Insights Ideas

INSIGHTS AND IDEAS
Patricia Ackert, Anne L. Nebel

Harcourt Brace & Company
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CONTENTS
To the Student v
To the Instructor vi
World Map viii
Unit 1 Fast Food 2
Unit 2 Shopping Malls 12
Unit 3 Puerto Rico 21
Unit 4 Country Music 31
Unit 5 The Family 40
Unit 6 Eskimo Art 50
Unit 7 Hawaii, Island State 60
Unit 8 Language and Languages 69
Unit 9 Cities in the 21st Century 79
Unit 10 Deserts 89
Unit 11 Medicine, from Leaches to Losers 98
Unit 12 Oil from Plants 107
Unit 13 New Plants 116
Unit 14 Amnesty International 124
Unit 15 National Parks 134
Unit 16 Money 143
Unit 17 Antarctica 152
Unit 18 Crying 161
Unit 19 The United Nations 169
Unit 20 Maple Syrup 177
Unit 21 Marketing 186
Unit 22 Glass 194
Unit 20 Gold 203
Unit 24 Early Humans 211
Unit 25 Computers 220
Word List 229
Index to the Word Study Activities 232
TO THE STUDENT
Insights and Ideas has 25 short readings and many kinds of activities. You will
use this book to talk, read, and write about interesting topics. You will learn new
words and improve your reading skills. We hope you enjoy this book.
TO THE INSTRUCTOR
Insights and Ideas, Second Edition is an engaging reading text for high-beginning
through low-intermediate students of English as a foreign or second language. The
text features 25 thematic units on a variety of topics, ranging from the culture
specific to the universal.
Each unit presents a short reading and plentiful activities that focus on
predicting, comprehension, finding the main ideas, understanding details, and
making inferences. The text introduces approximately 1,000 target vocabulary
items--in both the readings and in the word study activities--and guides students
in using context clues to discover meaning.
Most of the unit readings are approximately three to five hundred words in
length; however, in order to give students more extended reading experiences, a few
readings in later units are slightly longer. Although many of the readings are on
familiar topics, they often present new or little-known information that will
intrigue students. A main feature of this text is that the vocabulary items are
systematically recycled throughout. Therefore, it is recommended that the units are
studied in the sequence presented in the text, so students are not overwhelmed by
new vocabulary items.
The text does assume an understanding of basic structures and vocabulary. All
verb tenses except the future perfect are used. Personal pronouns, including the
reflexive forms, past participles as adjectives, gerunds, and such connectors as
although, nevertheless, whether, yet, and so are used.
A companion volume, Concepts and Comments, is also available.
Activity Types
Pre-reading
Each unit begins with a series of pre-reading questions to generate interest and
give students a reason for exploring the topic. The questions encourage students to
share background knowledge and express opinions about the unit topic.
To further stimulate discussion and spark interest, each unit opens with a
photograph, illustration, or map.
Working with Vocabulary
This section in each unit includes the following two activity types:
Focus on the Reading. This activity identifies approximately ten to fifteen new
words and asks students to practice using them in the context of the reading.
Focus on New Contexts. Students practice using the new words in different
contexts. (Note that the words are used repeatedly throughout the other activities
in the unit and in the units that follow.)
Understanding the Reading
This section in each unit includes the following three activity types:
Comprehension Questions. These questions ask for specific information from the
reading. They help students review the main points of the reading, and allow the
instructor to gauge the students' level of understanding. One or two of the
questions might require students to make inferences based on information presented
in the reading. (All questions or activity items that require students to make
inferences are preceded by an asterisk [*].) The questions can be answered orally
or in writing and can easily be assigned for homework as well.
Details. Several formats, including true/false and multiple choice, are used to
focus students' attention on specific details in the reading. This activity type
gives students many opportunities to practice the essential reading skills of
skimming and scanning for information.
Main Ideas. This activity type gives students practice in identifying the main
ideas of the reading. This reading skill is often difficult for students, and it is
helpful to discuss with them the difference between main ideas and supporting
details. In a few units, the students must categorize information from the reading
into main ideas and supporting details.
Writing
Each unit features an activity that integrates writing with the development of
reading skills.
These guided writing activities are clearly related to the unit topic and provide
meaningful contexts for students to use new words and respond to the topic. The
writing tasks are well-defined and range in variety from making shopping lists to
writing postcards. The products of the writing activities provide another
source of related reading material for the class.
Word Study Sections
The word study section in each unit is designed to enhance and reinforce
students' understanding of English structures and word forms and to expand their
vocabulary. Some of the activities deal with prefixes and suffixes and demonstrate
how many English words can change in form. All of the words presented in these
activities are based on new words from the readings. Other activities provide
practice with prepositions, irregular verb forms, and identifying antecedents of
noun substitutes.
A helpful index to the word study activities is provided on page 232.
Building Vocabulary Skills
This part of each word study section includes the following two activity types:
Context Clues. The ability to figure out the meaning of words from context is a
key skill, and as students become more proficient at it, they become more efficient
readers. This activity type provides additional practice in using context clues.
The words that students encounter here are actually new vocabulary items that
appear in the succeeding unit. The goal of this exercise is for students to develop
their ability to guess the meaning of words from context while they read. Make sure
that students understand that they should not use a dictionary for this activity.
Vocabulary Review. This activity type is a quick review of new words from
previous units. Formats include matching synonyms or antonyms, sentence
completions, and multiple choice.
@ff
@p2
Unit 1 FAST FOOD
Pre-reading
1. What is fast food? Is it healthy food?
2. Are there fast-food restaurants in your native country? If so, what kinds of
food do they serve?
In countries throughout the world, and especially in the United States,
hamburgers are a very popular food. It seems impossible, but people have bought
more than 99,000,000,000(99 billion) hamburgers from just one fast-food company.
This is enough to make a circle around the earth 12 times!
Most Americans' favorite place to buy a hamburger is at a fast-food restaurant.
In these restaurants, people order their food, wait just a few minutes, and then
carry it to their tables themselves. They can eat it in the restaurant or take the
food out and eat it at home, at work, in a park, or even in their cars. At many
fast-food restaurants, people can drive up beside a window. They order their food,
and a worker hands it to them through the window.
@p3
Hamburgers are not the only kind of food that fast-food restaurants serve. They
also serve french fries, milk shakes, soft drinks, and coffee. Some serve fish or
chicken. Others serve hot dogs, tacos, pizza, or submarine sandwiches. In the
morning, some fast-food restaurants have a complete breakfast menu, with egg
sandwiches, pancakes, and juice.
Fast-food restaurants are very popular because the service is fast and the food
is inexpensive. (Inexpensive food does not cost very much.) For many people, low
prices are more important than the quality of the food.
These restaurants are also popular because the food is always the same. People
know that if they eat at a company's restaurant in the north of the city or in the
south of the city, the food will be the same. If they eat in New York or in San
Francisco, it will still be the same.
Are hamburgers, french fries, tacos, and other kinds of fast food good for you?
In general, fast food has a lot of fat and salt. Today, people know that fatty and
salty food is not healthy. Because more people want food that is good for them,
fast-food restaurants are serving salads and other healthy foods.
Restaurants are also cooking with less salt and fat. For example, some
restaurants are now using a healthier oil for their french fries.
One thing is sure. People will continue to eat fast food. In fact, now there are
fast-food restaurants in countries all over the world.
@p4
A. Focus on the Reading
Choose the best word or phrase for each sentence. If you need help, look at the
reading again. (Use each word or phrase only once.)
all over healthy order serve
billion inexpensive popular service
favorite in general quality still
1. Many people like hamburgers. In the United States, hamburgers are a very
_popular_ food.
2. At fast-food restaurants, the --- is very fast.
3. After people --- their food, they wait just a few minutes for it.
4. Hamburgers are not the only kind of food that fast-food restaurants ---.
5. Fast-food restaurants are now serving salads and other --- foods.
6. ---, french fries, tacos, and other kinds of fast food have a lot of fat and
salt. People today know that fatty and salty food is not good for them.
7. Hamburgers, hot dogs, and other kinds of fast food are --- They do not cost a
lot of money.
8. For many people, low prices are more important than the --- of the food.
9. If you eat at a company's restaurant in the north of the city or in the south
of the city, the food will be the same. In fact, if you eat it in Chicago or in Los
Angeles, the food will --- be the same.
@p5
10. Fast-food restaurants are popular because the service is fast and the food is
not expensive. You can find these inexpensive restaurants in countries --- the
world.
B. Focus on New Contexts
Here is more practice with the new words from the reading. Choose the best word
or phrase for each sentence. (Use each word or phrase only once.)
all over healthy order serve
billion inexpensive popular service
favorite in general quality still
1. I like the color blue best. What is your _favorite_ color?
2. English is an international language. You can find people who speak English
--- the world.
3. Marita's new coat is very warm. She can wear it in the rain and snow, too. It
was expensive, but its --- is very good.
4. This is our favorite store. The workers are very friendly, and the --- is
fast.
5. Jorge takes a long walk every morning. He eats a lot of fruits and vegetables,
and he sleeps eight hours a night. He has a very --- lifestyle!
6. Many people around the world play soccer. It is a very --- sport.
7. Bring a lot of warm clothes. ---, the winters are very cold in this part of
the country.
8. More than one --- people live in China.
@p6
A. Comprehension Questions
Answer the questions about the reading. If you need to, look at the article
again.
1. What is a popular food in the United States?
2. After they order at a fast-food restaurant, how long do people wait for their
food?
3. Where do people eat fast food?
4. What kinds of food do fast-food restaurants serve?
5. What are three reasons why fast-food restaurants are popular?
6. In general, is fast food good for you?
7. Why are fast-food restaurants now serving salads and other healthy foods?
8. Are there fast-food restaurants in countries around the world?
B. Details
Circle the letter of the best answer.
Before you begin, look at item 5. It has an asterisk (*) in front of it. The
asterisk tells you that you cannot find the exact answer in the reading. To answer
the question, you have to use information from the article and information you
already know. You can find items like these throughout this book.
1. In the United States, hamburgers are
a. a healthy food.
b. a favorite restaurant.
c. a very popular food.
d. an impossible food.
answer: c.
2. In a fast-food restaurant, people
a. always stand up to eat.
b. get their food from a waiter.
c. carry their food themselves.
d. always eat quickly.
3. Fast food is
a. expensive.
b. unpopular.
c. impossible
d. inexpensive.
4. In general, fast food has too much
a. salt and pepper.
b. salt and fat.
c. fat and eggs.
d. milk and coffee.
@p7
* 5. There are many reasons why fast-food restaurants are inexpensive. One reason
is that
a. the food is easy to cook.
b. the menu changes every week.
c. each restaurant serves only one thing.
d. people cook their food themselves.
C. Main Idea
Check the main idea of the reading. This is the most important idea of the
reading.
( ) 1. People eat hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.
( ) 2. Fast-food restaurants are very popular.
( ) 3. Some people eat fast food in parks.
( ) 4. Too much fat and salt is not good for people.
( ) 5. The food in fast-food restaurants is inexpensive, and the service is
fast.
Writing
Make a list of healthy foods.
Share your list with your classmates. Do you think any of the items would be
popular at fast-food restaurants? Tell why or why not.
Word Study
A. Compound Words
In English it is common to put a verb and another word together to make one word.
This new compound word is usually a noun or an adjective.
Here is an example:
take out (two-word verb)
You can take out food from a fast-food restaurant and eat it at home.
takeout(noun)
My favorite kind of takeout is Chinese.
@p8
Practice with compound words. First, read these sentences.
1. If there is any food left over after dinner, save it for tomorrow.
2. Tariq and Jun often get together on weekends to talk and listen to music.
3. When a plane is ready, it takes off into the air.
Now choose the correct compound word to complete each sentence.
leftovers takeoff takeout get-together
1. After _takeoff_ we serve food and drinks to the people on the plane.
2. I don't want to cook. Let's get some --- for dinner tonight.
3. Let's save the --- for lunch tomorrow!
4. Miho is having a --- on Friday night. She is going to get some takeout and
rent a movie.
B. Prepositions
The preposition to shows movement. The preposition at shows location (place) or
time.
Here are some examples:
Stefan goes to class every morning.
Neelam walked to a fast-food restaurant.
Maria usually has dinner at home.
Don't be late. The movie begins at eight o'clock.
Complete each sentence with to or at.
@p9
I get up in the morning (1)_at_ six o'clock and eat breakfast. I always eat
breakfast (2)--- home. (3)--- seven o'clock, I leave my apartment and go (4)--- the
gym. There's a nice swimming pool (5)--- this gym. I swim for one hour, then I get
ready to go (6)--- school. I have two classes in morning. My first class is (7)---
ten. I'm always hungry after my classes, so I have lunch (8)--- the cafeteria. I
usually eat something healthy, like a salad. Then I go (9)--- the library to study.
In the evenings, I sometimes meet my friends (10)--- an inexpensive restaurant for
dinner.
C. Prefixes
The prefixes un-, im-, in-, dis-, and non- can be added to the beginning of some
words. These prefixes mean "not."
Look at this example:
un- + healthy = unhealthy
Smoking is not good for you. It's unhealthy.
Here are other words with these negative prefixes.
un- unimportant, unpopular
im- impossible
in- incomplete, inexpensive
dis- discontinue
non- nonfat
Circle the letter of the best word to complete each sentence.
1. A person who is unfriendly is probably --- too.
a. unpopular b. unusual
answer: a.
2. The service at this restaurant is very slow. It's --- to have a quick lunch
here!
a. impossible b. important
3. The airline will --- service to that city. It is not a popular
place to go.
a. discontinue b. disagree
@p10
4. --- yogurt is better for you than ice cream.
a. Nonstop b. Nonfat
5. Jaime's homework is --- because he felt sick last night.
a. inexpensive b. incomplete
D. Word Forms: Nouns
In English, every sentence must have a subject and a verb. The subject of a
sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun.
Some nouns and verbs have the same form. We can add a special ending, or suffix,
to other verbs to make noun forms.
1. Same form
Verb Noun
order order
drink drink
cost cost
2. --ment
Verb Noun
govern government
agree agreement
3. --er
Verb Noun
drive driver
own owner
run runner
work worker
Complete the sentences with verbs and nouns from the chart. (If you need to, make
the nouns plural. Also, make sure that each verb agrees with its subject.)
1. Susan is the fastest _runner_. She can _run_ the race in less than three
minutes.
2. The bus --- will not --- an unsafe bus.
3. I think the two companies will --- to work together. They will both sign the
---.
4. -Did Saul --- a salad and some tea? Yes. Now he's waiting for his ---.
5. Joseph bought a lot of food and --- for the get-together. He hopes that
everyone will eat and --- a lot.
@p11
6. Even though they --- hard, most of the --- at fast-food restaurants do not
make a lot of money.
7. My aunt is the --- of that popular take-out restaurant on Main Street.
Does she --- the restaurant on Green Street, too?
Context Clues
You can often understand the meaning of a new word from other words in the
sentence or from nearby sentences. The other words that help you understand new
words are called context clues.
For example, in paragraph 6 on page 3, you can find the meaning of the word
healthy. What does healthy mean? What is an example of a healthy food?
Practice using context clues. Tell the meaning of each word in bold (dark) print.
These words are from unit 2. (Do not use your dictionary.)
1. Many stores and offices are in the center of the city, called downtown.
2. Around downtown there are residential areas with houses and apartments.
3. Some shopping centers have supermarkets that sell food.
4. A large shopping center, or mall, has about 50 to 100 stores.
5. Our city has two department stores that sell everything you can imagine--
clothes, toys, cameras, and sports equipment.
@ff
@12
Unit 2 SHOPPING MALLS
Pre-reading
1. Where do you go shopping?
2. Have you ever been to a shopping mall? If so, what did you do there?
3. Are there shopping malls in your native country?
Since 1945 there has been an important change in cities in the United States and
Canada-the growth of shopping centers, or shopping malls.
Before World War II(1939~1945) cities had department stores, other smaller
stores, and offices. These were in the center of the city, called downtown. Around
downtown there were residential areas with houses and apartments.
@p13
After World War II, as cities grew larger and larger, it became more and more
difficult to drive downtown to go shopping., Store owners decided they could do
more business if they left downtown and moved closer to the new residential areas.
As a result, today we find many shopping centers on the main streets of residential
areas. Downtown in most cities is not as important for shopping as it was before
1945.
A large shopping center, or mall, usually has about 50 to 100 stores of all kinds
and a large parking lot for cars. It is near a residential area, not downtown, and
parking in the parking lot is free. Most malls have two or more department stores
that sell everything you can imagine--clothes, toys, cameras, and sports equipment.
These department stores also sell furniture, dishes, towels, and other things for
the home.
Some shopping centers have supermarkets that sell food. Some have drugstores that
sell medicine and hundreds of other things. The other stores in a shopping center
usually each sell only one kind of thing--books, shoes, music cassettes and CDs,
computers, or almost anything else you can imagine. A shopping center often has
several fast-food restaurants and larger restaurants that serve snacks, lunch, and
dinner.
In North America, there are several very large shopping malls. The West Edmonton
Mall in Canada has 600 stores, 110 places to eat, and 19 movie theaters! In the
United States, the Mall of America has 400 stores, 40 restaurants, and 14 movie
theaters. There are also many exciting things to do at these two malls. For
example, people can play miniature golf, ride a roller coaster, listen to music,
get a haircut, or even stay overnight in a hotel.
Many of the stores in shopping malls belong to large companies. These companies
have stores in cities all over North America. People can shop in the same stores in
Toronto or Montreal, in Boston or Chicago, in Dallas or in Denver.
@p14
Choose the best word or phrase for each sentence. If you need help, look at the
reading again. (Use each word or phrase only once.)
areas equipment mall supermarket department imagine parking lot towels
dishes main residential toys
1. Before 1945, cities had _equipment_ stores and other smaller stores downtown.
2. Around downtown there were --- areas, where people lived in houses and
apartments.
3. Today you can find shopping centers on many of the --- streets of residential
areas.
4. A large shopping center, or --- has many different kinds of stores and
restaurants.
5. Shopping centers usually have a --- for people to park their cars while they
shop.
6. Department stores sell many things for the home, such as --- and ---.
7. Some shopping malls also have a --- that sells food.
8. The other stores in a mall sell one kind of thing. You can usually buy
anything you can --- at one of these stores.
or phrase for each sentence. (Use each word or phrase only once.)
@p15
areas equipment mall supermarket department imagine parking lot towels
dishes, main residential toys
1. I need to buy some food. Is there a _supermarket_ in this neighborhood?
2. After the dinner party, Sarah and I washed all the plates and glasses. There
were a lot of dirty ---.
3. There is a very large --- at our school because so many students and teachers
drive cars every day.
4. Christine works at a store that sells TVs, VCRs, video cameras, and other
electronic ---.
5. Roberto wants to study business at an American university. That is the ---
reason he is studying English now.
6. Mrs. Diaz always gives --- to her children for their birthdays. They have so
many things to play with!
7. Jolanta likes the places in this city that are very busy and noisy. I prefer
the parks and other quiet ---
8. Mara is such a good cook! She can make Chinese food, Mexican food, French
food, and any other kind of food you can ---
again.
1. What has changed in North American cities since World War II?
2. Why did store owners move their stores to shopping centers?
3. Where do we find shopping centers today?
4. Where can people park at a shopping center?
5. What kinds of stores can you find in a shopping mall?
@p16
6. What do department stores sell?
7. What do drugstores sell?
8. What do the other stores in malls sell?
9. Can people eat in a mall?
10. What other things can people do in a shopping mall?
B. Details
Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.
(T) 1. A mall is a shopping center.
( ) 2. Before World War II, there were shopping centers downtown.
( ) 3. It is always easy to drive in big cities.
( ) 4. Some malls have movie theaters and other types of entertainment.
( ) 5. Many of the stores in shopping malls belong to large companies!
( ) 6. People like shopping; centers because they can buy everything, they need
in one place, and parking is free.
( ) 7. A shopping mall is a good place to buy birthday presents for family
members and friends.
( ) 8. It is difficult for a person to start a small business in a shopping
mall.
C. Main Idea
Check the two main ideas of the reading. Remember, these are the most important
ideas of the reading.
( ) 1. Shopping centers are on main streets in residential areas.
( ) 2. Shopping centers are an important change in cities.
( ) 3. Shopping centers have drugstores that sell medicine.
( ) 4. Shopping centers have large parking lots.
( ) 5. Shopping centers have many kinds of stores and restaurants.
@p17
Writing
Write the names of five different kinds of stores that can find in a mall. Then
make a list of three things you can buy in each store. When you finish, compare
your lists with other students. Can you add anything to your lists?
For example: Bookstore books magazines newspapers
Word Study
A. Suffixes
Some nouns that end in --th or --ght are related to similar words that are not
nouns. Read the following pairs of sentences and see how the words in bold print
are related.
1. Some cities, grow quickly.
Their growth is fast.
2. The street is five kilometers long.
The length is five kilometers.
3. The street is fifteen meters wide.
Its width is fifteen meters.
4. The lake is thirty meters deep.
Its depth is thirty meters.
5. Joanna is very strong.
She has a lot of strength.
6. How high is that building?
What is its height?
7. Anna weighs 130 pounds.
Her weight is 130 pounds.
@p18
Now choose the best word for each sentence. (Use each word only once.)
depth height strength width growth length weight
1. The flag is flying high above the ground. The _height_ of that flagpole is
about 20 meters.
2. The --- of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is about 1,400 meters. It
is a very long bridge.
3. What is the --- of the Pacific Ocean at its deepest point?
4. People who build houses must be very strong. They must have great --- in their
arms.
5. Plants need a lot of water to grow. Without it, their --- is slow.
6. What is the --- of your garage? Is it wide enough to park two cars inside?
7. David is very thin now. He weighs only 150 pounds. He lost a lot of ---.
B. Prepositions
Use the preposition on
* to tell the location of something that is touching something else
* with days and dates
* to talk about the radio and TV
There is a clock on the wall in the classroom.
The book is on the desk.
Margot always goes to the library on Mondays.
The class party is on April 16.
I listened to the news on the radio this morning.
There is a good movie on television tonight.
@p19
Use the preposition in
* to tell that something is inside something
* else to show a certain time period (such as times of day, months, years, or
seasons)
* to tell when something will happen
My keys are in my pocket.
I like to study in the morning.
We have a vacation in December.
Julie was born in 1970. Miguel likes to go swimming in the summer.
Aldo will be here in one hour.
Now complete each sentence with in, on, at, or to.
1. English classes will begin _on_ Monday.
2. Renee will return to her country --- May.
3. I saw a program about new shopping centers --- television yesterday.
4. Ahmed is going --- the mall this afternoon.
5. Shopping centers are usually --- residential areas.
6. There are many kinds of stores --- shopping malls.
7. We will have a test in class --- two weeks.
8. Let's go --- a fast-food restaurant for lunch.
9. The dishes are --- the table, and the clothes are --- the closet.
10. Shopping malls are usually open --- Sundays.
11. I'll meet you --- the library --- noon.
12. Three new stores opened --- September 1.
Context Clues
You can often understand the meaning of a new word from other words in the
sentence or from nearby sentences. The other words that help you understand new
words are called context clues.
@p20
Practice using context clues. Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to
each word in bold print. These words are from unit 3. (Do not use your dictionary.)
1. Cars and other machines are made in many large, industrial cities in North
America.
a. small and quiet
b. having many factories and businesses
c. close to a mountain
d. residential
2. The west coast of the United States is a beautiful area with miles of sandy
beaches.
a. a place where an ocean and land meet
b. a place with mountains and valleys
c. a downtown area
d. a main street
3. Every four years the American people vote for a new president. There are many
candidates, but each voter must choose only one.
a. talk to
b. choose or select
c. buy
d. imagine
4. Scientists are finding many special plants in the rain forests that can be
used as medicine to fight diseases such as cancer.
a. sicknesses
b. beaches
c. plants in the rain forest
d. drugstores
5. Stella doesn't like the climate in Chicago. She says that it is too cold and
there is too much snow in the winter.
a. lake b. people
c. buildings d. weather
6. The state of Hawaii has many islands with beautiful mountains and beaches.
It is a popular place for tourists to visit.
a. pieces of land with water all around them
b. areas of water with land all around them
c. warm places
d. cold places
7. I always feel happy when the sun is bright, and I am often sad when it's cold
and rainy. The weather really influences my feelings.
a. does not change
b. brightens
c. makes changes in
d. darkens
@ff
@p21
Unit 3 PUERTO RICO
Pre-reading
1. What do you know about Puerto Rico?
2. How is Puerto Rico related to the United States?
3. What can you guess about Puerto Rico from the pictures?
Puerto Rico is an island southeast of Florida and north of Venezuela, between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It is not far from Haiti and the Dominican
Republic. Puerto Rico has many beautiful beaches that stretch for miles along the
coast. It also has mountains and valleys with good land for farming. The climate in
Puerto Rico is usually very warm. It is often humid during the summer months. Many
people choose Puerto Rico as a vacation spot because of its lovely weather,
beautiful coasts, and interesting history and culture.
@p22
Puerto Rico means "rich port" in Spanish. Christopher Columbus landed there in
1493. Fifteen years later, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon settled there
with people from Spain who came to live in the New World. Native Indians had lived
on the island of Puerto Rico for hundreds of years. tragically, many of them died
in wars with the Spanish and from diseases brought from Europe. People from other
places, like Africa, also came to live in Puerto Rico. Today Puerto Rico is an
interesting mix of all these cultures. Visitors will notice the influence of Spain
in the food, music, festivals, and customs of the people. And, of course, the
people in Puerto Rico speak Spanish--but they also speak English!
Puerto Rico has a special relationship with the United States. It is not one of
the fifty states. It is called a commonwealth of the United States. The people of
Puerto Rico are American citizens and can travel to the United States easily.
However, they do not pay certain taxes and they do not vote in national elections
for the president of the United States. The United States has many businesses and
schools in Puerto Rico, so many Puerto Ricans (the people of Puerto Rico) speak
English. Although Puerto Rico has its own local government, the United States
government also protects the island.
The capital city of Puerto Rico is San Juan. It is a modem, industrial city. San
Juan is also a port, which is a place where ships come and go, carrying supplies to
and from other places. Puerto Rico has several other large cities near the coast.
Because much of the island is covered with mountains, most of the people live close
together--near the coast or in the valleys between the mountains. In the mountains
there are small villages and farming areas. People grow sugarcane, coffee, and
coconuts and other fruits.
The history, culture, and beauty of Puerto Rico make it a wonderful place for a
vacation. Every year many tourists from the United States and other parts of the
world go to relax in the warm and sunny climate of this island. There are many
resorts and beautiful hotels along the beaches. Tourists can also enjoy the local
Spanish food and buy souvenirs in the old Spanish area of San Juan.
@p23
Choose the best word for each sentence. If you need help, look at the reading
again. (Use each word only once.)
citizens customs industrial relationship climate diseases influence
valleys coast elections island villages cultures humid port vote
1. Puerto Rico is an _island_ southeast of Florida and north of Venezuela.
2. Puerto Rico has many beautiful beaches that stretch for miles along the ---.
3. The --- in Puerto Rico is usually very warm. It is often --- during the summer
months.
4. Many of the native Indians died from --- and war with the Spanish.
5. People from Spain and other countries came to live in Puerto Rico. Today it is
an interesting mix of many ---.
6. Visitors to Puerto Rico will notice the --- of Spain in the food, music,
festivals, and customs of the people.
7. Puerto Rico has a special --- with the United States. It is not a state. It is
called a commonwealth.
8. The people of Puerto Rico are American --- but they do not --- in national
elections for the president of the United States.
9. The capital city of San Juan is a modem, --- city. It is also a ---, where
ships come and go.
@p24
10. Because much of the island is covered in mountains, most of the people live
close together--near the coast or in the --- between the mountains.
for each sentence. (Use each word only once.)
citizens customs humid port climate election influence relationship coast
festivals island vote cultures
1. Hong Kong is an _island_ in the South China Sea. It is a very important ---
for ships from all over the world.
2. Alaska and northern Canada have a very cold ---. It snows there for many
months of the year.
3. In North America people usually shake hands when they meet. In Japan people
usually bow. These are two different ---.
4. There is an --- for the president of the United States every four years. Many
American --- have the right to --- for the person they think is best for the job of
president.
5. California is on the western --- of the United States, where the Pacific Ocean
meets the land.
6. Parts of South America are very hot and --- all year.
7. If you go to Mexico, you can see the --- of the Spanish and the Indian --- in
the food, clothing and art of the people.
@p25
again.
