(Rahul Saini 162286) Pests of Field Crops and Their Management

PRACTICAL MANUAL
OF
PESTS OF FIELD CROPS & THEIR MANAGEMENT
(AG. ENTO. 3.3)
THIRD SEMESTER
OF
POLYTECHNIC IN AGRICULTURE
PREPARED BY
DR. M. V. DABHI DR. H.C. PATEL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SMC POLYTECHNIC IN AGRICULURE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERITY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERITY
ANAND-388 110 VASO- 387 380, DIST. KHEDA
NAME:____________________________________________________________
REG. NO.:_____________________________ EXAM NO.____________ ______
COLLEGE :_________________________________________________________
1 Ag. PLACE:____________________________________________________________
Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle 2015
_
EXERCISE- 1 DATE:
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE BY VARIOUS PHYTOPHAGOUS

INSECT-PESTS
It is very important to know and study about the symptoms of damage by
various phytophagous insect pests for proper, effective and economic
management. Insect-pests found to be cause injury to plant either directly or
indirectly to secure food, their development and further generations. Insect-pests
attack on various parts of plant viz., root, stem, bark, leaf, bud, flower and fruit.
Based on the nature and symptoms of damage, insect-pests can be classified into
different groups as mentioned below.
1.1. Stem borer
Larvae enter into the stem/ tillers and feed on inert green matter. As a
result, damaged part is wilted, dried and exhibited symptoms like dead
heart/ white ear. e.g: stem borers of paddy, millets and sugarcane etc.
1.2. Shoot borer
Larvae attack tender shoots and bore inside during the vegetative stage of
the crop growth and cause wilting, drooping of terminal plant part which
later dries up. e.g: shoot borers of cotton, castor, shoot fly of sorghum
1.3. Defoliator
Larvae feed on the leaves completely by scraping the chlorophyll content
of leaves; leaving only midrib/veins or cause numerous holes. e.g: castor
semilooper, red headed hairy caterpillar, bihar hairy caterpillar, tobacco
caterpillar
1.4. Leaf miner
Larvae mine leaves/leaflets between the epidermal layers and feed on green
matter, resulting in the appearance of translucent white patches/ zig-zag
galleries on leaves. e.g: leaf miner of ground nut, chickpea, rice hispa.
1.5. Leaf webber
Larvae web leaves/ leaflets by means of silken threads and feed inside the
webbed leaves and the chlorophyll content. Often faecal pellets/ frass are
found within the web. e.g: leaf Webbers on Ground nut.
1.6. Leaf folder
Larvae fold leaves from tip to base/ longitudinally/ margin to margin edge
which producing appearance of a fold/ roll. e.g: rice leaf folder, cotton leaf
folder.
2 Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle 2015
1.7. Gall maker
Larvae feeding inside the stem/ tiller/ leaf/ flower bud stimulate excessive
growth of cells at the affected portion and distrub normal growth which
results in malformation of plant parts called as gall formation. e.g: paddy
gall midge
1.8. Pod/ capsule borers/ boll worm
During the reproductive stage of crop, larva enter into the pod, capsule, boll
and feed on the seed/lint exhibiting symptoms like webbed condition of
pods/bolls or web few pods/capsules with frass and excreta or holes of
different sizes and shapes. e.g: spotted pod borer, capsule borers of castor
and red gram pod fly, tobacco caterpillar, gram caterpillar, pink boll worm
etc.
1.9. Root feeder
Larvae feed on root/ root nodules or the nymphs and adults suck the cell
sap form the roots resulting in stunted growth/ poor tillering/drying of
plants in isolated patches. e.g: white grubs, termites, rice root weevil and
ragi root aphid.
1.10. Seed feeder (stored grain pests)
Larvae feed on stored seeds either as internal/external feeders/by webbing
the food particles. e.g: rice weevil, red rust flour beetle, rice moth etc.
1.11. Sap feeder
a. From grain: Nymphs and adults suck juice from developing ovaries/
milky grains resulting in the formation of shrivelled/chaffy grains e.g: rice
gundhy bug, sorghum earhead bug, sorghum midge.
b. From tender plant parts: Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from the
base of the plant/leaves/ tender terminal plant parts/ flowers, thereby affect
the vigour and growth of the plants. Different insects exhibit different
symptoms. In case of severe infestation, sooty mould develops on the plant
parts covered with honey dew excreted by insects while feeding. e.g. paddy
brown plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, paddy leafhopper, cotton
aphid.
