5G

Seminar Report

Submitted

In Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Bachelor of Technology

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Prof. PANKAJ JAIN RITWIK BHARDWAJ

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 15BCON106

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

JECRC UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude towards JECRC UNIVERSITY,
Jaipur, for providing me a platform to present my seminar at such an esteemed
institute.

I would like to thank (Prof.) Dr. Naveen Hemrajani, HOD, Computer Science &
Engineering Department, JECRC University, Jaipur, for their constant support.

I am also thankful to all the staff members of the department for their full cooperation
and help.

RITWIK BHARDWAJ

15BCON106
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Table of Content

1. Acknowledgment 2

2. Introduction 4

3. History/Background 7

4. System/Protocol architecture 8
5. Evolution of Mobile Network 13
5.1. 1G 13
5.2. 2G 13
5.3. 2.5G 14
5.4. 3G 15
5.5. 4G 15
5.6. 5G 16
6. Application 17
6.1. 3G/4G 17
6.2. 5G 22
7. Advantages & Disadvantages 25
7.1. 3G 25
7.2. 4G 27
7.3. 5G 28
8. Prospects of 3G/4G/ Next Generation Mobile Technology 29
9. Conclusion 30
10.Reference 31
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3G/4G/ Next Generation Mobile Technology

1. Introduction

In a world of fast changing technology, there is a rising requirement for people to communicate
and get connected with each other and have appropriate and timely access to information
regardless of the location of the each individuals or the information. The increasing demands and
requirements for wireless communication systems ubiquity have led to the need for a better
understanding of fundamental issues in communication theory and electromagnetic and their
implications for the design of highly-capable wireless systems. In continuous development
of mobile environments, the major service providers in the wireless market kept on monitoring the
growths of 4th generation (4G) mobile technology. 2G and 3G are well-established as the
mainstream mobile technology around the world. 3G is stumbling to obtain market share for a
different reasons and 4G is achieving some confidence.

The hot topics of the network technology that are going to be illustrated in this paper are 3G and

4G technologies and beyond (5G). First of all, we have to know what 3G is. 3G means the third
generation of wireless technology including several features, which are “enhanced roaming,
broadband data services with video and multimedia, superior voice quality, up to 2M bit/sec and
data always-on” . In other words, 3G is a standard, common consensus with the features,
developed and innovated by researchers and developers. In 2005, 3G is getting ready to live up to
its performance in computer networking (WCDMA *1, WLAN *2 and Bluetooth *3) and mobile
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devices area (cell phone and GPS *5). The question is that 3G is not fully arrived yet; why people
begin the discussion of 4G and even 5G. Is 4G the evolution or revolution from 3G? “There is no
such thing as 4G; there’s just what’s beyond 3G,” said Ronny Haraldsvik, vice president of
marketing and global communications for Flarion Technologies. Mikko A. Uusitalo, WWRF *6
chairman and head of international cooperation at Nokia Research Center, points out, “4G is
a research item for next-generation wide-area cellular radio, where you have 1G, 2G, 3G and then
4G [and 5G] is the clear follow-up to that”. From these points of view, we can clearly understand
that 4G does not really exist yet. Generally speaking,
4G is an evolution not only to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G, but also
to enhance the quality of services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource.
In 2010, the total mobile subscriber base in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific, is expected
to grow up to 2500 million and penetration will be over 50% . This kind of demand growth will
require the support of higher capacity networks.

SOURCE: PIONEER CONSULTING GROUP, “THE WIMAX REPORT EMERGENCEOF FIXED &
MOBILE SOLUTIONS”,

2006

FIGURE 1 FORECAST COMBINED MOBILE SUBSCRIBER POPULATION

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The trail going to 4G mobile technology embraces lots of significant trends. Major mobile
players have been investing to 2G and the succeeding technology. 4G mobile technologies are
perceived to provide fast and high data rate or bandwidth, and offer packetized data
communications. Since 4G is still in the cloud of the sensible standards creation, ITU and IEEE form
several task forces to work on the possible completion for the 4G mobile standards as well.

