GEORGE.CARDONA PANINI’S KARABAS: ‘ AGENCY, ANIMATION AND IDENTITY* Sabda-pramanaka vayam|yac chabda aha tad asmakam pramdnam Mahabhasya paspasa (I.11.1-2), ad 2.1.1 (1366-12-13) P&nini’s grammar contains a section of rules introducing kdraka class names (samjfid). This is the most interesting part of thé Astddhyayt with respect to semantics and grammar. For the classifications provided therein serve to connect certain semantic relations with grammatical expressions.! Six kdraka names are defined: apddéna, sampradéna, karana, adhikarana, karman, and kartr, in this order.? For thé present discussion, let us cofsider the following twelve-rules. [1] 1.4.23 -karake Bo ([2]1.4.24 dhruvam apdye’padanam [3] 1.4.27 varandrthdngm tpsitah (apadanam 24) “ t [4] 1.4.32 Karmand:yam abhipraiti sa sampradénam [5] 1.4.36 sprher ipsitah (sampradénam 32) oe a [6] 1.4.37 krudha-druhérsydsitydrthdndm yam prati kopah, (sagnprad, dnam 32) . [7] 1.4.38 krudha-druhor upasrstayoh karma [8] 1.4.42 .sddhakatamam karanam [9] 1.4.45 adharo’dhikaranam [10].1.4.46 adhisth-sthasdm karma (adhdrah 45) [11] 1.4.49, kartur tpsitatamam karma [12] 1.4.54 svatantrah karta 2s [1] 1.4.23 is a heading (adhikdra) whereby’the names apdddria eté. intro- duced in subsequent rules apply to things when they are kdrakas.* Things are kdrpkas when they play certain roles in the accomplishment of an action‘. A thing may bé classed in one way if it functions in a certain way with respect to any activity at all; or it may belong to a certain kdraka class if it functions in a given way with respect to. a- parficular-activity; ‘tid a karaka classification may apply only if a certaii avtion-is denoted by particular items, I: tabulate rules [2] 1.4.24-[13] 1.4.54 below, using Journal of Indian Philosophy 2. (1974) 231-306. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland232 GEORGE CARDONA the term kdraka to refer to the nominata of the names apdddna etc. (of. Cardona, 1970a:65, n. 1). Rule Karaka Particular action, verb or class of Category verbs name [2] A stable point. Departure Apadina 13] What (an agent) wishes to Actions denoted by verbs Apadina reach (through the the act of meaning ‘ward off” warding off) [4] One whom (an agent) Sampradana intends as goal of the object (of his action) (5] A thing desired sprh ‘yearn for’ Sampradana {6] One toward whom anger Actions denoted by verbs Sampradina is felt with the meanings of krudh “be angry’, druk ‘wish harm to’, irgya ‘not tolerate’, asiiya “find fault with’ [7] One toward whom anger krudh, druh used with a Karman is felt preverb . 18] | The means par excellence (of Karana accomplishing an action) ® [9] A substratum? Adhikarana [10] A substratum (Si ‘lie’, sthd “be in place’, Karman ds ‘be seated’ preceded by adhi [11] What the agent most wishes Karman” to reach (through his action) [12] (That kdraka which is) Kartr® independent (relative to others involved in an action) 1. The kdraka classifications noted are used to account for the proper distribution of verbal and nominal endings. After a verb root, abstract, L-members (Jakdra) — subsequently replaced by finite endings or par- ticipial affixes — are introduced if an agent (kartr, [12] 1.4.54) or an object (karman, [11] 1.4.49, [7] 1.4.38, [10] 1.4.46) is to be denoted; if, however, the action denoted is, in a given derivation, objectless (akarmaka), an L-member is introduced to denote merely an activity (bhava): [13] 3.4.69 lah karmani ca bhave cékarmakebhyah (kartari 67) After a nominal base, the second triplet of endings (dvitfyd) that is, accusative endings ~ is introduced if an object is to be denoted; and the third triplet of endings (#rttya) — instrumental endings - is introduced if either an agent or instrument (Karana, [8] 1.4.42) is to be denoted:PANINIS ‘KARAKAS’ aa [14] 2.3.2 karmani-dvitiyd [15] 2.3.18 kartr-karanayos trtiyd However, the denotation of agent etc. by a postnominal affix is sub- ordinated to the expression of these by post verbal endings; [14] 2.3.2, [15] 2.3.18 apply to introduce endings if an agent ér object is not, in a given derivation, denoted by a verbal ending:® [16] 2.3.1 anabhihite ‘When ... is not denoted’. . The fourth (caturtht), fifth (paficamt), and seventh (saptamt) triplets of nominal endings (i.¢., dative, ablative, locative endings) are respectively introduced on condition that a sampraddna ([4} 1.4.32, [5] 1.4.36, [6] 1.4.37), apddéna ({2] 1.4.24, [3] 1.4.27), or adhikarana ({9] 1.4.45) is to be denoted: 1 [17] 2.3.13 caturtht sampradane [18] 2.3.28 apadane paficamt [19] 23.36 :saptamy adhikarane cat 2. Rules [2] 1.4.23-[12] 1.4.54 occur in the section of the Astddhyayt headed by [20] 1.4.1 a kadardd eka samjiia [21] 1.4.2 vipratisedhe param karyam [20] 1.4.1. provides that only one of the names (samjfid) stated in sub- sequent rules (up to 2.2.38) may apply at once; that is, simultaneous membership in more than one of the classes set up in this section is forbidden. [21] 1.4.2states that, if two operations conflict, the subsequently stated one ¢akes preference; see Cardona (1970a:43~48). In the present context, then, these two rules provide the following: :a thing ‘which: is eligible for membership in two or more Karaka categories simultaneously is assigned to one only, the -one stated subsequently in the section [2] 1.4.24-{12] 1.4.54. In varttikas 30-35 on [20] 1.4.1, Katyayana ives, with reference . [2] 1.4.24-{12] 1.4.54, reasons for having [20] 1.4.1 (and [21] 1.4.2) apply (Bh. 1301.21: kani punar asya yogasya prayojanani). -3. Let us consider first straightforward instances which involve the fol-