1. What other countries are near Puerto Rico?
2. Why do many people go to Puerto Rico on vacation?
3. What does Puerto Rico mean in Spanish?
4. When did Christopher Columbus arrive in Puerto Rico?
5. What happened to the native Indians?
6. What is Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States?
7. Are Puerto Ricans American citizens?
8. What do you know about the capital city of Puerto Rico?
B. Details
1. Puerto Rico is
a. in the Pacific Ocean.
b. in the Atlantic Ocean.
c. between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
d. in the Dominican Republic.
answrer: c.
2. The climate in Puerto Rico is
a. usually very warm and humid.
b. often cool.
c. never very hot.
d. hot and dry.
3. Puerto Ricans are
a. students and businesspeople.
b. American citizens who can vote for the president.
c. American citizens who cannot vote for the president.
d. not American citizens, but they pay taxes.
4. Examples of foods grown in Puerto Rico are
a. sugarcane, coconuts, and coffee.
b. rice, fruit, and vegetables.
c. coffee and tea.
d. rice and corn.
@p26
C. Main Idea
Check the two main ideas of the reading. These are the most important ideas of
the reading.
( ) 1. Puerto Rico has many tourists every year.
( ) 2. Native Indians once lived on the island.
( ) 3. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth of the United States.
( ) 4. Puerto Rico is an interesting mix of Spanish and other cultures.
( ) 5. Coffee grows in the mountains of Puerto Rico.
Writing
Imagine you are on vacation in Puerto Rico! Here is a postcard for you to write
to your friends at home. Complete the postcard. Then share it with some of the
other students in your class.
@p27
Word Study
A. Compound Words
A compound word is two smaller words put together. The meaning of the compound
word is related to the meanings of the two words.
bird + house = birdhouse (a place for birds to live)
car + wash = carwash (a place to wash your car)
First, make compound words by putting together these pairs of words.
some + one = someone
stop + light =
bed + room =
birth + day =
under + line =
note + book =
Now use the compound words to complete the sentences.
1. In class, students write notes in _notebook_
2. I sleep in a bed in my ---
3. Cars must stop when the --- is red.
4. Next week is my 20th ---. I am going to have a party for all my friends. I
will be 20 years old.
5. If the teacher says to put a line under the verb, then we must --- the verb.
6. --- wants to talk to you on the telephone. I don't know who it is.
@p28
B. Suffixes
The suffixes --al, --able, and --ful can be added to the end of some words. These
suffixes mean that something "is full of something" or "has something."
Roses are beautiful flowers. (full of beauty)
Puerto Rico has many coastal cities. (has a coast)
That is a very comfortable chair. (has comfort)
When you add these suffixes to a word, the new word becomes an adjective. An
adjective describes a noun or a pronoun. It usually comes before a noun or after
the verb be.
Practice making adjectives by adding the suffixes -al, -able, and -ful to the
following words.
Spelling Note: Change y to i before --al and --ful.
1. Noun(add --al) Adjective
coast coastal
season ---
industry ---
nation ---
2. Verb(add --able) Adjective
notice noticeable
agree ---
enjoy ---
3. Noun (add --ful) Adjective
beauty beautiful
help ---
wonder ---
@p29
Complete each sentence with an adjective from the lists. Then underline the noun
or pronoun that it describes.
1. Most people in Puerto Rico live in _coastal_ cities.
2. The influence of Spain is very --- in San Juan.
3. The people of Puerto Rico are usually --- to tourists.
4. San Juan is a modem, --- city.
5. Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. --- elections.
6. The beaches and mountains of Puerto Rico are ---.
7. My cousins had a very --- time visiting the old city of San Juan. They bought
some souvenirs and had a delicious lunch.
8. In general, Puerto Rico is a --- place to visit.
A. Vocabulary Review
Complete the paragraph with words from the list.
beautiful inexpensive main quality enjoyable island order residential
helpful local port service
Last year I went on vacation with m family. We went to a small (1)_island_ in the
Caribbean Sea. It was a very (2)--- place, with many beaches and a few mountains.
We wanted to try some of the (3)--- food, but we didn't want to eat in a big
restaurant on the busy (4)--- street. We walked to a (5)--- area with small white
houses along the street and found a little restaurant. Inside, we sat at a table
near the window. From the window we saw the (6)--- below, and we watched the ships
come and go during lunch. We didn't know what to (7)--- but the waiter was very
(8)--- and the (9)--- was fast. The (10)--- of the food was excellent and the price
was (11)--- We had a very (12)--- lunch!
B. Context Clues
each word in bold print. These words are from unit 4. (Do not use your dictionary.)
1. Today in Saudi Arabia some people wear western or European clothes, but
most people wear traditional clothes.
a. from the United States
b. for wearing in hot weather
c. worn for many years in a culture
d. beautiful
answer: c.
2. Humans can talk. Animals cannot talk.
a. plants and animals
b. people
c. children
d. things
3. There were several important events during the first week of class: a party, a
meeting, and a long test.
a. things that are sad
b. things that happen
c. things that are fun
d. things for school
4. In Canada, it is ordinary for people to play ice hockey. Playing hockey is not
ordinary in Mexico.
a. usual
b. difficult
c. expensive
d. noticeable
5. When people visit a new city, they often go on a tour so they can see
interesting or famous places and learn about them.
a. a visit to a place with a guide and information
b. a beach
c. a special kind of hotel
d. a plane trip
@ff
@p31
Unit 4 COUNTRY MUSIC
Pre-reading
1. What kinds of music do you like?
2. What kind(s) of music is popular in your native country?
3. Do you know any famous country music singers or songs?
4. Do you like country music?
Sometimes city people think they are smarter than country people. People who live
in cities often laugh at the simple way of life in the country. But people do not
laugh at country music. It is one of the most popular kinds of music in the United
States today.
Maybe country music is very popular because it is about simple but strong human
feelings and events like love, sadness, good times, and bad times. It tells real-
life stories and sounds the way people really talk. As life becomes more
complicated and difficult, it is good to hear about simple, ordinary people.
@p32
Country music is sometimes called country-western music. It comes from two kinds
of music. One is the traditional music of the people in the Appalachian Mountains
in the eastern United States. The other is traditional cowboy music from the
American West. The singers usually play guitars or electric guitars when they sing.
Country music became very popular in the South. During World War II, thousands of
people from the South moved to the Northeast and the Midwest to work in factories.
They took their music with them. Soldiers from the rest of the country went to army
camps in the South and learned to like country music there. Slowly it became
popular all over the United States.
In 1925 a radio program from Nashville, Tennessee, started to play country music.
The program was called the "Grand Ole Opry," which means the grand or wonderful old
opera. Today this program broadcasts from the largest television studio in the
world, and Nashville is the center of country music. Musicians record their music
in more than 60 recording studios that are open 24 hours a day! There are also
hotels, stores that sell cowboy clothes, and tours for people to see the homes of
famous country music singers. Nashville also has an entertainment park and the
Country Music Hall of Fame--a place like a museum with pictures and souvenirs of
famous country music stars. Millions of people visit Nashville every year to hear
country music and experience the country way of life. In addition to Nashville, the
small town of Branson, Missouri, in the Ozark Mountains has recently become a very
popular place to see country music shows.
Today country music is popular everywhere in the United States and Canada-in
small towns and in big cities. There are more than a thousand radio stations that
play country music 24 hours a day. People in many other countries around the world
also enjoy country music and even sing it in their own languages. The music that
started with cowboys in the West and poor mountain people in the East is now
popular all over the world.
@p33
Choose the best word for each sentence.
army events program studio broadcast fame record tours complicated human
simple traditional entertainment ordinary smarter
1. City people sometimes think they are --- than country people.
2. People who live in cities often laugh at the --- way of life in the country.
3. Perhaps country music is very popular because it is about strong --- feelings
and common
4. As life becomes more --- and difficult, it is good to hear about --- people.
5. Country music comes from the --- music of the Appalachian Mountains and from
cowboy music.
6. During World War II, many soldiers went to --- camps in the South. They
learned about country music in these camps.
7. In 1925 the radio program called "Grand Ole Opry" started to --- from
Nashville, Tennessee.
8. There are many studios in Nashville where musicians can --- their music 24
hours a day.
9. People who visit Nashville can also go on --- of the homes of famous country
music singers.
10. The Country Music Hall of --- is like a museum for visitors who want to see
pictures and souvenirs of famous country music stars.
@p34
for each sentence.
army fame program tours broadcasts human simple traditional complicated
ordinary still visitors event
1. American people usually eat turkey on Thanksgiving. This custom started more
than 200 years ago. Now turkey, mashed potatoes, and pumpkin pie are part of a ---
Thanksgiving dinner.
2. Mario was very happy on the day he got married! It was a very important --- in
his life.
3. What's your favorite radio station? I like the station that --- jazz music all
day. It's great!
4. Yesterday was not a very special day. I went to school, did my home work, and
wrote some letters to my family and friends. Yesterday was just an --- day.
5. Monica thinks reading books in English is ---. Not me! I think reading in
English is very difficult!
6. John always returns to his apartment at 7:30 P.M. His favorite television ---
begins at 8:00, and he doesn't want to miss it.
7. Washington, D.C., is a very famous city. Every year millions of --- from all
around the world go there to see the White House and the Washington Monument.
8. Julia never uses a computer. She thinks they are very difficult and --- to
use. I don't agree. I think computers are easy to use.
9. In many countries, young men must join the --- for two years when they are 18
years old. This is not true in the United States.
10. Men, women, and children are --- beings.
@p35
Answer the questions about the reading.
1. Why is country music very popular?
2. How does country music sound?
3. Where does country music come from?
4. Why did many people move to the Northeast and the Midwest during World War
II?
5. Why did other people go to the South?
6. What city is the center of country music?
7. What can visitors do in Nashville, Tennessee?
8. Who likes country music today?
B. Details
1. Country music is about
a. different countries.
b. human feelings and events.
c. World War II.
d. Nashville, Tennessee.
2. Country music comes from
a. the Appalachian Mountains and the West.
b. the Northeast and the Midwest.
c. army camps.
d. factories.
3. Thousands of Southerners went to work in
a. the Appalachian Mountains.
b. Nashville.
c. factories.
d. the West.
4. Nashville probably does NOT have
a. many TV and recording studios.
b. large, beautiful homes.
c. a baseball hall of fame.
d. a country music hall of fame.
* 5. If you want to be a country singer,
a. go to Nashville.
b. become a cowboy.
c. study music in a big city.
d. get a good education.
@p36
* 6. When countries become more modern,
a. people move north and work in factories.
b. radios broadcast country music in English.
c. people sing about human feelings.
d. life becomes more complicated.
* 7. Country music is popular all over the world because
a. most people live in the country.
b. everyone likes to hear songs in English.
c. many visitors go to Nashville.
d. people like songs about human feelings and events.
C. Main Idea
Check the two main ideas of the reading.
( ) 1. Country music comes from the Appalachian Mountains and from the West.
( ) 2. Many people from the South moved north to work in factories.
( ) 3. Nashville, Tennessee, has many recording studios.
( ) 4. Country music is very popular because it is about real-life events and
human feelings.
( ) 5. Modern life is complicated.
Writing
What are some of the human feelings that country singers sing about? Make a list.
Then show your list to another student. Can you add new words to your list? If you
don't know how to spell a word, look it up in your dictionary.
@p37
Word Study
Prepositions
Use the preposition of
* to show that something belongs to something else
* with numbers
* with definite and indefinite amounts of things
* to show a relationship between two nouns
Here are some examples-
Jack always sits in the front of the classroom.
Anna put her coat on the back of the chair.
One of the students in my class is from Japan.
Thousands of people from the South moved north.
Americans eat a lot of hamburgers!
Half of my friends speak English very well.
Country-western is a kind of music.
Nashville is the name of a city.
Complete each sentence with of, on, or in.
1. What kind _of_ music do you like?
2. Six --- the students in this class are from Asia.
3. There is a country music concert --- Friday.
4. San Juan is a city --- Puerto Rico.
5. Christopher Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico --- 1493.
6. The "Grand Ole Opry" started to broadcast country music on the radio --- 1925.
7. One --- the many places to visit in Nashville is the Country Music Hall of
Fame.
8. Today you can hear country music --- many radio stations.
@p38
Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.
A
(h) 1. coast
( ) 2. favorite
( ) 3. weight
( ) 4. unpopular
( ) 5. areas
( ) 6. incomplete
( ) 7. climate
( ) 8. port
( ) 9. quality
( ) 10. runner
B
a. how much something weighs
b. weather
c. a place where ships arrive and leave
d. how good something is
e. something you like the most
f. places
g. people don't like it
h. the place where land and sea come together
i. someone who runs
j. not finished
B. Context Clues
each word or phrase in bold print.
1. Before the 19th century, Japan had very few visitors from other countries. The
Japanese society was very traditional. Today many people from around the world
visit Japan, and many Japanese people travel to other countries. Life in other
parts of the world is very interesting. People can learn many new things from a
different society.
a. factories
b. cities and countries
c. everything in the life of a group of people or a country
d. businesspeople and tourists
@p39
2. Brazil produces coffee, Japan produces cars, and Saudi Arabia produces oil.
a. buys and sells
b. uses
c. grows, makes, or takes from the ground
d. drinks, drives, and uses in cars
3. Mr. Brown had a birthday party last week. He is 80 years old. All of his
children, grandchildren, cousins, and other relatives came to his party.
a. neighbors and friends
b. aunts and uncles
c. people in a family
d. parents
4. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor live in San Francisco. Their daughter is a student in New
York. Their son lives in Miami, Florida. The Taylor family is separated.
a. together
b. not together
c. busy
d. small
5. Social scientists say the American family is changing fast.
a. people who study engineering
b. people who study society
c. people who study art
d. people who study music
@ff
@p40
Unit 5 THE FAMILY
Pre-reading
1. How many people are in your family?
2. How many members of your family live together?
3. How is family life in North America similar to or different from family life
in your native country?
The family in the Western world has changed greatly during the last two
centuries. Social scientists say that this change in the family is one of the
important changes from a traditional society to a modern society.
@p41
Before the 19th century, families usually arranged marriages for their children.
Young people did not decide who they wanted to marry. After they got married, they
usually had a lot of children. This family was an important part of the larger
family of aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, and other relatives.
By the 19th century, most young people could choose the person they wanted to
marry. A marriage joined two people and not two families. Two people could get
married because they loved each other, not just because their families wanted them
to marry.
At the same time, parents began to realize that they had to take very good care
of their children. They had to take care of their health and try to give them an
education. Before this, most people did not go to school. The family members all
worked together at home. Later, people realized that education was necessary for a
good life.
Many parents decided that they should have fewer children so they could give each
one a good life. They thought it was important for a mother to spend as much time
as possible with her children. After 1800 more fathers worked outside the home for
money. Mothers stayed at home and had greater control of the children and the home
than the fathers had. Most homes did not produce anything. Home was a safe, warm
place for the father after work and for the mother and children all day. The other
relatives were still important, but they were separated more than before.
Family life is changing even faster in the United States today. Each year there
is almost one divorce for every two marriages.
Many children grow up in a home with a mother but no father, and the mothers
generally have to work outside the home to take care of the family.
In Canada people are getting divorced and remarried more often. They are having
fewer children. This trend is having a powerful effect on a country where change
usually comes slowly.
Some social scientists think that soon there will be no family life in the United
States as we know it today. They do not know how people will live. Others think
that society needs families, and we will always have them.
@p42
Choose the best word or phrase for each sentence.
arranged divorce produce remarried social century each other realize
separated society control greatly relatives so traditional
1. --- scientists say the change in family life is very important.
2. The change in family life is an important change from a traditional --- to a
modem society.
3. Before the 19th century, families usually --- marriages for their children.
4. By the 19th century, two people could get married because they loved ---, not
just because their families wanted them to marry.
5. In the 19th century, parents began to --- that they had to take very good care
of their children's health and education.
6. Many parents decided they should have fewer children --- they could give each
one a good life.
7. Mothers stayed home and had --- of the home and children.
8. Most homes did not --- anything. They were safe and warm places for families.
9. Other --- such as aunts, uncles, and cousins were still important, but they
were --- more than before.
10. Today there is almost one --- for every two marriages in a year.
@p43
for each sentence.
arranged each other relative social control produce separated societies
divorce realize so
1. Several of Keiko's --- came to the airport when she left for Canada. Her
parents, her brothers, and her grandparents were all there.
2. Mexico and Venezuela both --- oil, but many people think that all oil comes
from Saudi Arabia.
3. I was late for work because I was having fun with my friends. I never looked
at my watch. I didn't --- it was so late!
4. Clara has a very small apartment, but she --- her furniture so her desk is
near the window.
5. Each student in my class is from a different country, so we speak English to
---.
6. In some countries girls and boys are --- in their educations. There are girls'
schools and boys' schools.
7. Because the driver was driving very fast on an icy road, he lost --- of his
car and hit a tree.
1. What has happened to the Western family during the last two centuries?
2. What do social scientists say about this change?
3. Before the 19th century, were families usually large or small?
@p44
4. After 1800 why did people usually get married?
5. Why did many parents decide to have fewer children?
6. After 1800 what did mothers do?
7. How is family life in the United States changing today?
B. Details
Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
( ) 1. Families in the Western world have not changed very much in the last 200
years.
( ) 2. Before the 19th century, people usually got married because they were in
love.
( ) 3. During the 1800s a marriage joined two families, not just two people.
( ) 4. Education is necessary for a good life.
( ) 5. Relatives are together more now than they were two centuries ago.
( ) 6. Many children in the United States grow up in a home with only one
parent.
( ) 7. Life is more complicated for families now than it was before.
C. Main Idea
Check the three main differences between families today and families before the
19th century.
1. family size
2. choosing a husband or wife
3. clothes to get married in
4. a comfortable house
5. the number of divorces
Writing
Do you know what a family tree is? A family tree is a diagram that shows you and
all of your relatives. Make a family tree. Write the names of your relatives and
their relationships to you.
@p45
Word Study
A. Prefixes The prefix re- means "to do something again."
Here is an example:
re-- + read = reread(to read again)
If you don't understand a story the first time you read it, then you should
reread it.
Add the prefix re-- to each word. Then choose the correct word to complete each
sentence.
arrange do order tell build married take write
1. Jose made many mistakes in his first composition. Before he gives it to his
teacher tomorrow, he is going to _rewrite_ it.
2. Dave and Susan Johnson got divorced 10 years ago. Last year Susan got --- and
moved to Canada with her new husband.
3. I think I should --- the furniture in my apartment. The way I have the tables
and chairs now makes the room look crowded.
4. Children love to hear their grandparents tell stories! They often ask their
grandparents to --- their favorite stories many times.
5. The new waiter at the restaurant forgot our order for dinner, so we had to ---
everything.
6. If you don't get a good score on the TOEFL exam this weekend, you can --- it
next month.
@p46
B. Word Forms: Nouns
In English, every sentence must have a subject and a verb. The subject of a
sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun. Sometimes there is a direct object after
the verb. A direct object is usually a noun or a pronoun. It answers the question
"What?" in the sentence.
Families usually arranged marriages.
What did families arrange? Marriages. Marriages is the direct object.
Sometimes verbs and nouns have the same form. Sometimes we can change adjectives
and verbs to nouns by adding a suffix or changing the form of the word. Look at the
nouns below. Notice how they are related to other words.
1. --ity
Adjective Noun
electric electricity
able ability
national nationality
necessary necessity
possible possibility
2. Same form
Verb Noun
change change
control control
divorce divorce
3. different from
marry marriage
choose choice
Practice using direct objects. Choose the correct noun form of the word in bold
print to complete each sentence.
electric 1. Yesterday there was a big storm and we lost the_electricity_ at
school, Everything was dark!
national 2. Katarina was born in Spain. Her first language and her --- are
Spanish.
marry 3. Parents used to arrange the --- of their child. Now people usually
marry the person they love.
@p47
control 4. After 1800 mothers usually stayed home and had --- of the children
and the home.
necessary 5. An education is very important for a good life. Parents must
explain this --- to their children.
able 6. My cousin is able to learn languages very quickly. She uses this --- in
her job as a tour guide.
choose 7. You must choose which movie to see tonight. I chose the movie last
week. Now it's your ---.
possible 8. Ali doesn't know where to go on vacation. He might choose Mexico,
but Puerto Rico is another ---.
C. Prepositions
The preposition by means "near" or "along." You should also use the preposition
by with time, when you want to show that something should happen before or not
later than a certain time.
Look at these examples:
The table is by the chair.
I walk by the river every Saturday morning.
Please be here by 8:00 A.M. for class.
Complete the sentences with by, of, at, or to.
1. The teacher's desk is _by_ the door in our classroom.
2. Married people in the United States used to have a lot --- children.
3. Mary sits near me in writing class. Who sits --- you?
4. You should be --- the airport --- 4:00 to take the 4:30 plane.
5. Parents need to take care --- their children.
6. Our lunch hour starts --- noon every day. We must go back to class 1:00 or we
will be late.
7. My class went --- the new Chinese restaurant last week. We ordered a lot ---
wonderful food. It was all delicious!
@p48
area disease industrial traditional century equipment ordinary valley
complicated human relatives width
1. A person is a --- being.
2. A city that has many factories and industries is an --- city.
3. A low place between two mountains is called a ---.
4. Cancer is an example of a serious ---.
5. All of the people who are related to you are your ---.
6. Something that is regular or usual is ---.
7. The --- of something is how wide it is.
8. Tennis rackets and baseballs are examples of sports ---.
9. Something that is very difficult is ---.
10. A --- is 100 years.
B. Context Clues
Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word in bold print. Use
context clues.
1. People used to kill elephants and walruses for their beautiful, white tusks.
People use ivory from animal tusks to make jewelry and other things.
a. skin
b. a hard white material
c. animal fur
d. ears
@p49
2. Mike wants to improve his English, so he practices as much as possible.
a. study
b. write
c. make better
d. forget
3. An art museum has a lot of pictures on the walls. A science museum shows
different kinds of machines, both new and old. People visit museums to learn about
art and science.
a. an important event
b. a building where people make things
c. a place where a social scientist lives
d. a building where people see interesting things
4. Some artists make things out of wood. They use a knife to carve the wood into
different shapes and sizes.
a. paint b. cut
c. write d. draw
5. If you don't know the answer to a question, just guess. You should think about
the answer and make the best choice you can, even if you aren't sure it's right.
a. answer a question after you look in a dictionary
b. answer a question after you study a lot
c. answer a question when you do not know the right answer
d. leave a question unanswered
6. People must drink water to live. Water is essential for life.
a. interesting b. human
c. easy d. necessary
@ff
@p50
Unit 6 ESKIMO ART
Pre-reading
1. Do you know who the Eskimo people are?
2. Where do they live? What is life there?
3. What kinds of animals live in that climate?
4. Is there a traditional kind of art in your country?
A climate of ice and snow stretches across northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and
Greenland for most of the year. Nothing grows. It is always cold. But the Eskimos
are able to live there. They have lived in North America for at least 28,000 years.
Eskimos call themselves Inuit, which means "people." For thousands of years the
Inuit thought they were the only people in the world because they never saw other
people.
Life in this part of the world is probably the most difficult anywhere. People
have only necessary things. But they have developed beautiful art because for them
art is very important-it is essential.
@p51
The Eskimo artist takes a piece of ivory from a sea animal and holds it in his
hands. Slowly he turns it, feels it, and looks at it. Then he begins carving the
piece of ivory with a knife. As he begins cutting and shaping, he starts to dream.
He knows there is a hidden form of an animal in the ivory. As the artist dreams and
carves, the animal slowly appears. It might be a seal or a whale. It might be a
fish or a bird. Eskimos understand animal forms because they live a life close to
nature. They feel a closeness to the land and to the people and animals that live
there. Eskimos know how animals move and how they look when they stand still. The
Eskimo artist is able to make an ivory or bone animal that catches the feeling of a
living animal exactly.
Why do Eskimos make small animals from ivory? Do these animals have a special
meaning in Eskimo society? Social scientists cannot answer these questions. The
Eskimos do not tell them, so they can only guess.
A small ivory animal is not just a copy of a live one. It has something of the
animal itself in it. Making the animal is more important to the Eskimo artist than
owning or keeping it when it is finished. When an artist carves an ivory animal, he
or she understands better how it feels to be an animal.
It is important to the Eskimos to feel and handle the small animal carvings.
Handling makes them smooth, and smoothness improves the carvings. They become even
more beautiful. Many of the ivory animals do not have perfect shapes and will not
stand up. They fall over and roll around. This is not important. People should hold
and feel the carvings, not just look at them.
Small Eskimo carvings of animals, birds, and people are very popular among people
who visit northern Canada and Alaska. People who cannot visit the area where
Eskimos live can see their art in museums. Most of us never see whales or seals,
but when we see the beautiful form and color of an ivory or bone animal, we know
how beautiful the real animals are.
@p52
carvings guess nature so climate handle roll society Eskimos improves
seal special essential ivory smooth stretches exactly museums
1. A climate of ice and snow --- across northern Siberia, Alaska. Canada, and
Greenland. But the --- are able to live there.
2. Eskimos have only necessary things. But for them art is ---.
3. An Eskimo carves a piece of --- with a knife. He or she knows there is a
hidden form of an animal inside.
4. Eskimo artists understand animal forms because they live a life close to ---.
5. The small ivory carving might be a --- or a whale. It catches the feeling of a
living animal ---.
6. Social scientists can only --- if the Eskimo carvings have a special meaning
in Eskimo society. They do not know for sure.
7. It is important for Eskimos to --- the ivory animals. Handling makes them ---.
8. Handling the --- makes them even more beautiful. Smoothness --- these small
ivory animals.
9. Many of the animals do not have perfect shapes. They fall over and --- around.
10. If you cannot visit the area where Eskimos live, you can see their art in
---.
@p53
carvings guess might smooth climate handle museums special essential
improves nature stretch exactly ivory rolled whales
1. John kicked the soccer ball, and it --- across the grass.
2. Those old plates and glasses can break easily. You must be very careful when
you --- them.
3. Seals and --- are two animals that live in northern Canada and Alaska.
4. If you don't know the answer to a question on a test, you should always ---.
5. British English and American English are not --- the same. For example,
Americans say elevator and the British say lift.
6. The Louvre in Paris is one of the largest and most beautiful --- in the world.
You can see famous paintings such as the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci there.
7. Canada is very cold in the winter. If you live there, it is --- to have a warm
coat and good boots.
8. Saudi Arabia is very hot and dry. It has a desert ---.
9. My grandfather used to make toys for us out of wood. He made many beautiful
wood --- of animals and people.
10. If you go to class every day, do your homework every night, and practice with
your friends, then your English will really ---!
@p54
1. What kind of climate stretches across northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and
Greenland?
2. What do the Eskimos call themselves? What does this name mean?
3. Describe how Eskimo artists make carvings. What do they do first?
4. Why do Eskimos understand animal forms so well?
5. Why can an Eskimo artist catch the feeling of a live animal in an ivory
carving?
6. Does an Eskimo artist think it is more important to make a carving or to own
it?
7. Why does handling improve the ivory carving?
8. Where can people see Eskimo art?
B. Details
Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false. Write NI if there is not
enough information in the reading to answer true or false.
( ) 1. It is very cold in the winter in northern Canada, but the summers are
very hot.
( ) 2. Art is essential to Eskimos.
( ) 3. Eskimos use small boats to hunt sea animals.
( ) 4. Eskimos like to explain the meanings of their carvings.
( ) 5. Making an ivory carving is more important to the artist than owning or
keeping the carving.
( ) 6. The artist dreams of the animal before he or she starts carving.
( ) 7. It takes several weeks for an Eskimo artist to finish an ivory carving.
C. Main Idea
Check the main idea of the reading.
( ) 1. Alaska is part of the United States.
( ) 2. Eskimos call themselves Inuit, which means "people."
( ) 3. Making a carving is more important than selling one.
( ) 4. Eskimo artists catch the feeling of living animals in their carvings.
( ) 5. Most people never see real whales or seals.
@p55
Writing
Without looking at the reading again, write as many words as you can about
Eskimos and their art. (Try to write as fast as you can.) Next, make sentences
about Eskimos and their art using the words that you wrote. When you finish, share
your sentences with a partner.
Word Study
A. Noun Substitutes
In English we often use a pronoun to replace a noun or noun phrase that we
have already used.
The Eskimo artist takes a piece of ivory from a sea animal.
The artist holds it in his hands.
it = a piece of ivory
Read these groups of sentences. Each pronoun is in bold print. Circle the noun or
noun phrase that it replaces. The first one is done for you.
1. _The Eskimos_ able to live in the cold climate of northern Canada and Alaska.
They have lived in North America for at least 28,000 years.
2. The Eskimo artist holds a piece of ivory in his hands. As he begins carving,
he starts to dream.
3. As the artist dreams and carves, an animal slowly appears. It might be a seal
or a whale. It might be a fish or a bird.