Users’ experiences of latest booming Internet forces industry to investigate means to provide
high data rate regardless of mobility. 4G is being discussed as a solution to the inquiry and its vision
and requirements are being standardized in various standardization bodies. There still have large
room for the purpose of service application vision: 3G is being delayed in its commercialization
and about a decade of change is left for 4G. In this term paper, we will discuss about the
implementation of 4G and the benefits that the world will get through the 4G technology.
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2. History/Background:

After going through the era of 1G & 2G from the early 1900s to 2000, 3G first came onto the scene
in the year 2001. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in
Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G
network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first
3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and

KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end
of

2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In

March the first European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison

group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA

and two more on the EV-DO standard. By the end of 2007 there were 295 Million subscribers on

3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds
of these are on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G
telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many
markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market
no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Earlier in the decade there were doubts
about whether 3G might happen, and also whether 3G might become a commercial success.
By the end of 2007 it had become clear that 3G was a reality and was clearly on the path to become
a profitable venture.
On the other hand, 4G has a very short history thus far. It started from the year 2008 and has not been
implemented fully yet. Sprint made history in September 2008 when it became the first major
US carrier to launch a 4G network in Baltimore. This week it expanded its coverage to three more
cities and announced plans to launch 17 additional new markets in 2009.
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3. System/Protocol architecture

The design rationale presented in the previous section leads naturally to an XG architecture,
depicted schematically in Figure 2. It consists of four main abstract layers: overlay, control, core, and
access. This section summarizes the main features of this architecture, along with a few
details.
The XG architecture contains a core IP network that has relatively little intelligence. Thus, most core
network functions, such as routing, are handled by existing and evolving IP technology. Above
the core is what we call a high-level control layer. It is important to specify not only what this layer
does but what it does not do. In particular, it does not provide functions for routing or call path setup,
unlike the control layer of SS7 in the PSTN, but leaves that to the core. Instead, it focuses on functions
that can be made available to applications and overlay network elements, such as access to decision
points for AAA, agents for mobility management, and role and rule assignment for policy
management. The loose coupling between the control and the core means that the former generally
cannot be involved in the fast path of packet forwarding and
manipulation.

Figure 2: Schematic of the XG architecture

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Below the core is a collection of access networks that serve different market niches and needs. The
4G RAN is the evolution of the current RAN toward higher data rates, support for interactivity
and multimedia, and distributed control elements interconnected by an IP network. Since real-time
constraints are critical at this layer, relatively tight coordination and coupling between the core
and the access networks is required. The core also provides support services and connectivity to
specialized networks, such as enterprise networks and multi-hop/ad hoc or peer-to-peer networks
owned and operated by the next-generation network operator or by third parties. These specialized
networks are likely to desire local control, especially over key features such as AAA. Providing some
autonomy in these areas, while maintaining QoS and reliability, is a challenge that needs to be
addressed.
Finally, the XG architecture has an Overlay layer that provides higher-layer functionality and
support services for applications, such as Application Layer Multicast (ALM), location services, and
content distribution. This overlay can be split into two tiers, with functions that are relatively close
to the core (such as ALM) in the lower tier and functions such as location services at a higher tier.
Figure 3 shows the functional aspects of XG architecture in more detail. The four horizontal
abstract layers discussed above are further subdivided and some of the functions in each
specified. The functions are grouped into vertical collections we call “facets” that contain key
capabilities that span all or several layers. These facets are security, QoS/resource control, and other
similar coordination functions, transport, mobility, interworking, and service control. Note that this
diagram shows only one plane of the system. Separate parallel planes deal with OA&M and user
equipment; both have a similar layering and facet arrangement, the details of which are not shown
here. Each plane and each layer is largely independent of the others, resulting in a highly object-
oriented network architecture that is easy to maintain and upgrade.
The lower layer (L1, L2, L2.5) is the access network layer and provides physical and MAC level
connectivity, necessary access control and wide-area mobility, and QoS-aware switching
capability. This layer is topped with IP-based access network that provides IP connectivity along with
necessary access control, integrated QoS management, address assignment, and inter-subnet
handover capability with fast Mobile IP. These two layers are flexible and are mixed in different
combinations depending on the access network technology and particular topology requirements of
particular part of the network.
The core network layer consists of a pure IP Diffserv core that provides raw bandwidth to
connect different parts of the network. It also contains gateways to connect to external networks, such
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as the Internet, and employs necessary protection against denial-of-service attacks from outside
networks.
The network services that help other layers achieve their tasks are called support services. Here, these
are divided into two tiers. Tier 1 support services are mostly related to transport functionality
of the network, while tier 2 support services provide functionality for end macro mobility
management, and a QoS enforcement function that configures different parts of the network to
provide QoS in compliance with the network policy and user profile.