All these insect pests causing damage to different parts of plant and based
on the symptoms of damage the name was given. This will helpful for
identifying the insect pest damage during field visit.
EXERCISE- 2 DATE:
PESTS OF PADDY
2.1 Paddy stem borer
Scirpophaga (Tryporyza) incertulas (Walker), (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
The female moth has bright yellowish brown forewings which having
single black spot and the anal end having tuft of yellowish hairs. The hind
wings are white. The male is pale yellow and the spots on the forewings
are not conspicuous. Male is smaller than female. Eggs are laid at the tip
of the upper surface of tender leaf in masses, covered with a buff coloured
hair and scales. The caterpillars are pale yellowish white and smooth.
Newly hatched larva moves on the leaf blade for 1-2 hours and later
reaches the leaf sheath and bores into the stem near the nodal region at
ground level. Larva feeding inside the stem results in the formation of
"dead heart" or "white ear" during vegetative and reproductive stages,
respectively and they can be easily pulled out. Pupation takes place into
stem and paddy stubbles.
2.2 Rice leaf folder
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
It is a sporadic pest. Moth is golden or yellowish brown coloured with
light brown wings having two distinct dark wavy lines on forewings and
one line on hind wings. Both wings have dark brown band on their outer
margin. Caterpillar is greenish white, but it turns to greenish yellow, when
fully grown. Larva folds the leaf blade longitudinally or joins the leaf tip
to the basal part of the leaf blade with silken threads and feeds by
scrapping the chlorophyll content. It results initially in whitish
membranous folded leaves and later on gives scorched appearance.
Pupation takes place inside the folded leaf.
2.3 Brown plant hopper
Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera : Delphacidae)
It is most destructive pest in paddy growing areas. Adult is brown to
brownish black with brown eyes while the nymph is pale white with
brownish tinge and greyish blue eyes. Both nymphs and adults suck the
cell sap from basal portion of plant, clustering at the base of rice clump
and deposit eggs in masses by lacerating the parenchyma tissue. They also
inject toxic saliva while feeding which results in “hopper burn”.
Excessive sap drain from the plant results in yellowing of leaves initially
and due to continuous feeding whole plant dries. Drying of plants occur in
isolated patches and gradually in a circular manner, exhibiting hopper
burn symptom. Severe infestation results in development of sooty mould.
They are also vector of grassy stunt virus disease in paddy.
2.4 Rice green leaf hopper
Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal), N.virescens (Distant)
(Hemiptera : Cicadellidae)
These are small, active wedge shaped leafhoppers with prominent black
spots in the males which extend up to the black distal portion of the
forewings. Female is generally entirely green without any black tinge on
pronotum. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the leaves and cause
uniform yellowing of leaves from mid-half. leafhoppers transmit virus
diseases viz., transmit rice dwarf, rice yellow dwarf, rice transitory
yellowing and rice tungro.
2.5 Rice earhead bug/Gundhi bug
Leptocorisa oratorius (Thunberg) (Hemiptera : Coreidae)
Adult is brownish, slender with long legs. Nymphs are greenish in early
instar later on it become brownish. These bugs emit characteristic
unpleasant odour which indicate their presence in the field, hence the
name was given "Gundhi bug". This pest appears on rice just before
flowering stage and continues until panicles ripen. Both the nymph and
adult suck juice from grains during milky stage which causing grains
become shrivelled and chaffy. Brown spot is observed at the feeding site
ultimately formation of sooty mould.
2.6 Rice hispa
Dicladispa armigera (Olivier)(Coleoptera : Hispidae)
Beetle is bluish black and shiny with spines on thorax and elytra. Adults
scrape green matter on upper surface of leaf blade causing. Whitish leaf
tips of young leaves giving dried up appearance White, rectangular streaks
parallel to veins on older leaves, which initially appear glistening,
membranous, papery white, later turning pale reddish, grubs feed on leaf
tissue inside the leaf mine causing.
Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during
the field observation.
(A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests?
i. Paddy stem borer
ii. Rice leaf folder
iii. Brown plant hopper
(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