4. Eskimos understand animal forms because they live a life close to nature.
@p56
5. Why do Eskimos make small animals? Do they have a special meaning? Social
scientists cannot answer these questions. The Eskimos do not tell them, so they can
only guess.
6. The small ivory animal is not just a copy of the live one.
7. People who cannot visit the area where Eskimos live can see their art in
museums.
B. Word Forms: Pronouns
Pronouns that end in --self or --selves are called reflexive pronouns. Study the
pronouns in this chart.
1. Singular
subject pronoun reflexive pronoun
I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
2. Plural
subject pronoun reflexive pronoun
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
Did you notice that the singular reflexive pronouns end in --self and the plural
reflexive pronouns end in --selves?
Complete each sentence with the correct reflexive pronoun from the chart.
Remember that the subject pronoun and the reflexive pronoun must agree with each
other in person (I, you, he, she, it) and number (singular or plural).
1. Eskimos live in Alaska and northern Canada. They call _themselves_ Inuit.
2. The ivory carving has something of the animal --- in it.
3. I always listen to the radio and sing to --- when I drive in my car.
@p57
4. The homework we had last night was too difficult for us to do by ---, so we
did it together in class this morning.
5. Does Carrie live with her family, or does she have an apartment by ---?
6. Michael didn't eat at a fast-food restaurant today. He made a sandwich for ---
at home and took it to school for lunch.
7. Our teacher always wants us to practice speaking English. When we take a break
from class, she says, "Talk among --- in English!"
8. When you look at --- in the mirror, what do you see?
C. Word Forms: Nouns
Sometimes in English we can change an adjective to a noun by adding a suffix or
changing the spelling.
Look at the examples. Complete the chart.
1. --ness
Adjective Noun
smooth smoothness
happy happiness
weak ---
2. t -> ce
Adjective Noun
important importance
different ---
--- silence
We can change some nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding the suffix --en. For
example, if you add --en to the adjective dark, you get the word darken. Darken
means "to make something dark." Look at these examples. Complete the chart.
1. Noun Verb
strength strengthen
length ---
2. Adjective Verb
weak weaken
--- widen
short ---
@p58
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in bold print.
smooth 1. Handling the carvings makes them smoother, and _smoothness_ improves
them.
short 2. These pants are too long. I will have to --- them.
different 3. Modem and traditional clothes are different. Do you understand the
---?
dark 4. The paint is too light. Put some black paint in to --- it.
happy 5. Money does not always bring ---.
silent 6. You can almost hear the --- in northern Canada. It is very peaceful
there.
important 7. Social scientists do not understand the --- of animal carvings in
Eskimo society.
A
( ) 1. essential
( ) 2. produces
( ) 3. social
( ) 4. improves
( ) 5. separate
( ) 6. greatly
( ) 7. beautiful
( ) 8. depth
B
a. full of beauty, lovely
b. makes better
c. necessary
d. makes
e. about people
f. how deep something is
g. not together
h. very much
@p59
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. If you need a new notebook, go there. That store sells school and office
supplies.
a. things for museums
b. toys
c. traditional items
d. things that are usual or necessary
2. Mary took her gold necklace from her jewelry box and put it around her neck.
It looked beautiful with her new blue dress.
a. a kind of watch to wear on the arm
b. something made of gold to wear on the ears
c. a kind of jewelry to wear around the neck
d. a piece of ivory
3. Maria wasn't in school today because she didn't feel well. I hope she doesn't
have anything serious, like the flu.
a. essential
b. ordinary
c. interesting
d. important and not funny
4. I have been searching for a special book for months. I have looked in every
bookstore and library in town. Finally I found it.
a. reading
b. looking everywhere
c. shopping
d. improving
5. The United States has many holidays that we don't have in my country, like
Thanksgiving and Independence Day.
a. seasons of the year
b. special places to go
c. special days of the year
d. new and interesting stores
@ff
@p60
Unit 7 HAWAII, ISLAND STATE
Pre-reading
1. Have you ever visited Hawaii?
2. Where is Hawaii located?
3. What do you think of when you think about a vacation in Hawaii?
Out in the Pacific Ocean, 3700 kilometers from Los Angeles, are the islands of
Hawaii, the 50th state of the United States. This group of eight main islands has a
land area of only 16,700 square kilometers stretched over 2500 kilometers of ocean.
Hawaii became a state in 1959 and is smaller than 46 of the other states.
The first Hawaiians arrived from other Pacific islands sometime around 100 A.D.
Their society developed for centuries without visitors from Europe, Asia, or
Africa. Then all this changed. In 1778, Captain James Cook, the great English
explorer, visited Hawaii. He put the islands on his maps of the Pacific. Ships
searching for whales began stopping there for supplies.
@P61
In 1820, a small group of people from the eastern United States came to teach the
Hawaiian people about Christianity. They started farms to grow sugar and, later,
pineapples. Soon there were not enough people to do all the farmwork, so the farm
owners brought in Asians--Chinese starting in 1852, Japanese in 1868, and Filipinos
in 1906. Koreans, Portuguese, and Puerto Ricans also came. The people in each group
worked hard, saved their money, and built homes. Some of them got better jobs or
started their own small businesses. More people came from the U.S. mainland and
from other Pacific islands. Hawaii became an island with traditions from several
countries.
Today about 1.1 million people live in Hawaii, but only 10,000 are native
Hawaiians. People from the various national groups have married each other, so
today the groups are partly mixed. For example, a child might have a Chinese-
Hawaiian mother and a Portuguese-Filipino father.
Hawaii has some special traditions. Hawaiians are very friendly and always
welcome visitors. They give visitors leis. A lei is a long necklace made from
beautiful fresh flowers from the Hawaiian islands. Men wear bright flowered shirts,
and women often wear long flowered dresses. People celebrate traditional Chinese,
Japanese, and Filipino holidays as well as the holidays from the United States.
Hawaii is known as the Aloha State. Aloha means both "hello" and "good-bye" in
Hawaiian. It also means "I love you."
Hawaiians earn most of their money from tourists who come from Japan and the
mainland United States. So many people live in Hawaii now that there are
residential areas where there used to be farms. Some of the big sugar and pineapple
companies have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers as
much money. The families of the first people who came from the U.S. mainland own
most of the important banks and companies. Many Japanese are also buying or
starting businesses in Hawaii.
Sometimes when people from many different countries, races, and traditions live
together there are some problems. But in Hawaii, there are very few serious
problems. In general, the people of Hawaii have learned to live together on those
beautiful islands in peace.
@p62
Christianity mainland ocean searching earn mixed pineapples serious
explorer necklace races traditions holidays
1. Out in the Pacific ---, 3700 kilometers from Los Angeles, are the islands of
Hawaii, the 50th state of the United States.
2. In 1778, Captain James Cook, the great English --- visited Hawaii.
3. Captain Cook put Hawaii on his maps of the Pacific. Ships --- for whales began
stopping there for supplies.
4. In 1820, a small group of people from the eastern United States came to teach
the Hawaiian people about ---.
5. These people started farms in Hawaii to grow sugar and ---.
6. People from the various groups have married each other, so today the groups
are partly ---.
7. A lei is along --- made from beautiful fresh flowers. Hawaiian people give
these to visitors.
8. In Hawaii, people celebrate traditional Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and
American ---.
9. Hawaiians --- most of their money from tourists.
10. Sometimes when people from different countries, --- and traditions live
together, there are problems.
11. Hawaii has very few --- problems. In general, the people of Hawaii have
learned to live together on those beautiful islands in peace.
@p63
B. Focus On New Contexts
Christianity island ocean serious explorer mix race stretch holiday
necklace search
1. To make chocolate milk, you must --- together milk and chocolate syrup in a
glass.
2. Some people work all the time, never laugh, and never enjoy themselves. These
people are very ---.
3. New Year's Day is a --- in the United States. There are many parties, and most
people do not have to go to work that day.
4. In 1849 many people went to California to --- for gold. They looked everywhere
for it because they wanted to be rich.
5. The Atlantic --- is between the United States and Europe.
6. Islam, Judaism, and --- are three important world religions.
7. My mother loves silver jewelry. Last year my sister and I gave her a beautiful
--- for her birthday.
1. Where is Hawaii?
2. Where did the first Hawaiians come from?
3. Why did ships begin stopping in Hawaii?
4. Why did the first people from the U.S. mainland come to Hawaii?
5. Why do Hawaiians celebrate many traditional holidays?
@p64
6. What are some of Hawaii's special traditions?
7. How do Hawaiians earn most of their money?
8. Why did some big sugar and pineapple companies move to the Philippines?
9. Who owns most of the big companies in Hawaii?
10. Are there serious problems among the different groups of people in Hawaii?
B. Details
1. Hawaii has a land area of --- square kilometers.
a. 3700 c. 16,700
b.2500 d. 1820
* 2. Whaling ships learned about Hawaii from ---.
a. Christians
b. Captain Cook's maps
c. Japanese visitors
d. Christopher Columbus
* 3. --- came from other islands to live in Hawaii.
a. Portuguese and Koreans
b. Japanese and Filipinos
c. Chinese and Filipinos
d. Filipinos and Koreans
4. Today the various national groups are ---.
a. partly mixed
b. completely mixed
c. completely separated
d. living in different societies
* 5. Which sentence is probably not true?
a. Tourists spend a lot of money in Hawaii.
b. You can hear country music on the radio in Hawaii.
c. Hawaii has a warm climate.
d. The people in Hawaii are all Christians.
@p65
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Hawaii stretches over 2500 kilometers of ocean.
( ) 2. Hawaii is the 50th state of the United States.
( ) 3. Captain Cook was a famous explorer who visited Hawaii.
( ) 4. Hawaii is a society of different traditions and people who live together
in peace.
( ) 5. The first Japanese came to Hawaii in 1868.
Writing
This time line shows the dates of several important events in the history of
Hawaii. Look at the reading again to find the event that happened each year. Then
write the event next to the date.
100A.D.: The first Hawaiians arrived from other Pacific islands.
1778:
1820:
1852:
1868:
1906:
1959:
@p66
Word Study
A. Irregular Verbs
Some verbs in English have irregular past forms. Here are some examples:
Present Past Past Participle
1. become became become
2. drive drove driven
3. catch caught caught
4. sing sang sung
5.choose chose chosen
6. mean meant meant
7. fall fell fallen
Choose the correct verb form to complete each sentence. Use a verb from line 1
for sentence 1, and so on.
1. In 1959 Hawaii _became_ a state.
2. Have you ever, --- a car at 5:00 at night in a busy city? The traffic is
terrible!
3. Last week Maria --- a bad cold. She didn't go to school all week.
4. Sometimes I --- to myself as I walk home.
5. I didn't know what to order at the restaurant. Finally I --- spaghetti and a
salad.
6. Yesterday we had a vocabulary test in class. I didn't study for it, so I
didn't know what many of the words ---.
7. I was running in the snow when I --- and dropped all of my books.
@p67
In English, a preposition is usually followed by a noun. Look at the examples:
My cat drank a bowl of milk.
Yesterday Tashi got a letter from Japan.
I see my friends every day at school.
Julia walked to the park after class.
When we add a suffix to some verbs, we can make nouns. Sometimes a verb and a
noun have the same form. Look at these examples:
1. --ture
Verb Noun
mix mixture
sign signature
furnish furniture
2. --er
Verb Noun
explore explorer
dry dryer
wash washer
3. Same form
Verb Noun
change change
work work
start start
Practice using nouns and prepositions. Complete each sentence with the noun form
of the word in bold. Circle the prepositions that you know.
explore 1. James Cook is the name of an _explorer_.
change 2. The teacher explained the reason for the --- in the class schedule.
mix 3. To make lemonade, mix lemon juice and water. Then add sugar to the ---.
sign 4. There is a place for your --- at the bottom of the application. Please
sign it. start 5. The students finished their homework in the cafeteria only
five minutes before the --- of class.
wash, dry 6. In a hall hour, would you please take the clothes out of the --- as
and put them in the ---?
@p68
furnish 7. What kind of --- do you have in your apartment?
work 8. What kind of --- did you do in your native country?
A.
( ) 1. million
( ) 2. imagine
( ) 3. ordinary
( ) 4. silence
( ) 5. handle
( ) 6. human beings
( ) 7. rearrange
B.
a. regular
b. quiet
c. 1,000,000
d. change
e. think of
f. hold in the hands
g. people
B. Context Clues
Tell the meaning of each word in bold print. Use context clues.
1. Divide this apple pie into four equal parts, so all four of us can have a big
piece.
2. Humans use language to communicate their ideas and feelings.
3. The two major languages in South America are Spanish and Portuguese. There are
also many Indian languages.
4. This class included students from Japan, Libya, and Brazil.
5. Deaf people often communicate gestures instead of spoken words. Their
languages are called sign languages.
6. People sometimes invent words for their languages. They think of new words to
express new ideas.
@ff
@p69
Unit 8 LANGUAGE and LANGUAGES
Pre-reading
1. What languages do you speak?
2. In what ways is your native language different from English?
3. What languages (if any) are similar to your native language?
4. How many languages do you think there are in the world?
A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to
communicate their ideas and feeling!3. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in
the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few
speakers.
@p70
All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in
meaningful sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system
of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages,
meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those
sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the
sound system of spoken languages.
Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such
as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages
spoken in West Africa.
Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new
words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the
meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by
computer specialists in 1959. The English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl, an
American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to
food in general.
There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each
family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family.
Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at
least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language,
spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.
The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English.
German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi are also Indo-European languages.
Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and
Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are
about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many
differences among them and have been divided into more than 50 language families.
People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the
language. Most children learn their first languages easily--and sometimes other
languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.
@p71
borrow deaf includes order characters differences invent related
combining divided major sounds communicate gestures meaning system
1. Humans use language to --- their ideas and feelings.
2. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of --- and rules
for --- those characters.
3. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a --- of sounds and rules
for combining those ---.
4. Word --- is important in English.
5. People --- new words for their language and --- words from other languages.
6. In. sign languages, --- do the work of the sound systems of spoken languages.
7. There are several --- language families in the world.
8. The languages in each family are ---.
9. The Afro-Asiatic language family --- Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic.
10. American Indian languages have many --- among them.
11. They have been --- into more than 50 language families.
@p72
borrow deaf invented order combine divided major related communicate
include meaning system
1. John wants to go to graduate school in the United States. This is the ---
reason he is studying English.
2. Schools in the United States are not the same as they are in other countries.
Each country has its own education ---.
3. Martha brought a cake to class today. We --- it into 12 pieces so every
student could have some.
4. When you write a composition about your native country, please --- information
about the education system and your government.
5. If you don't know the --- of a word, look it up in your dictionary.
6. The words in a dictionary are in alphabetical ---.
7. Another student in this school has the same last name as I do, but we are not
---. We do not come from the same family.
8. I can't find my pen. May I --- yours?
9. The vacuum cleaner was --- by Ives W. McGaffey in 1869.
10. Dolphins use whistles and clicks to --- with each other.
1. What is a language?
2. How many languages are spoken in the world?
@p73
3. What kind of rules do all languages have?
4. How is meaning expressed in written languages? in spoken languages? in sign
languages?
5. What is very important in English?
6. How do languages change?
7. What are some language families?
8. Which language family is English in?
* 9. Which family is your native language in?
10. How do people learn language?
B. Details
1. There are about 4,000 spoken languages
a. in the Indo-European language family.
b. in the Austronesian language family.
c. in North America.
d. in the world.
2. All languages have
a. a system of gestures.
b. a system of written characters.
c. rules for forming words and ordering words in sentences.
d. rules for dividing languages into families.
3. Word order is very important in
a. English.
b. Chinese.
c. Russian.
d. many West African languages.
4. The sound system is very important in
a. English.
b. Russian.
c. Chinese.
d. sign language.
5. Scientists say there are several
a. small language families.
b. animal languages.
c. different groups of English.
d. major language families.
@p74
6. American Indian languages are not all in the same language family because
a. there are about 150 of them.
b. no one has studied them.
c. some of them have only a few speakers.
d. there are many differences among them.
7. A language changes when people
a. invent new words.
b. borrow words from other languages.
c. change the meanings of words.
d. a, b, and c are correct.
8. The Austronesian language family contains
a. 55 languages.
b. Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan.
c. at least 500 languages.
d. Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic.
Check the four most important ideas from the reading.
( ) 1. A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters.
( ) 2. Many deaf people use sign languages.
( ) 3. All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words
in meaningful sentences.
( ) 4. There are several major language families in the world.
( ) 5. The English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl.
( ) 6. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today.
( ) 7. Languages are always changing, but they change slowly.
Writing
Use the information from the reading to complete the language family chart. Write
each language under the correct family name.
Amharic English Malay Russian Arabic German Maori Spanish Burmese Hebrew
Pilipino Tibetan Chinese Hindi
Afro-Asiatic:
Austronesian:
Indo-European:
Sino-Tibetan:
@p75
Word Study
A. Word Forms: Past Participles as Adjectives
The past participle form of a verb can be used as an adjective. The past
participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. Irregular verbs have irregular past
participles. Look at these examples:
Regular verb: walk walked walked
Irregular verbs: know knew known
write wrote written
speak spoke spoken
break broke broken
Complete each sentence with the correct past participle. In these sentences, the
past participle forms are used as adjectives.
write 1. Many languages are _written_ languages. Other languages are only
spoken. People do not write them.
invent 2. Many children use --- spelling when they begin to write. They spell
words the way they sound.
know 3. English is a well---- language. Millions of people in the world speak,
read, and write English.
@p76
speak 4. Latin and ancient Greek are no longer --- languages. People only read
and write them.
break 5. I cannot finish my composition on language tonight because my computer
is ---.
B. Prepositions
The preposition by can mean "as a result of," For example:
You can learn a second language by studying. (You can learn a second language as
a result of studying.)
Remember that a preposition is usually followed by a noun. We can also use a
gerund after a preposition. A gerund is a noun made from a verb + --ing. In the
example above, studying is a gerund. It is also a noun.
The preposition by can also be used to tell how something is done. For example:
I go to school by bus. (How do you go to school? I take the bus.)
They went to Canada by plane.
Carla likes to travel by train.
It takes twenty minutes to go to my house by car.
We usually use by with only one word, such as "by plane." If there are several
other words, do not use by. Some expressions of travel do not use the preposition
by. Study these examples:
George rides to school on his bicycle.
I met my best friend on the bus to the museum.
My brother likes to drive in his new car.
Note: People usually don't say "by foot." We say "walk" instead. For example:
I walk to school every day.
NOT I go to school by foot.
@p77
Practice using prepositions. Complete each sentence with by, at, in, of, or on.
1. My teacher usually comes to school _by_ bus, but today he came _in_ his wife's
car.
2. The next test in this class will be --- October 6th.
3. We learn our own languages --- listening and copying.
4. Word order is very important --- English.
5. Chinese is part --- the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
6. You can learn many things --- watching educational television programs.
7. I usually go to work --- my bicycle, but today it's raining so I'll go bus.
8. Do you know the student who is standing --- the window?
9. There are several major language families --- the world.
10. One --- my best friends is going back to her native country Friday. I'll
really miss her.
A. Vocabulary Review Match each word in column A with the word in column B that
has the opposite meaning.
A
( ) 1. traditional
( ) 2. complicated
( ) 3. exact
( ) 4. essential
( ) 5. special
( ) 6. search
( ) 7. marry
( ) 8. city
( ) 9. agree
( ) 10. divided
B
a. inexact
b. together
c. simple
d. find
e. unnecessary
f. modem
g. disagree
h. divorce
l. country
j. ordinary
@p78
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. Many governments provide health insurance to everyone. In other countries,
people must pay for their own insurance.
a. give b. sell
c. teach d. buy
2. Which of these figures is the largest: 5, 10, or 15?
a. answers b. letters
c. letters d. ages
3. Life in Canada and the United States is similar. The societies are not very
different.
a. modern
b. almost the same
c. traditoinal
d. changing
4. Divorce is very common in North America today. A high percentage of marriages
end in divorce.
a. usual b. popular
c. important d. serious
5. A car almost hit me when I was riding my bicycle to school this morning. I
prevented an accident by turning quickly on the sidewalk.
a. made something happen
b. stopped something from happening
c. was careful
d. rode away
6. John tried to get on the bus, but it was already overcrowded. He could not
find a place to stand because it was so full of people. He had to wait for the next
bus to come.
a. not having enough people
b. riding the wrong bus
c. having few people
d. having too many people
7. Social scientists say that the population of Mexico City will increase from 20
million to 31 million by the year 2000.
a. change b. get larger
c. limit d. include
@ff
@p79
Unit 9 CITES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Pre-reading
1. Do you live in a city? If so, is it big or small?
2. What do you think the world's population will be in the year 2000?
3. What does the phrase "Third World" mean?
The year 2000 marks the beginning of a new century and a new millennium. For many
years, social scientists have been guessing what life will be like in the 21st
century. One of the most important changes will be in the world's population. The
total number of people in the world has been increasing rapidly for many years.
There will be more than 6.2 billion people on earth by the year 2000 and about 10
billion by the year 2030. Unfortunately, the greatest population growth will be in
the cities of the poorest nations.
@p80
The population figures seem unbelievable. By the year 2000, there will be almost
300 cities with over one million people each, and 45 cities in the world with
populations of more than five million. Many of these cities will be in the Third
World. The Third World is an expression used to describe cities and countries that
are not modem and have many social problems related to the absence of technology.
As the population increases in these areas, problems also increase, and the living
conditions become very bad.
Some of the largest cities in the world today have many problems, even if they
are modem. As the population in these modern cities--and the areas around them--
increases, living conditions there also become worse. By the year 2000 there could
be 22 cities with populations over 20 million. For example, Mexico City could have
as many as 28 million people and the Tokyo/Yokohama area, 30 million.
Some social scientists say that this is a natural growth. There was a similar
population growth in cities as industries developed in Europe during the 19th
century. People moved to cities to get jobs. However, that growth was much slower.
Health conditions in Europe were very bad, and people died of many kinds of
disease. Today some of these diseases are not common or can be prevented. Even in
poor cities, health services are better and people live longer.
In the 19th century, Europeans could leave their countries to live in new
colonies in Africa or Asia. They could move to new countries in North or South
America. Today the colonies are independent, and it is more difficult to move from
one country to another. As a result, many people who want a change move to larger
cities in their native countries. And people who do move to new countries usually
move to big city areas. This is not such a big problem in modern countries because
money and technology are available to make new living spaces and to keep the
quality of life at a good level. In Third World cities, population growth is more
complicated.
Third World cities are already overcrowded, but people continue to move to these
cities to look for work. City workers often earn two to ten times as much as people
in the country. Thousands of people arrive in cities every year. Many governments
do not have enough money to provide electricity, water, schools, health services,
and housing. As cities grow larger, the problems increase.
@p81
Some social scientists believe that the problems are not hopeless. People move to
cities because they want to change and improve their lives. When they can find
jobs, they work hard. These hardworking people can help build a better society for
the whole country.
Expected Growth of 10 Cities 1991 2000
Shanghai 4 5
Los Angeles 10 11
Cairo 11 13
Rio de Janeiro 11 14.5
New York 14.5 15
Calcutta 11.5 15
Seoul 17.5 22
Sao Paulo 19 25
Mexico City 21 27.5
Tokyo/Yokohama 26.5 30
Population in Millions
Number of Cities with Populations over 5 Million
1950 5
1980 20
2000 45
Percentage of World Population Living in Cities with More Than 1 Million People
1990 33
1994 45
2015 56
@p82
A. Focus on the Reading Choose the best word for each sentence.
colonies figures overcrowded similar common health prevented social
conditions increase provide unfortunately diseases millennium rapidly
1. The year 2000 marks the beginning of a new century and a new ---.
2. The world's population is increasing ---. By the year 2000 there will be more
than 6.2 billion people on the earth. --- , the greatest growth will be in the
cities of the poorest nations.
3. The population --- seem unbelievable. By the year 2000 there will be almost
300 cities with over one million people each.
4. Some social scientists say that this growth is natural. There was a ---
population growth in European cities in the 19th century.
5. --- conditions were very bad, and people died of many kinds of disease.
6. Today some of these diseases are not --- or they can be ---.
7. Third World cities are already --- but people continue to move to these cities
to look for work.
8. Many governments do not have enough money to --- electricity, water, schools,
health services, and housing.
@p83
9. As cities grow larger, the problems ---.
10. Some --- scientists believe that the problems are not hopeless.
common figure overcrowded rapidly conditions increase prevent similar
disease nations provide unfortunately
1. Many of the houses in this town are --- because they were built by the same
company.
2. Some famous country music singers earn millions of dollars every year. A
million is a very big ---!
3. If you want to go to college in the United States, you must save your money to
pay for it yourself. The government does not --- a college education for everyone.
4. --- many children grow up with only one parent in their home.
5. There is an --- in the number of students at my school this year. This year
the classes are very big because we have so many new students.
6. Eating the right foods, exercising, and getting a lot of sleep can help people
--- sicknesses.
7. Heart --- is often caused by smoking. If you smoke, you should quit!
8. The work --- in the factory were bad. There were no windows, it was dirty, and
the equipment was very old.
@p84
1. Where will the greatest population growth be?
2. When was there a similar population growth in the cities of Europe?
3. Why was the growth of European cities in the 19th century different from the
growth of Third World cities today?
4. Why do people continue to move to cities?
5. What do some people want the government to provide?
6. Why do some social scientists believe that the problems are not hopeless?
B. Details
Use the reading, the tables, and the graph to answer the questions.
1. About how many people will live in Mexico City in the year 2000?
2. How many cities had populations of more than five million in 1950?
3. How many cities will have a population of more than five million in the year
2000?
4. What percentage of the world's population will live in cities with populations
of more than one million in the year 2015?
5. How many cities will have a population of more than 20 million in the year
2000?
6. What will the population of the world be in 2030?
7. What was the population of Cairo in 1991?
C. Main Idea
Check the three main ideas of the reading.
( ) 1. Third World cities are growing very fast.
( ) 2. There will be 45 cities with a population of over five million in the
year 2000.
( ) 3. City growth in the 20th century is different from city growth in the 19th
century.
( ) 4. Population growth causes problems in Third World cities.
( ) 5. People in European cities in the 19th century could move to colonies.
@p85
Writing
What do you think life will be like in the 21st century? What things will be
different from today? Here are six topics. Write a sentence or two about each one.
Describe how each one will be different in the next century. Share your ideas with
your classmates.
1. schools 2. fashion
3. language 4. travel
5. money 6. families
Word Study
A. Word Forms: Gerunds A gerund is a verb + --ing. It is used as a noun. A gerund
can be the subject or the direct object of a sentence. It can also come after some
prepositions.
Look at the examples:
Teaching is an interesting job.
Christina enjoys studying.
Tomas is very good at playing the piano.
Spelling Notes:
1. When a word ends in silent e, drop the e before adding --ing.
2. When a one-syllable word ends with one vowel and one consonant, double the
consonant before adding --ing.
Change these words to gerunds. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
Remember to follow the spelling rules.
watch: watching
ski:
eat:
move:
swim:
play:
listen:
@p86
1. Every winter my friends and I go to the mountains. We love to go _skiing_!
It's so much fun.
2. Joseph improved his English by --- movies and --- to the radio.
3. Last week we had a party in class. We all made foods from our native
countries. Everyone enjoyed --- all of the interesting foods.
B. Word Forms: Noun Endings
In units 1 through 8 you studied many common noun endings. Look at the word list
below and notice how the nouns are related to the other words.
Noun Adjective Verb
1. similarity similar --
2. crowd crowded crowd
3. excellence excellent excel
4. payment -- pay
5. equipment -- equip
6. popularity popular popularize
7. weakness weak weaken
8. pleasure pleasant please
Choose the correct word form to complete each sentence. Some nouns may need to be
made plural. Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on.
1. There are several major _similarity_ between life in the United States and in
Canada.
2. Lots of people went to the movie theater last night. There was a big ---
waiting outside to buy tickets.
3. Keiko had no mistakes on her test yesterday. The teacher wrote "--- !" on the
top of her test. Keiko was very happy.
4. If you take a loan from the bank to buy a car, you must make a --- every month
until you pay all the money back.
@p87
5. Tennis shoes and other sports --- are usually very expensive.
6. It's hard to understand the --- of video games. Many people play them, but I
don't like them.
7. David is very good at speaking and reading English. His major --- is writing,
so he practices all the time.
8. I was so happy when I received a letter from my best friend at home. It is
such a --- to get mail when you are far away from family and friends.
Choose the best word or phrase to complete each sentence.
army each other produce separate arrange handle realize similar controls
millennium roll studios
1. In the United States, people do not have to go into the --- when they are 18
years old. In many other countries, military service is not a choice.