Figure 3: Layers and facets of the all-IP XG architecture

Tier 2 support services provide a rich set of services that facilitate end services. These include
service registries that allow applications to discover services and interact with them to provide
more sophisticated composed services. This layer provides application-layer AAA service for the
end services, an overlay network that facilitates application and content distribution and
other optimizations, a certification service for the applications, and a set of gateways that
provide service level integration with legacy network services such as voice and video in 3G
networks or interworking with PSTN.
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Clearly there are many possible instantiations of the overview and functional architectures
depicted in Figures 2 and 3 Figure 4 shows a view of the architecture with an instantiation in
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terms of physical network and service elements. Observe that IP is used as the fundamental
transport mechanism at all layers, including the RAN and service layers.
It is also assumed that appropriate gateways and firewalls connect the IP-based XG network to
legacy networks, as well as the Internet at large. Also, observe that there may be functional as well
as physical interconnects that jump across layers, for example, from end-user services to the core
network, which can be used to facilitate cross-layer adaptation via cross-layer APIs. Needless
to say, such cross-layer interaction has to be protected by sophisticated security mechanisms,
and is a subject of ongoing research.

Figure 4: An instantiation of the all-IP XG architecture

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4. Evolution of Mobile Network

To date, there have been three distinct generations of mobile cellular networks. The first three
generations of mobile networks are conventionally defined by air interfaces and transport
technologies. However, it is worth noting that each generation clearly provided an increase in
functionality to the mobile user, and could therefore be defined in those terms, rather than
in transport technology terms. From this perspective, the following Figure shows the generations,
their transport technologies, and applications. [9]
In Figure 5, we summarize major functionalities of each generation as follows.

1G (The first generation): Basic mobile telephony service. This process began with the designs
in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on
analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were
placed in service around the world during the 1980s.1G wireless was analog and supported the first
generation of analog cell phones with the speeds up to 2.4kbps.

2G (The second generation): Mobile telephony service for mass users with improved ciphering
and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum. The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the
1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology,
including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit- switched data
communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital
systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global
system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the
U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-
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95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's
mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited only speeds up
to 64kbps.

Figure 5: Generation of Mobile Networks

2.5G: An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an
enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G
RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps.
A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data,
which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal
digital assistant), or laptop.
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3G (The third generation): Enhanced 2.5G services plus global roaming, and emerging
new applications. 3G wireless system was developed in the late 1990s and might be well-done in
the late 2000s. 3G is not only provided the transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps, but also
included many services, such as global roaming, superior voice quality and data always add–on.
Short History of Mobile Telephone Technologies

4G (The fourth generation): International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT

Advanced), better known as 4G, 4th Generation or Beyond 3G, is the next technological strategy
in the field of wireless communications. A 4G system will upgrade existing communication
networks and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure IP based solution where
facilities such as voice, data and streamed multimedia will be provided to users on an "Anytime,
Anywhere" basis and at much higher data rates compared to previous generations. The fourth
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generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high
speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and interface with wire- line
backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be
promised up to 1Gbps.

5G (The fifth generation): The beyond will be 5G with incredible transmission speed with no
limitation for access and zone size. 5G is the fifth generation of cellular mobile communications.
It succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMax), 3G (UMTS) and 2G (GSM) systems. 5G performance targets
high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity, and massive
device connectivity. The first phase of 5G specifications in Release-15 will be completed by March
2019, to accommodate the early commercial deployment. The second phase in Release-16 is due
completed by March 2020, for submission to the ITU as a candidate of IMT-2020 technology.