following insect pests.
i. Rice hispa
ii. Rice earhead bug/gundhy bug
(C) Which diseases are transmitted by the following insect pests?
i. Green Leaf Hopper:
ii. Brown Plant Hopper:
(D) Explain or define the following terms.
i. Dead heart in Paddy
ii. Hopper burn
(E) Give reasons for the following.

i. Higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizers should be avoided in paddy crop.
ii. Tips of paddy seedlings should be removed before transplanting.
iii. Paddy stubbles should be removed immediately after harvesting the crop.
iv. Water should be drained out from the paddy field during hopper infestation.
(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.
Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of Effective

No. Pest Site Pattern stage/s pupation chemical
control
i Paddy stem
borer
ii Rice leaf
folder
iii Brown
plant
hopper
iv. Rice hispa
(F) State Integrated Management Strategy for the Major Insect Pests of
Paddy.
EXERCISE- 3 DATE:
PESTS OF SORGHUM, MAIZE, PEARL MILLET AND WHEAT
3.1 Sorghum
3.1.1 Sorghum shoot fly /Stem fly
Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera : Muscidae)
Adult is dark grey in colour and looks like a small housefly. Abdominal
segments of male and female bear 6 and 4 dark spots respectively,
arranged in two rows. Maggot is pale yellow, apodous and tapering at one
end. Eggs are laid singly on under surface of leave of during its life span
of about one month of seedlings (six leaf stage). The tiny maggot creep
out and reach in between sheath, axis and bore into the stem. The growing
point is destroyed. Young seedling dries and exhibits the dead heart
symptoms. Infected plant produces tillers, which may also be attacked by
the pest. Pupation takes place inside the stem or in the soil.
3.1.2 Sorghum stem borer
Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
Adult is yellowish grey moths about 25 mm across the wings when
spread. Caterpillar is dirty greyish white with black head which having
four brownish longitudinal stripes on the back. The female lays eggs on
under surface of leaves of various host plants. Eggs are flat, oval and
yellowish and the pattern of egg lying as overlapping and laid in batches.
Initially, the larvae feed on leaves causing few shot holes. Later on, the
larvae bore their way downwards through the central shoot and cause dead
heart as such young plants can be easily pulled out. The Chaffy ear-heads
produced in later stages. Pupation takes place inside the stem.
3.1.3 Sorghum midge
Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)
Adult fly is a tiny, fragile and mosquito like insect which having a bright
orange abdomen and a pair of transparent wings. Eggs are laid singly
within spikelet's of sorghum when the pollen is being shed. The maggots
feed on the ovaries and destroy the developing grains causing production
of chaffy florets/ grains.
3.1.4 Sorghum aphid / corn aphid
Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
Adult is black/ green with dark green legs, winged or wingless. Nymphs
are yellowish. Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves and tender
ear-heads leading to mottled appearance with yellow patches, failure of
grains to develop in ear-head and formation of sooty mould due to
honeydew excretion on the plants.
3. 2 Maize
3.2.1 Stem borer
Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)
(As per sorghum stem borer)
3.2.2 Pink stem borer
Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
(As per wheat stem borer)
3.2.3 Corn worm/Earworm
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Moth is yellowish brown with dark specks and dark area near the outer
margin of each wing. Fore wings are marked with greyish wavy lines and
black spots of varying size on the upper side and a black kidney shaped
mark on the underside. The hind wings are whitish and lighter in colour
with a broad blackish band along the outer margin. Larva is green with
dark broken grey lines and dark pale bands; shows colour variation from
greenish to brown. Larva feeds on silk and developing grains.
3.3 Pearl millet
3.3.1 Shoot fly
Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera : Muscidae)
(As per sorghum shoot fly)
3.3.2 Stem borer
Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)
(As per sorghum stem borer)
3.3.3 Pink stemborer
Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
(As per wheat stem borer)
3.3.4 Blister beetle
Cylindrothorax ruficollis (Oliver) (Coleoptera : Meloidae)
The beetles are bluish black with reddish brown stripes across their elytra.
Other species are smaller with light brown or metallic greenish blue
colour. The adult insect secretes an acidic substances cantharid from its
body when disturbed which causing a blister on human body. Eggs are
laid in soil. The larvae feed on eggs of grass hopper laid in soil. The grain
setting is reduced due to feeding on pollen and flowers by the beetles.
Pupation takes place in soil.
3.3.5 Myllocerus weevil
Myllocerus maculosus Desor (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)
Adult weevils are ash coloured or white. They feed on leaves by making
irregular notch on the margin of the leaf. Larva remain in soil and feeds
on the fine roots of the plant.
3.4 Wheat
3.4.1 Wheat Aphid
Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
The nymph and adult are pale green to dark green, louse like soft bodied
insect and appear on young leaves or ears in large number during the cold
and cloudy weather. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from tender
plant, parts particularly from their ear heads.
3.4.2 Pink borer
Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
The moth is straw coloured and stout with three black dots on forewings.
The caterpillar is pinkish brown and has a smooth cylindrical body with
25 mm body size. Creamy white eggs are laid in clusters under the leaf
sheath. Dead heart is caused due to the feeding on central shoot by the
larva. The caterpillar pupates inside the stem.
3.4.3 Termites
Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera : Termitidae)
The termites are social insects and their colony organization is based on a
caste system i.e. worker, soldiers, queen, king etc. They live underground
but make small earthen mounds and earthen passages that are visible
above the ground. Termites are apterous, white-yellow, flat, soft bodied
social insects with chewing biting mouth parts. The termites live on
cellulose material which they obtained from dead and living vegetative
matter. They can digest wood and cellulose due to presence of certain
protozoa in their digestive tracts. To obtain their food, they damage the
wheat crop and often confused with the symptoms caused by the root rot
of wheat. As a result of damage, there will be wilting and drying at all
stages of wheat crop.
i. Pink stem borer
10 Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle
2015
ii. Maize stem borer
iii. Aphid
iv. Blister beetle

i. Shoot fly
ii. Corn worm/Ear head worm
(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests.
i. Shoot fly
ii. Maize stem borer
ii. Wheat termite
(D) Give reasons for the following.

i. Higher seed rate of sorghum is recommended for sorghum crop.
ii. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon should not be recommended in sorghum

crop.
2015
iii. Sorghum stubble should be removed immediately after harvesting crop.