2. Animals can communicate, but they do not talk to --- with words. They make
sounds and movements only.
3. Lots of the world's oil comes from the Middle East, but Venezuela and the
United States also --- oil.
4. Please --- these names in alphabetical order.
5. I always thought Marco was from Spain because he speaks Spanish. I didn't ---
he was from Colombia until he told us about his country in class.
@p88
6. There is a dial in the refrigerator that --- the temperature. You can turn it
to make the temperature colder or warmer.
7. Please be careful when you --- these photographs. I don't want to have
fingerprints on them.
8. Every 100 years, a new century begins. Every 1,000 years, a new --- begins.
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. The location of the Sears Tower, one of the tallest buildings in the world, is
Chicago.
a. condition b. place
c. figure d. major
2. Maria doesn't like horror movies. She was so frightened by the movie we saw on
TV that she couldn't sleep all night.
a. popular b. pleased
c. happy d. scared
3. Farmers grow many kinds of crops on their farms, such as corn, rice, and
wheat. They can sell their crops or use them for food and other things.
a. plants that grow in the desert
b. plants that produce medicine
c. plants that a farmer grows
d. plants that produce cotton and oil
4. Mrs. Robbins will be our teacher today instead of Mr. Morris. Mr. Morris is
sick today and cannot come to class.
a. with
b. besides
c. in front of
d. in the place of
@ff
@p89
Unit 10 DESERTS
Pre-reading
1. Have you ever seen a desert?
2. What do you know about desert?
3. What countries have a desert?
4. What kinds of plants and animals live in a desert?
A desert is a hot, dry, sandy place. A desert is also a beautiful land of silence
and space. The sun shines, the wind blows, and time and space seem endless. Nothing
is soft. The sand and rocks are hard, and many of the plants, such as the cactus,
have hard needles instead of leaves.
The size and location of the world's deserts are always changing. Over millions
of years, as climates change and mountains rise, new dry and wet areas develop. But
within the last 100 years, deserts have been growing at a frightening speed. This
is partly because of natural changes, but the greatest desert makers are humans.
@p90
In the 19th century some people living in English colonies in Australia got
rabbits from England. Today there are millions of rabbits in Australia, and they
eat every plant they can find. The great desert that covers the center of Australia
is growing.
The land in the southwestern United States is rich. Large farms grow crops that
need a lot of water, but there is only a little rainfall in that part of the
country. The level of the water table underground is decreasing every year.
Farming first began in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, but today the land there is a
desert. In dry areas, people plant crops on land that is poor and dry. When there
are one or two very dry years, the plants die, and the land becomes desert. Animals
such as goats, sheep, and cattle eat every plant they can find until there is
nothing left at all.
In developing countries, 90 percent of the people use wood for cooking and
heating. They cut down trees for firewood. But trees are important. They cool the
land under them and keep the sun off smaller plants. When leaves fall from a tree,
they make the land richer. When the trees are gone, the smaller plants die, and
there is nothing but sand. Yet people must use firewood, raise animals, and grow
crops in order to live.
Humans can make deserts, but humans can also prevent their growth. Algeria
planted a green wall of trees across the edge of the Sahara to stop the desert sand
from spreading. Mauritania planted a similar wall around Nouakchott, the capital.
Iran puts a thin covering of petroleum on sandy areas and plants trees. The oil
keeps the water and small trees in the land, and men on motorcycles keep the sheep
and goats away. Other countries build long canals to bring water to desert areas.
Yet land that will probably become desert in the future equals the size of
Australia, the United States, and the former Soviet Union together. Can people stop
the growth of the world's deserts and save the land that is so essential to life?
@p81
canals frightening level rabbits cattle in order to location sheep crops
instead of needles yet
1. Nothing is soft in the desert. Many of the plants, such as the cactus, have
hard needles --- leaves.
2. The size and --- of the world's deserts are always changing.
3. Within the last 100 years, deserts have been growing at a --- speed, This is
partly because of natural changes, but the greatest desert makers are humans.
4. Some people in Australia got --- from England. Today there are millions of
them in Australia, and they eat every plant they can find.
5. The --- of the water table underground is decreasing every year in the
southwestern United States.
6. In dry areas, people plant --- on land that is poor and dry. When there are
one or two dry years, the plants die, and the land becomes desert.
7. Animals such as goats, --- and eat every plant they can find until there is
nothing left at all.
8. People must use firewood, raise animals, and grow crops --- live.
9. Algeria planted trees to stop the desert sand. Other countries build long ---
to bring water to desert areas.
@p92
10. Some countries are trying to prevent the growth of deserts. --- land that
will probably become desert in the future equals the size of Australia, the United
States, and the former Soviet Union together.
canal crops instead of needle cattle goats level speed climate in order
to location yet
1. Cowboys work with --- in the western United States.
2. The --- of the "Grand Ole Opry" is Nashville, Tennessee.
3. If you need to put a new button on your clothes, you must have a --- and some
thread to sew with.
4. You must study and practice as much as possible --- learn a new language.
5. The Panama --- goes from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Many ships
travel through it each day.
6. Bananas and coffee beans are two important --- that farmers grow in South
America.
7. Today young people usually choose the person they want to marry --- their
parents arranging the marriage for them.
8. Life is difficult in Third World cities, --- people continue to move to them
in order to look for work and a better life.
@p93
1. What is a desert? Describe it.
2. What makes the size and location of deserts change?
3. What happened in Australia to make the size of the desert increase?
4. Why is the level of the water table underground decreasing in the southwestern
United States?
5. How do farming and animals make deserts grow?
6. Why do deserts grow when people cut down trees?
7. Describe some of the things that countries are doing to stop deserts from
growing.
B. Details
( ) 1. In general, desert plants have large, beautiful flowers.
( ) 2. Space seems to have no limit in the desert.
( ) 3. Most people in developing countries cook on wood fires.
( ) 4. Elephants help make deserts.
( ) 5. Farmers in the southwestern United States grow crops that need just a
little water because the climate is dry.
( ) 6. Algeria is planting a wall of trees to keep the cattle away from the
desert.
( ) 7. Some countries are building canals to bring water to the deserts.
( ) 8. The size of deserts has changed greatly in the past 100 years, but it did
not change before that.
( ) 9. Australia was once an English colony.
( ) 10. The size of the world's deserts will probably increase before people
stop the growth.
@p94
C. Main Idea
Below are the two main ideas of the reading. Choose the supporting details that
relate to each main idea and write them under the correct main idea. (Use your own
paper.) Use only six of the supporting details in the list. Three of them do not
belong in either column. Main Ideas
1. Humans make deserts.
2. Humans can stop the growth of deserts.
Supporting Details
a. Algeria is planting a green wall to stop the Sahara.
b. A desert is a beautiful land of silence and space.
c. English people brought rabbits to Australia.
d. People cut down trees for firewood.
e. Some countries are building canals to bring water to desert areas.
f. Many desert plants have needles.
g. Goats, sheep, and cattle eat every plant they can find.
h. Iran puts petroleum on sandy areas and plants trees.
i. Desert sand and rocks are hard.
Writing
What kinds of plants or crops grow in your native country? What kind of climate
do they grow in? What do people use them for? Make a chart, then share your
information with other students. (Use your own paper.) Here are the three heads
that you can use in your chart:
Plant or Crop:
Growing Climate:
Products or Foods:
Word Study
A. Suffixes The suffix --less means "without" or "not having something."
@p95
Here is an example:
The number of English words to learn is endless. ("without end")
Add the suffix -less to each word. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
care: careless
hope:
help:
end:
change:
worth:
thought:
sleep:
1. Babies cannot take care of themselves. Someone must help them because they are
_helpless_.
2. Stephan found an old coin. He thought it was gold, but it wasn't. In fact, it
--- had no value. It was ---.
3. You must take your time and be careful when you write. If you try to hurry,
you will make --- mistakes.
4. Michael was sick last night so he could not sleep. Today in class he was very
tired after such a --- night.
5. Helen said. something that hurt my feelings. I know she didn't want to hurt my
feelings. She just wasn't thinking. She made a --- mistake.
Some common noun endings are --sion, --tion, --ation, and --t. Look at this list
of verbs and nouns. Notice how the nouns are related to the verbs.
Verb Noun
divide division
introduce introduction
explore exploration
educate education
prevent prevention
populate population
complicate complication
inform information
produce production
fly flight
@p96
Choose the best verb or noun from the chart to complete each sentence. Remember
to use the correct verb tenses and singular or plural noun forms.
1. In the 19th century, parents realized that they had to take care of their
children's health and try to give them a good _education_. Before that, most people
did not go to school.
2. The --- of the world is increasing every year. In the year 2000 there will be
at least 6.2 billion people on the earth.
3. When people in North America --- themselves to you for the first time, they
usually say, "Nice to meet you" and shake your hand.
4. Some scientists think that drinking green tea is good for your health. In
fact, some people think it helps --- diseases.
5. The island of Puerto Rico --- a lot of sugarcane. The sugar that comes from it
is sold all over the world.
6. After World War II, Germany was divided into two separate countries. However,
this --- did not last. In 1990 the two Germanies united as one country again.
7. Many centuries ago, people left their countries to search for new lands. The
--- of the new world brought people from many countries together in North America.
8. If you have a question when you are in the library, go to the --- desk and ask
one of the librarians for help.
One word in each sentence is incorrect. Find the word and circle it. Above it,
write a word that makes the sentence correct.
1. A _watch_(necklace) is a piece of jewelry that you wear around your neck.
@p97
2. The Indo-European language family includes Chinese and German.
3. Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Halloween are three crops in the United States.
4. To make lemonade you must separate water, lemon juice, and sugar in a glass.
5. David is very careless about his classes. He studies every night for six
hours!
6. If you limit the pie in half, there will be two big pieces.
7. Does your government mix free health care for everyone?
B. Context Clues
Tell the meaning of each word in bold print. Use context clues.
1. Modem technology has changed medicine. Doctors now use computers and large
machines to help people feel better.
2. Scientists have made many important discoveries in the past century. They have
found new medicines in the rain forests and learned new ways to control some
diseases.
3. I prefer to eat only natural foods like fruits and vegetables. I don't like to
eat fast food or food with artificial flavors and colors.
4. There is evidence that dinosaurs used to live on the earth. Scientists have
found big bones and fossils. This evidence helps them understand what happened
millions of years ago.
5. You can usually cure a cold by drinking lots of orange juice and getting lots
of sleep. If you do that, you should feel better.
6. When I studied English in my native country, we never used to speak in class.
We only translated sentences in our book. At this school we learn by reading,
writing, and speaking. I like this method better. I am learning a lot here.
@ff
@p98
Unit 11 MEDICINE from Leaches to Lasers
Pre-reading
1. What do you do when you are sick?
Do you visit a doctor? Do you take medicine?
2. Are there any traditional medicines in your native country?
What do lasers, leaches, tree bark, and old bread have in common? They are all
things that people use to make medicine or to help sick people feel better.
Throughout history people have searched for ways to live healthier and better
lives. As early as 8000 B.C., people began to experiment with methods of helping
sick people. Today we
have the newest technology, yet we continue to look for ways to improve medicine
and our system of health care.
@p99
The history of medicine begins about 10,000 years ago. Scientists have found
evidence that prehistoric people experimented with surgery in order to help sick
people feel better. Around 2500 B.C., the Egyptians began to treat diseases. They
used plants as medicine. They believed that people became sick because the gods
were angry with them. In ancient Greece in 410 B.C., a man named Hippocrates
realized that people became sick for natural reasons, not because the gods were
angry, Many people think of Hippocrates as the first real doctor in history.
During the Middle Ages (400-1500 A.D.), a few medical schools and hospitals
opened in Europe. Treatment methods were still very simple. Sometimes doctors used
leaches to remove "bad blood" from people. Doctors did not understand the human
body very well.
Many very dangerous diseases, called plagues, spread through Europe at that time.
Doctors could not cure these diseases, and one-quarter of the population of Europe
died. Later, during the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of the human
body, including all the muscles. These drawings helped doctors greatly.
Understanding how the human body works helped doctors learn how to treat sicknesses
and help people feel better. Modem medicine improved greatly after that time.
In the last century many very important discoveries were made in medicine. These
discoveries have saved the lives of millions of people around the world. For
example, in 1895 a German doctor named Roentgen developed the X-ray machine. The
English scientist Sir Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin, the first
antibiotic, in 1928. Antibiotics are drugs that fight diseases in the body.
Flemming discovered penicillin growing in mold on an old piece of bread! Other
great improvements have been made in the technology of medicine. Today doctors can
save people's lives by giving them a new heart or a new kidney. Hospitals have
large computers and machines that help sick people live better lives.
@p100
Medicine today is very modem, but it is also very traditional in some parts of
the world. In China and other Asian countries, doctors use acupuncture, a very old
method of treating sickness and pain. Acupuncture uses needles to help the human
body fight pain and disease. Doctors have used this method for thousands of years,
and some still use it today. It is very successful. These doctors also use natural
plants as medicine.
Some people believe that nature has all of the cures for human problems. Others
believe that technology is more helpful. Together, tradition and technology help
people everywhere live better and healthier lives.
antibiotic experiment plagues surgery cure fight prehistoric technology
discoveries methods spread treat evidence natural successful treatment
1. As early as 8000 B.C., people began to --- with methods of helping sick people
feel better.
2. Today we have the newest --- yet we continue to look for ways to improve
medicine and our system of health care.
3. Scientists have found --- that prehistoric people experimented with surgery to
help sick people.
4. Around 2500 B.C., the Egyptians began to --- diseases. They used plants as
medicine.
5. In ancient Greece in 410 B.C., a man named Hippocrates realized that people
became sick for --- reasons, not because the gods were angry.
6. During the Middle Ages, treatment --- were still very simple. Sometimes
doctors used leaches to remove "bad blood" from sick people.
@p101
7. Many very dangerous diseases, called --- spread through Europe at that time.
8. Doctors could not --- these diseases, and millions of people died.
9. In the last century, many important --- were made in medicine.
10. The English scientist Sir Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin, the first
---, in 1928.
11. Antibiotics are drugs that --- diseases in the body.
12. Doctors in China have used acupuncture for thousands of years, and some still
use it today. It is very ---.
angry evidence nature surgery cure fight spread technology discovery
method successful treatment
1. Scientists are looking for a --- for cancer. If they find one, they can end
this terrible disease forever.
2. Last month my friends and I found a great little restaurant not far from
school. It was a wonderful --- for us. Now we go there almost every week.
3. Monica's father is in the hospital. He had --- to fix his bad back. Next week
he can come home.
4. Carl's sister worked very hard, saved her money, and started her own business.
She is very --- now.
@p102
5. Computer --- changes all the time. Last year I bought a new computer, and this
year there is a much better one available.
6. In order to learn new words, I write them in my notebook and practice using
them in conversation. What --- do you use?
7. David likes to live in big cities. He likes the tall buildings and all the
people. Anna likes to live in the country. She loves birds and trees and everything
in ---.
8. I read in the newspaper that the police found some --- at the bank that was
robbed last week. The robber dropped his wallet! Now the police know his name and
address.
1. What did the Egyptians believe about sickness?
2. Who was the first real doctor? Where and when did he live?
3. When did medical schools and hospitals open in Europe?
4. What are plagues?
5. Who drew pictures of the human body, including muscles?
6. What happened in 1895?
7. What are antibiotics?
8. What is acupuncture?
B. Details
1. Around 2500 B.C., the Egyptians began
a. to make drawings of the human body.
b. to discover new diseases.
c. to study history.
d. to treat diseases with medicine from plants.
@p103
2. The Egyptians believed that people became sick because
a. they ate plants.
b. they were angry with each other.
c. the gods were angry with them.
d. of natural reasons.
3. Hippocrates realized that
a. the gods made people sick.
b. people became sick for natural reasons.
c. medicine comes from plants.
d. he was the first real doctor.
4. During the Middle Ages, one-quarter of the population of Europe
a. died in wars.
b. died from plagues.
c. moved to America.
d. used leaches.
5. In 1895, a German doctor named Roentgen
a. invented the X-ray machine.
b. discovered penicillin.
c. started acupuncture.
d. used antibiotics.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. People have always searched for ways to improve life.
( ) 2. Prehistoric people experimented with surgery.
( ) 3. Many important medical discoveries were made in the last century.
( ) 4. Acupuncture is a traditional way to treat sick people.
( ) 5. Technology and tradition are both important parts of medicine and health
care today.
Writing
Many people know traditional remedies for pains and common sicknesses. A remedy
is an easy way to cure something. For example, if you have a cold, you can drink
hot water with lemon.
Think of some traditional remedies that you know and write t em on a separate
sheet of paper. Then share your remedies with your classmates.
@p104
Word Study
A. Prefixes
The prefix over- means "too," "too much," or "too many."
Look at the example:
Third World cities are already overcrowded. (too crowded)
Add the prefix over- to each word. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
eat: overeat
populated:
weight:
heated:
slept:
cooked:
1. There are too many people on the island of Java in Indonesia. Java is
_overpopulated_
2. We were driving in the mountains on a very hot day, and our car ---. We had to
stop and let it cool down.
3. Toshi left the rice in the rice cooker too long. Now the rice is ---.
4. Martin has a class at 8:00 in the morning. He usually wakes up at 7:00 to get
ready. Today he was late for class because he didn't wake up until 8:15. He ---.
5. If you --- every day, you will soon be Eating too much can make you fat, and
it's not good for your health.
@p105
B. Irregular Verbs
Study the irregular verbs in this list. Then choose the correct verb form to
complete each sentence. Use a verb form from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on.
Present past Past Participle
1. bear bore born
2. swim swam swum
3.shine shone shone
4. write wrote written
5. drink drank drunk
6. blow blew blown
7. rise rose risen
1. My birthday is January 31, 1966. When were you _born_?
2. Last summer my friends and I went to the beach and --- in the lake almost
every day.
3. Yesterday was a beautiful day! The sky was blue and the sun --- brightly.
4. Have you ever --- a story in English? Olga wrote one last year in writing
class. It was a very funny story.
5. John had dinner at a Japanese restaurant with his class. They ate sushi and
--- tea.
6. In the fall, the wind --- all the leaves off the trees. They covered the
ground with their beautiful colors.
7. I love to wake up early in the morning and watch the sun over the city. It's a
very pretty sight.
@p106
Circle one word on each line that does not belong with the others.
1. rabbits, goats, (leaches), cattle
2. supermarket, restaurant, department store, bookstore
3. century, millennium, year, coast
4. difficult, uncomplicated, simple, easy
5. ocean, river, canal, island
6. disease, cure, sickness, plague
7. regular, usual, ordinary, similar
B. Context Clues
Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word or phrase in bold
print. Use context clues.
1. Ms. Davis planted some bushes in her yard. They will grow to be about one
meter high.
a. tall trees
b. low plants
c. grass
d. small flowers
2. In the fall, farmers gather apples from their apple trees.
a. buy b. plant
c. pick d. eat
3. When scientists develop a new kind of medicine, they test it in many
experiments to see if it is safe for humans.
a. experiences
b. medicines
c. tests to find out what will happen
d. discoveries
4. There is not any milk for our coffee. I used up all the milk this morning when
I made a cake.
a. forgot to buy
b. used all of
c. put in the coffee
d. used for a short time
@ff
@p107
Unit 12 OIL FROM PLANTS
Pre-reading
1. What is petroleum?
2. What do people use petroleum for?
3. Do you know where petroleum comes from?
4. Do you know about any plants that make oil?
5. What do people make from plants in your native country?
Jojoba is a very special kind of plant. (Jojoba is a Spanish word that is
pronounced ho-HO-bah.) It is a bush that grows about a meter high. It grows mainly
in the desert areas of southern California, southern Arizona, and on the west coast
of Mexico. The hard fruit of the jojoba plant contains oil that can be used for
many things. This oil is used in shampoo and lipstick. Recently, it is being used
more and more as an industrial oil, too.
@p108
For centuries Indians in Arizona have gathered the jojoba fruit. They use the oil
to soothe bums, to make their hair shine, and to make a drink similar to coffee.
Now scientists have planted experimental crops. They want to test different ways
that jojoba oil could be used. Scientists say that Indians and other people can
earn money from jojoba farming.
Although the jojoba grows naturally only in the Arizona-Sonora Desert, it can be
planted in most dry areas of the world. It needs very little water and can grow on
poor land. jojoba farms not only produce oil but also help stop the growth of
deserts.
Euphorbia
Petroleum is essential to the modem world. It is burned for energy in cars,
homes, and factories. But the world supplies are being used up very fast. Petroleum
comes from plants that died millions of years ago. Would it be possible to take oil
directly from living plants and use it instead of petroleum? Scientists have had
success with the jojoba plant. Now scientists think this process may be possible
with a plant called euphorbia. (Euphorbia is pronounced you-FOR-bee-uh.)
Euphorbia grows wild in many areas of the world. Like jojoba, it can grow on poor
land with only a little water. Several countries have experimental euphorbia farms,
and scientists are developing plants from seeds gathered in different places. They
think that when the plants are improved enough, they will be able to produce 65
barrels of oil per hectare (10,000 square meters) per year.
If the experiments are successful, euphorbia farms could provide about 10 percent
of the petroleum needs in the United States. Even more important, developing
countries could grow euphorbia on land that is too poor for anything else. Then
they would not have to buy expensive petroleum for their energy needs.
@p109
although directly hectare seeds barrels energy lipstick soothe bush
experimental per used up contains gathered
1. The jojoba plant is a --- that grows about one meter high. It grows only in
southern California, southern Arizona, and on the west coast of Mexico.
2. The hard fruit of the jojoba plant --- oil that can be used for many things.
3. The oil is already being used in shampoo and ---.
4. For centuries Indians in Arizona have --- the jojoba fruit. They use the oil
to --- burns, to make their hair shine, and to make a drink similar to coffee.
5. Now scientists have planted --- crops. They say that Indians and other people
can earn money from jojoba farming.
6. --- jojoba grows naturally only in the Arizona-Sonora Desert, it can be
planted in most dry areas of the world.
7. Petroleum is essential to the modem world. It is burned for --- in cars,
homes, and factories. But the world supplies are being --- very fast.
8. Petroleum comes from plants that died millions of years ago. Would it be
possible to take oil --- from living plants and use it instead of petroleum?
9. Several countries have experimental euphorbia farms, and scientists are
developing plants from --- gathered in different places.
@p110
10. They think the plants will be able to produce 65 of oil per --- (10,000
square meters) per year.
although contains experimenting per barrels directly hectare seeds bushes
energy lipstick used up
1. If you want to grow flowers, you must first buy --- and plant them in the
ground. After several weeks, you will have flowers.
2. Always turn off the lights when you leave a room so you don't waste ---.
3. --- I should study tonight, I'm going to the movies with my friends. I'll
study in the morning instead.
4. Some women wear --- on their lips to make them look red. Other women don't
like to wear makeup.
5. Sandra has a good job. She works in the library and makes 10 dollars --- hour.
6. This is my last sheet of paper. I've --- all the paper in my notebook for this
class. Tomorrow I'll buy a new notebook.
7. If you want to see the movie that starts at 7:00, you should go to the theater
when class ends. If you go home first, you will be late for the movie.
8. Desert countries are --- with several ways to stop the growth of deserts. We
hope they will be successful.
@p111
1. Where does the jojoba plant grow naturally?
* 2. In what conditions can the jojoba plant grow?
* 3. The population of the world is growing very fast. What effect will this have
on the supply of petroleum?
4. Where does the euphorbia plant grow wild?
5. How is the euphorbia plant similar to the jojoba plant?
6. How could euphorbia plants help the developing world?
* 7. How could euphorbia plants help stop the growth of deserts?
B. Details
1. The jojoba
a. grows naturally in many countries.
b. is a tall plant.
c. grows naturally in wet areas.
d. is a low plant.
2. The Arizona-Sonora Desert covers
a. all of California.
b. parts of three states.
c. parts of two countries.
d. many countries.
3. Jojoba oil comes from
a. the leaves.
b. the roots.
c. the seeds.
d. the fruit.
4. The jojoba plant can grow
a. only in Arizona, California, and Mexico.
b. on poor, dry land.
c. near water.
d. only on experimental farms.
@p112
5. Petroleum supplies
a. energy for homes, cars, and factories.
b. oil needed for plants to grow.
c. deserts with plants.
d. seeds for farms.
a. Scientists in different countries work together to find new uses for plants.
b. In 10 years the United States will use plants to provide all its energy needs.
c. Someday scientists will find new uses for many different plants.
d. The development of new uses for plants has good effects.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Scientists are experimenting with oil-producing plants.
( ) 2. Jojoba can only grow in the desert.
( ) 3. Both the jojoba and euphorbia plants can grow in a desert climate, where
most crops cannot grow.
( ) 4. There are experimental euphorbia farms in several countries.
Writing
Do you know any special uses for plants? Write a few sentences about each plant.
Then tell your classmates about them.
Word Study
A. Suffixes
Sometimes we can add the suffix --ly to an adjective to make an adverb. An adverb
describes a verb.
Here is an example:
slow + --ly = slowly
Please speak slowly so I can understand.
@p113
Add the suffix --ly to each adjective. Then choose the best adverb for each
sentence.
accidental: accidentally
inexpensive:
careful:
silent:
thoughtless:
similar:
1. Brian --- told his friend that he didn't like the color of her new car. Then
he was sorry for what he said. He didn't think about it before he said it.
2. Always read the directions --- before you take a test so you don't make any
careless mistakes.
3. Loud talking is not allowed in the library. You must work --- so other people
can study, too.
4. Julia --- knocked her glass off the table, and it broke. She did not mean to
do it.
5. If you cook your meals at home and don't go out too often, you can live ---.
You don't have to spend too much money.
B. Word Forms: Other Words with --ly
The meanings of a few common words with the suffix -ly are different from what
you might guess. Look at these words and their meanings.
likely = probably
The sky is fall of gray clouds. It is likely to rain soon.
greatly = very much
Family life has changed greatly in the last two centuries.
largely = mostly
Shopping centers have developed largely because of traffic problems in cities.
@p114
lately = recently
I haven't seen Maria lately, have you? The last time I saw her was months ago.
hardly = not much, only a little, almost none
There are so many cars in Bangkok that there is hardly any space to park. (Note:
Hardly is a negative word. Don't use no or not with it.)
widely = in many places, over a large area
English is widely used as a second language. Italian is not.
shortly = in a short time, very soon
I will finish my homework shortly. Then I will play tennis with you.
nearly = almost Today is November 20. It is nearly winter.
Now choose the, best --ly word from the above list to complete each sentence.
1. We are _nearly_ finished with unit 12. We have only two more exercises to do.
2. Nick --- enjoyed the jazz music festival at school last week. It was
excellent, and Nick loves jazz.
3. The train will arrive ---. Please wait in the waiting area. It will only be a
few minutes.
4. Jeff --- ever eats in fast-food restaurants because he is a vegetarian. He
usually cooks for himself at home.
5. Country music is --- to be popular for a long time. It will probably still be
popular in 20 years.
6. Euphorbia is not a --- known plant. People in most places have never heard of
it.
7. Deserts are growing all over the world. This is --- because of humans and
their animals.
8. I used to go to movies a lot, but I haven't been to one ---.
@p115
A.
( ) 1. instead of
( ) 2. similar
( ) 3. essential
( ) 4. realize
( ) 5. all over
( ) 6. improve
( ) 7. complicated
( ) 8. sickness
B.
a. not simple
b. everywhere
c. in place of
d. know
e. disease
f. not very different
g. necessary
h. get better
B. Context Clues
1. What is the solution to this math problem: 12+45-36?
a. experiment
b. question
c. problem
d. answer
2. Did you solve the problem in the first question?
a. ask a question of
b. experiment with
c. find the answer to
d. locate
3. Grass is not suitable food for humans. However, it is suitable for animals.
a. something to grow
b. good or right
c. inexpensive
d. easy
4. Jojoba grows in a dry climate. Nevertheless, it must have some water.
a. instead b. however
c. essential d. likely
@ff
@p116
Unit 13 NEW PLANTS
Pre-reading
1. Many people in the world are vegetarians. What does that mean?
2. What are some ordinary foods in your country?
3. Do you like to try new foods?
As the world's population increases, countries must produce more food. However,
deserts are growing, and millions of people are building houses on land that used
to be farms. How can we solve a problem that seems to have no solution?
One way is to start eating different plants. There are more than 350,000 kinds of
plants in the world. Of these, approximately 80,000 are suitable for humans to eat.
But today over one-half of all human food energy and protein comes from just three
kinds of plants: corn, wheat, and rice. In fact, it is common in developing
countries for people to depend on only one or two plants for their food. A disease
or bad weather can destroy these crops, and the people have nothing to eat.
