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Directional Drilling.
Directional Drilling.
- The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the path it would naturally take.
- Directional drilling is used when the bottom hole location (BHL) is in different
position from the surface location (SL).
- Routine measurements (Survey) are taken during drilling to determine if a well is
deviating from vertical by more than the allowed amount or not.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
2) Inaccessible Surface Locations (Restricted surface locations: Target under Town,
Mountain).
3. Salt dome drilling (direct the well away from the salt dome to avoid casing collapse
problems)
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
4) Side-tracking existing wells.
2. Hole problem.
5) For re-entering existing wells (Relief Well): A Relief Well is a well that is drilled
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
6) Horizontal Drilling.
- Horizontal-Wells: are wells where the reservoir section is drilled at a high angle,
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Measured Depth (MD): is the distance measured along the well path from one
reference point, measured depth also known as along hole depth and is measured
- True Vertical Depth (TVD): is the vertical distance measured from a reference
point. TVD is usually referenced to the rotary table, but may also be referenced to
- Kick off Point (KOP): is defined as the depth at which we first begin deflection
- Inclination Angle: is the angle the wellbore forms between its axis and the
vertical.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Build Rate Angle: is the incremidal increase in the hole inclination.
- Note: The optimum build up and drop off rates in conventional directional wells
are in the range of 1.5 to 3 degree per 100 ft, although much higher build up rates
measured from north in the northern quadrants and from south in the southern
- Turn off Point: is the depth at which we change the azimuth quadrants.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Departure: is the horizontal displacement between the measured depth and TVD.
- Dog Leg Severity: is the rate of change in well bore trajectory (the inclination,
- Low Dog Leg Severity: occurs when the changes in inclination and/or azimuth are
- High Dog Leg Severity: occurs when the inclination and/or azimuth changes
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- The black colored pipe behaves as wellbore and the green one behaves as our
drill string.
- As the inclination increases, it becomes difficult to insert as well as to pull out the
green colored pipe if once inserted. You can experience drag (pilling with
- Severe dog leg will cause problems in the borehole such as:
2. Key Seating.
(Key seating)
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- As a rule of Thumb:
- Setting the tool face on the high side (i.e. 90 degrees from current hole direction)
will build the inclination angle and keep the hole direction constant.
- Setting the tool face on the low side (i.e. 180 degrees from current hole direction)
will give the maximum drop rate keep the hole direction constant.
- In between we obtain a combination of build and right or left turn or drop and right
or left turn.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- Type One: Build and hold trajectory (e.g single target, moderate depths).
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- Type Three (J -Shape trajectory): Deep Kick off trajectory continues build-up
to target.
- Type Four (Undercut trajectory): Deep Kick off trajectory continues build-up to
target.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
-Deflection Tools.
1. Whip stocks.
- is a wedge- shaped steel tool deployed down hole to alter the well path, the whip
stock is oriented to deflect the bit from the original borehole, it can be used in
1. Retrievable: ideal for drilling multiple lateral wells from a single wellbore.
2. Non retrievable (Casing Whip stock ): ideal for side tracking thru casing
4. Clean up.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
2. Down hole motors with bent housing:
- A down hole motor with a bent housing was a common method for deflecting
- Well bore direction could be controlled using a bent motor housing, which was
- Down hole motors consists of two main parts (Stator and Rotor).
- Down hole motors use the mud pumped through a rotor and stator assembly to turn
the bit without rotating the drill string from the surface.
- By alternating intervals of rotating mode and sliding mode, the directional driller
can control the well bore trajectory and steer it in the desired direction .
1. Rotating Mode: The driller rotates the entire drill string to transmit power to the
bit.
2. Sliding Mode: in the sliding mode the drill string remains stationary (rotary table
- Deflection of the wellbore occurs in sliding mode when there is no surface rotation
for the drill string, where the drill bit is forced to follow the curve of the bent sub.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- The RSS enables wells to be drilled directionally while the drill string continuously
rotates.
- To steer the RSS the directional driller transmits commands from the surface using
- The process by which the directional driller gives the commands to the RSS tool is
2) Reduce friction between drill pipe and the well bore by eliminating sliding drilling.
Drilling Bits.
Bit Selection:
- Bit selection begins with examination of bit records from offset wells data.
- The best and worst performance and dull bit grading in formations comparable to
the well being designed should be examined and interpreted and the used to
- Data required for the correct bit selection include the following:
3. Well profile.
Bit Types:
Roller Cone Bits.
- Roller cone bits are made up of three equal-sized cones and three identical legs
- Each cone is mounted on bearings which run on a pin that forms an integral part of
- The three legs are welded together and form the cylindrical section which is
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
- The size of this opening can be reduced by adding nozzles of different sizes.
- Nozzles are used to provide high jetting velocities necessary for efficient bit and
hole cleaning.
1. Milled tooth bits: the cutting structure is milled from the steel making up the
cone.
2. Insert bits: The cutting structure is a series of inserts pressed into the cones.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
((Gouging/Compression))
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
Fixed Cutter Bits.
- Designed to break the rock in shear action and not in compression as is done with
hence less weight on bit can be used resulting in less tear and wear on the rig and
drill string.
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Directional Drilling Drill Bits
Simplified Cutting Mechanics:
((Shear Fracture))
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