control
i Maize stem
borer
ii Shoot fly
iii Pink borer
iv. Corn worm
sorghum, maize and wheat.
2015
EXERCISE- 4 DATE:
PESTS OF PIGEONPEA, CHICKPEA AND GREENGRAM
4.1 Pigeonpea
4.1.1 Gram pod borer
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidotera : Noctuidae)
Adult moth is yellowish brown to greenish in colour, dark speck and dark
area near the outer margin of each forewing and marked with greyish
wavy lines and dull black border on the hind wing with white colour.
Eggs are laid singly on the tender plant parts. The caterpillar is being
greenish with dark broken grey lines along the body sides. It shows colour
variation from greenish to brown. Caterpillar first feeds on foliage; later
bores into pods and feeds on seeds. Larva is seen feeding with the head
alone thrust inside the parts and the rest of the body hanging out.
Boreholes on pods, absence of seeds on pods and defoliation in early
stages are the symptoms of attack. The larval pupates in soil.
4.1.2 Plume moth
Exelastis atomosa (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera : Pterophoridae)
Adult plume moths have fringed wings that are held perpendicular to the
body at rest. Eggs are laid singly on buds and pods. The full-grown larva
is greenish brown and having short hairs on their body. The larva first
scrape the surface of the pods and later on bores into unopened buds,
flowers, tender pod and seeds. Pupation occurs in the damaged foliage.
4.1.3. Pod fly
Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera : Agromyzidae)
The small, black fly is about 5 mm in length. Eggs are laid in the wall of
an immature pod. The maggots feed under the epidermis of the seed and
enter inside the seed. Pod fly infested pods do not show external evidence
of damage until the fully grown larvae make hole in the pod walls. This
hole provides an emergence "window" through which the adults exit from
the pod. Pod fly damaged seeds will not germinate and are unfit for
human consumption. The white maggots feed on the developing seed and
reach a length of 3 mm before pupation. The brown puparium is formed
between the remnant of the seed and the pod wall.
2015
4.1.4 Mite
Aceria cajani (Acarina : Eriophyidae)
The eriophyid mite is about 0.2 mm long and difficult to see without
magnification (10 x or more). They are light-colored, long and spindle-
shaped, and deposit their eggs on young foliage. Eriophyid mites are
generally found on the lower leaf surface. The eriophyid mite is the vector
of the pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease, the most serious viral disease of
this crop. Plants infected with sterility mosaic disease develop light green,
chlorotic foliage. Leaves have a mosaic pattern, and early infection results
in reproductively sterile plants (no flowers and pods).
4.2 Chickpea
4.2.1 Cutworm
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
The adult moth measures about 25 mm from head to tip of abdomen and
having dark or blackish with greyish patches on the back and dark streaks
on the fore wings. The caterpillar is slightly yellowish ranging from 1.5 -
45 mm long with a shiny, black head and a black shield on the prothorax
and later on become dark brown with a plump and greasy body. Eggs lay
in clusters of about 30 on the under surface of the leaves or in the soil by
the females. The young larvae feed on the epidermis of the leaves, while
mature one live in the heap of grasses, cracks and holes of the soil at day
time and come out at night time which fell the plants cutting their stems,
either below the surface or above the ground. The cut branches are also
dragged into the holes where the leaves are eaten at leisure. The pupation
takes place in the soil by covering with earthen chamber.
4.2.2 Gram pod borer
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidotera : Noctuidae)
As per the pigeon pea
4.3 Black gram and Green gram
4.3.1 Bean aphid
Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
Aphid is greenish black to dark black coloured, oval to oblong in shape
and having cornicles at the end of abdomen. Both nymph and adult cause
the damage by sucking the cell sap from tender plant parts. Infested twigs,
flowers and pods become deshaped, withered and malformed. Severe
infestation may result in complete drying of affected pods. It is also act as
vector of cow pea mosaic virus.
4.3.2 Whitefly
2015
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae)
Adult is a minute insect with yellow coloured body with white waxy
wings. After hatching, the crawler remain under the leaf surface for one to
two hours and then stick to surface up to the adult stage. Nymph is
greenish yellow, oval in outline along with puparia on the under surface of
leaves. The damage is caused by both nymphs and adults, which are found
in large numbers. They suck cell sap from plant parts and lower its
vitality. Severe infestation results in premature defoliation, development
of sooty mould or honey dew and shedding of flowers and pods. It is also
a vector of yellow mosaic disease.