@p117
All people, and especially children, need protein to grow and to stay healthy.
Many kinds of food contain protein, but some foods are better sources of protein
than others. For example, corn, wheat, and rice are only from 8 to 14 percent
protein. Meat and fish are from 20 to 30 percent protein. Soybeans are almost 40
percent protein. They are a very good source of protein and an important food in
China and Japan. Other beans eaten widely in Latin America have about the same
amount of protein as meat.
However, there are other plants that are rich in protein. People in parts of
Papua-New Guinea and in Southeast Asia eat winged beans. They are over 30 percent
protein. The marama bean, as rich in protein as the soybean, grows wild in the
Kalahari Desert in southern Africa.
The potato, an important food in Europe and North America, will not grow in a hot
climate. But the cocoyam, similar to the potato, is eaten in Latin America and West
Africa. It can grow in a hot climate, and it does not matter whether the climate is
wet or dry.
Scientists are growing crops of buffalo gourds in Mexico and Lebanon. The seeds
of these plants are up to 35 percent protein. The plant grows wild in the Arizona-
Sonora Desert and can grow in other dry areas.
Recently, a new kind of teosinte plant was discovered in the mountains of Mexico.
(Teosinte is pronounced tay-oh-SIN-tay.) It is a relative of corn, but it can grow
in a wetter climate than corn. Even more important, teosinte plants can produce
crops every year. They do not have to be replanted from seeds as corn does.
Nevertheless, there may be a problem with "new" plants. Will people eat new
foods? Food is a very important part of our lives, and it is often difficult to
change to a different kind of food. However, scientists are hopeful. In the 1920s,
George Washington Carver started experimenting with the peanut, which is as rich in
protein as meat. He developed many ways to use the peanut as food, and today it is
eaten all over the world. Perhaps in a few years the teosinte and the marama bean
will be as widely used as the peanut.
@p118
amount depend rice suitable beans nevertheless solution wheat buffalo
peanut solve whether corn protein soybeans winged
1. How can we --- the problem of producing more food?
2. This problem seems to have no ---.
3. There are 350,000 kinds of plants in the world. Of these, approximately 80,000
are --- food for humans to eat.
4. Today over one-half of all human food energy and --- comes from ---, wheat,
and ---.
5. Corn, --- and rice are only from 8 to 14 percent protein.
6. --- are almost 40 percent protein. They are an important food in China and
Japan.
7. Other --- eaten widely in Latin America have about the same amount of protein
as meat.
8. People in parts of Papua-New Guinea and Southeast Asia eat beans. They are
over 30 percent protein.
9. The cocoyam. is eaten in Latin America and West Africa. It can grow in a hot
climate, and it does not matter --- the climate is wet or dry.
10. Scientists are growing crops of --- gourds in Mexico and Lebanon. The seeds
are up to 35 percent protein.
11. --- , there may be a problem with new plants. Will people eat different
foods?
@p119
12. George Washington Carver developed many ways to use the --- , which is as
rich in protein as meat.
beans peanut solution wheat corn protein solve wild depend rice
suitable winged
1. Jeans and a T-shirt are not --- clothes for dinner at an expensive restaurant.
You should wear something nice.
2. Nadia worked for three hours trying to --- a homework problem for her
engineering class. It was very difficult.
3. --- is essential for good health. It is found in meat, fish, beans, milk,
seeds, and other foods.
4. People must stop the growth of deserts around the world. One --- to this
problem is to plant trees to stop the sand.
5. Many red- --- blackbirds eat the seeds in our backyard. These birds are well
known for their colorful wings.
6. Humans eat many kinds of --- and rice. These are the seeds of plants, and they
supply protein.
7. Bread is usually made from ---, which grows on farms throughout the midwestern
and central United States.
8. People like to eat popped --- when they go to a movie.
9. --- is a very important food in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Almost every
meal includes this food.
10. --- butter is popular with children in the United States. It is used in
sandwiches.
@p120
1. How many kinds of plants are there in the world?
2. How many of these plants are suitable for humans to eat?
3. What serious problem can happen in a developing country that depends on only
one or two crops?
* 4. Which plant is richer in protein, rice or beans?
5. Which new plants can grow in the desert?
* 6. How could growing teosinte plants save money for farmers?
7. Do people start eating different foods easily?
* 8. Vegetarians have different reasons for not eating meat. How do these people
get their protein?
B. Details
* ( ) 1. As cities grow, people use land that was once farmland.
( ) 2. Humans use most of the plants that are suitable for food.
( ) 3. Soybeans have more protein than wheat.
( ) 4. The marama bean is as rich in protein as the soybean.
( ) 5. The Kalahari Desert is in the Middle East.
* ( ) 6. The potato will probably become a common food in Indonesia.
( ) 7. Corn has to be replanted every year.
* ( ) 8. Foreign students often don't like the food in the country where they
study.
C. More Details
Use the information in the reading to complete the chart. Put the names of these
foods in the correct columns: buffalo gourd, cocoyam, corn, fish, marama bean,
meat, peanut, potato, rice, soybean, teosinte, wheat, winged bean.
@p121
Protein in Food
Under 20 Percent:
20~30 Percent:
30~40 Percent:
No Information:
D. Main Idea
( ) 1. People eat 80,000 kinds of plants.
( ) 2. New plants can provide food energy and protein.
( ) 3. It is difficult for people to start eating different foods, but it is
possible.
( ) 4. Soybeans are rich in protein.
( ) 5. People all over the world learned to enjoy eating peanuts.
Writing
What foods did you eat yesterday? Write your menu for the day. Tell what you ate
for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Then compare menus with another student.
@p122
Word Study
Prepositions: Review
Use your knowledge of prepositions to complete the sentences.
1. Millions _of_ people are building houses --- land that used to be farms.
2. There are more than 350,000 kinds --- plants --- the world.
3. --- these, approximately 80,000 are suitable --- humans to eat.
4. It is common --- developing countries --- people to depend only one or two
plants --- their food.
5. Soybeans are an important food --- China and Japan.
6. People --- parts --- Southeast Asia eat winged beans.
A.
( ) 1. likely
( ) 2. use up
( ) 3. lately
( ) 4. figures
( ) 5. search
( ) 6. provides
( ) 7. answer
( ) 8. largely
( ) 9. method
( ) 10. discover
B.
a. solution
b. supplies
c. find
d. finish
e. recently
f. way
g. look for
h. probably
i. numbers
j. mostly
@p123
B. Context Clues
Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word in bold. Use context
clues.
1. People should say please and thank you and always speak politely to each
other.
a. softly b. nicely
c. quickly d. slowly
2. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a famous man in American history. He didn't
believe in violence. He didn't think people should fight or hurt other people.
a. separating people
b. being kind to someone
c. helping someone
d. fighting or hurting someone
3. Sometimes people feel stress in their lives, usually when they have a lot of
pressure in their jobs or at school. People feel pressure when they have a lot of
work to do and very little time to do it.
a. a feeling of happiness
b. a feeling of stress
c. a feeling of sadness
d. a feeling of kindness
4. What movie do you want to see tonight? Alex suggested the cowboy movie that he
saw last night. He said that it was very good and that we would probably like it,
too.
a. recommended
b. tried
c. didn't like
d. solved
5. Did you know that there is an organization for foreign students at this
school? They have meetings every week to talk about their classes, and they often
go out to dinner together.
a. test b. restaurant
c. location d. group
@ff
@p124
Unit 14 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
Pre-reading
1. Have you ever helped someone you did not know? If so, how?
2. Do you know about Amnesty International?
3. What do people in this organization do?
Right now, somewhere in the world, someone is writing a letter. The letter is
addressed to a president or king, a general, or the head of the police in another
country. The letter is about someone the writer does not even know. The writer is
an ordinary person who has never met a king or a general.
The writer is a member of Amnesty International. This organization was started in
1961 to help people who are put in prison only because of their race, their
religion, or their beliefs. They are not people who used violence or suggested that
other people use violence. More than one million people all over the world are
members of Amnesty International.
@p125
In the main Amnesty International office in London, people gather information
about prisoners in over 100 countries. They send this information to Amnesty groups
in more than 70 countries. Each group receives information about two prisoners from
countries with different political systems. The members start writing letters.
A government that holds prisoners receives hundreds of letters. Each letter asks
very politely that the prisoners be freed. The government knows that the prisoners
are not forgotten. The world cares about them.
Amnesty International works in other ways, too. It helps the families of
prisoners. It writes reports on governments and prisons. These reports are printed
in newspapers. Sometimes the organization sends a famous lawyer to attend a trial
or to talk with important people in the government. The pressure never stops. So
far, more than 40 thousand prisoners have been freed because of the work of Amnesty
International. Thousands of others have received better food, visits from their
families, or medical care.
Why do people take the time to write letters to help strangers? Members of
Amnesty International know that their letters can be successful. They know this is
a way to take direct action to help other human beings.
The world knows this, too. In 1977, Amnesty International received the Nobel
Peace Prize, one of the most important international prizes that any person or
organization can win. It won the prize because thousands of ordinary people care
enough about human rights to write letters. The Amnesty International candle, a
sign of light and hope, shines all over the world.
@p126
beliefs organization received successful candle politely religion
suggested medical pressure reports trial members prize so far violence
1. The --- called Amnesty International was started in 1961.
2. It helps people who are put in prison only because of their race, their --- ,
or their ---.
3. They are not people who used --- or --- that other people use it.
4. The members write letters. Each letter asks very --- that the prisoners be
freed.
5. Amnesty International writes --- that are printed in newspapers.
6. Sometimes the organization sends a famous lawyer to attend a --- or talk with
important people in the government.
7. The --- never stops. --- thousands of prisoners have been freed because of the
work of Amnesty International.
8. Hundred of prisoners have received better food, visits from their families, or
--- care.
9. Why do people take the time to write letters to help strangers? Members of
Amnesty International know that their letters can be ---.
10. In 1977, Amnesty International received the Nobel Peace --- , one of the most
important international prizes that a person or organization can win.
@p127
beliefs medical polite suggested candles members pressure trial general
organization printed violence
1. Last year, the students in my class wrote articles for the school newspaper.
When they were --- and we read them, we were very proud of ourselves. They were
very interesting!
2. When people are accused of a crime in the United States, they have a --- in a
courtroom with a judge and a lawyer.
3. It is not --- to chew gum when you are speaking to someone.
4. Doctors, nurses, and hospitals provide --- care for people.
5. Putting small --- on someone's birthday cake is an American custom. Each
candle represents one year.
6. My parents tell me every day to study hard and do well in school. They put a
lot of --- on me to be successful. I like school; nevertheless, I feel a lot of
stress.
7. When we asked our teacher where we should go this weekend, she --- several
interesting places, such as the art museum.
8. All the --- of Anna's family went to a university: first her parents, then her
brother, and now Anna.
9. In my city, there's not much --- People never fight or hurt each other, and no
one ever kills anyone.
10. People from different religions have different --- and often follow different
rules of living.
@p128
1. To whom do the members of Amnesty International write letters?
2. What kind of prisoners do they write letters about?
3. Did these prisoners use violence?
4. Where is the main Amnesty International office?
5. What other things does Amnesty International do?
6. How has the work of Amnesty International helped prisoners so far?
7. Why do people take the time to write letters to help strangers?
8. What prize did Amnesty International receive?
B. Details
1. Amnesty International letters are written by
a. kings and generals.
b. ordinary people.
c. important people in the government.
d. lawyers and police.
2. Amnesty International helps people
a. who are in prison for their beliefs or race.
b. who used violence against the government.
c. who don't have families.
d. in 40 countries.
3. Each member writes
a. hundreds of letters per month.
b. reports printed in newspapers.
c. letters to members of the government.
d. to famous lawyers.
@p129
4. Members get their information about prisoners from
a. famous lawyers.
b. the office in London.
c. presidents and generals.
d. prisoners.
5. Amnesty International won the Nobel Prize for
a. history.
b. physics.
c. peace.
d. newspaper reports.
* 6. Which of these sentences is probably not true?
a. Amnesty International members write letters to all kinds of governments.
b. Amnesty International is organized very well.
c. Anyone can probably become a member of Amnesty International.
d. A president of a country likes getting letters from all over the world about a
prisoner.
C. Main Idea
Amnesty International
( ) 1. helps prisoners who use violence.
( ) 2. helps people who are in prison because of their beliefs, religion, or
race.
( ) 3. writes letters and reports and sends lawyers to help prisoners.
( ) 4. writes letters to kings.
( ) 5. has helped thousands of prisoners.
( ) 6. uses a candle as a sign of light and hope.
Writing
Have you ever written a letter because you wanted to change something? Write a
short letter to the director of your school about something that you want to
change. It can be a serious letter or a funny letter. When you finish, share your
letter with another student.
@p130
Word Study
A. Word Forms: Adjectives
Some common adjective endings are -al, -able, -ful, -less, -t, and -ous. Look at
the words in the list below. Notice the endings on the adjectives. See how the
adjectives are related to the other words.
Adjective Verb Noun
1. experimental experiment experiment
2. natural -- nature
3. preventable prevent prevention
4. suitable suit --
5. believable believe belief
6. successful succeed success
7. violent -- violence
8. different differ difference
9. religious -- religion
10. useful, useless use use
Choose the best word to complete each sentence. Use a word from line 1 in
sentence 1, and so on.
1. Scientists have planted jojoba and euphorbia crops on _experimental_ farms in
several countries.
2. The ancient Egyptians used plants as --- medicine to treat diseases.
3. Many common diseases of the 19th century are --- now. People no longer get
sick from these diseases.
4. There are many wild plants in the woods, but not all of them are --- for
humans to eat.
@p131
5. I don't --- your story about meeting people from Mars. I don't think it's
true.
6. The first experiment with the new crop did not ---. The plants died, and the
scientists had to begin again.
7. Some people think that television is too ---. There are too many programs that
show people fighting and killing each other.
8. It can be very cold in parts of the United States during the winter, but it is
almost never cold in Australia. The --- in weather is very great in these two areas
of the world.
9. Helen goes to church every day and often reads the Bible. She is very ---.
10. The jojoba is a very --- plant. It can be used to soothe burns, to make hair
shiny, and to make a drink similar to coffee.
B. Word Forms: Adjectives
Adjectives have only one form. They can never be plural.
We have a two-week vacation from school in March.
It is a four-hour flight from Chicago to Los Angeles.
Change the words in bold print to hyphenated adjectives and rewrite the
sentences. The first one is done for you.
1. A flight from Los Angeles to London is ten hours.
_It is a ten-hour flight from Los Angeles to London._
2. High school students in California have a summer vacation for three months.
---
3. It is a long drive from Toronto to Winnipeg. It takes four days.
---
4. It is a short trip from New York to Boston, It is only 200 kilometers.
---
@p132
Match the words in column A with their opposites in column B.
A.
( ) 1. similar
( ) 2. common
( ) 3. prevent
( ) 4. problem
( ) 5. improve
( ) 6. peace
( ) 7. likely
( ) 8. safe
( ) 9. incomplete
( ) 10. receive
B.
a. solution
b. send
c. unusual
d. not probable
e. finished
f. cause
g. get worse
h. dangerous
i. different
j. war
B. Context Clues
print. Use content clues.
1. Farmers can grow more crops per hectare by using modern farming methods. They
use better seeds now and different ways to make the land rich. They do most of the
farmwork with machines.
a. machines to help with farming
b. seeds
c. animals
d. ways of doing something
@p133
2. If you want to have a garden, first choose a place with good topsoil. Then
plant some seeds and water them. In a few days you will see small plants growing.
a. land or dirt
b. seeds or plants
c. water and sun
d. petroleum
3. In the winter, you need to wear warm clothes, a hat, and gloves to protect
yourself from the cold.
a. provide
b. be safe from
c. help
d. receive
4. Even though I had a big dinner two hours ago, I still feel a little hungry. I
think I'll have some coffee and cake.
a. nevertheless
b. however
c. although
d. and
5. Russia is a huge country. It is the biggest country in Europe or Asia.
a. in the north
b. new
c. very large
d. having a large population
@ff
@p134
Unit 15 NATIONAL PARKS
Pre-reading
1. Are there national parks in your native country?
2. Describe a national park that you've been to or heard about.
3. Do you think it is important to have national parks? Why or why not?
Canada and the United States are huge countries that stretch from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. For centuries the North American Indians lived close to
nature, using only what they needed. But when the Europeans arrived, they saw an
endless supply of materials that they could use and sell. They killed the animals
and cut the forests. They used farming methods that allowed the wind and rain to
take away the rich topsoil. They did not worry about their actions. They thought
that there would always be more forests, animals, and farmlands.
@p135
Nevertheless, a few people thought about the future. They traveled and saw
magnificent scenery in the West-the snow-covered mountains, clear lakes, and huge
trees. They worried that their grandchildren would never see these natural wonders.
Instead they would see farms and cities where there had once been wild beauty.
This handful of Americans and Canadians persuaded their governments to start
national park systems. The parks would protect places of great beauty, of
scientific interest, or with unusual plants or animals. The two governments would
take care of the parks and keep them natural forever.
In 1872, the United States government passed a law naming Yellowstone National
Park, in Wyoming, as the first park to belong to all the people in the country. It
is an area with geysers, hot springs, waterfalls, and lakes. A few years later,
Canada named Banff, in Alberta, its first national park. This park protects
magnificent lakes, mountains, and forests.
Both countries continued to add parks to their national park systems. Later, some
areas were named as national parks because they contained remains of Indian
societies. Other parks protect areas that were important in the exploration and
history of the two countries.
Most of the population of Canada has always lived along the southern border, and
the rest of the country was mostly empty and wild. But after World War II,
development increased throughout the country. Even though the North did not develop
as fast as the
South, more and more people realized it was important to save the large populations
of wildlife before it was too late.
Today national parks protect scenic and historical areas from Hawaii to
Newfoundland. The parks cover millions of hectares in the mountains, the deserts,
the forests, and along the coasts. There are museums, hotels, and restaurants for
visitors. Scientists, naturalists, and historians show films and give talks.
Other countries have developed national park systems, too. People everywhere in
the world can enjoy the natural beauty of their countries and know it is protected.
And they know the parks will be there for the enjoyment of their children's
children.
@p136
border magnificent persuaded topsoil even though materials protect
waterfalls forever methods remains wildlife huge natural scenery worry
1. Canada and the United States are --- stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean.
2. Europeans saw the endless supply of --- they could use and sell. They killed
the animals and cut the forests.
3. They used farming --- that allowed the wind and rain to take away the rich in
---.
4. A few people traveled and saw the magnificent --- the West--the snow-covered
mountains, clear lakes, and huge trees.
5. This handful of people --- their governments to start national park systems.
6. The parks would --- places of great beauty, of scientific interest, or with
unusual plants and animals.
7. The two governments would take care of them and keep them --- forever.
8. Yellowstone National Park is an area with geysers, hot springs, --- , and
lakes.
9. Banff, in Alberta, protects --- lakes, mountains, and forests.
10. Later parks included not only natural beauty but also the --- of Indian
societies.
@p137
11. Most of the population of Canada has always lived along the southern ---, and
the rest of the country was mostly empty and wild.
12. --- the North did not develop as fast as the South, more and more people
realized it was important to save the large populations of --- before it was too
late.
border instead persuaded scenery even though magnificent protect topsoil
forever materials remains waterfall huge method
1. Jojoba plants and buffalo gourds will grow in deserts and other areas with
poor ---.
2. The Soviet Union was once a --- country. Now it is divided into many smaller
countries.
3. Niagara Falls is a famous --- on the border between Canada and the United
States.
4. When you cross the --- of a country, you usually have to show your passport.
5. Houses in North America are made of different ---. Some are made of wood, and
some are made of brick or stone.
6. Tourists can see the --- of ancient Greek and Roman cities around the
Mediterranean.
7. Almost all fast-food restaurants cook hamburgers in the same way. They use the
same ---: they fry them.
8. Carol --- her parents that she was old enough to travel to Chicago alone. They
allowed her to go.
@p138
9. People in desert areas need to --- themselves from the sun. They must cover
their skin so the sun does not burn them.
10. The mountains and lakes of Switzerland are beautiful. It is a country with
--- scenery.
1. How did the Europeans destroy the forests and farmland in North America?
2. Why did some people want to start national park systems?
3. Name five kinds of places that national parks protect.
4. What was the first national park in the United States? in Canada?
5. What services and programs do national parks offer?
* 6. There has been a large increase in visitors to national parks during the
last 20 years. What problems does this cause?
* 7. What do naturalists talk about in national park programs?
B. Details
1. For centuries North American Indians
a. lived near the Canadian border.
b. lived close to nature.
c. lived in national parks.
d. visited national parks.
2. Europeans thought the supply of materials in North America was
a. used up.
b. overcrowded.
c. endless.
d. dangerous.
3. A handful of people wanted national parks to protect
a. farmlands.
b. places of great beauty.
c. museums.
d. rich topsoil.
@p139
4. Later parks protected areas
a. important in human history.
b. near the border.
c. destroyed by poor farming methods.
d. with geysers and hot springs.
a. Many countries of the world have national parks.
b. There are no wild places left in North America for new national parks.
c. You can learn a lot at a national park.
d. The national park system in the United States had its 100th birthday in 1972.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. The national park system protects beautiful and historic places for
present and future enjoyment.
( ) 2. Poor fanning methods destroy the topsoil.
( ) 3. There are beautiful mountains in Banff National Park.
( ) 4. National parks protect wildlife so our grandchildren can see wild
animals.
Writing
Imagine that you are on a vacation in a national park! Here is a postcard for you
to write to your friends at home. Complete the postcard. Then share it with some of
the other students in your class.
@p140
Word Study
Word Forms
Look at the list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives below. Notice how they are
related to each other.
Verb Noun Adjective
1. -- scene, scenery scenic
2. -- science, scientist scientific
3. persuade persuasion persuasive
4. protect protection protective
5. continue continuation continuous
6. -- history, historian historical
7. enjoy enjoyment enjoyable
8. suggest suggestion suggestive
9. solve solution --
10. organize organization organized
Choose the correct word for each sentence. Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1,
and so on.
1. Kei brought a book of photographs of Japan to class last week. Japan has
very beautiful _scenery_. We saw pictures of mountains, lakes, and lovely cherry
trees.
2. Chemistry and biology are two kinds of ---.
3. Bill could persuade you to do almost anything. He is a very ---, person. He
talked me into going camping in Yellowstone National Park.
4. Some of the huge redwood trees in California are under the --- of the National
Park Service. The service keeps the trees safe and healthy.
@p141
5. Workers can become very tired of the --- noise in a factory. The noise never
stops.
6. Most countries have a --- museum that explains the history of the country in
pictures, films, and art.
7. People of all ages like to go to national parks. A visit to a national park is
--- for the whole family.
8. I would like to make a --- for your trip. Take a train ride across Canada. I
did it last year. The scenery is beautiful.
9. Many countries are trying to --- the problem of the growth of the deserts.
10. The United Nations is an international ---.
bushes frightening unfortunately wheat conditions increase use up whether
figures level waterfall
1. If you --- all the rice for dinner tonight, I'll buy some more at the market
in the morning.
2. Central Park in New York City is a very pretty place. There are miles of
trees, ---. and flowers. There are also little lakes. It is a very nice place to
relax in a busy city.
3. --- is an important crop. It is used to make many kinds of bread, cereal, and
noodles.
4. My class is taking a trip this Saturday, but we can't decide --- we should go
to the zoo or the science museum.
@p142
5. George bought an inexpensive used car. ---, it needs many repairs. He will
have to spend a lot of money to fix it.
6. There was an --- in corn production last year. Farmers grew more corn last
year than two years ago.
7. When you complete the beginning English class, you can continue to the next
--- which is intermediate English.
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. I have a small collection of foreign currency. Every time I travel, I save
some money from each country to remind me of my trip.
a. gifts b. postcards
c. clothes d. money
2. You can buy towels, dishes, and other household goods in a department store.
a. books b. houses
c. plants d. items
3. After we finished writing our compositions, Mario and I traded papers. I read
his composition and he read mine.
a. gave one thing and took another
b. read and wrote about
c. wrote
d. checked
4. The lady in the bookstore asked us what kind of payment we wanted to make for
our books-cash, check, or charge?
a. a kind of book
b. a way to sell something
c. a way to buy something
d. items to buy
5. Sara bought a new wallet. It has two places to keep money. One is a special
pocket for coins, and the other is a place for bills.
a. pieces of paper
b. money made of paper
c. pictures
d. special coins
@ff
@p143
Unit 16 MONEY
Pre-reading
1. What is money called in your native country?
2. Describe the colors and sizes of your country's money.
3. Has the money in your native country ever changed? If so, describe the
changes.
4. What do you think people used to buy things before there was money?
Yen, Peso, franc, lira, riyal, and pound are different words for the same thing--
money.
Money is what we use to buy the things we need to live. It is used all over the
world. Every country has its own type of money, or currency. It comes in many
different shapes and sizes, many different colors and weights. People use money as
a system of payment. They know the value of an item such as a house or a car, and
they can buy it with money or sell it for money. Buying and selling are very old
customs, but the money people use has changed a lot throughout history.
@p144
Before the creation of money, people used to exchange something they had for
something they needed. This system of exchange, or trading, is called bartering.
People traded things like animal furs, shells, beads for necklaces, and cloth.
Later, people realized that some items were easier to trade than others, and those
items became more common in bartering. For example, people could trade gold for
almost any other item because most people knew that it was valuable and that they
could easily trade it again if they needed to.
After some time, certain goods became the standard goods of exchange, and
everyone began to trade with the same items. Eventually, the standard goods of
exchange became money--one common unit of trade that most people accepted and used
in business and for their daily lives. Nevertheless, some people still use the
barter system today, especially in developing countries, where people exchange
different kinds of food in order to survive.
Generally, two kinds of money are produced--metal coins and paper hills. Coins
were first made in China and India around 1100 B.C. There, people first used metal
tools to barter for goods. Then people used very small tools that they could carry
in their pockets instead of the real ones. Slowly these little tools lost their
shapes and became coins. Coins are usually round pieces of metal. They often have
pictures on them of famous people or political leaders. Sometimes they have
pictures of animals or famous buildings or places. They also usually have numbers
on them so that all people know their value.
People began to use paper money in China, around 600 A.D. The Chinese used paper
money to buy whatever they needed. In the 1200s, Marco Polo, the famous Italian
explorer, noticed this system of payment when he visited the East. Marco Polo
explained to the people of Europe that this was an excellent system. However,
European countries did not begin to use paper money until 1600. At this time, banks
printed notes that could be used instead of silver and gold. Imagine how difficult
it was for people to carry heavy bags of silver and gold everywhere. The new bank
notes were much easier to use.
@p145
Today money looks different in every country. Some countries, such as Italy and
France, have many different sizes of coins and paper bills. In some cases, the bill
is larger when its value is greater. The bills in these countries are printed in
many colors. There are pink, blue, and green bills.
In other countries, like the United States, all of the bills are the same size
and shape. They are also all the same color-green. People know the value of a bill
because of the numbers printed on it. Also, a different U.S. president's face is
printed on each type of bill. For example, the American one-dollar bill has a
picture of George Washington, the first American president, on the front. The five-
dollar bill has a picture of Abraham Lincoln on it. The coins in American currency
are of different sizes and colors. Usually they are round, but there are a few less
common coins that are not really round. Many of the coins in the United States are
silver-colored, except the penny, or one-cent coin, which is made of copper so its
color is different.
bartering currency shapes trade beads exchange shells unit bills goods
standard valuable creation payment system value
1. Every country has its own type of money, or ---.
2. Before the creation of money, people used to --- something they had for
something they needed.
3. This system of exchange, or trading, is called ---.
4. People traded things like animal furs, ---, --- for necklaces, and cloth.
@p146
5. People could trade gold for almost any other item because most people knew
that it was --- and that they could easily trade it again.
6. After some time, certain --- became the --- goods of exchange, and everyone
began to trade with the same items.
7. Coins are usually round pieces of metal. They usually have numbers on them so
people know their ---.
8. Paper money was first used in China, around 600 A.D. In the 1200s, Marco Polo,
the famous Italian explorer, noticed this --- of payment when he visited the East.
9. Today money is different in every country. Some countries, such as Italy and
France, have many different sizes of coins and paper ---.
barter currency shapes unit beads exchange size valuable bills goods
trade value
1. I bought a sweater at the department store last week, but I think it's too
big. I'll go back there this weekend to --- it for a smaller ---.
2. Suzie bought a necklace in China made of beautiful green jade ---.In China,
people say jade brings good luck.
3. You can find canned soup in the grocery store. It is in the section with other
canned --- such as vegetables and tomato sauces.
@p147
4. Maria has a watch that her grandmother gave her. It is gold and has many
diamonds on it. I think it is very ---.
