CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
UPS stands for Uninterruptible Power Supply. It is an instrument connected
betweenthe electric grid and the consumer, comprising of electric hardware and
rechargeable batteries.The aim of the instrument is to supply continuous
undisturbed and conditioned power to the critical load. The energy for powering
the load comes from the utility, or from the batteryupon mains outage.

At times, power from a wall socket is neither clean nor uninterruptible. Many
abnormalities such as blackouts, brownouts, spikes, surges, and noise can occur.
Under the best conditions, power interruptions can be an inconvenience. At their
worst, they can cause loss of data in computer systems or damage to electronic
equipment. It is the function of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) to act as a
buffer and provide clean, reliable power to vulnerable electronic equipment. The
basic concept of a UPS is to store energy during normal operation (through battery
charging) and release energy (through DC to AC conversion) during a power
failure. UPS systems are traditionally designed using analog components. Today
these systems can integrate a microcontroller with AC sine wave generation,
offering the many benefits.

As the general population continues to grow, there is an ever-increasing demand

for electricity placed on the world’s powergeneration and distribution facilities.
Although significant measures are taken to ensure a reliable supply of electric
power, the significant demand for power increases the likelihood that power
outages and other electrical disruptions such as brownouts will occur. UPS that
currently existed offer users extended periods of backup power during which they
can continue to use electronic equipment such as a personal computer. However,

1
this UPS only provide a minimal voltage regulation and filtering for disturbance
occurred. Further, most UPS equipped with microcontroller for monitoring and
display are much expensive than the standard available UPS in the market as the
application of microcontroller will provide a wide range of application in term of
programming and hardware controls. The purpose of this project is to design a
UPS that manages to act as an emergency power supply to critical load and also
equipped with microcontroller programming for UPS monitoring system.
Mobility and versatility have become a must for the fast-paced society today.
People can no longer afford to be tied down to a fixed power source location when
using their equipment’s.Overcoming the obstacle of fixed power has led to the
invention of DC/AC power inverters. While the position of power inverter in the
market is relatively well established, there are several features that can be
improved upon. A comparison analysis of the different power inverter
has been compiled. Aside from the differences in power wattage, cost per wattage,
efficiency andharmonic contend, power inverters can be categorized into three
groups: square wave, modified sine wave, and pure sine wave. A cost analysis of
the different types of inverter shows that sinewave power inverter, though has the
best power quality performance, and has a big spike in
cost per unit power. Another feature which can be improved is the efficiency of the
inverter. Thestandard sine wave in the market has an average efficiency of 85-
90%. Power dissipated due to efficiency flaws will be dissipated as heat and the
10-15% power lost in the will shorten operational life span of inverters. The
quality of the output power could also be improved. It is imperative that the output
signal be as clean as possible. Distortion in the output signal leads to a less
efficient output and in the case of a square wave, which has a lot of unwanted
harmonics; it will damage some sensitive equipments.In designing any type of
power supply, it is important to examine the intended market and place the product
2
in a particular market. Our market will be to design a 300 watts power inverter
which will provide optimum pure sine wave performance with minimal cost. In
meeting the design requirements, there are several technical challenges that must
be overcome. Our single, most difficult constraint will be to produce power at a
lower power per unit cost than exists in the market. Our efficiency will be greater
than 90 percent. This insures that, with a maximum load, less than 10% of power
will be dissipated as heat. The total harmonic distortion will be less than 5%.
Generally, an ideal UPS should be able to deliver uninterrupted power while
simultaneously providing the necessary power conditioning for the particular
power application. Therefore, an ideal UPS should have the following features:

 Regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion

(THD)independent of the changes in the input voltage or in the load, linear
or nonlinear, balanced or unbalanced.
 On-line operation, which means zero switching time from normal to backup
mode and vice versa.
 Low THD sinusoidal input current and unity power factor.
 High reliability.
 By pass as a redundant source of power in the case of internal failure.
 High efficiency.
 Low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and acoustic noise.
 Electric isolation of the battery, output, and input.
 Low maintenance.
 Low cost, weight, and size.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The rapid growth in the demand for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS),
according to Uwe Schmidt,1995is traceable to an increasing use of electronics
equipment that requires a great deal of integrity of the power supply made
available at their inputs, and also to reduce the damaging effect of power failures in
data processing application.UPS system provides clean conditioned and
uninterruptible power to sensitive loads such as Airlines computers, Data centres,
Communication systems, and Medical support systems in hospitals etc.The rapid
growth in the demand for UPS systems has been due to two main causes. Firstly,
the increased use of electronic equipment that requires integrity of power supply to
their input, to protect itself from damaging parts within the equipment and
corruption of data, which can also occur, due to total failure of power supply.
Secondly, in order for UPS to make power available at its output when power
supply from the public utility fails, it employs some form of bulk energy-storage
mechanism.
A good number of UPS employs Lead acid batteries, for bulk energy-storage.
Other types may employ the mechanical inertia of a large flywheel coupled to the
shaft of a rotating machine or the stored magnetic energy in the field of a
superconducting coil. Generally, commonly used type of battery for bulk energy
storage is the maintenance free gel batteries. The main reason for this is their
portability and low maintenance requirements.
Essentially, UPS are classified either as Static UPS and Rotary UPS system. The
static UPS system uses power electronics devices to process, store, and make
power available in the event of power failure, while Rotary UPS uses motors and
generators to perform the same function. The static UPS system is the commonly

4
used UPS system and it is sub divided into: On-line, Off-line, and Line-interactive
configurations. An ideal UPS should be able to deliver uninterrupted power while
simultaneously providing the necessary power conditioning for the particular
application; hence, interactive type of UPS is referred to as true UPS. Cost is
however the major disadvantage of the onlineinteractive UPS.
According to, the selection of the class of UPS, should be based on the sensitivity
of application for which the UPS system is intended to back up. For an application
that permits a momentary lapse of between 20ms to100ms, an Offline UPS system
will be most economical particularly where fund is a constraint. For desktop
computers, the momentary lapse could range between 20ms -100ms, this makes
offline UPS suitable for normal desktop computers as this range is well within their
tolerance range. Critical applications will however require the online double
conversion to realize the improved and stabilization of the load voltage which is a
major benefit derived from UPS.

The Need for Standby Generation:

The need for standby generation arises if the consequences of a failure or
disruption of the normal supply are not acceptable. The types of installation in
which the need arises seem to be limitless. There are basically four reasons for
installing standby generation: safety, security, financial loss and data loss

Safety Where there is a risk to life or health such as in air traffic control, aviation
ground lighting, medical equipment in hospitals, nuclear installations, oil
refineries.

5
Security against vandalism, espionage, or attack Area lighting, communication
systems, military installations, etc.
Data loss Situations in which the loss of data may be catastrophic and irretrievable
such as data processing and long-term laboratory type of testing or experiment.

Financial loss Critical industrial processes, large financial institutions, etc.

The advances in power electronics during the past three decades have resulted in a
great varietyof new topologies and control strategies for UPS systems. The
research has been focused mainlyon improving performance and expanding
application areas of UPS systems. The issue of reducing the cost of converters has
recently attracted the attention of researcher. Reducing the number of switches
provides the most significant cost reduction. Another form of cost reduction is to
replace active switches such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, and thyristors with diodes. Not
only are diodes more reasonable than the controlled switches, but there is also a
cost reduction from eliminating gate drivers for active switches and power supplies
for gate drivers. Another way of reducing cost is to develop topologies that employ
switches with lower reverse voltage stressesand lower current ratings, which means
less silicon and smaller switching losses resulting inlower cost and higher
efficiency

6
 CHAPTER 3
THEORY
3.1. UPS

An UPS system is an alternate or backup source of power with the electric

utility company beingthe primary source. The UPS provides protection of load
against line frequency variations,elimination of power line noise and voltage
transients, voltage regulation, and
uninterruptible power for critical loads during failures of normal utility source.
An UPS can be considered asource of standby power or emergency power
depending on the nature of the critical loads. Theamount of power that the UPS
must supply also depends on these specific needs. These needscan include
emergency lighting for evacuation, emergency perimeter lighting for
security,orderly shutdown of manufacturing or computer operations, continued
operation of life supporter critical medical equipment, safe operation of
equipment during sags and brownouts, and acombination of the preceding
needs.