i. Whitefly
ii. Gram pod borer
iii. Bean aphid

i. Chickpea pod borer
ii. Pod fly
i. Pod fly
ii. Chickpea pod borer
2015
iii. Cut worm
(D) Give vectors for the following diseases and give effective chemical
control measures for these pests.
i. Yellow mosaic disease of green gram:
ii. Sterility mosaic of pigeon pea:
iii. Cow pea mosaic:

control
i Chick pea
pod borer
ii Cut worm
iii Pod fly
iv. Mite
pulses.
2015
EXERCISE- 5 DATE:
PESTS OF GROUNDNUT AND MUSTARD
5.1 Groundnut
5.1.1 Whitegrub
Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch , H. Serrata F.
(Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)
Adults emerge out of soil during first satisfactory rain showers at dusk,
adults mate and feed on the leaves of the trees viz., neem, drumstick,
subabul etc. Early in the morning get back and burrow into the soil and
lay the eggs in the loose soil at a depth of 12 -15 cm. Upon hatching grubs
feed on dead organic matter, later on to root nodules, fine root lets and
also girdle the main root ultimately killing the plants. In case of severe
infestation the patches of dead plants are seen in the one same row and
side by rows of infested fields. The cut end of the attacked stem of a dead
groundnut plant is swollen. Adult is creamy with soft white elytra with the
lapse of time, the colour changes to brown. Full grown grub is curved "C"
shaped and dirty creamy white with a brown head with strong mandibles.
They are curled up in position. Pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon
in soil and beetle in the same cocoon hibernate up to the next season.
5.1.2 Leaf miner
Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae)
Young larvae initially mine into the leaflets, feed on the mesophyll and
form small brown blotches on the leaf. The leaflets get distorted, dried up
due to feeding in due course of time. Severely attacked field looks "burnt"
from a distance. The adult moth is brownish grey 6 mm long with 10 mm
wing expansion and forewings are with white spot on the costal margin.
Full grown caterpillar is greenish with a small dark head. Pupation is takes
place inside the blotch mine.
5.1.3 Red hairy caterpillar
Amsacta albistriga (Wlk.), Amsacta moorei(Butr.)
(Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)
2015
Initially the larvae feed gregariously and later on solitary. The caterpillars
cause defoliation of the crop, all the leaves eaten away leaving the main
stem alone. The adult moth is having white wings, forewing
with brownish streak all over and yellowish streak along the anterior
margin while, the hind wing with black marking. Hairy caterpillar is
reddish brown with black band on either end having long reddish brown
hairs all over the body.
5.1.4 Aphid
Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
Aphid is greenish black to dark black coloured, oval to oblong in shape
and having pair of cornicles at the end of abdomen. Both nymph and adult
cause the damage by sucking the cell sap from tender plant parts and
flowers. Infested twigs and flowers become deshaped, withered and
malformed. Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected
shoots and flowers. It is also transmit the groundnut rosette virus and stunt
virus disease.
5.2 Mustard
5.2.1 Aphid
Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
Wingless, female, aphids (called apterae) are yellowish green, gray green
or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged,
female, adult aphids (called alate) have a dusky green abdomen with dark
lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Nymph
and adult aphids feed by sucking the cell sap from the tender plant parts.
The mustard aphid also found in large numbers on the undersides of
leaves, on twigs, in the inflorescences (flowers) and on pods also. In
severe infestations, both sides of inflorescences and twigs are infested.
Large colonies can cause damage to the plant parts which become
deformed, curled, shrivelled and dried.
5.2.2 Painted bug
Bagrada hilaris (Burm.) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae)
The nymph is black with a number of brown markings while, the adult
bug is black with red and yellowish markings on the body. Eggs are laid
singly on pods or leaves. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from
the leaves and developing pods, which gradually wilt and dry up. The
nymphs and adult bugs also excrete a sort of resinous material which
spoils the pods. Ultimately yield and oil content is reduced.
5.2.3 Sawfly
2015
Athalia lugens proxima Klug (Tenthridinidae: Hymenoptera)
The adult wasp is small orange yellow with black markings on the body,
smoky wings with black veins. The larva is greenish black with wrinkled
body and has eight pairs of pro-legs. Eggs are laid singly on leaf margins.
The larva feeds on the leaves nibbling leaves initially, biting holes later
causing skeletonization of leaves. On touch the larva falls to ground and
feigns death. Pupation is in an earthen cocoon in the soil.
i. Whitegrub
ii. Painted bug
iii. Mustard aphid