5. Hats come in many different ---. There are round hats, square hats, and even
hats that are shaped like triangles.
6. If you buy a house, its --- usually increases over time. After about 10 years,
you can sell the house for more money than you paid for it.
7. Jose is very interested in international ---. He studies about the import and
export of goods between countries.
8. When you travel to other countries, you will usually find many banks and
hotels that will exchange foreign --- for you.
1. What is currency?
2. How did people buy and sell things before there was money?
3. What is bartering?
4. What two kinds of money are produced?
5. Who was Marco Polo?
6. Why did banks in Europe begin to print notes?
7. Is money always the same shape and size?
B. Details
( ) 1. Buying and selling are new ways of doing business.
( ) 2. Some items, such as gold, were easier to trade than others.
( ) 3. Many people in developing countries still use the barter system today.
( ) 4. Coins were first made in Italy and France in 1100 B.C.
@p148
( ) 5. People used to use small tools to barter for goods.
( ) 6. The Chinese began to use paper money around 600 A.D.
( ) 7. Banks in Europe began to print notes because they used up all the silver
and gold.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Developing countries still use the barter system today.
( ) 2. Bartering is a system of exchange that people used before they had money.
( ) 3. Standard goods of trade became money.
( ) 4. Money comes in many different shapes and sizes.
Writing
What kinds of coins and bills does your native country's currency have? What do
they look like? Make a chart. Then estimate how much each item in the list would
cost in your native country, in your currency. Add a few items to the list and
compare your answers with other students.
Bill or Coin: U.S. one-dollar bill
Value: $1.00
Description: green; picture of Jeorge Washington
1. a bottle of soda:
2. a movie at a theater:
3. a fast-food meal:
4. a new car:
5. a one-bedroom apartment:
6. a bus ride:
7. ---
8. ---
@p149
Word Study
Suffixes
You can change some words into verbs by adding the suffix --ize. The suffix --ize
means "to make into (something)" or "to cause to be (something)."
Here is an example:
Radio helped to popularize country music.
popular + --ize=to make something(country music) popular
Spelling Note:
When a word ends in y, drop the y before adding --ize.
Add the suffix --ize to each word. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
Be sure to use the correct tense.
memory:
winter:
colon:
special:
modern:
industrial:
1. Spain and Portugal started many new cities in the New World, especially south
of Mexico. These two countries _colonized_ most of Central and South America.
2. The Greens bought a beautiful old house in the country. They --- the kitchen
by adding a dishwasher, a microwave, and a new refrigerator. The rest of the house
is not modem. It has simple furniture and old wood floors, but it's very nice.
3. Victor is studying engineering at the university. After two years of general
studies, he wants to --- in biomedical engineering.
4. Sometimes there are no rules for irregular verbs in English. If you want to
remember them, you have to --- them and use them often.
@p150
5. Every fall I take my car to the auto mechanic. He changes the oil and adds
some chemicals to help it run well during the winter. He thinks all people should
--- their cars to prevent problems during the very cold months.
6. Developing countries want to --- as fast as possible. They want to change from
a society of farm workers to a society of modern factory workers. Having a strong
industry will help these countries grow.
border lawyer scenery valuable candle printed soil violence handle prize
trial whether
1. The --- for the man who might be a spy begins tomorrow. Lots of people are
going to the courthouse to watch.
2. Sophia will start law school in the United States next year. After three years
she will be a ---. Then she wants to work for a big, international company.
3. Being a police officer in a big city is a difficult job because there is so
much --- and crime. The police must be very careful and very brave.
4. Hawaii is an island covered with mountains, beaches, beautiful trees, and
flowers. Tourists love to go there because of the beautiful ---.
5. The student who writes the best composition will receive a --- of 50 dollars!
@p151
6. The name of the student who wins the prize will be --- in the newspaper.
7. When you go to a museum, you should not --- any of the pieces you see. Some of
them are very old and might break if you touch them.
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. If you throw a heavy rock in the water, it will go down to the bottom. If you
throw in a light piece of wood, it will float on the surface of the water.
a. fly
b. get wet
c. ride on the top of the water
d. go to the bottom of the water
2. The cold Peru Current moves north from Antarctica along the west coast of
South America. This cold, moving water changes the climate in Chile and Peru.
a. a large ship
b. recently
c. language
d. a river in the ocean
3. My homework is entirely finished. I did all of it.
a. partly b. soon
c. mostly d. completely
4. Joan is going to have a party tonight, so she has to prepare for it this
afternoon. She has to clean her apartment, go to the supermarket, and cook some
food.
a. cook
b. play music
c. get ready
d. buy items
5. John was tiny when he was born. He weighed only two kilos.
a. very small
b. very large
c. huge
d. thin
@ff
@p152
Unit 17 ANTARCTICA
Pre-reading
1. What is the climate like in Antarctica?
2. What kinds of animals live there?
3. Sometimes scientists go to Antarctica. Why do you think they go there? What do
they study?
Antarctica is cold. Only a few black rocks and green plants in iceless valleys
add some color to the endless white cover of ice.
The ice in Antarctica was formed at least 20,000 years ago and is thousands of
meters deep. It contains 85 percent of all the fresh water on earth. At the edges,
pieces of ice--icebergs--break off and float on the ocean currents to warmer
climates. An iceberg can cover four square kilometers. In winter storms, winds blow
up to 400 kilometers per hour. This land of unimaginable cold must be entirely
lifeless.
@p153
But even in this impossible climate there is life. The icy cold water of the
Antarctic Ocean contains tiny plants. For two months every summer they receive
sunlight almost 24 hours a day. At this time the Antarctic is the most productive
ocean in the world. These tiny plants provide food for millions of krill, a sea
animal that is less than eight centimeters long. The krill provide food for
seabirds, fish, seals, whales, and penguins.
Since 1958 scientists from many countries have been working together in this huge
"laboratory." Antarctica is the first part of the world used entirely for peaceful
purposes. Today, Antarctica has more than 30 research stations, including those of
Argentina, Australia, Chile, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, New Zealand,
Russia, and the United States.
Scientists know that this huge, icy area is very important to the world's
climate, and they are trying to learn why. Much of their research focuses on ozone,
a form of oxygen. The ozone layer protects living things from the, dangerous rays
of the sun. In the mid-1980s, scientists discovered that the ozone layer above
Antarctica was very thin. They call this the "ozone hole."
Scientists have also discovered that since 1970 the temperature of the air and
the water in Antarctica has been slowly rising. Warmer temperatures result in less
sea ice during the winter months. Scientists think that some kinds of penguins are
becoming fewer in number: these Antarctic creatures don't have enough ice to
survive. Scientists are learning that the winter sea ice is very important to the
chain of life.
Krill is a key part of the Antarctic chain of life. Other animals depend on it
for food. In fact, humans are now eating krill too. These tiny animals contain
protein, which all humans need. Krill fishing has become big business in
Antarctica. In 1993, about 500,000 metric tons of krill were caught and prepared
for commercial use. Scientists estimate that this number is only about 1 percent of
the krill population. But they don't know yet how much krill can be safely caught
for humans without breaking the food chain. For example, since penguins eat krill,
lower numbers of krill might be another reason why there are fewer penguins.
@p154
Scientists will continue to study penguins and krill populations. They will check
the changes in climate from year to year. Researchers will watch the ozone layer
above Antarctica and the ice in the seas.
People are encouraged because many countries are working together peacefully in
Antarctica. They suggest that these countries should internationalize Antarctica.
just as national parks belong to all the people in a country, Antarctica could
belong to all the people in the world. Indeed, research in Antarctica is very
important to understanding life everywhere on earth.
chain encouraged key prepared commercial entirely krill tiny currents
internationalize penguins
1. Pieces of ice--icebergs--break off and float on the ocean --- to warmer
climates.
2. This land of unimaginable cold must be --- lifeless. Surely nothing could live
here with this ice and wind.
3. The icy cold water of the Antarctic Ocean contains --- plants.
4. These plants provide food for millions of --- an animal that is less than
eight centimeters long.
5. Scientists are learning that the winter sea ice is very important to the ---
of life.
6. In 1993, about 500,000 metric tons of krill were caught and --- for commercial
use.
@p155
7. Krill is a --- part of the Antarctic chain of life.
8. People are very --- because different countries are working together
peacefully in Antarctica.
chains entirely key prepare commercial float penguins tiny encourage
icebergs
1. Many years ago, houses were made --- of natural materials like wood and stone.
No plastic or other artificial materials were used.
2. Some birds can swim as well as fly. They land on the water and --- downstream
on the currents.
3. Hiroko has to give a report about national parks. She is going to --- her
report tonight at home.
4. In July there are thousands of --- in the North Atlantic Ocean. They break off
the ice in Greenland and float south.
5. --- have wings but they cannot fly. They look as if they were dressed in
tuxedos with white shirts and black jackets!
6. Teachers --- beginning English students to talk even though they might make
mistakes. Teachers want students to try, and they help students as much as
possible.
7. Some necklaces are made of beads. Others are --- made of silver or gold.
8. How can huge trees grow from such --- seeds? It's difficult to understand.
@p156
1. What does Antarctica look like?
2. Why is the Antarctic Ocean so productive in summer?
3. How is krill important to the chain of life?
4. What is ozone?
5. What is one result of less sea ice?
* 6. What might happen if fishing companies kill too many krill?
B. Details
( ) 1. Most of Antarctica is covered with ice.
( ) 2. This area is entirely lifeless because it is so cold.
( ) 3. Antarctica contains 85 percent of all the salt water in the world.
* ( ) 4. The Antarctic Ocean is most productive in July and August.
( ) 5. Krill is rich in protein.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Antarctica and the Antarctic Ocean are very cold, but plants and animals
live there.
( ) 2. Antarctica contains 85 percent of all the fresh water on earth.
( ) 3. National parks belong to all the people in a country.
( ) 4. Scientists from many countries are working together peacefully in
Antarctica.
( ) 5. Research in Antarctica is very important to understanding life everywhere
on earth.
@p157
Writing
Sometimes the chain of life is called the food chain. Draw a food chain. Write
the names of some animals and plants you know. Remember to include yourself! Then
explain your food chain to a partner.
Word Study
A. Suffixes
Adjectives that end with the suffix -ive mean "able to do something."
Here is an example:
David is very persuasive. He can persuade people to do almost anything.
Look at the list of adjectives with the suffix -ive. Notice how they are related
to other words. Then choose the best adjective for each sentence.
Adjective Other Forms
(un)productive product (noun)
(un)imaginative imagine (verb)
(in)active act (verb)
(non)destructive destruction (noun)
(un)protective protect (verb)
1. Ahmed is very _active_ in the International Student Organization. He goes to
meetings every week and helps the new members get to know each other.
2. Desert soil is --- without water. Even desert plants need water. Without it,
the soil becomes dry and cannot produce healthy plants.
3. The storms were very ---. The winds knocked over trees and damaged houses.
@p158
4. Writers and artists are very --- people. They need to have wild imaginations
to create stories and paintings.
5. Ms. Miller is very --- of her children. She worries that something bad will
happen to one of them, so she tries to protect them and keep them safe.
B. Word Forms
Look at the words in the list. Notice how they are related to each other. Then
choose the best word for each sentence. Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1, and
so on.
Verb Noun Adjective
1. prepare preparation --
2. value value valuable
3. encourage encouragement encouraging
4. -- ice icy
5. imagine imagination (un)imaginative/(un)imaginable
6. produce product/production (un)productive
7. discover discovery --
8. depend (in)dependence (in)dependent/(un)dependable
9. educate education educational
10. colonize colony colonial
1. A big holiday dinner requires special _preparation_. We clean the house and
spend hours and hours in the kitchen preparing everything we need. It is a lot of
work and a lot of fin.
2. Gold is more --- than silver. It is always more expensive.
3. George succeeded at the university because his parents gave him so much ---
Every day they told him to keep working hard. They told him they were proud of him.
They knew he could do it, and he did.
@p159
4. Yesterday afternoon it rained, and at night the temperature dropped below
zero. In the morning the streets were covered with ---. Driving was very dangerous.
5. What do you think life will be like in 200 years? Use your --- and describe
what you think.
6. Japan has greatly increased its --- of cars. More cars are made in Japan now
than ever before.
7. Marie Curie made an important scientific --- She discovered radium.
8. David is very --- If he says he will do something, you always know he will do
it.
9. Films used in the classroom are usually ---. They provide information we can
learn. Films at movie theaters are usually for enjoyment only.
10. People in Quebec speak French because Quebec was once a French ---.
Circle one word on each line that does not belong with the others.
1. wind, rain, whether, storms
2. law, trial, lawyer, engineer
3. currency, goods, coins, bills
4. divorce, separate, remarry, provide
5. value, trade, exchange, barter
6. canal, river, cattle, ocean
7. violence, fighting, solution, war
8. rice, corn, beans, wheat
@p160
B. Context Clues
1. Bill was sitting in his room doing his homework. Suddenly, the wind blew the
door shut, and a picture fell off the wall and broke. When his mother came into the
room, Bill explained, "It's not my fault. The wind made the door close and the
picture fell."
a. I did it.
b. It's not my picture.
c. It didn't happen because of me.
d. The wind was blowing.
2. Z is the final letter in the alphabet.
a. least important
b. most important
c. first
d. last
3. Some plants are poisonous. If you eat them, you could die.
a. rich in protein
b. full of something that can kill
c. full of energy
d. beautiful
4. People feel great sorrow when a family member dies.
a. damage
b. sadness
c. energy
d. smoothness
5. When you cry, tears come out of your eyes.
a. dust
b. eyelashes
c. pieces of dirt
d. drops of water
@ff
@p161
Unit 18 CRYING
Pre-reading
1. Why do people cry?
2. Is crying good for you?
3. Do you think that people should try not to cry? Why or why not?
Mary sells houses for a large company. A couple has agreed to buy a house for
$350,000. They are going to come into the office this afternoon to sign the final
papers. Then Mary's boss, Carol, calls her into her office. The couple changed
their minds. They aren't going to buy the house. The boss is very angry and speaks
rudely to Mary. Mary knows it is not her fault that the couple didn't buy the
house, but Carol will not listen to her. Mary also knows she will lose a lot of
money, and she was planning to buy a new car. She bursts into tears.
@p162
Paul is sitting in the backyard with his wife and children. They have just
finished dinner and are having a pleasant evening talking. The phone rings. It is
Paul's mother calling from another city. Paul's father has just had a heart attack
and died. Paul starts crying and tells his mother he will come as soon as possible.
Andrea is a high school student. She is in a science competition with students
from other schools throughout the country. Andrea has worked very hard on her
science project. When the judges announce that she has won first prize, Andrea
starts to cry.
People cry for many reasons. They cry when they feel very bad. They cry when
something terrible happens, like a death in the family. They cry in sorrow when a
close friend becomes seriously ill. They cry when they feel very sad or very angry.
They cry when they feel helpless to do anything about a problem.
People also cry when they feel very good. They cry when they have been very
worried about something but find out that everything is all right. They cry when
something wonderful happens.
How do people feel about crying? Mary was embarrassed and very angry with herself
because she cried in her boss's office. Paul felt a little better after he let out
his feelings. Andrea was so excited about winning that she hardly knew that she was
crying.
People used to think that only women and children cried. Men were supposed to be
strong. But things are changing. Men are beginning to realize that it's all right
to show their feelings. Now scientists are beginning to think that crying is a good
idea.
Chemists have been studying why people cry. They say the body produces two kinds
of tears. One kind cleans out the eye if it gets dirt in it. But when people cry
because of their feelings, these tears have poisonous chemicals in them. The body
is getting rid of chemicals produced by strong feelings.
In the United States men have heart disease more often than women do. Doctors say
that heart disease and some other diseases are related to the pressures of living
and working in a modem society. Perhaps men suffer more from these diseases because
they do not cry enough. And it is possible that as more and more women work outside
the home, they will also suffer from more pressure. Then everyone might need to cry
more.
@p163
announce competition fault sorrow boss couple poisonous suffer bursts
death rudely terrible chemicals embarrassed
1. Then Mary's ---, Carol, calls her into her office. The couple changed their
minds. They aren't going to buy the house.
2. Carol is angry and speaks --- to Mary.
3. Mary knows it is not her --- that the couple didn't buy the house, but Carol
will not listen to her.
4. Mary --- into tears.
5. When the judges --- that Andrea has won first prize in the science
competition, she begins to cry.
6. People cry when they feel very bad. They cry when something --- happens, like
a death in the family.
7. They cry in --- when a close friend becomes seriously ill.
8. Mary was --- and very angry with herself because she cried in her boss's
office.
9. When people cry because of their feelings, these tears have --- chemicals in
them.
10. Perhaps men --- more from heart disease because they do not cry enough.
@p164
announced chemicals fault sorrow backyard competition judge suffer boss
couple rude terrible burst embarrassed
1. War brings --- and destruction to the countries that are fighting.
2. Paolo and Maria are the two finalists in the writing --- One of them will win
first prize.
3. Larry was very --- when he couldn't remember his teacher's name on the third
day of class. His face turned red.
4. Our reading teacher --- today that we will have a test on Monday. Everybody is
going to study this weekend.
5. Isabelle really likes her new job. She said her --- is very nice, and she
likes the other workers, too.
6. In a courtroom, the --- sits behind a big desk at the front of the room.
7. Many people --- from a disease called insomnia. People with insomnia have a
lot of trouble sleeping at night.
8. Something that is polite in one country may seem --- in another. Cultures can
have very different social rules.
9. It's my --- that the dinner burned. I was talking on the phone and forgot that
the food was cooking.
10. Chemists are people who work with --- in hospitals, schools, and industries.
@p165
1. Why did Mary cry?
2. Why did Paul cry?
3. Why did Andrea cry?
4. Why do people cry in general?
5. How are people changing their ideas about crying?
6. What do chemists say about tears?
7. What do doctors say about heart disease in modem society?
8. As developing countries modernize, what will probably happen to the amount of
heart disease? Why?
B. Details
1. Mary cried in her boss's office because she felt
a. excited. b. helpless.
c. happy d. better.
2. Paul cried because of his
a. rudeness.
b. embarrassment.
c. sorrow
d. fright.
3. Andrea cried because she was so
a. happy. b. angry.
c. helpless d. sorrowful.
4. Men are beginning to realize that it is all right to
a. have heart attacks.
b. feel better.
c. sell houses.
d. show their feelings.
5. Heart disease is related to
a. feeling very good.
b. being a finalist.
c. the pressures of a modem society.
d. poisonous chemicals.
@p166
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Mary felt ashamed and angry with herself when she cried in her boss's
office.
( ) 2. People cry when they feel very bad and when they feel very good.
( ) 3. Chemists say that the body produces two different kinds of tears.
( ) 4. Perhaps men suffer from more diseases because they do not cry enough.
( ) 5. People usually cry when something wonderful happens.
Writing
Give examples of situations in which people might cry. Write three examples for
each emotion-sadness, happiness, embarrassment, and anger.
Word Study
A. Prepositions
Complete the paragraphs with the correct prepositions.
People cry (1)_for_ many reasons. Sometimes they cry when they have been very
worried (2)--- something but find out that everything is all right. They cry when
something terrible happens, like a death (3)--- the family. They cry (4)--- sorrow
when a close friend becomes seriously ill. They also cry when they know they cannot
do anything (5)--- a problem and they feel helpless.
Chemists say the body produces two kinds (6)--- tears. One kind cleans (7)--- the
eye if it gets dirt (8)--- it. But when people cry because (9)--- their feelings,
these tears have poisonous chemicals (10)--- them. The body is getting rid (11)---
chemicals produced (12)--- strong feelings.
@p167
B. Irregular Verbs
complete each sentence. Use a verb form from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on.
1. lose lost lost
2. ring rang rung
3. win won won
4. fight fought fought
5. burst burst burst
6. spread spread spread
1. Ali _lost_ his passport yesterday. Now he must go to his embassy and apply for
a new one.
2. Has the bell --- yet? I didn't hear it.
3. Brazil --- soccer's World Cup in 1994.
4. My sister and I never --- with each other. We are good friends.
5. Carmen was so upset after the test that she --- into tears.
6. Let's take a blanket with us on the picnic this Saturday. We can --- it on the
ground so we don't get our clothes dirty.
A. Context Clues
context clues.
1. Helen sold David a car. They signed the papers, but David never paid Helen any
money. Now they are fighting over the ownership of the car.
a. the state of owning something
b. the state of signing something
c. the state of selling something
d. the state of buying something
@p168
2. Michael is attempting to learn how to play the piano. He practices every day
for two hours and has a lesson once a week.
a. trying b. attacking
c. forgetting d. judging
3. Pierre failed the test even though it was easy. Obviously, he did not study at
all.
a. easy to study
b. even though
c. whether
d. easy to see or understand
4. In 1776, thirteen British colonies united to form the United States of
America.
a. country b. separated
c. repaired d. joined together
5. The main purpose of this exercise is to help you improve your ability to guess
new words from the context clues in a sentence.
a. goal b. problem
c. provide d. method
B. Vocabulary Review
A.
( ) 1. printed
( ) 2. border
( ) 3. forever
( ) 4. so far
( ) 5. wildlife
( ) 6. religion
( ) 7. sheep
( ) 8. float
( ) 9. barter
( ) 10. sorrow
B.
a. trade
b. written in a newspaper or book
c. wild animals and plants
d. the division between two countries
e. until now
f. ride on the water
g. an animal that produces wool
h. a system of beliefs about God.
i. always
j. great sadness
@ff
@p169
Unit 19 THE UNITED NATIONS
Pre-reading
1. What is the UN?
2. What does the UN do?
3. Do you know any situations in the world that the UN became involved in?
Explain what you know.
In 1945 leaders from 51 countries met in San Francisco, California, and organized
the United Nations (often called the UN). World War II had just ended. Millions of
people had died, and there was destruction everywhere. People hoped they could
build a future of world peace through this new organization.
The United Nations has four main goals and purposes:
1. To work together for international peace and to solve international problems;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations;
@p170
3. To work together for human rights for everyone of all races, religions,
languages, and of both sexes; and
4. To build a center where nations can work together for these goals.
Today almost every country in the world is a member of the UN. Each country has
signed an agreement that says:
1. All members are equal.
2. All members promise to solve international problems in a peaceful way.
3. No member will use force against another member.
4. All members will help the UN in its actions.
5. The UN will not try to solve problems within countries except to enforce
international peace.
Obviously, the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals.
There have been several wars since 1945. However, the organization has helped bring
peace to some countries that were at war. It has helped people who left their
countries because of wars. It has helped bring independence to colonies.
The main United Nations organization is in New York City, but the UN has a
"family" of other related organizations all over the world. These organizations try
to provide a better life for everyone. One example is UNICEF, an organization that
provides food, medical care, and many other services to poor children wherever they
live. Another example is the World Health Organization, which develops medical
programs all over the world.
There are thousands of UN workers in developing countries. They work as planners
to increase production in farming and industry. They provide medical services,
improve education programs, and spread scientific information. They develop
programs that provide jobs and better living conditions. They help countries
control their population growth.
The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people meet
to discuss important world issues. One conference was about the uses and ownership
of oceans. Another was about women. There are also International Years. In these
special years, people work together to improve situations and solve problems. One
year was the International Year of the Child.
@p171
For centuries countries have fought each other, and powerful countries have taken
control of weaker ones. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together
in peace. Nevertheless, the United Nations is attempting to do this. It is the only
organization that unites the world in the search for peace.
attempting force ownership religions enforce obviously purposes unites
1. The United Nations has four main goals and ---.
2. Each country in the UN has signed an agreement that says no member will use
--- against another member.
3. The agreement also says that the UN will not try to solve problems within
countries except to --- international peace.
4. --- the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals. There
have been several wars since 1945.
5. The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people
meet to discuss important world issues. One conference was about the uses and ---
of oceans.
6. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together in peace.
Nevertheless, the United Nations is --- to do this.
7. It is the only organization that --- the world in the search for peace.
@p172
attempted obviously purpose success enforce ownership search united force
1. Governments make laws, but the police --- laws. They make sure that people
follow the laws.
2. Canals have one main --- people build them to allow ships to travel easily
from one ocean to another.
3. Canada and the --- States are both in North America.
4. Antarctica is almost completely covered with ice. --- it is a very cold place
without a lot of plants.
5. Never try to --- a key to turn in a lock because you may break the key. You
must try to turn it gently. If it doesn't work, it may be the wrong key!
6. Peter --- to fix his own computer, but he was not successful. He had to take
it to a repair shop.
1. What are the four main goals and purposes of the United Nations?
2. What five things do United Nations members agree to?
3. How has the UN been successful?
4. How has the UN been unsuccessful?
5. What kind of work does the United Nations family of organizations do?
* 6. Why are there wars even though the UN members agree not to fight?
* 7. What do you think people talked about at the conference about oceans?
@p173
B. Details
( ) 1. The United Nations was organized in California, in 1945.
( ) 2. The United Nations works for international peace.
( ) 3. Kuwait is a member of the United Nations.
( ) 4. A small country is equal to a large country in the UN.
( ) 5. The United Nations has brought total peace to the world.
( ) 6. The United Nations helped Algeria become independent.
( ) 7. UNICEF is an organization that helps save wildlife.
( ) 8. The UN usually tries to solve problems within countries.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. The United Nations was organized in San Francisco by fifty-one countries.
( ) 2. UNICEF is the United Nations organization for children, and the World
Health Organization does medical work.
( ) 3. The United Nations works for world peace and human rights.
( ) 4. The United Nations helps developing countries and holds international
conferences.
Writing
Do you have any ideas about how people in the world could live together more
peacefully? Write about your ideas. Try to think about ways that organizations like
the UN can help to bring better lives to people. When you finish writing, discuss
your ideas with your classmates.
@p174
A. Suffixes
Many nouns end in --ship. The suffix --ship means "the condition of" or "the art
of."
One United Nations conference was about the uses and ownership of oceans. Alex
and I have had a wonderful friendship for many years.
Add the suffix -ship to each word. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
Make the word plural if necessary.
member: membership
hard:
sportsman:
friend:
relation:
1. People who play sports should follow the rules of the game and be friendly to
the other team. This is good _sportsmanship._
2. Life was very difficult for the first explorers of Antarctica. The weather was
terribly cold, they didn't always have enough to eat, and some of them died. These
early explorers suffered many ---.
3. The --- of the International Student Organization increases every semester.
This semester there are 105 members--that's 20 more members than before.
4. Marie and Anne became friends when they were in school together. Now they are
both grandmothers, and they are still friends. Their --- has lasted for more than
fifty years!
5. What is the --- between goats and deserts? How do goats cause deserts to
become larger?
@p175
B. Prefixes
Sometimes we can add the prefix en- to a word to make a verb. The meaning of the
new verb is related to the meaning of the original word.
Police sometimes use force to enforce laws.
I want this picture made larger. I will take it to the photo store to have it
enlarged.
Add the prefix en-- to each word. Then choose the best verb for each sentence. Be
sure to use the correct endings and tenses.
joy: enjoy
able:
rich:
large:
danger:
1. Some soil is very poor and is not good for growing crops. Farmers need to
_enrich_ the soil in order for plants to grow.
2. United Nations organizations --- people in developing countries to improve
their education programs and industry.
3. David really --- his trip to Yellowstone National Park last summer. He said he
had a wonderful time.
4. The Smiths think their house is too small for their family. They want to ---
it by adding two more bedrooms.
5. Krill is important to the chain of life in the Antarctic Ocean. If humans
catch too much krill, it might --- the lives of penguins and other animals that
need krill for food.
Match each word or phrase in column A with its opposite in column B.
A.
( ) 1. final
( ) 2. rude
( ) 3. sorrow
( ) 4. terrible
( ) 5. all over
( ) 6. huge
( ) 7. unite
( ) 8. cry
B.
a. happiness
b. separate
c. tiny
d. smile
e. polite
f. wonderful
g. nowhere
h. first
@p176
B. Context Clues
1. Our house has a storage room next to the garage. It is full of many things--
old clothes and toys, extra dishes, paint, and tools we use to repair the house.
a. a place to buy things
b. a living room
c. a place to keep things we do not often use
d. a place to sleep
2. Here is an easy way to cook an egg. Put the egg in a pan with water. Put the
pan on the stove and boil the egg for three minutes.
a. cook in oil
b. bake
c. cook slowly
d. cook in water at 100 degree Celsius
3. It is so hot today! What is the temperature? It's 38 Celsius!
a. How hot (or cold) is it?
b. What time is it?
c. How fast is it?
d. How high is it?