Standby power: Offline UPS, Online UPS and Line Interactive UPS

3.2. TYPES OF UPS

There are three types of UPS available. Here’s a brief overview of each type:

7
3.2.1. ONLINE UPS:

Also known as ‘double conversion’ UPS, this is an ideal system to specify when
coupled with a generator or other longer-term backup system. Most units over
10kVA will now be online or line-interactive systems. Unlike an offline system, an
online UPS provides the load with a cleaner, more regulated power source. In
contrast to an offline unit there is no direct route between the mains supply and the
load. After passing through a surge filter, the mains voltage is converted from AC
to DC via a rectifier. This charges the batteries and feeds the second (double)
conversion from DC back to AC via an inverter to feed the load.

It’s a more expensive system, but it’s also more reliable because the inverter is
running continuously. And this offers a greater level of protection against surges
and spikes, sags, brownouts, electrical noise and harmonics, as well as a complete
power failure.

Advances in online units mean some can now operate in economy and smart
modes to improve efficiency when critical loads are inactive, for example at night.

8
3.2.2. LINE INTERACTIVE UPS:

A line interactive UPS can be loosely described as an offline unit with a much
greater level of voltage stabilisation and power conditioning.

In normal operation, the line-interactive unit feeds mains power through a voltage
stabiliser and conditioner (AVS) to the load. At the same time, it feeds a battery
charger linked directly to the standby batteries. During a mains failure, the load is
switched from the AVS to the standby batteries providing power via a DC/AC
inverter.

Line interactive UPS systems are efficient and offer lower running costs than
online systems. The UPS’s lifetime is also increased as wear and tear on the
batteries and inverter is reduced, because the load is transferred through to the
inverter less often. However, line interactive UPS offer less protection against
variations in electrical frequency and harmonics than online units.

9
3.2.3. OFF-LINE UPS:

FIGURE 4.0

An offline UPS is the simplest and least expensive type of UPS, but it offers
limited surge and spike protection. In normal operating mode these units have two
operational circuits: an AC circuit fed directly to the load and a feed that charges a
standby battery via a DC charger. In normal operating mode, power passes from
the mains directly to the load with the secondary circuit charging the standby
batteries. During a power failure the UPS detects the reduction in voltage and
automatically switches the load so that it is fed by the standby battery via a DC/AC
inverter.

An offline UPS is the most power-efficient system because the charger and
inverter aren’t always operating and therefore don’t consume power continuously.

The reliability of modern technology makes failure of a UPS less likely than ever
before. However, because the inverter for offline UPS is only operational when the
10
mains supply fails, it is rarely tested under load conditions. This means that the
only time an offline system can fail is when it is needed.

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) ensure continuous power flow to

critical loads in the events of AC mains failure or disturbances. Several UPS
technologies are currently available. These include ferro-resonant, pulse width
modulation (PWM), hybrid and rotary UPSs. Until recently, PWM based units are
the most common of these. Off-line and on-line UPSs are the major types of UPS
systems. The choice between one type or the other is mainly affected by the cost,
reliability, efficiency, and the technical performance characteristics of the system.
Offline systems are generally simpler, smaller, and cheaper. Figure below shows
the basic structure of the conventional offline UPS system, where both the battery
charger and the inversion circuits have their own power elements. Two ordinary
power transformers and two sets of power diodes (4 elements each) are required.
Since the rectifier and the inverter are never simultaneously participating in the
process of power flow into the load, the utilization of the power elements of this
configuration, which are the most expensive elements of the system, is relatively
low. Great efforts are being put forth nowadays to implement small and economic
UPS systems.

11
3.3. COMPONENTS OF UPS

3.3.1.AC/DC CONVERTER:

Most UPS designs contain a transformer-type AC/DC converter. The

transformer provides electrical isolation between the input and output of the
converter. The transformer also provides the option to produce multiple voltage
levels by changing the turns ratio or provide multiple voltages by using multiple
secondary windings. Transformer type AC/DC converters are divided into five
basic topologies:
 Forward Converter
 Push-Pull Converter
 Half-Bridge Converter
 Full-Bridge Converter
 Fly back Converter

3.4. BATTERY CHARGER:

When the AC mains voltage is present, the Offline UPS charges the
batteries, and therefore, a battery charger circuit is implemented. Most battery
chargers can be divided into four basic design types, or topologies:

 Linear Chargers
 Switch Mode Chargers
 Ferro-resonant Chargers
 SCR Chargers

12
3.5. DC/AC CONVERTER
DC/AC conversion is done by inverter module. An inverter converts direct
current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

3.6. INVERTER
A single-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) can be defined as a half-
bridge and a full-bridge topology. Both topologies are widely used in power
supplies and single-phase UPS systems.
 Half-Bridge VSI
 Full-Bridge VSI
The method, in which the low voltage DC power is inverted, is completed in
two steps. The first being the conversion of the low voltage DC power to a
high voltage DC source, and the secondstep being the conversion of the high
DC source to an AC waveform using pulse widthmodulation. Another method
to complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the lowvoltage DC
power to AC, and then use a transformer to boost thevoltage to 120 volts.

3.7. PWM GENERATION:

In electronic power converters and motors, PWM is used extensively as a means of

powering alternating current (AC) devices with an available directcurrent (DC)
source or for advancedDC/AC conversion. Variation of duty cycle in the PWM
signal to provide a DC voltage acrossthe load in a specific pattern will appear to
the load as an AC signalor can control the speed of motors that would otherwise
run only at full speed or off. This is further explained in thissection.

13
The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM signal varies can be created
throughsimple analog components, a digital microcontroller, or specific PWM
integrated circuits.Analog PWM control requires the generation of both reference
and carrier signals that feed into acomparator which creates output signals based
on the difference between the signals. The longer the switch is on compared
to theoff periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.The PWM switching
frequency has to be much faster than what would affect the load, which isto say the
device that uses the power. The term “duty cycle”describes the proportion of 'on'
time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low
power, because the power is off for most of the time.Duty cycle is expressed in
percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in
the switching devices is very low. When aswitch is off there is practically no
current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage dropacross the switch. Power
loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both casesclose to zero.
PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off
nature,can easily set the needed duty cycle.Today the sinusoidal PWM is generated
using Microcontrollers.

In order to source an output with a PWM signal, transistor or other switching

technologies areused to connect the source to the load when the signal is high or
low. Full or half bridgeconfigurations are common switching schemes used in
power electronics.

14
3.8. TRANSFORMER:

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can
produce a magneticfield (electromagnetism) and second that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire inducesa voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes
the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces avoltage
in the secondary coil. But it also makes the structure bulky for use and also
increases the cost.

15
 CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. UPS CIRCUIT

The following Figure is the Circuit Diagram of the Designed UPS.

FIGURE 4.1

FIGURE 4.2

16
The circuit diagram of the offline UPS shown in Fig.4.1 has the following four
sections:
Section 1: Mains/inverter change-over section
Section 2: Inverter section
Section 3: Battery-status-indicator section
Section 4: Oscillator section

Above-mentioned sections and their interconnections are appropriately marked

in the circuit diagram.

Mains/inverter changeover section. The circuit of this section is built around

step-down transformer X1 (230V AC primary to 12V-0-12V, 500mA
secondary), a 12V DC, 3C/O (changeover) relay (RL1) and a few other
components. 230V AC mains is connected to the circuit through connector
CON7. Output of the UPS is available at connector CON8, which is actually a
3-pin socket.

4.2.COMPONENTS OF UPS

The Implemented Project has four sections.

17
 4.2.1. THE STATIC BYPASS CIRCUIT / RELAY CHANGE
OVER CIRCUIT:

A bypass switch is a non-essential addition to an uninterruptible power supply

system that, while not integral to UPS operation, is definitely useful in the event of
maintenance or repair. The core items you need in order to be protected in the
event of power failure are a UPS and a battery to supply the power, under standard
operation this should be all that is required. However, if there is a fault or you need
to remove a unit for repair, a bypass switch ensures that power continuity is
maintained in the event of a failure. It is a direct connection to the load from the
main power supply. Under normal conditions, this direct connection bypasses the
battery section and supplies power directly to the load from the main power
supply.

FIGURE 4.3

18
 4.2.2. AC/DC CONVERTER:

The rectifier has two main functions. One is to charge the batteries (like an
alternator in a car) so your batteries remain at the proper float voltage.
The other job of the rectifier is to convert the incoming power from A/C to D/C.

A transformer-type AC/DC converter is used. The transformer provides electrical

isolation between the input and output of the converter and also provides the option
to produce multiple voltage levels by changing the turns ratio or provide multiple
voltages by using multiple secondary windings. In our Project we used the Half
Bridge rectifier Circuitafter transformer.

4.2.3. BATTERY CHARGER:

When the AC mains voltage is present, the Offline UPS charges the
batteries, and therefore, a battery charger circuit is implemented.
The Battery Charger Used in our project is of Linear Type of charger. It uses a
230V Primary to 12V Secondary Transformer. A halfwave rectifier is
connected to the secondary of Transformer.

19
 FIGURE 4.4

4.2.4. BATTERIES
The battery is the heart of your UPS system. Should your facility experience a
utility power failure, your mission critical equipment will depend on your UPS’s
battery system to support the load.

UPS battery systems have at least one string of batteries. The number of batteries
required within the string varies by the D/C buss voltage of the UPS.

Batteries within the string are connected in series. Therefore, if a single battery
fails or opens, the entire string fails. Additional battery strings are often added to
the UPS to provide for additional runtime and/or redundancy of the battery system.
Good system design calls for multiple strings of batteries versus a single string of
batteries.

20
Batteries do age and eventually wear out. A typical valve regulated lead acid
(VRLA) UPS battery has a life expectancy of four to six years (some sooner
depending on the quality of the battery). Each time the battery cycles it ages.

Think of a battery as a loaf of bread. Each time you take a slice, there is less for the
next time. It’s the same with a battery – each time it is called upon to cycle, there is
less available battery for the next outage.

It is vital to the health of your UPS battery system (and your critical loads) to
inspect the batteries on a regular basis. Semi-annual, or even quarterly inspections
are warranted.

4.2.5. INVERTER:

In this method to complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the low
voltage DC power to AC, and then use a transformer to boost the voltage to 120
volts. with square wave inverters.

FIGURE 4.5

21
The method, in which the low voltage DC power is inverted, is completed in two
steps. The first being the conversion of the low voltage DC power to a high voltage
DC source, and the secondstep being the conversion of the high DC source to an
AC waveform using pulse widthmodulation. Another method to complete the
desired outcome would be to first convert the lowvoltage DC power to AC, and
then use a transformer to boost thevoltage to 120 volts.
This project focused on the first method described and specifically the transformati
on of a highvoltage DC source into an AC output. Of the different DCAC inverters
on the market today thereare essentially two different forms of AC output
generated: modified sine wave, and pure sinewave.Power inverters were first
invented using a square wave as the output form. This led to manydifferent
problems involving the functionality of devices that were being powered because
theywere designed to work with a sine wave instead of a square wave. There were
some changes made to the hardware to eliminate the harsh corners from the square
wave to transform it to amodified sine wave‖. It was mainly marketers who coined
the term “modified sine wave” whichin all reality is nothing more than amodified
square wave. Power inverters that used a modified sine wave‖ eliminate the
problems associated with square wave inverters.

4.2.6. OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT

The Oscillator Circuit used in our Project use a 555 timer IC which
produces a square wave of frequency of 200 hz.

22
 FIGURE 4.5

4.2.7. CONVERTER CIRCUIT AND THE VOLTAGE STEP UP

CIRCUIT

It converts the 200 hz square wave output of oscillator into 50

hz square wave.
Then the converter circuit converts 12V DC Square wave output of the
Oscillator circuit into Sine wave output.
The Voltage Step Circuit is a circuit which converts 12V Sine wave into
230 V Sine Wave Output.

23
 FIGURE 4.6

4.2.8. BATTERY INDICATOR

Battery Indicator is a circuit which detects and indicates the low voltage
and over voltage conditions of Battery.

FIGURE 4.7
24
 4.3. IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS:

 Proteus Basic for coding

 Simulation Tool used is Proteus

4.3.1. Proteous:

The Proteus Design Suite is wholly unique in offering the ability to co-simulate
both high andlow-level micro-controller code in the context of a mixed-mode
SPICE circuit simulation. Withthis Virtual System Modeling facility, you can
transform your product design cycle, reapinghuge rewards in terms of reduced time
to market and lower costs of development.If oneperson designs both the hardware
and the software then that person benefits as thehardware design may be changed
just as easily as the software design. In larger organizationswhere the two roles are
separated, the software designers can begin work as soon as theschematic is
completed; there is no need for them to wait until a physical prototype exists.
Inshort, Proteus VSM improves efficiency, quality and flexibility throughout
the design process.