i. Red hairy caterpillar
ii. Mustard sawfly
i. Whitegrub
ii. Mustard aphid
iii. Groundnut Leaf miner
2015
(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.
control
i Whitegrub
ii Leaf miner
iii Painted
bug
iv. Sawfly
(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops.
(i) Major insect pests of Groundnut:

(ii) Major insect pests of Mustard:
2015
EXERCISE- 6 DATE:
PESTS OF CASTOR,SOYABEAN AND SESAMUM
6.1 Castor
6.1.1 Castor semilooper
Achaea janata Linn. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Adult is a pale reddish brown moth, stoutly with wing expansion of 6-7
cm. wings are decorated with broad zig-zag markings, a large pale area
and dark brown patches. Female moth lays bluish green rounded and
ridged eggs singly on lower surface of leaf. The larva is dark and marked
with prominent blue-black, yellow and reddish stripes and a pair of
reddish processes. Also a dorsal hump near the head end of the body with
a white mark on the head. The first pair of prolegs is reduced so called as
a semilooper. The caterpillars feed voraciously on castor leaves, starting
from the edges inwards and leaving behind only the midribs and stalks.
Maximum damage observed during August-September with excessive
loss of foliage. Seed yield is also decreased. Pupation takes place in the
soil or among fallen leaves.
6.1.2 Castor capsule borer
Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn.(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
The moths are orange yellow with black markings on the both pairs of the
wings. The full grown caterpillar is 25-30 mm long, reddish brown with
black blotches all over the body and pale stripes on the lateral side. The
attack done by the caterpillar recognized from a distance by the webbed
capsule heads. The caterpillar bore in to the shoots, capsules, seeds and
feed on inert material. The quality and yield is reduced considerably due
to damage in the capsule and seed. Pupation occurs inside the damaged
stem, capsule or seed with covering of a thin silken cocoon.
6.1.3 Leaf eating caterpillar
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera : Noctudiae)
2015
The adult moth is stout and yellowish forewing having longitudinal,
transverse and oblique lines. The hind wings are totally white in colour.
The caterpillar has three pale yellowish longitudinal lines running along
the body with two black dots on each of the first and eight abdominal
segments. The eggs laid in masses under surface of leaves. The early
instar larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaf leading to
skeletonization of it. Later on the larva feed solitary, defoliate the plants
in severe infestation. The pupation takes place in the soil.
6.1.4 Whitefly
Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae)
The adult body is pale yellow, white wings covered with waxy powder. It
lays eggs in clusters on the under surface of leaves. Initially crawler move
on the leaf for 1-1.5 hrs and stick to the surface up to the adult
development. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing
and drying of leaves.
6.2 Soyabean
6.2.1 Aphid
Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
These aphids are small, yellow-bodied insects with distinct black
cornicles, and may be either winged or wingless. They are typically slow-
moving, often found on the underside of the newest growth on a soybean
plant. The soybean aphid feeds using needle-like sucking mouthparts to
extract plant juices. If aphids are present in large numbers, this feeding
may cause a reduction in plant vigour, growth as well as leaf puckering,
reduced pod/seed counts, and ultimately reduced yield. Aphid also
secretes the honeydew, produced as a waste product during feeding,
promotes the development of sooty mold on leaf surfaces which reducing
photosynthetic activity of plants.
6.2.2 Jassid
Empoasca Kerri (Pruthi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Adults and nymphs are light green in colour and suck the cell sap from
leaves and stem. The infested leaves start yellowing from the margins. It
also inserts the toxic material in the leaves which cause reddening of the
affected parts. In case of severe attack, all the leaves become yellow and
eventually fall off from the plants.
6.2.3 Whitefly
2015
The adult body is pale yellow, white wings covered with waxy powder. It
lays eggs in clusters on the under surface of leaves. Initially crawler move
on the leaf for 1-1.5 hrs and stick to the surface up to the adult
development. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing
and drying of leaves.
6.2.4 Hairy caterpillar
Spilosoma oblique Walker (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)
The adult moth is medium sized with brown wing and red abdomen. The
larva is covered with long yellowish to black hairs on the body. The eggs
laid in cluster on the underside of the leaves. Young larvae feed
gregariously on chlorophyll content mostly on the under surface of the
leaves, due to which the leaves look like brownish-yellow in colour. In
later stages the larvae eat the leaves from the margin. The leaves of the
plant give an appearance of net or web.
6.3 Sesamum
6.3.1 Leaf webber or leaf roller or capsule borer
Antigastra catalaunalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera)
The larva is greenish in colour with black head having short white hairs
on the body. The adult is pale brown medium sized moth with reddish
yellow forewings. The female lay shiny pale-green eggs on the tender
plant parts. The young larvae roll together a few top leaves and feed them.
In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies without producing any
branch or shoot. In later stage of attack, infested shoots stop growing. At
flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on capsule formation, larvae
bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds.
6.3.2 Til hawkmoth or Death's Head Moth
Acherontia styx (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera)
The adult moth is a large reddish brown, robust thick with a wing span of
about 10 cm. the fore wings are decorated with a mixture of dark brown
and grey pattern with dark or black wavy markings and a prominent
yellow spot on each wing. There is a prominent Death's Head mark on the
thorax. The adult is also harmful because it sucks honey from the combs
in apiaries. The full grown caterpillar with 5 cm length and 1 cm width
and often retracts its anterior body segments and looks like sphinx. It
having horn like projection on the hind end of abdomen and also
decorated with mix of soft colours. The female lay globular single egg on
the underside of the leaves. The young larvae roll together a few top
leaves and feed them. In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies
2015
without producing any branch or shoot. In later stage of attack, infested
shoots stop growing. At flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on
capsule formation, larvae bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds.
The pupation takes place in the soil.
i. Castor capsule borer
ii. Leaf eating caterpillar
iii. Til hawk moth

i. Leaf eating caterpillar
ii. Castor semi-looper
i. Castor capsule borer
ii. Leaf-webber in Sesamum
2015
iii. Soybean jassid

control
i Leaf eating
caterpillar
ii Castor
semilooper
iii Castor
capsule
borer
iv. Sesamum
pod borer
v. Soybean
whitefly
vi. Til hawk

moth
(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops.
(i) Major insect pests of Castor:

(ii) Major insect pests of Sesamum:
2015
EXERCISE- 7 DATE:
PESTS OF COTTON
7.1 Spotted bollworm

Earias vitella Fabricius , Earias insulan Boisd. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Adult of E. vitella has pale whitish fore wings with a broad greenish band
in the middle, while E. insulana has completely green forewings. The
female moth lays spherical, sculptured bluish eggs singly or in groups on
various tender parts of the plant. The caterpillars of both the species have
a number of black and brown spots on the body and hence the name given
as spotted boll worm. The spotted bollworm appears about 6 weeks after
sowing and initially damages the tender shoot by boring into it which
resulting in “drying of central shoots”, withers and drops down. The
larvae later bore into the flower buds, squares and bolls and feed the inert
material. The larva inserts head inside the boll and feeds by filling the boll
with its excreta. A larva may move out and feed on another bud or boll.
The feeding causes severe shedding of early formed flower buds and
bolls. Pupation takes place generally in fallen material, outside the boll,
on plant surfaces and in cracks and crevices of the soil.
7.2 American bollworm
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish forewings with a dark
cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins. The
spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of
plants. Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially brown and later turn
2015
greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. Young larva
feeds on the leaves for sometimes and then attacks squares and bolls.
Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely hollowed out. While
feeding, the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the body
outside. Bolls are bored at the base of flower buds which are hollowed
out, bracts of damaged flower buds spread out and curl down wards. The
full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell.
7.3 Pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae)
Adult is small deep brown in colour with numerous small black spots on
the wings. Female lays flattish scale like whitish eggs singly on various
parts of young shoots. The freshly hatched larvae are white and turn pink
as they grow older one. The full grown, uniformly pinkish larvae
measures about 8-16 mm with dark brown head and prothoracic shield. It
is found inside flower buds, panicles and bolls of cotton or the host plants.
The larvae do most spectacular damage to practically mature cotton bolls
which they enter mostly at such a tiny stage of just hatched larvae that
their entry holes get healed in which they remain, devouring both seed and
fibre forming tissues. Pupation occurs on the ground, among fallen leaves,
debris, etc. The larva is the dormant stage after the last generation.
7.4 Leaf eating caterpillar
Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
As per the castor crop.
7.5 Leaf hopper
Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae)
The adult is a wedge shaped which having a black spot on each forewing
and two small black spots on the vertex. Both the nymphs and adults
move diagonally, when disturbed. The eggs are usually inserted into the
spongy parenchymatous tissue between the vascular bundles and the
epidermis. Nymph and adult suck the cell sap from the plant tissue.
During this process, they also inject a toxin through its saliva into the
plant tissue which resulting into hopper burn. In susceptible varieties, the
attack results in mottling accompanied by the downward curling of the
entire lamina with brown necrotic patches.
7.6 Cotton aphid
Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
Adult is small, soft, yellowish green or greenish brown in colour. It is
found in colonies of hundreds on the tender shoot and the under surface of
2015
tender leaves. Nymphs are light yellowish green or brownish or greenish
black in colour. They colonise at growing points, lower surface of leaves
and tender shoots. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap by remaining
on the lower surface of the leaves. The photosynthetic activity is hindered
due to development of black sooty mould due to honeydew excretion on
infested parts.
7.6 Mealybug
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae)
Earlier it was a minor pest with isolated incidence. Adult females covered
with a powdery, waxy secretion with six pairs of transverse, dark bands
that are located across the pro- to meta-thoracic segments. A series of
waxy filaments extend from around the margin of the body with the pair
of terminal filaments longest. The ovisac is composed of fluffy, loose-
textured wax strands. But, now a days it is one of the important the pest
has been reported to infest cotton in alarming situation by sucking sap
from all aerial parts of the plant. The pest initially is restricted to a few
plants. If the infestation is not checked in a few isolated spots, it spreads
to all corners of the field. The extraction of phloem feeding sap by the
mealybug results in the leaves and other reproductive parts of the plant
turning yellow and becoming crinkled or malformed, which leads to loss
of plant vigour, foliage and fruit-drop and potential death of the plant, if
not treated.
7.7 Whitefly
As per the soyabean crop. The ETL level for whitefly is 5 - 10 /leaf.
7.8 Thrips
Thrips tabaci Lindermann (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)
It is a polyphagous pest which damages too many host plants. The Nymph
is very minute, slender, yellowish and microscopic. The Adult thrips is
small, slender and yellowish to brown with fringed wings. The adult
female lays their into the tissue of leaves. The damage caused by the
thrips showed the shrivelling of leaves due to scrapping of epidermis, de-
sapping, attacked terminal buds-have ragged edges and silvery shine on
the under surface of leaves. The pupation takes place in the soil. The ETL
level of thrips is 50 nymphs or adults/50 leaves in affected host plant.
7.9 Mite
Thrips tabaci Lindermann (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)
2015
The two spotted spider mite is one of the most polyphagous arthropods
that feeds and damage too many host plants. It is greenish to a straw
yellow in colour, and has “red-eye” spots and dark pigmentation on the
sides of its body. The eggs are spherical and translucent when first laid,
but become opaque with age, and can be found scattered about the
webbing. The larva is round about the same size as the egg, translucent
(except the red eyespots), having three pairs of legs. But once it begins
feeding turns pale green to straw color and the characteristic black spots
begin to form on the dorsum (back). The protonymph is larger and more
oval, and has four pairs of legs, as do all succeeding stages. The two
dorsal spots are more pronounced, and the green color is slightly deeper.
The deutonymph is slightly larger than the preceding stage. Foliar feeding
by the two spotted spider mite results in yellow speckling of the leaves or
reddish-brown spots as the damage intensifies.
i. Spotted bollworm
ii. Cotton leafhopper
iii. Mealybug

i. Pink bollworm
ii. Spotted bollworm
i. Pink bollworm
2015
ii. Mealybug
iii. Difference between the damage symptoms and feeding behaviour by

American bollworm and spotted bollworm

control
i Pink
bollworm
ii Spotted
bollworm
iii Mealybug
iv. Leaf
hopper
v. Mite
(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the major insect pests of
cotton crop.
2015
EXERCISE- 8 DATE:
PESTS OF TOBACCO
8.1 Leaf eating caterpillar

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
As per the castor crop.
8.2 Tobacco aphid
Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
The apterae (wingless) are generally yellowish-green but vary from
whitish or pale yellowish green to mid-green, rose-pink or red. The alate
(winged) has a solid pigmented area occupying the mid-abdominal
dorsum from segments 3 to 6, as well as further bars on adjoining
segments. Aphids suck the cell sap of plant parts, as a result of which
leaves turn pale and dry up. This pest also transmits potato leaf roll viral
disease.
8.3 Whitefly
As per the soyabean crop. The ETL level for whitefly is 5 - 10 /leaf. It
transmits the tobacco leaf curl virus disease and other diseases in
vegetable crops.
8.4 Tobacco stem borer
2015
Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower) (Lepidoptera : Gelechidae)
The moths are small, active, pale brown closely allied to the potato tuber
moth. The caterpillars are small and brownish white in colour with dark
head. Cigar shaped eggs are laid on leaf-stalks and upper surface of
leaves. Tiny caterpillars mine along the leaf stalk into the stem and feed
on the internal tissues. Due to larval feeding seedlings and young plants
have stem galls and sprouted side branches, plants stunted, distorted and
withered.
i. Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar
ii. Whitefly
iii. Aphid

i. Tobacco stem borer
ii. Whitefly
i. Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar
ii. Tobacco stem borer
iii. Difference between the damage symptoms and feeding behaviour by

Whitefly and aphid
2015

control
i Tobacco
stem borer
ii Leaf eating
caterpillar
iii Aphid
iv. Whitefly
v. Tobacco
bud borer
tobacco crop.
2015
EXERCISE- 9 DATE:
PESTS OF SUGARCANE
9.1 Sugarcane top borer