4. Nick accidentally spilled some coffee when he poured it in his cup. The coffee
was very hot. He's lucky he did not bum himself.
a. moved liquid from one container to another
b. brought two things together
c. cooked
d. produced
@ff
@p177
Unit 20 MAPLE SYRUP
Pre-reading
1. Do you like sweet food? If so, what kinds?
2. Besides sugar, what are some natural sweeteners?
3. Have you ever tasted maple syrup? If so, did you like it?
Most people like sweet food, and for centuries they have used honey and sugar as
sweeteners. The Indians in eastern Canada and the eastern United States learned to
make another sweetener from the sap, or sweet water, of the maple tree.
@p178
There are several kinds of maple trees, but the sugar maple grows only in the
northeastern United States and in eastern Canada. There is even a maple leaf on the
Canadian flag. The maple is a large tree that grows up to 30 meters high. In the
autumn the leaves turn red and orange before they fall from the trees. Because of
their bright colors, maple trees are especially beautiful in the fall months.
In late February or early March, after several sunny days and cold, dry nights,
the sap starts running through the trees. The Indians made a small hole in each
tree, put a spout in each hole, and hung a pail on each spout. The sap ran slowly
through the spout and into the pail. As each small pail filled, the Indians poured
the sap into larger pails and then boiled it over a fire for a long time. As the
sap boiled, it became thicker and thicker, sweeter and sweeter, until it was a
thick syrup. The sap is as thin as water, so it takes from 30 to 50 liters of sap
to make one liter of thick maple syrup.
When Europeans started coming to North America, the Indians taught them how to
make maple syrup. In the 18th and 19th centuries, maple syrup was an important food
crop. It was important in commerce until sugar became cheaper. Then people started
using sugar as a sweetener.
For 300 years people used the traditional method of making maple syrup. Today,
some people continue to make it the old way, but most people who gather sap as a
commercial crop use a modern system. Plastic pipes go directly from each tree to
large storage tanks. More pipes take the sap to a large sugarhouse, where it is
boiled.
Maple syrup is served mostly on pancakes for breakfast. It is also used in candy
and ice cream and made into maple sugar and maple butter.
Maple syrup is one of the oldest crops in North America. It is also one of the
very few crops that is produced only in North America and nowhere else in the
world.
@p179
boiled pail sap syrup commerce pipes spout tanks honey plastic storage
thick maple poured sweetener thin
1. For centuries, people have used sugar and --- as sweeteners.
2. The Indians learned to make a sweetener from the --- ,or sweet water, of the
--- tree.
3. The Indians made a small hole in each tree and put a --- in each hole.
4. The Indians hung a --- on each spout. The sap ran slowly through the spout and
into the pail.
5. As each small pail filled, the Indians --- the sap into larger pails.
6. Then they --- the sap over a fire for a long time. It became thicker and
thicker, sweeter and sweeter.
7. The sap is as --- as water, so it takes from 30 to 50 liters of sap to make
one liter of maple ---.
8. Maple syrup was important in --- until sugar became cheaper. Then people
started using sugar as a ---.
9. Most people who gather sap today use the modem way. Plastic --- go directly
from each tree to large storage ---.
@p180
boiled pail spout syrup honey pipes storage tank maple poured sweetener
thick
1. John's new apartment building is very nice. It has a washer and dryer in the
basement and also a --- room. He can keep his bicycle and extra boxes in there.
2. Miguel loves to eat ice cream. His favorite is vanilla with lots of chocolate
--- on top.
3. Sophie made Chinese tea for everyone and --- it into tiny cups.
4. A huge --- carries petroleum across Alaska. It is called the Alaskan pipeline.
5. A car has a gas --- to hold the gas it needs to run.
6. --- is a natural sweetener that is used to make many desserts, especially in
the Middle East.
7. Water --- at 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
8. Some people don't want to eat sugar. There are several different kinds of
artificial --- they can buy instead to make their food and drinks sweet.
1. What are two common natural sweeteners?
2. Mat does a maple tree look like?
3. What kind of weather is necessary to make maple syrup?
4. What is the traditional method of making maple syrup?
* 5. Why was maple syrup important in commerce in the 18th and 19th centuries?
6. What is the modem way to make maple syrup?
7. How is maple syrup used today?
@p181
B. Details
( ) 1. The Indians used honey as a sweetener.
( ) 2. The sugar maple tree grows only in eastern Canada and the northeastern
United States.
( ) 3. Hot weather makes the sap start to run in maple trees.
( ) 4. The sap becomes thinner as it boils.
( ) 5. Germans were the first Europeans to make maple syrup.
( ) 6. People who make maple syrup commercially have modernized the production
system.
( ) 7. Maple syrup is only one of many unusual crops in North America.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Indians developed a method for making maple syrup.
( ) 2. People use sugar as a sweetener.
( ) 3. Maple syrup was important in commerce in the 18th and 19th centuries.
( ) 4. Today maple syrup is made by both the traditional and modem methods.
( ) 5. There are several kinds of maple trees.
@p182
Writing
Maple syrup is used to make many desserts that people love. What is your favorite
dessert? Write about it. Tell what it is made from, what it looks like, how it
tastes, and when and how you eat it. When you finish writing, explain your favorite
dessert to another student.
Word Study
A. Suffixes
Many nouns in English end with the suffix --age.
A passage connects those two buildings. In winter people can walk through the
hall from one building to the other without going outside.
Add the suffix -age to each word. Then choose the best noun for each sentence.
Spelling notes:
1. If a word ends in y, change the y to i before adding --age.
2. If a word ends in e, drop the e before adding --age.
marry: marriage
short:
store:
out:
post:
pack:
1. Louis bought presents to send to his parents. He packed them carefully in a
box. Then he took the _package_ to the post office and mailed it.
2. Because of very bad weather, most of the Brazilian coffee crop died.
Now the supermarkets in the United States are short of coffee. They do not have
enough coffee to sell because of this ---.
@p183
3. Alice and Paul got married 20 years ago. They are still very happy together
today. They have a great ---.
4. How much --- do you need to send a letter to Saudi Arabia? You can find out at
the post office.
5. The electricity went out last night during the storm. No one could turn on the
lights. The power --- lasted for three hours.
6. Our apartment building has a --- room. It is a place to put things that people
do not use very often.
B. Suffixes
Many nouns in English end in -ist. The suffix -ist means "a person who does
something."
A chemist is a person who works in chemistry.
Complete each sentence with a noun that ends in the suffix --ist. The words in
bold print are related to the nouns you should use. Make the nouns plural if
necessary. (When you are finished, check your spelling with this list: finalists,
guitarists, artist, zoologist, pianist, naturalist, scientist.)
1. Two teams are playing in the final games for the World Cup. One of these two
_finalists_ will win the competition. That team will be the best soccer team in the
world.
2. Some country musicians are excellent ---. They can sing and play the guitar at
the same time.
3. Pablo Picasso was a famous ---. You can see his art in museums all over the
world.
4. Carol is interested in animals. She studies zoology at the university. She
wants to become a ---.
5. Sezgi has studied piano all of her life. She is going to be a famous --- one
day.
@p184
6. If you go to a national park, you can sometimes hear a --- talk about the
natural beauty that you see.
7. Albert Einstein was a famous ---. He made a lot of important discoveries in
science.
Budding Vocabulary Skills
attempt entirely preparing tears embarrassed fault spread value
1. It's my --- that Mary didn't come to the party. I forgot to call her last
night and invite her. I'm very sorry.
2. Karen was very --- when she broke a glass in the restaurant last night. It
made a loud noise, and everyone turned and looked at her. Her face turned bright
red.
3. Mrs. Hill is --- a wonderful dinner for our class. She is making turkey,
potatoes, and apple pie!
4. The child cried so hard that --- were running down her face.
5. The story we read for homework was very difficult. I read it two times, but I
still didn't understand it ---.
6. The cake Simon made for his friend's birthday was delicious. He said it was
his first --- at cooking. He's going to be a great cook.
7. Tomas knocked over his cup of coffee. The coffee quickly --- across the table
and dripped on the floor.
@p185
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. There is some information about Puerto Rico in your reading book. If you
need additional information to help you write your report, you can go to the
library and find many books about Puerto Rico.
a. old b. more
c. island d. les.
2. Carl wants to work for a large national company that sells farm equipment. He
wants to help the company sell more equipment and help people buy what they really
need. Carl should be very good at this job because he studied marketing in college.
a. supermarkets
b. solving
c. buying and selling
d. buying
3. Going to the United States to study English was a good decision. I am very
happy I decided to go. I really improved my English.
a. ideas b. division
c. trip d. choice
4. Please put the dishes in the cupboard in the kitchen. Then close the cupboard
doors.
a. something to eat from
b. a kind of table
c. a place to keep things
d. a dining room
5. Canada is usually cold in the winter, but during the summer months the weather
is pleasant. It is often sunny, and the temperature is warm to hot.
a. nice b. rainy
c. cold d. terrible
@ff
@p186
Unit 21 MARKETING
Pre-reading
1. Do you ever go to the supermarket? What do you buy there?
2. Do you buy only the things you need?
3. Have you ever bought something because it was in a nice box or bag?
How do you decide what you are going to buy in a supermarket? Do you look in your
refrigerator and kitchen cupboards and make a list of the things you need? Do you
think about what you want to cook and then buy the food you need for each meal?
Even if you do these things, marketing specialists at the supermarket make some of
your buying decisions for you.
@p187
Specialists in marketing have studied how to make people buy more food in a
supermarket. They work for supermarkets and do all kinds of things that you do not
even notice. For example, the simple, ordinary food that everybody must buy, like
bread, milk, flour, and oil, is spread all over the store. Bread might be in aisle
2 and milk in aisle 10. You have to walk by all the more interesting and more
expensive items to find what you need.
The more expensive food is in packages with bright colors and pictures. This food
is placed at eye level so you see it right away and want to buy it. The things you
have to buy are usually located on a higher or lower shelf. However, candy and
other things that children like are on lower shelves so that children can see them
easily and ask their parents to buy them. This method of marketing really works.
One study showed that when a supermarket moved four products from a low shelf to a
shelf at eye level, it sold 78 percent more of those products.
Another study showed that for every minute a person spends in a supermarket after
the first half hour, she or he will spend $1.00. If someone stays for 40 minutes,
the supermarket makes an additional $10.00. A store usually has a comfortable
temperature in the summer and winter, and it plays soft music. It is a pleasant
place for people to stay--and spend more money.
Supermarkets also sell some things at lower, or special, prices every week. The
prices on some of these "specials" are not really cheaper than their regular
prices. For example, an item that is usually $.50 might be a special at 2/$1.00
(that's two for one dollar). Or if something is not selling very fast at $.69, it
is put on special at 2/$1.40. People think the product is cheaper than usual and
buy it.
Some stores have red or pink lights over the meat so the meat looks redder and
fresher. They put light green paper around lettuce and put apples in red plastic
bags.
So be careful in the supermarket. You may go home with a bag of food you were not
planning to buy. Marketing specialists, not you, decided you should buy it.
@p188
additional decisions marketing shelf candy flour plastic specialists
cupboards lettuce pleasant temperature
1. Before you go to the supermarket, do you look in your refrigerator and kitchen
--- and make a list of the things you need?
2. Even if you do these things, the marketing specialists at the supermarket make
some of your buying --- for you.
3. Specialists in --- have studied how to make people buy more food.
4. The simple food that everyone must buy, like bread, milk, --- and oil, is
spread all over the store.
5. --- and other things that children like are on lower shelves so children can
see them easily and ask their parents to buy them.
6. A store usually has a comfortable --- in summer and winter, and it plays soft
music.
7. For every minute a person stays in a supermarket after the first half hour,
she or he spends $1.00. If someone stays for 40 minutes, the supermarket makes an
--- $10.00.
8. Stores put light green paper around --- and put apples in red --- bags.
9. Be careful in the supermarket. You may go home with a bag of food you weren't
planning to buy. Marketing ---, not you, decided you should buy it.
@p189
additional decision marketing specialist candy flour pleasant temperature
cupboard lettuce shelf
1. --- is very sweet. It can be made with sugar, corn syrup, maple sugar, or
other sweeteners.
2. Flour is probably on the bottom --- because people will always buy it.
3. Even though the weather is beautiful, we can't go swimming yet. The --- of the
water is still very cold.
4. Salads are often made with --- and tomatoes.
5. --- is a very big business in the United States. Specialists can persuade
people to buy almost anything.
6. This paper explains how to get a new passport. If you need --- information,
call the passport office.
7. Before Ray made a ---, he listed the pros and cons--the good points and bad
points. After he thought carefully about his list, he decided what to do.
1. Why is basic food like bread and milk spread all over the supermarket?
2. What kind of food is usually at eye level?
* 3. Rice and beans are usually in uninteresting plastic bags. Why?
* 4. Why does a supermarket play soft music?
* 5. Why do some stores put apples in red plastic bags?
* 6. Why do some supermarkets place chocolate syrup near the ice cream?
@p190
B. Details
1. Marketing specialists study
a. the ownership of supermarkets.
b. how to build cupboards.
c. methods of buying and selling products.
d. the price of food.
2. Food that is more expensive is
a. on high shelves.
b. in bright colored packages.
c. usually on special.
d. near the front.
3. A "special" is --- than that item usually is.
a. sometimes more expensive
b. always cheaper
c. never more expensive
d. more delicious
* 4. In the supermarket, children's books are probably
a. usually on special.
b. on low shelves.
c. on high shelves.
d. spread all over the store.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. The location of a product helps sell it.
( ) 2. Marketing specialists use all kinds of methods to sell products.
( ) 3. Some specials do not really have special prices.
( ) 4. Soft music and comfortable temperatures help sell products.
Writing
Imagine you are a marketing specialist. Look at this list of products. Tell where
you would put each one and what other products you would sell nearby. Add three
items to the list. Remember, you want people to spend as much money in the
supermarket as possible!
1. ice cream
2. comic books
3. birthday cards
4. car polish
5. hand lotion
6. bread
@p191
Word Study
A. Word Forms
Study the list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Notice how they are related to
each other. Then choose the correct word for each sentence. Use a word from line 1
in sentence 1, and so on. Make the nouns plural if necessary.
Verb Noun Adjective
1. compete competition competitive
2. refrigerate refrigerator refrigerated
3. announce announcement ---
4. poison poison poison/poisonous
5. unite union united
6. decide decision decisive
7. store storage storage
8. -- chemical chemical/chemist
9. embarrass embarrassment embarrassed
10. add addition additional
1. Tom is very _competitive_. He enters every competition he can, and he always
wants to be the winner.
2. You cannot keep milk in the cupboard. You must --- it or it will turn bad.
3. The president of the international student organization made an important ---
at the meeting last night. She announced that there will be a big party next
Saturday.
4. Some plants are suitable for humans to eat. Other plants are ---. If you eat
them, you might die.
5. UN stands for the --- Nations.
6. Kiki made an important ---. She decided to stay in the United States and go to
college. After college, she will return to her country to work.
7. If you don't have enough room to keep your bicycle in your apartment, you can
--- it in the basement.
8. Scientists say tears contain --- that your body needs to get rid of. They say
it's good to cry sometimes.
9. I hope the teacher doesn't ask me a question in class today, because I didn't
finish my homework last night. If she calls on me, I will be very because I won't
know the answer.
10. This lemonade is not sweet enough. If we --- a little more sugar, it will
taste better.
@p192
B. Noun Substitutes
Read these groups of sentences and study the pronouns in bold print. Circle the
noun or noun phrase that each pronoun replaces.
1. _Specialists in marketing_ have studied how to make people buy more food in a
supermarket. They work for supermarkets and do all kinds of things that you do not
even notice.
2. The more expensive food is in packages with bright colors and pictures. This
food is placed at eye level so you see it and want to buy it.
3. A store usually has a comfortable temperature in the summer and winter, and it
plays soft music.
A.
( ) 1. obvious
( ) 2. unite
( ) 3. attempt
( ) 4. honey
( ) 5. boil
( ) 6. rude
( ) 7. final
B.
a. a natural sweetener
b. easy to see
c. heat to 100 degrees Celsius
d. join together e. last
e. last
f. not polite
g. try
@p193
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. My father keeps his tools in the storage room. He has many tools, such as a
hammer, a saw, and a wrench. He uses them to repair things around the house.
a. things to do work with
b. things to eat
c. things to repair
d. items to sell
2. If you drive a car, be very careful tonight. It's cold and snowy, and the
roads are covered with a thin sheet of ice.
a. a box b. a street
c. car d. a layer
3. Anna likes many different types of food. One of her favorite types is Italian
food. She also loves Greek food.
a. restaurants b. names
c. places d. kinds
4. Water becomes ice at 0 degrees Celsius. Ice is solid. Water boils at 100
degrees Celsius. Between 0 and 100 degrees, water is liquid, and you can drink it.
a. something solid.
b. something that you cannot pour
c. a type of ice
d. something you can pour
5. The dancers held each other's hands and formed a circle in the middle of the
room. They danced around and around together.
a. made b. forced
c. drew d. separated
@ff
@p194
Unit 22 GLASS
Pre-reading
1. How would life be different without glass?
2. What do you think the main material in glass is?
3. How do you think glass is made?
Glass is everywhere in our lives. it is so common that we hardly ever think about
it. We look through it when we look out the window. We drink from it and sometimes
eat from it. We can even cook in it. The light in our homes comes through glass
windows in the daytime and from glass lights at night. Glass is used in homes,
schools, and automobiles and in businesses and industries.
Fortunately for us, glass is made from very inexpensive materials. The main
material is sand from quartz rock. The mixture is heated until it becomes a thick,
syrupy liquid. When the liquid cools, it becomes glass.
@p195
No one knows who first discovered glass or how it was discovered. Early humans
used obsidian, a natural glass formed by volcanoes, to make tools and jewelry.
People probably began making glass themselves around 3000 B.C. in Syria. Then, in a
war between Egypt and Syria in 1400 B.C., Syria became part of Egypt. The Egyptians
took Syrian glassmakers back to Egypt, and over the centuries the entire eastern
Mediterranean area became a glassmaking center.
Probably around 300 B.C. the blowpipe was invented. Egyptian glassmakers
developed the use of the blowpipe and began forming liquid glass into beautiful
shapes. They specialized in jewelry, dishes, bottles, and other containers.
Egyptian glass become so famous that in 26 B.C. the Roman Emperor Augustus
announced that Egypt had to pay its taxes to Rome with glass.
The Romans soon started making their own glass. Then they realized that glass
could be used to make windows. A few centuries later, Europeans made magnificent
church windows from colored glass.
Slowly methods of glassmaking improved, and glassmakers were able to lower
prices. Nevertheless, until about 1900 A.D. glass was still made in the traditional
ways with very few changes.
Since 1900 companies have developed many new types of glass. Safety glass is a
sandwich of glass and plastic. If it breaks, the pieces stay together instead of
flying in all directions. This invention is very useful in automobile windows. One
kind of glass stops most of the heat from the sun. It is widely used in buildings.
Another kind of glass is like a mirror on one side. On the other side, it's like a
window.
Some windows are made from two sheets of glass with air trapped in a space
between them. This helps keep out the heat and cold. Glass can also trap the heat
of the sun to keep a building warm in the winter. Laboratory glass can be heated to
high temperatures without breaking. One of the most interesting types of glass is
used in banks and jewelry stores. It is made of glass and plastic but looks like
ordinary glass. If someone shoots a gun, the bullet cannot go through the glass.
@p196
Today most glass is made by machines in large factories. No one touches it.
People use television and computers to control the machines. Nevertheless, a few
glassblowers still take pleasure in making glass the traditional way. They make
beautiful bottles, containers, and jewelry just as the Egyptians did.
bullet invented quartz tools emperor liquid sheets types form obsidian
temperature volcanoes
1. The main material in glass is sand from --- rock.
2. The mixture is heated until it becomes a thick ---, like syrup. When it cools,
it becomes glass.
3. Early humans used ---, a natural glass formed by ---, to make and jewelry.
4. Probably around 300 B.C. the blowpipe was ---. Egyptian glassmakers developed
the use of the blowpipe and began forming liquid glass into beautiful shapes.
5. In 26 B.C. the Roman --- Augustus announced that Egypt had to pay its taxes to
Rome with glass.
6. Since 1900 companies have developed many new --- of glass.
7. Some windows are made from two --- of glass with air trapped in a space
between them.
8. One of the most interesting types of glass is used in banks and jewelry
stores. If someone shoots a gun, the --- cannot go through the glass.
@p197
bullet invented sheet types emperor laboratory tools volcanoes heat
liquid
1. Napoleon was a famous --- of France. He fought many wars throughout Europe.
2. Several --- of plants contain protein. One example is the soybean plant.
3. An electrician uses different types of --- at work, such as hammers and
screwdrivers.
4. Hawaii has many ---. Some of them are just like mountains. Others are active
and can shoot hot liquid rock into the air.
5. Thomas Edison --- the electric light bulb. Without it, we would be in the dark
today.
6. May I have a --- of paper, please? I used the last one in my notebook for my
homework. I need to buy more paper.
7. Mercury is a --- metal that is used in thermometers to measure temperature.
1. How is glass made?
2. What is obsidian?
3. How did Egyptians learn to make glass?
4. What is a blowpipe?
5. Who discovered how to make glass windows?
6. What are some types of glass used in buildings?
7. How is glass made today?
@p198
B. Details
1. We hardly think about glass because it is
a. not used often.
b. clear.
c. so common.
d. made from inexpensive materials.
2. Today glass is made mainly from
a. obsidian.
b. quartz sand.
c. plastic.
d. tools.
3. A method of making glass was probably first discovered in
a. Syria. b. Egypt
c. Rome. d. Europe.
4. Glass windows were invented by
a. Syrians.
b. Romans.
c. Egyptians.
d. Europeans.
5. Glassmaking methods did not change much until
a. Europeans made church windows.
b. the 20th century.
c. Romans invented windows.
d. Egyptians began making glass.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. The history of glass
( ) 2. Types of modem glass
( ) 3. Types of glass in buildings
( ) 4. Methods of making glass
( ) 5. Egyptian methods of making glass
@p199
Writing
Make a chart. Think about all of the things made from glass that you see or use
every day. Then compare the items in your chart with the items in a classmate's
chart. Here are the four heads you can use in your chart:
Glass at home:
Glass at school or work:
Glass in transportation:
Glass in other places:
Word Study
A. Suffixes
In English we can add -y to some nouns to make adjectives.
Noun + --y = adjective
syrup + --y = syrupy
The mixture is heated until it becomes a syrupy liquid.
Spelling notes:
1. If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding y.
2. If a noun ends in consonant-vowel-consonant and is a one-syllable word, double
the final consonant before adding y.
Here are two examples:
lace(drop the e) -> lacy
fun(double the n) -> funny
@p200
Add --y to each noun to make an adjective. Remember to follow the spelling rules.
Then choose the best adjective for each sentence.
sun: sunny
snow:
wind:
cloud:
juice:
ice:
rain:
1. Last night the wind started to blow and it started to rain. It never stopped.
It has been _windy_ and _rainy_ all day today, too.
2. In summer, the weather is usually warm and ---. In fact, the sun shines almost
every day.
3. Be careful if you drive a car in winter. Sometimes water on the roads freezes,
and the roads become ---.
4. Oranges and lemons are two fruits with lots of juice. A banana is different.
It is not ---.
5. Sometimes in winter it is difficult to see far away because the sky is full of
snow and covered with clouds. But I like --- and days because everything looks very
white and peaceful.
B. Suffixes
In English you can often change an adjective to a noun by adding --y, --ty, or
--ity. Look at the adjectives in the chart. Add the correct suffix to each one to
make a noun.
@p201
1. --y
Adjective Noun
difficult:
2. --ty
Adjective Noun
certain:
safe:
special:
3. --ity
Adjective Noun
able: ability
electric:
equal:
popular:
human:
similar:
Choose the best noun from the chart for each sentence.
1. Amnesty International is trying to improve the lives of all _humanity_. This
organization tries to make life better and more peaceful for all people in the
world.
2. In many countries, people of different races and religions do not have equal
rights in society. People are still fighting for ---.
3. Factories should provide better equipment for the workers to help improve ---
and prevent accidents.
4. Third World countries have --- providing food, housing, and medical care for
all people. It is difficult for these countries because their governments have very
little money.
5. My brother studied engineering at the university. He has a --- in chemical
engineering because he studied in a special program for it.
6. Name one --- between life in Canada and life in the United States. These two
countries are not very different.
7. If you study English for several years, you will be able to speak it well.
This --- can help you find a good job.
@p202
Match each word or phrase in column A with As meaning in column B.
A.
( ) 1. explode
( ) 2. tank
( ) 3. prepare
( ) 4. float
( ) 5. knock over
( ) 6. entire
B.
a. get ready
b. a container for liquids
c. whole
d. burst
e. make something fall
f. ride on water
B. Context Clues
context clues.
1. People have used glass throughout history.
a. after
b. during all of
c. before
d. everywhere
2. Many people earn a fortune as movie stars in the United States. Sometimes they
have millions of dollars!
a. good luck
b. bad luck
c. a lot of money
d. specialty
3. If you throw a stone in the water it will sink. It will not float on top of
the
water because it is too heavy.
a. fall to the bottom
b. float
c. change colors
d. become clear
4. Large quantities of glass are used to make windows. Almost all houses,
office buildings, and schools have glass windows.
a. prices b. qualities
c. amounts d. pieces
@ff
@p203
Unit 23 GOLD
Pre-reading
1. Where does gold come from?
2. What do people use gold for?
3. Is gold valuable? Why?
Throughout history gold has been important in human society. Men have killed for
it. People have suffered great hardships searching for it. They have gone to the
distant comers of the earth hoping to find a great fortune in gold. The Spanish
explored a now world in search of it. They used great cruelty toward the Indians
and forced them to work in the mines. The ancient Egyptians were also very cruel to
their miners. A kind of madness seizes people when they think about gold. This
madness changes people's hearts and minds.
@p204
Gold mixed with other minerals probably came up from great depths in the earth.
It was at least partly in liquid form. It is found most often mixed with quartz and
iron, but it is found in at least tiny quantities in all rocks.
For centuries, starting in ancient times, gold was most commonly found mixed with
sand in streams. This is one reason why even early humans used it. They could find
it without using tools to dig it out of the ground. It was also valuable to them
because it is very soft. Gold is one of the softest metals and also one of the
heaviest. It is easy to make gold into jewelry and other decorations.
Remains of ancient gold mines have been found in Egypt. These are the earliest
mines anyone has found so far. After the discovery of America, most of the world's
gold was produced there. Now South Africa leads the world in gold production.
In recent times there have been several gold rushes. Stories were told about
people finding large pieces of gold lying on the ground. After hearing these
stories, many people believed that they could earn a fortune just by digging a
little. Then all kinds of people rushed to the location of the latest gold
discovery.
The California gold rush started in 1849 and brought hundreds of people into a
wild, unknown area with very little government control. Most of these people were
very independent, and they were looking for adventure as well as riches. The gold
rush on the Fraser River in British Columbia was different. The miners needed a
license from the Canadian government and were not free to move around the area to
look for gold.
There were other gold rushes in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New
Zealand. In 1886 gold was discovered in South. Africa. However, the situation was
different there. The miners needed complicated machinery to take gold from the
ground and separate it from the other minerals. Only large companies had the money
to do this. For this reason, a few large mining companies control all the gold
production in South Africa today.
@p205
Recently, a gold rush began near the border of Brazil and Venezuela in South
America. Some of the world's richest deposits of gold are in the Amazon rain
forest. This gold rush, which began in 1987, has had terrible effects. Miners have
damaged the rain forest, poisoned rivers, and caused terrible problems for the
local people who live there, the Brazilian Yanomami. The Brazilian government has
been working to control the thousands of miners and to help the Yanomami.
Gold lasts forever. For centuries people have made gold coins and jewelry. Later
they melted the gold into a liquid and used it again. If you have some gold
jewelry, it is possible that this same gold was a piece of jewelry for someone who
lived thousands of years ago. And thousands of years from now, someone else may be
wearing this same gold in another form.
cruelty lasts mines seizes decorations license quantities situation
distant melted rushes throughout fortune minerals
1. People have gone to the --- corners of the earth hoping to find a great --- in
gold.
2. The Spanish used great --- toward the Indians and forced them to work in the
gold ---. The ancient Egyptians were also very cruel to their miners.
3. A kind of madness --- people when they think about gold. It changes their
hearts and minds.
4. Gold mixed with other --- probably came up from great depths in the earth. It
is found most often mixed with quartz and iron.
5. Gold is found in at least tiny --- in all rocks.
6. In recent times there have been several gold ---. People heard stories of gold
and rushed to the location of the latest gold discovery.
@p206
7. The gold rush on the Fraser River in British Columbia was different. Miners
needed a --- from the government.
8. The --- was different in South Africa because the miners needed complicated
machinery to take the gold from the ground. Only large companies had the money to
do this.
