,.
pimpl••llke
TupuJa .,uto 45
0
.'ruefUl•. Water. 13 I
Water ICOIJIlon 130 x
Tusaoc.k moth 13 Wat r 1 f t " 131 X. A. A. O. milCtur. 26
T ydilUi "Ielra.!,.. 126 Water tioere 77 X. A. mllCtur. 25
WEEVIL : 0 larvo boring In Xlphydrio 216
U fruit; usoolly r_rved fOl' XIPh,yrlidoe 216
CoIeoptero ond especlolly Xy.lode. 212
Ululodel hyallna 145 for the Rhync:hophoro. XyelJd _111 .. 212
UNIOAOINAL CROCH£TS: W.".m cricket 10 Xylo~1doe 196, 207
hoOka of the ptOl. Wal.,n 12-spotted cuc:urn. XYlOPHAGOUS: t.edlng on
when of uniform lengm I14tr b4tet I. 6
and orranged In 0 n • wooden t i _
Wattm water bug 9 Xylophogua IUQenJ 196, 207
cl"I •. w.-I bug 133
Vt~1o 166 Whlrllolg beetl. 74
Whit.fly 139
V Whit. onte 36 y
Whit. gtUb 88
Volentln 0 jllondulello
164 WING PADS : the enc:oeed Y."_·Meked coterpillol'
VCINIIIO 170 uncte...10Ped win g I 0 f 168
Varlabl. hen 10UM 34 nymphs. Fig. 63 I YOt.W>g 3
YorleOOted cutWOfm 165 yponorneutldoe 159, 165,
V.llldOe 132 179, 182, 18"
VENTER; the entlr. under
V ~~RM: worm-llke lor·
vee.
Vermlleo 196
z
Vespa maculata 31, 40, 46, 2 0 _ t o .Iecta 53
51. 211
Veep(do. 211 2~93
1. swt.llorl. 122
Zevz.ro pyrlno 163, 179
W Zygopt.ro 32, 67
Walk.,lona ovilio 138
Walkl~lck 72 rigure 631
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Sudo.

/-low To Know The

An illustrated key for identifying the or-

1946·17 Vlllttlng Protf'IIlIor

WM. C. BROWN COMPANY

THE PICTURED·KEY NATURE SERIES

"How to Know the Insecta." laques. 1947

ln Both Spiral and Cloth Binding

Printed III U .A.

We have found Dr. Chu nol only a thoroughly IJained Entomologist

METAMORPHOSlS. - The term metamorphoaia I. derived from

a) Gradual or .dmpl. m tamorpbosI• . - In many inaect .peeIe. the

FtO. 2 . 'the I". HOO" of ...... "'... Ic._... Hay., 6 Mc -

c;) No melamOlphosis or Amelabola. - The insect of this type 01

These insects shed their ouler coat (molt)

Wetamorphosis Lite Stas

IMMATURE INSECTS From the pr vious figur 01 th Ina t III

18t mow. t 2nd moult.

liUlmER OF DlSTAllS = nWllber ot moul t. + 1

THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMATURE INSECTS

IMMATURE STAGES occupy A LARGER PART OF THE LIFE

LARVA AND NYMPH ARE HEAVIER FEEDERS. - When a .urny

ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND ADAPTION. - The zoological position

INSECT CONTROL. - The injurloua in8ecU qive ua a clear idea

WHAT IMMATURE INSECTS LOOK LIKE

(a ) Flat and .calelike (Fig. 7).-Take for example

(h) Spherical (Fig. 8).-The egg. of many

(c) Conical (Fig. 9.)-The egg. of the imported

(d) Elongate (Fig. IO).-Many eggs are elongate,

Eggs oj this type are ohen inserted in nar·

around the upper edge. Reduviid eggs haVE

With sculpturing (figs. 12 and 13).- The sur-

NUMBER OF EGGS. - The sheep-lick and the true f mal 01 many

giant water bugl, BeJCIStorna, Serph s and

In the Thyaanoptera. there ia no indication 01 wing pads until the

FIg 19. 8eon thn Pl Henothrl". f .. cIo .... {P.,gondal : 0,

Aleyrodidae and Coccidae, there ia wbat appean to be a pupa. In

Naiads are generally quite uniform in appearanc . The leg. are

1. CampodeUorm (Fig. 22).-Tbe char·

Fig. 22. Lo"'<l. : Q, ground IIMII.,

2. Carablform (Fig. 23).-Thl. II a modilled.

F",. '23. Q . Corobold Instar of

3. Eruciform (Fig. 24}. -This type of larva is cylindrical, the tboracic

4. Scarabaeiform (Fig, 2S).- The acarabaelform larva I. cyl!lldrlcal and

5. Elaterlform (Fig, 26}.- The.. larvae are cylindrical in

.....Fig.,,_m, 26, Fal..

6. Platyfonn (Fig. 27).- Tbis

FIg. 27. G, Mo"",,,, .. _t. Loc. ; ( RodrQWl1

7. V rtnifonn (Fig. 281.- The larvae of th1a a

8. Hypennetomorphoaia (Fig. 29). - 'l'bt. is a kind of complex meta·

is called a coarctate larva or a pseudopupa. The fir.t inltar of

FlO. 29. Ufo "oges of lplco ..'. "IH.t. Fobtlclut.

and 11 called a naupliliorm larva. The flral inltar of PerflamplU, a

COMMON NAMES OF LARVAE

The Importcmce of common name. haa been empbaalaed by many

leaf tollerl, leaf minefl, casebearers. webWOfmS, tent caterpillar•.

The common names of iasect. with economic importance have been

TYPES OF PUPAE. - The pupae of insects can be claaaiUed with

If the appendages are c1ol18ly

immovable. Cbrysalis is a term often applied to the FlO. 32 . IlUpcH : a .

2. Exarate (Fig. 33). -

3. Coarctate (Fig. 34). - The appendaqel are not. visible

PROTECTION OF PUPAE. - Moat pupae are concealed in one way

etable fragmentl. etc. . th se larval caaea

....., •.••••• ..•• .. . Lt'EI. '.,.,''-1 .... ........ A ~. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .