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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

Directional Drilling.
Directional Drilling.
- The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the path it would naturally take.
- Directional drilling is used when the bottom hole location (BHL) is in different
position from the surface location (SL).
- Routine measurements (Survey) are taken during drilling to determine if a well is
deviating from vertical by more than the allowed amount or not.

-Reasons for directional drilling:


1) Reach multiple targets & Reduce number of offshore platforms.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
2) Inaccessible Surface Locations (Restricted surface locations: Target under Town,

Mountain).

3. Salt dome drilling (direct the well away from the salt dome to avoid casing collapse

problems)

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
4) Side-tracking existing wells.

- Side-tracking: is the deflection of the well path from an existing wellbore.


- Side-tracking take place where a well has already been drilled or partly drilled and
there is a need to exit out of one side of the well to a different target.
- Side-tracking is performed for a variety of reasons such as:
1. Avoidance of Obstruction in Well Bore such as unretrieved fish.

2. Hole problem.

5) For re-entering existing wells (Relief Well): A Relief Well is a well that is drilled

to solve well control issues in a nearest well.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
6) Horizontal Drilling.

- Horizontal-Wells: are wells where the reservoir section is drilled at a high angle,

to keep the well within a specific reservoir interval or hydrocarbon zone.

-Reasons for drilling horizontal wells.

1. Increase reservoir productivity by increasing reservoir contact for a single well.

2. Eliminate the need for additional wells.

3. Pressure depleted reservoirs.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

-Well Profile Terminology:

- Measured Depth (MD): is the distance measured along the well path from one

reference point, measured depth also known as along hole depth and is measured

with the pipe tally or by a wire line.

- True Vertical Depth (TVD): is the vertical distance measured from a reference

point. TVD is usually referenced to the rotary table, but may also be referenced to

mean sea level.

- Kick off Point (KOP): is defined as the depth at which we first begin deflection

(building the inclination angle) from the vertical.

- Inclination Angle: is the angle the wellbore forms between its axis and the

vertical.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Build Rate Angle: is the incremidal increase in the hole inclination.

- Drop Rate Angle: is the incremidal decrease in the hole inclination.

- Note: The optimum build up and drop off rates in conventional directional wells

are in the range of 1.5 to 3 degree per 100 ft, although much higher build up rates

are used for horizontal and multilateral wells.

- Azimuth: is defined as the direction of the wellbore on a horizontal plane

measured clockwise form a north reference. Azimuths are usually expressed in

angles from 0-360, measured from zero north, e.g. 135.

- Azimuth: Azimuths can also be expressed in a quadrant system from 0-90

measured from north in the northern quadrants and from south in the southern

quadrants. The azimuth reading of 135 equates to S45 E in quadrant readings.

- Turn off Point: is the depth at which we change the azimuth quadrants.

- Turn Rate Angle: refers to the incremidal change in azimuth.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

- Departure: is the horizontal displacement between the measured depth and TVD.

- Dog Leg Severity: is the rate of change in well bore trajectory (the inclination,

and/or azimuth of a borehole) usually expressed in degrees per 100 feet.

- Low Dog Leg Severity: occurs when the changes in inclination and/or azimuth are

small or occur over a long interval of length.

- High Dog Leg Severity: occurs when the inclination and/or azimuth changes

quickly or occur over a short interval of length.

(Dog Leg Severity)

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- The black colored pipe behaves as wellbore and the green one behaves as our

drill string.

- As the inclination increases, it becomes difficult to insert as well as to pull out the

green colored pipe if once inserted. You can experience drag (pilling with

difficulty) while performing this experienced.

- Severe dog leg will cause problems in the borehole such as:

1. Torque and Drag.

2. Key Seating.

(Key seating)

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

- Tool Face: it is the direction of the directional tool measured in a plane

perpendicular to the drill string axis.

- As a rule of Thumb:

- Setting the tool face on the high side (i.e. 90 degrees from current hole direction)

will build the inclination angle and keep the hole direction constant.

- Setting the tool face on the low side (i.e. 180 degrees from current hole direction)

will give the maximum drop rate keep the hole direction constant.

- In between we obtain a combination of build and right or left turn or drop and right

or left turn.

(Tool Face Orientation)

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

-Types of Well Profiles.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Type One: Build and hold trajectory (e.g single target, moderate depths).

- Applications: single target, moderate depths.

- Type Two (S -Shape trajectory):build-up section, tangent section, drop-off

section and a hold section to target.

- Applications: multiple pay zones.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Type Three (J -Shape trajectory): Deep Kick off trajectory continues build-up

to target.

- Applications: Salt dome, Fault drilling.

- Type Four (Undercut trajectory): Deep Kick off trajectory continues build-up to

target.

- Applications: Horizontal wells.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

-Deflection Tools.
1. Whip stocks.

- is a wedge- shaped steel tool deployed down hole to alter the well path, the whip

stock is oriented to deflect the bit from the original borehole, it can be used in

open and cased hole.

- There are two main types of Whip stocks:

1. Retrievable: ideal for drilling multiple lateral wells from a single wellbore.

2. Non retrievable (Casing Whip stock ): ideal for side tracking thru casing

- A typical casing-sidetracking operation involves the following steps:

1. Set the cement plug.

2. Start the window mill.

3. Complete the mill.

4. Clean up.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
2. Down hole motors with bent housing:

- A down hole motor with a bent housing was a common method for deflecting

wells until replaced by steerable tools.

- Well bore direction could be controlled using a bent motor housing, which was

oriented to point the drill bit in the desired direction.

- Down hole motors consists of two main parts (Stator and Rotor).

- Down hole motors use the mud pumped through a rotor and stator assembly to turn

the bit without rotating the drill string from the surface.

- By alternating intervals of rotating mode and sliding mode, the directional driller

can control the well bore trajectory and steer it in the desired direction .

- Drilling modes while using down hole motors:

1. Rotating Mode: The driller rotates the entire drill string to transmit power to the

bit.

2. Sliding Mode: in the sliding mode the drill string remains stationary (rotary table

or top-drive is locked) while the drill bit is rotated by the motor.

- Deflection of the wellbore occurs in sliding mode when there is no surface rotation

for the drill string, where the drill bit is forced to follow the curve of the bent sub.

The degree of curvature depends largely on the bent sub angle.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

((Down hole Motors with Bent Housing))

3. Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS).

- The RSS enables wells to be drilled directionally while the drill string continuously

rotates.

- To steer the RSS the directional driller transmits commands from the surface using

pressure fluctuations in the mud column.

- The process by which the directional driller gives the commands to the RSS tool is

called (Down Link).

- Advantages of Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS).

1) Allow continuous rotation of the drill string while steering.

2) Reduce friction between drill pipe and the well bore by eliminating sliding drilling.

3) Have better penetration rate than the conventional steerable motor.

4) Provide better hole cleaning.


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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
5) Reduce the risk of sticking the drill pipe.

Drilling Bits.
Bit Selection:

- Bit selection begins with examination of bit records from offset wells data.

- The best and worst performance and dull bit grading in formations comparable to

the well being designed should be examined and interpreted and the used to

determine the characteristics of the best performing drill bits.

- Data required for the correct bit selection include the following:

1. Prognosed lithology column with detailed description of each formation.

2. Drilling fluid details.

3. Well profile.

Bit Types:
Roller Cone Bits.

- Roller cone bits are made up of three equal-sized cones and three identical legs

which are attached together with a pin connection.

- Each cone is mounted on bearings which run on a pin that forms an integral part of

the bit leg.

- The three legs are welded together and form the cylindrical section which is

threaded to make a pin connection.

- The pin connection provides a means of attachment to the drill string.

- Each leg is provided with an opening for fluid circulation.

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- The size of this opening can be reduced by adding nozzles of different sizes.

- Nozzles are used to provide high jetting velocities necessary for efficient bit and

hole cleaning.

- There are two types of roller cone bits:

1. Milled tooth bits: the cutting structure is milled from the steel making up the

cone.

2. Insert bits: The cutting structure is a series of inserts pressed into the cones.

Milled Tooth Bit Insert Bit

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits

Simplified Cutting Mechanics:

((Gouging/Compression))

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
Fixed Cutter Bits.

- Fixed cutter bits employ no moving parts.

- Designed to break the rock in shear action and not in compression as is done with

roller cone bits.

- Rock breakage by shear requires significantly less energy than in compression,

hence less weight on bit can be used resulting in less tear and wear on the rig and

drill string.

- There are two types of fixed cutter bits:

1. Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC).

2. Natural Diamond bit.

PDC Bit Natural Diamond Bit

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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
Simplified Cutting Mechanics:

((Shear Fracture))

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