9. For centuries people have made gold coins and jewelry. Later they --- the gold
into a liquid and used it again.
ancient fortune mine rush decorations last minerals seizes distant
license quantity throughout
1. Iron and gold are two examples of --- that can be found in the ground.
2. You must be 16 years old to have a driver's --- in the United States.
3. A large amount of sap from a sugar maple tree makes a small --- of maple
syrup.
4. If shoes are not good quality, they do not --- very long. You will need to buy
new ones after six months.
5. There is a large iron --- in northern Sweden, where workers dig for iron.
6. The busiest traffic hours in big cities are called --- hours because everyone
is trying to go to work or go home as fast as possible.
7. It is a tradition to put --- on a Christmas tree so the tree is very bright
and beautiful.
8. Thousands of years ago, the --- Syrians learned how to make glass.
@p207
9. Many new kinds of glass have been developed --- the 20th century.
10. Air travel and the telephone help keep people close to families and friends
in --- parts of the world. Even if you live in Canada and your family is in Japan,
you can talk to them today or see them tomorrow if you must.
1. Gold is usually found with two common minerals. What are they?
2. What are four reasons that early humans used gold?
3. Why is gold easy to work with?
4. What country produces the most gold today?
5. Why did people rush to places where gold was discovered?
6. How was the South African gold rush different from the others?
7. What are some of the terrible effects of the gold rush in the Amazon rain
forest?
B. Details
( ) 1. The Romans got their gold from Romania.
( ) 2. Both the Spanish and the Egyptians were cruel to their miners.
( ) 3. Gold probably came from great depths in theearth.
( ) 4. Gold is always the same color.
( ) 5. Early humans used gold because it was very easy to find.
( ) 6. The earliest gold mines were found in Syria.
( ) 7. It is easier to separate gold from sand than to dig it from the ground.
( ) 8. There is gold in sea water.
@p208
C. Main Idea
Below are the two main ideas of the reading. Look at the supporting details in
the list and write each one under the correct main idea. (Use your own paper.)
Main Ideas
1. History of gold
2. Uses of gold
Supporting Details
a. Gold is reused.
b. The Spanish searched for gold in America.
c. South African mines use complicated machinery.
d. There was a gold rush in New Zealand.
e. It is easy to work gold into decorations and jewelry.
f. Miners needed a license to mine gold in British Columbia.
g. A gold rush started in 1987 near the border of Brazil and Venezuela.
Writing
What would you do if you found a great fortune in gold? Write a story about what
you would do. Then share your story with other students in the class.
Word Study
A. Prepositions
Choose the correct prepositions to complete this paragraph about gold.
Throughout history gold has been important (1)_in_ human society. Men have killed
(2)--- it. People have suffered (3)--- it. People have gone (4)--- the distant
corners (5)--- the earth to search (6)--- it. A kind of madness seizes people when
they think (7)--- gold. Hundreds (8)--- people heard about gold and started gold
rushes. They looked for gold (9)--- rivers in California and Canada. It is very
easy (10)--- separate gold (11)--- sand. People also found gold (12)--- using tools
(13)--- dig it out (14)--- the ground. Many people earned big fortunes (15)---
finding gold.
@p209
B. Suffixes
Several words in English end in the suffix --ever. Look at these words and their
meanings. Then choose the best word for each sentence.
whatever = anything
whoever = anyone
whenever=any time
wherever=any place
1. We can leave the party _whenever_ you like. I don't care what time we go home.
2. I lent my book to someone in class, but I forget who. Would has it please
return it to me?
3. Tonight is my birthday, and I am taking you out to dinner. You can order ---
you like. I'm having spaghetti.
4. You can go --- you like on vacation if you have a lot of money. Some places
are very expensive.
A. Context Clues
context clues.
1. Some parents prefer to raise their children in small towns rather than in big
cities. They think that life is better in these places, and their children will
grow up happier and healthier.
a. teach
b. lift
c. feed, take care of, and help to grow
d. show how to do something
@p210
2. Maria's surprise birthday party is tomorrow night. Please come at exactly 7:30
or you will be too late for the surprise.
a. more or less
b. approximately
c. right at
d. about
3. There are many advantages to learning English. For example, you can speak to
people all over the world, you can study in the United States or Canada, and you
may find a better job because you speak English.
a. good things
b. bad things
c. average things
d. situations
4. There are two systems of measure in the world. One is the metric system, which
uses grams and meters. The other is the English system, which uses pounds and feet.
a. knowing the price of something
b. learning the length, weight, or height of something
c. languages
d. ways of looking at something
B. Vocabulary Review
Match the words in column A with the words in column B that are closest in
meaning.
A.
( ) 1. attempt
( ) 2. unite
( ) 3. marketing
( ) 4. invention
( ) 5. type
( ) 6. emperor
( ) 7. enlarge
( ) 8. hardships
B.
a. discovery
b. king
c. buying and selling
d. suffering
e. try
f. join
g. increase
h. kind
@ff
@p211
Unit 24 EARLY HUMANS
Pre-reading
1. What do you think life was like for the first humans?
2. How do scientists know about life long ago?
3. When did the first humans live on earth?
4. What animals lived before them?
When did human life on earth begin? How did humans survive the ice ages and other
changes in climate? Why did humans survive when huge animals all died?
No one knows the answers to these questions exactly, but archaeologists are
attempting to find out. They study the remains of villages where people lived
thousands of years ago. They examine the bones, skulls, tools, needles, and other
things that they find in graves and caves. They weigh and measure them, describe
and photograph them. They make tests to find out how old they are. Little by
little, as information is gathered throughout the world, we are learning more about
early humans.
@p212
In 1964, Mary and Louis Leakey found a skull in East Africa that was two million
years old. They had worked for years searching for and studying the remains of
early humans. In 1972, their son Richard found a skull that was half a million
years older than the first one the Leakeys had found. The skull is similar to a
human skull, and people believe this creature was, in some ways, similar to a modem
human.
In the years 1984 through 1988 a man named Kamoya Kimeu found most of the skull
and bones, or skeleton, of an early human. Because this is the most complete early
human skeleton that has been found, archaeologists can learn a lot about the
history of human life from it. It is called the Nariokotome skeleton since it was
found near the Nariokotome river in Kenya.
It is hard to imagine how humans survived the difficult life of those ancient
times. Humans have little body hair to keep the body warm. Animals are much better
equipped for cold weather. Human skin is thin and can be hurt easily. Human teeth
and fingernails are not as strong as animal teeth and toenails.
However, early humans had some advantages over other animals. Humans learned to
stand up. The fingers on the hand are separated from each other. The thumb moves so
the hand can hold things and use tools.
Early humans learned to do things that animals could not do. They carved needles,
fishhooks, and tools from bone and ivory and stone. Somehow someone discovered
fire. Early humans learned to make a fire for heat and to cook their food. A fire
frightened away dangerous animals. They could also use fire to harden the tools
they made from bone and wood.
Early humans decorated caves and rocks with pictures. Even thousands of years
ago, when life was very difficult, art was essential to humans.
Even more important, the human brain can remember. Animals remember too, but not
as much as humans do. Humans can learn to do something, remember how to do it, and
use that knowledge to learn more. They can teach their children. In this way, human
knowledge increases.
@p213
The first humans probably lived in small groups and moved from place to place
following animals. They were hunters and gatherers, which means they hunted animals
and collected plants for food. The earliest humans did not grow their own food on
farms. They killed it or found it in nature.
How did they learn farming later? Again, no one really knows. It probably took
thousands of years for humans to change from gatherers of wild plants to farmers.
Of course, they still hunted sometimes, but farming became more important. This was
a great change in human life, and perhaps one of the most important changes in
human history.
When people stayed in one place as farmers, they were able to raise animals and
build houses. Finally, groups of people who lived near each other made rules to
live by. They became a society. Thousands of years later people developed systems
of writing. The oldest writing ever found is about 5,000 years old. Did people
write before that? Perhaps archaeologists will find some older writing in a cave
somewhere.
When people started to write, history began. It took hundreds of thousands of
years from the time humans first began to make tools and build fires until they
could write. What changes will the next hundred thousand years bring?
advantages exactly measure survive archaeologists examine raise thumb
brain graves skulls villages cave knowledge society
1. How did humans --- the ice ages and other changes in climate?
@p214
2. No one knows the answers to these questions --- , but --- are attempting to
find. out. They study the remains of villages where people lived thousands of years
ago.
3. They --- the bones, --- and tools they find in --- and caves.
4. Archaeologists weigh and --- the things they find. They describe and
photograph them, too.
5. Early humans had some --- over other animals. They learned to stand up. The
fingers on the hand are separated from each other.
6. The human --- moves so the hand can hold things and use tools.
7. Even more important, the human --- can remember. Animals remember too, but not
as much as humans do.
8. Humans can learn to do something, remember it, and use that --- to learn more.
9. When people stayed in one place as farmers, they were able to --- animals and
build houses.
10. The oldest writing ever found is about 5,000 years old. Perhaps
archaeologists will find some older writing in a --- somewhere.
advantages caves graves skulls archaeologists exactly knowledge survive
brains examine measure
@p215
1. Arlington National Cemetery is near Washington, D.C. The --- of many American
soldiers who died during wars are there.
2. Parents want to give their children a good education and as many other --- as
possible. Parents want their children to do well in life, and they try to help
them.
3. We often say that people think with their --- and feel with their hearts.
4. Dinosaurs did not --- until there were humans on earth. They all died before
the first humans lived.
5. Students increase their --- by studying every day and coming to class.
6. --- are scientists who study the remains of early humans and their societies.
7. If you don't feel well, you should let a doctor --- you. Then you will know
what is wrong.
8. Before we buy a new rug for the living room, we should --- the room so we know
the right size rug to buy.
1. How do archaeologists learn about early humans?
2. How are animals better equipped for cold weather than humans are?
3. How are humans better equipped to gain knowledge than animals are?
4. Farmers lived a different kind of life from hunters and gatherers. How was it
different?
5. What makes a group of people become a society?
* 6. Why did early humans live in caves?
* 7. Why was the development of writing systems so important?
8. Why was the discovery of fire so important?
@p216
B. Details Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. Human knowledge increases because humans
a. can stand up.
b. discovered fire.
c. can remember.
d. can raise animals.
2. Gatherers are people who
a. search for animals to kill.
b. search for plants to eat.
c. raise crops and animals.
d. raise their children.
3. The oldest writing ever found is --- years old.
a. a million
b. hundreds of thousands of
c. about five thousand
d. about one thousand
4. History began when people
a. started to write.
b. discovered fire.
c. formed groups.
d. started making rules to live by.
C. Main Idea
Below are the three main ideas of the reading. Look at the supporting details in
the list and write each one under the correct main idea.
Main Ideas
1. Human qualities
2. Human abilities
3. Human history
Supporting Details
a. Humans can remember.
b. Humans carved stone tools.
c. Humans have thumbs.
d. Humans discovered fire.
e. Humans developed writing systems.
f. Humans have separated fingers.
g. Humans learned to farm.
h. Humans formed societies.
i. Humans made needles and fishhooks.
@p217
Writing
Now that you know something about early humans, write a short story about a day
in the life of one early human. Choose a name for this person, and write about the
things he or she did. When you finish, share your story with other students.
Word Study
A. Irregular Verbs
complete each sentence. Use a verb from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on. Remember
to make each verb agree with its subject.
1. hit hit hit
2. let let let
3. hang hung hung
4. fly flew flown
5. lead led led
1. Tom is an excellent baseball player. He usually _hits_ at least two home runs
in every game.
2. I forgot to bring my book to class today. Will you --- me look at your book
with you?
3. Sarah usually --- her coat in the closet when she arrives home after school.
4. Have you ever --- in a plane across the Atlantic or Pacific ocean? It is a
very long flight.
5. Our teacher --- us to the library on the first day of class because we didn't
know where it was.
@p218
B. Suffixes
In English, we can add the suffix --ous and --like to some nouns to make
adjectives. Words that end in --ous mean "full of something." Here is an example:
Our classroom is very spacious. (full of space)
Words that end in -like mean "similar to," or "like." Here is an example:
The painting that Simon made is very lifelike.
Spelling Note: If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding the suffix
--ous. There are no spelling changes when you add the suffix --like.
Add the correct suffix to each noun in the chart.
1. --ous
Noun Adjective
joy: joyous
fame:
danger:
poison:
2. --like
Noun Adjective
life:
war:
child:
Now choose the best adjective to complete each sentence.
1. Some plants are very _dangerous_ to eat. In fact, if you eat a _poisonous_
plant, you could become sick or even die.
2. Holidays are --- times. People don't have to work, and everyone celebrates and
is happy.
3. Albert Einstein is --- scientist. Most people in the world know who he was.
4. Eskimo carvings are very ---. They look exactly like living animals.
5. In the 1930s Germany began to take --- actions. Then in 1939 it attacked
Poland and started a war.
6. When an adult does something that a child might do, people say he or she is
---.
@p219
Match the words in column A with their opposites in column B.
A.
( ) 1. sink
( ) 2. smart
( ) 3. distant
( ) 4. obvious
( ) 5. ancient
( ) 6. unite
( ) 7. cruel
( ) 8. fortunate
B.
a. unclear
b. unintelligent
c. divide
d. kind
e. float
f. unlucky
g. near
h. modem
B. Context Clues
1. When people started farming, it was a revolutionary change in human life.
a. warlike
b. very important
c. crops
d. simple
2. David asked his father to explain exactly how computers worked. His father's
reply was that he did not know.
a. question
b. answer
c. second question
d. speech
3. It bothers me when people smoke cigarettes near me. I don't like the smell,
and the smoke makes my eyes tear.
a. makes me happy
b. makes me unhappy
c. makes me smoke
d. makes me cry
@ff
@p220
Unit 25 COMPUTERS
Pre-reading
1. Why do people use computers? What do you use a computer for?
2. What do you know about the Internet?
3. What do you think computers will be able to do in the future?
Imagine that you are studying English at a small college in the Midwestern United
States. The local newspaper rarely has news about your native country. In fact, it
prints very little foreign news, but this does not bother you at all. You sit
comfortably in your apartment, turn on your personal computer, and ask for the
foreign news. The screen is immediately filled with news from all over the world.
Computers have created an information "superhighway." Today, computers can work
together-they can network with each other. The worldwide computer network is called
the Internet. Using the Internet, you can find all kinds of information and news
from people and countries around the world.
@p221
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention since the
type of engine used in cars. It has had a great effect on science, industry,
business, medicine, and education. Soon it will touch the lives of everyone, even
people in distant villages. The computer is a revolutionary invention.
The oldest kind of computer is the abacus, which has been used in China since the
sixth century. In the 17th century an adding machine was invented. The first large,
modern computer was built in 1937. Computers improved quickly. A few years later a
computer could do 5,000 additions per second. Now the computations are so fast they
are measured in nanoseconds. (A nanosecond is one billionth of a second!)
Today all computers are stored-program computers; that is, they have a processing
unit, an arithmetic and logic unit, and a memory. Computers are getting smaller and
smaller, and computing faster and faster. Even in a very large computer, the part
that does the actual computing is about the size of the end of a finger.
Computers can do all kinds of work. When someone buys something in a department
store, a clerk puts information about the sale into a computer. During the night
the computer system works on the information from all the sales that day. In the
morning the manager can print out a report on everything that was sold and also on
everything that must be reordered.
All the information we have about moon rocks is computerized. A scientist can
talk to the computer about the rocks, and the computer answers the questions. It is
just like talking to another scientist.
Another computer program has information about several kinds of diseases. A
doctor can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a patient. The
computer explains what to do. If the doctor asks why, the computer goes through its
stored information and explains exactly why. Again, it is just like talking to
another human being.
@p222
Police stations have terminals that are connected to the National Crime
Information Center in Washington, D.C. A police officer who stops a car can radio
the station and learn from the computer if the car is stolen.
Telephone companies and banks use computers. In some factories, Computerized
robots do the work that people used to do. In an automobile factory, when a
different type of car comes along the line, a robot can change the type of work
that it is doing, just as a human would do. Airline offices use computers, too. An
employee types information about flights and reservations and gets an immediate
reply.
A revolutionary change in human life occurred when early humans began farming.
People didn't develop writing systems until hundreds of thousands of years later.
Yet in a little more than 50 years people have developed computers that can do most
of the things that humans can do! Such progress is a little frightening. Will we
use computers to control people and to make wars even more terrible than they are
now? Or will we use them to improve the quality of life for all humanity? The
students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.
abacus immediately patient robots actual in fact reply screen bother
nanoseconds reservations seconds connected network revolutionary terminals
1. Imagine that you are studying English in a small town. The newspaper has very
little foreign news, but this does not --- you at all.
2. You turn on your computer and ask for the foreign news. The is --- filled with
news from all over the world.
@p223
3. Soon the computer will touch the lives of everyone, even people in distant
villages. It is a --- invention.
4. The oldest kind of computer is the --- which has been used in China since the
sixth century.
5. Years ago a computer could do 5,000 additions per second. Now the computations
are so fast they are measured in ---.
6. Computers are getting smaller and smaller. Even in large computers the part
that does the --- computing is about the size of the end of a finger.
7. One computer program has information about several kinds of diseases. A doctor
can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a ---.
8. Police stations have --- that are --- to the National Crime Information Center
in Washington, D.C.
9. In some factories, computerized --- do the work that people used to do.
10. In airline offices, an employee types information about flights and --- on a
terminal and gets an immediate ---.
Here is more practice with new words from the reading. Choose the best word for
each sentence.
abacus connected patients revolutionary actual immediately reply screen
bothers nanosecond reservations terminals
1. The development of "new" plants may cause a --- change in people's eating
habits. This development could be very important.
@p223
2. Please try to be quieter when I am studying. The noise really --- me, and I
can't concentrate.
3. The new hospital in our city is very big and beautiful. It can serve more than
500 --- at a time.
4. TVs come in many different sizes. You can buy one with a very small --- to
carry with you or a large one to put in your house.
5. I thought my new car would cost $15,000, but after taxes and other charges,
the --- price was $18,500.
6. If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building ---. Do not stop to gather your
books or your coat.
7. The new computer laboratory at school has 25 --- for students to use. They are
connected to the university's main computer network.
8. Did you make your plane --- for this summer? You should do it soon because the
flights may be full.
9. Thomas wrote a letter to his friend in China. His friend sent Thomas a ---
right away.
10. Pipes from maple trees are --- to a storage tank.
1. In what areas of modern life are computers used?
2. What parts do all computers have today?
3. How are computers used in medicine?
4. How are they used in business?
5. How are they used in police work?
6. How could computers be dangerous to humanity?
@p225
B. Details
1. The computer is the most important invention since
a. farming.
b. marketing.
c. writing.
d. the car engine.
2. A stored-program computer has a(n)
a. brain. b. robot
c. memory. d. abacus.
3. The part of the computer that --- is the size of the end of a finger.
a. prints the information
b. stores the information
c. gives a reply
d. does the computing
4. Computer computations are measured in
a. seconds.
b. microseconds.
c. nanoseconds.
d. milliseconds.
5. Computers will soon affect
a. people in large cities.
b. all of humanity.
c. the population of developed countries.
d. students.
C. Main Idea
( ) 1. Computers can do many different kinds of work.
( ) 2. Computers are used in industry and business.
( ) 3. The computer is a wonderful invention that could be used for terrible
purposes.
( ) 4. Computerized robots are used in factories.
Writing
Imagine some of the things that computers will be able to do in the future and
write about them. When you finish, compare your work with another student's work.
@p226
Word Study
A. Word Forms
Study the words in the list. Notice how they are related to each other. Then
choose the best word to complete each sentence. Use a word from line 1 in sentence
1, and so on.
Verb Noun Adjective
1. die death dead
2. decorate decoration --
3. -- cruelty cruel
4. describe description descriptive
5. breathe breath --
6. compute computer/computation
7. reserve reservation --
8. revolt revolution revolutionary
9. know knowledge --
10. connect connection connected
1. President John F. Kennedy is _dead_. He _died_ in 1963. Thousands of people
went to his funeral.
2. In Canada and the United States, many people --- tree with lights and colorful
decorations for Christmas.
3. Amnesty International tries to stop --- to prisoners in all countries. In many
places, prisoners have terrible lives of pain and suffering.
4. For your homework tonight, write a --- of your home town. Tell how it looks,
where you like to go, and why you like it.
5. When people swim under water, they must hold their --- Fish can breathe under
water, but humans cannot.
@p227
6. If you have a small calculator, you can --- your grocery bill while you are in
the store.
7. Next month Kei is going on a trip to New York. He already made his plane ---,
so he is very excited.
8. Thirteen colonies participated in the --- War against England. They became the
United States of America.
9. The more you study, the more your --- increases.
10. Maria is going to Julie's house tonight to help her --- her new computer.
Julie doesn't know how to do it by herself
B. Word Forms
This exercise is just for fun, and it is difficult. See if you can figure out the
meanings of these words and use the correct word in each sentence.
commercialized multiplicity oversimplification undereducated discouraged
nonwarlike programmer unrecognizable
1. Paula dressed in strange clothes and put a lot of makeup on her face for a
party. She was completely _unrecognizable_ No one knew who she was!
2. One student said that his native country nationalized the oil companies
because people were stealing the oil. This is only part of what really happened.
This explanation is an --- of the situation.
3. There is a --- of problems in Third World countries, such as poor living
conditions, few jobs, and very little medical care for people.
4. Another problem in Third World countries is that most of the people are ---
because they quit school at an early age to get jobs.
5. Carl is a computer --- for a large company. He writes programs for businesses
and industries.
@228
6. Christmas has become very --- in the United States. Marketing experts make a
lot of money because of this.
7. Don't be --- if you can't do this exercise. The words are very difficult!
Vocabulary Review
anyway candle flour peanuts boss current icebergs scenery bullet
encouraged pails tanks
1. --- and soybeans contain oil and protein.
2. The --- in Yellowstone Park is beautiful. There are mountains, waterfalls,
flowers, and huge trees to see.
3. Indians hung --- from spouts on maple trees to catch the sap they needed to
make maple syrup.
4. The Gulf Stream is a strong --- in the Atlantic Ocean.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Perez --- their daughter to go to medical school because she was
an excellent science student in college.
6. Paul's --- at his new job asked him to work overtime this weekend.
7. Amnesty International's --- is a symbol of the light and hope it brings to
prisoners.
8. --- break away from Antarctica and float on ocean currents.
@p229
(The words focused on in the Working with Vocabulary activities are listed here.
The number following each word indicates the unit in which the word is first
introduced. Vocabulary items are recycled throughout the text.)
A
abacus 25
actual 25
additional 21
advantage 24
all over 1
although 12
amount 13
ancient 23
angry 11
announce 18
antibiotic 11
archaeologist 24
area 2
army 4
arrange 5
attempt 19
B
backyard 18
barrel 12
barter 16
bead 16
bean 13
belief 14
bill 16
billion 1
boil 20
border 15
borrow 8
boss 18
bother 25
brain 24
broadcast 4
buffalo 13
bullet 22
burst 18
bush 12
C
canal 10
candle 14
candy 21
carving 6
cattle 10
cave 24
century 5
chain 17
character 8
chemical 18
Christianity 7
citizen 3
climate 3
coast 3
colony 9
combine 8
commerce 20
commercial 17
common 9
communicate 8
competition 18
complicated 4
condition 9
connected 25
contain 12
control 5
corn 13
couple 18
creation 16
crop 10
cruelty 23
culture 3
cupboard 21
cure 11
currency 16
current 17
custom 3
D
deaf 8
death 1 8
decision 21
decoration 23
department 2
depend 1 3
difference 8
directly 12
discovery 11
disease 3
dish 2
distant 23
divorce 5
E
each other 5
earn 7
election 3
embarrassed 18
emperor 22
encouraged 17
energy 12
enforce 19
entertainment 4
entirely 17
equipment 2
Eskimo 6
essential 6
even though 15
event 4
evidence 11
exactly 6
examine 24
exchange 16
experiment 11
experimental 12
explorer 7
@p230
F
fame 4
fault 18
favorite 1
festival 3
fight 11
figure 9
float 17
flour 21
force 19
forever 15
form 22
fortune 23
frightening 10
G
gather 12
general 14
gesture 8
goat 10
goods 16
grave 24
greatly 5
guess 6
H
handle 6
health 9
healthy 1
hectare 12
holiday 7
honey 20
huge 15
human 4
humid 3
I
iceberg 17
imagine 2
immediately 25
improve 6
include 8
increase 9
industrial 3
inexpensive 1
in fact 25
influence 3
in general 1
in order to 10
instead 15
instead of 10
internationalize 17
invent 8
island 3
ivory 6
J
judge 18
K
key 17
knowledge 24
krill 17
L
laboratory 22
last 23
lettuce 21
level 10
license 23
lipstick 12
liquid 22
location 10
M
magnificent 15
mainland 7
major 8
mall 2
maple 20
marketing 21
material 15
meaning 8
measure 24
medical 14
melt 23
member 14
method 11
might 6
millennium 9
mineral 23
mine 23
mix 7
museum 6
N
nanosecond 25
nation 9
natural 11
necklace 7
needle 10
network 25
nevertheless 13
O
obsidian 22
obviously 19
ocean 7
order 1
ordinary 4
organization 14
overcrowded 9
ownership 19
P
pail 20
parking lot 2
patient 25
payment 16
peanut 13
penguin 17
per 12
persuade 15
pineapple 7
pineapple 7
pipe 7
plague 11
plastic 20
pleasant 21
poisonous 18
politely 14
popular 1
port 3
pour 20
prehistoric 11
prepare 17
pressure 14
prevent 9
prize 14
produce 5
program 4
@p231
protect 15
protein 13
provide 9
purpose 19
Q
quantity 23
quartz 22
R
rabbit 10
race 7
raise 24
rapidly 9
realize 5
receive 14
record 4
related 8
relationship 3
relative 5
religion 14
remain 15
remarry 5
reply 25
report 14
reservation 25
residential 2
revolutionary 25
rice 13
robot 25
roll 6
rude 18
rudely 18
rush 23
S
sap 20
scenery 15
screen 25
seal 6
search 7
second 25
seed 12
seize 23
separate 5
serious 7
serve 1
service 1
shape 16
sheep 10
sheet 22
shelf 21
shell 16
similar 9
simple 4
situation 23
size 16
skull 24
smarter 4
smooth 6
so 5
social 5
society 5
so far 14
solution 13
solve 13
soothe 12
sorrow 18
sound 8
soybean 13
special 6
speed 10
spout 20
spread 11
standard 16
still 1
storage 20
stretch 6
studio 4
success 19
successful 11
suffer 18
suggest 14
suitable 13
supermarket 2
surgery 11
survive 24
sweetener 20
syrup 20
system 8
T
tank 20
technology 11
temperature 21
terminal 25
terrible 18
thick 20
thin 20
throughout 23
thumb 24
tiny 17
tool 22
topsoil 15
tour 4
towel 2
toy 2
trade 16
traditional 4
tradition 7
treat 11
treatment 11
trial 14
type 22
U
unfortunately 9
unit 16
unite 19
use up 12
V
valley 3
valuable 16
value 16
village 3
violence 14
visitor 4
volcano 22
vote 3
W
waterfall 15
whale 6
wheat 13
whether 13
wild 13
wildlife 15
winged 13
worry 15
Y
yet 10
@p232
Index to the Word Study Activities
adjectives 130, 131, 140, 158, 191, 226
two-word 131
past participles as adjectives 75
compound words 7, 2 7
gerunds 85
irregular verbs 66, 105, 167, 217
nouns 10, 46, 57, 67, 95, 130, 140, 158, 191, 226
gerunds 85
noun endings 86
past participles as adjectives 75
prefixes
dis- 9
en- 175
im- 9
in- 9
non- 9
over- 104
re- 45
un- 9
preposition review 122, 166, 208
prepositions
at 8, 18, 47, 77
by 47, 76
in 18, 37, 77
of 37, 47, 77
on 18, 37, 77
to 8, 18, 47
pronouns 55, 192
reflexive (self/selves) 56
reflexive pronouns 56
spelling rules 28, 85, 149, 182, 199, 218
suffixes
-able 28, 130
-age 182
-al 28, 130
-ation 95
-en 57
-er 10, 67
-ever 209
-ful 28, 130
-ght 17
-ist 183
-ity 46, 200
-ive 157
-ize 149
-less 94, 130
-like 218
-ly 112, 113
-ment 10
-ness 57
-ous 130, 218
-ship 174
-sion 95, 130
-t 95, 130
-th 17
-tion 95
-ture 67
-ty 200
-y 199, 200
verbs 130, 140, 158, 191, 226
irregular 66, 105, 167, 217

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