Scripophaga excerptalis Walker (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)
The larva is smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid
dorsal lines. Female adult moth is white coloured and orange to buff
coloured anal tuft of hairs at tip of abdominal. In case of certain males,
each of the forewings has a black spot. The adult female lays their egg
masses near the midrib of the plant. Parallel rows of shot holes are found
in the emerging leaves. There are also red tunnels in the midribs of leaves.
Dead heart symptoms like reddish brown of stem, bunchy top appearance
due to growth of side shoots is observed and infected plant canes cannot
be easily pulled out.
9.2 Sugarcane shoot borer (Early shoot borer)
Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)
Adult moth having straw coloured fore-wings, whitish hind wings with
apical light buff areas and wing-span 25-40mm. The larva is 20mm long,
white and mottled with brown when fully grown. Eggs are laid in 3-5
2015
rows in masses of 4-100 near the leaf sheath or leaves. Young larvae
make small holes especially in the leaf-sheaths which later on killed the
growing points. First the terminal leaves may die and form characteristic
dead heart. Older larvae make tunnel in stems eating out extensive
galleries and excreting frass which resembles moist sawdust. Tunnelled
stems may break, especially in high winds.
9.3 Sugarcane root borer
Emmalocera depressella Swinhoe (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
A full grown caterpillar is creamy white with yellowish brown head and
rather wrinkled body. Damage is caused by the caterpillars which feed on
the underground portions of plants, resulting in drying up of the central
whorl of leaves. This pest is primarily destructive to young plants and the
attack is particularly severe from April to June. Plants attacked after the
formation of canes are not killed, although their weight and sugar content
are reduced.
9.4 Sugarcane leafhopper
Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Hemiptera : Lophopidae)
Adults are straw coloured with two pairs of wings folded like a roof on
the back and the head prominently drawn forward as a beak of bird. Eggs
are laid on the underside of leaves in clusters, covered over with a white
filamentous waxy material secreted by the female. Both adults and
nymphs suck the cell sap usually from the underside of leaves and reduce
the plant vigour. In severe cases, the leaves dry up and the plant is stunted.
Besides sucking the sap, they also excrete honey dew that spreads on the
leaves which a black sooty mold develops adversely affecting
photosynthesis and ultimately the yield is reduced.
9.5 Sugarcane whitefly
Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) (Hemiptera : Aleurodidae)
Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves due to which it
dries up and characteristic yellow streaks appear along the length.
Nymphs are sedentary, while adults are found moving from one plant to
another plant. Severely attacked plants become stunted.
9.6 Sugarcane woolly aphid
Ceratovacuna lanigera Zhnt. (Hemiptera : Pemphigidae)
Adults colonise on either side of mid rib, covered with white puff material
on underside of leaves. Nymphs develop white waxy and mealy
filamentous material from third instar. Nymphs and adults suck cell sap
2015
from under surface of leaves resulting in white and yellow spot on leaves,
drying of leaves, sooty mold on leaves and activity of ants.
i. Sugarcane shoot borer
ii. Sugarcane pyrilla
iii. Sugarcane top borer

i. Sugarcane shoot borer
i. Sugarcane woolly aphid
iii. Difference between the damage symptoms by Sugarcane shoot borer

and Sugarcane root borer
2015

control
i Sugarcane
shoot borer
ii Sugarcane
top borer
iii Sugarcane
pyrilla
iv. Sugarcane
root borer
sugarcane crop.
2015

(Rahul Saini 162286) Pests of Field Crops and Their Management

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PRACTICAL MANUAL

DR. M. V. DABHI DR. H.C. PATEL

REG. NO.:_____________________________ EXAM NO.____________ ______

TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE BY VARIOUS PHYTOPHAGOUS

iii. Brown plant hopper

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Rice earhead bug/gundhy bug

(C) Which diseases are transmitted by the following insect pests?

i. Green Leaf Hopper:

ii. Brown Plant Hopper:

(D) Explain or define the following terms.

i. Dead heart in Paddy

ii. Hopper burn

(E) Give reasons for the following.

ii. Tips of paddy seedlings should be removed before transplanting.

(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.

Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of Effective

PESTS OF SORGHUM, MAIZE, PEARL MILLET AND WHEAT

iv. Blister beetle

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Corn worm/Ear head worm

ii. Maize stem borer

ii. Wheat termite

(D) Give reasons for the following.

ii. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon should not be recommended in sorghum

(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.

iii Pink borer

iv. Corn worm

PESTS OF PIGEONPEA, CHICKPEA AND GREENGRAM

ii. Gram pod borer

iii. Bean aphid

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Pod fly

ii. Chickpea pod borer

ii. Sterility mosaic of pigeon pea:

iii. Cow pea mosaic:

(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.

Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of Effective

iii Pod fly

PESTS OF GROUNDNUT AND MUSTARD

ii. Painted bug

iii. Mustard aphid

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Mustard sawfly

ii. Mustard aphid

iii. Groundnut Leaf miner

(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops.

(i) Major insect pests of Groundnut:

PESTS OF CASTOR,SOYABEAN AND SESAMUM

ii. Leaf eating caterpillar

iii. Til hawk moth

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Castor semi-looper

ii. Leaf-webber in Sesamum

(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement.

vi. Til hawk

(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops.

(i) Major insect pests of Castor:

7.1 Spotted bollworm

ii. Cotton leafhopper

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the

ii. Spotted bollworm

iii. Difference between the damage symptoms and feeding behaviour by

REG. NO.:_______________________ EXAM NO.