25
 CHAPTER 5
TEST RESULT AND ANALYSIS

5.1. BATTERY DC VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

FIGURE 5.1

26
5.2. OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF OSCILLATOR

FIGURE 5.1

27
5.3. OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF OSCILLATOR

FIGURE 5.1

28
5.4. INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

FIGURE 5.1

29
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

During the last decades UPS system had undergone several major changes due to
benefits from the developments in power semiconductor devices, microprocessors,
maintenance free sealed lead acid, and improvements in control techniques. Thus,
it has become one of the fastest growing fields of power electronics. UPS provides
emergency power to critical loads in case of utility mains failure, and as such
constitutes an essential element in providing back-up power for computer
networks, communication links, biomedical equipment, and industrial processes,
among others.

Full hardware-based UPS are gradually being replaced by microprocessor or

microcontroller-based counterparts, with significant improvement in ease of
design, flexibility of the control software and overall reduction in development
cost. Since a UPS incorporates a relatively large number of detection, protection
and control functions, it is important to develop an organized approach to the
identification and implementation of these requirements.

6.2. COMPARISON WITH SIMPLE UPS:

In simple ups the output waveform is rectangular. Distortion in the output signal
leads to a less efficient output and in the case of a square wave, which has a lot of

30
unwanted harmonics; it will damage some sensitive equipment. The quality of the
output power could also be improved.

It is imperative that the output signal be as clean as possible. About 20 -30 %

power is being dissipated as heat. A cost analysis of the different types of inverter
shows that sine wave power inverter, though has the best power quality
performance, and has a big spike in cost per unit power.

Another feature which can be improved is the efficiency of the inverter. The
standard sine wave in the market has an average efficiency of 85-90%. Power
dissipated due to efficiency flaws will be dissipated as heat and the 10-15% power
lost in the will shorten operational life span of inverters. The quality of the output
power could also be improved. It is imperative that the output signal be as clean as
possible.

6.3. CONCLUSION WITH FUTURE WORK:

This Intelligent Uninterruptible Power Supply (i-UPS) will enable the users to
monitor different status of i-UPS on LCD. One of the advantage applying
microcontroller for the Intelligent Uninterruptible Power Supply (i-UPS) is that the
system is more reliable and user friendly in functions as compare to the
conventional Uninterruptible Power Supply available in the market. At the
competition of our project we will be hopefully able to save energy and utilization
of energy due to intelligent uninterruptible power supply because of our country
facing a large amount of electricity crises so people wants such type of ups like i-
UPS.

31
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
7.1. BOOK:
1. UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES AND ACTIVE FILTERS By
Ali Emadi, AbdolhoseinNasiri.
2. Uninterruptible power supplies By William Knight.
3. Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) By IEC.
4. IEEE 446
Orange Book, Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and
CommercialApplications, (1996) (cited in paragraph 2-3, Table 3-1)
5. IEEE 450
Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of
Vented Lead-AcidBatteries for Stationary Applications, (1995) [cited in
paragraphs 3-2b (2), 5-2c, and 5-2c5- 2c (2) (k), 5-2f (4), 5-2f (5) (6)]
6. ANSI/IEEE 519
Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electrical Power Systems, (1992) (cited in table 2-2)

7.2. JOURNAL ARTICLES:

1. Farrukh, K. and T.G.
Habetler, 1998. A novel online UPS with universal filteringcapabilities.
IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 13: 3.
2. Matthew, S.R., J.D. Parham and M.H. Rashid, An Overview of
Uninterruptible Power Supplies. IEEE Proc., pp: 159-164.
3. S.A.Z. Murad "Monitoring system for uninterruptible power supply".
American Journalof Applied Sciences. FindArticles.com. 09 Aug, 2011.

32
4. Tanvir Singh Mundra "Microcontroller based power supply". Journal of
Computer Science. FindArticles.com. 09 Aug, 2011.

7.3. WEB PAGES:

1. www.avrprojects.net/
2. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0VVT/is_8_2/ai_n24997972/
3. http://www.falconups.com/tech-articles.htm
4. http://www.falconups.com/
5. http://www.8051projects.info/
6. http://indianengineer.wordpress.com
7. http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/
8. www.avrprojects.net/
9. http://ieeeprojects.218070.free-press-release.com/

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