The ITU IMT-2020 specification demand for speeds up to 20 gigabits per second, achievable with
millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency. 3GPP is going to submit 5G NR (New
Radio) as its 5G communication standard proposal. 5G New Radio can include lower frequencies,
from 600 MHz to 6 GHz. However, the speeds in these lower frequencies are only slightly higher
than new 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster.
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5. Application

•3G/4G Application
a. Voice
Voice is and remains the most important type of application in mobile telecommunications.
However, it will increasingly be combined with other forms of communication to form
multimedia communication. Even the pure voice service can provide new possibilities for
applications. It is already possible to set up multipoint conference calls, but this has not
been widely exploited. And voice mail will be an attractive alternative for text-based mail systems,
such as e-mail or SMS. ETSI has also specified the advanced speech call items (ASCI) features for
GSM.
The most important features of ASCI include the following:

• Voice broadcast service (VBS): the capacity for a single mobile to talk to a group of mobiles;

• Voice group call service (VGCS): the capacity for a group of mobiles to talk to each other;

• Enhanced multilevel priority and preemption (EMLPP): The fact that urgent calls can
preempt less urgent calls.

b. Messaging
Messaging services will be an important application segment. The success of SMS messaging
shows that there is a marketplace for services like these. SMS messages are a convenient way to
send notes to other people. They do not interrupt the other person’s tasks like phone calls do. They
are eventually delivered even if the other person is not available because the phone is
turned off or the subscriber is outside the network’s coverage area. They do not require
any interaction by the receiving person. SMS is efficient in social terms: Some people just cannot
end a phone call without first telling their own life stories and those of all their relatives.
Subscribers like the fixed- charge aspect of SMS and the precision and apparent permanence
of text; it is easier to read a new address than to remember it during a phone call.
The basic text-based SMS will also be available in 3G/4G, but the faster data rates of the new
system make it possible to send much more than plain text in these messages. There is a new
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concept developed based on the notion of an enhanced SMS concept. This is called the
multimedia messaging service (MMS).
This concept translates into a non-real-time messaging service that can deliver several
multimedia components, such as text, (still) images, voice, and video. An MMS message
can contain more than one component; these components are then combined in the user interface
to produce a multimedia presentation. A simple MMS application could be an electronic
picture postcard. Other MMS examples include electronic newspapers, news, traffic information,
maps and driving instructions, music on demand, advertisements, and on-line shopping.
E-mail is probably a very safe bet when predicting 3G/4G applications. E-mail is widely used in
the Internet and increasingly in mobile terminals. The barrier to its wider use has been the
clumsy input facility provided by the standard handset.

c. Internet Access
Internet access is an almost mandatory application for 3G/4G mobile terminals. Over the
last decade the Internet has grown to be a very important communication medium, and it continues
to grow rapidly. Access to a communication medium as important as the Internet must be included
in a 3G/4G application portfolio.
Fortunately, this access will be relatively easy to implement in a 3G/4G terminal. The 3GPP is
specifying an all-IP network, which means that Internet protocols could be used all the
way down to the terminal level. A mobile terminal would be an Internet node, just like any PC,
with its own IP address number
d. Location-Based Applications
Emergency services
• E911 - Enhanced 911

Value-added personal services

• Friend finder, directions

Commercial services
• Coupons or offers from nearby stores

Network internal
• Traffic & coverage measurements
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Lawful intercept extensions

• Law enforcement locates suspect

Location (in 3D), speed and direction

• With timestamp

Accuracy of measurement

Response time
• A QoS measure

Security & Privacy

• Authorized clients, secure info exchange, privacy control by user and/or operator

e. Games
Games will be another major application segment in 3G/4G. Most people do not admit that they
like playing computer games, but despite this, the games are still selling extremely well. So this
would be another important application of next generation mobile system.

f. Electronic Agents
Electronic agents are supposed to play an important role for mobile working in the future – as
agents are dispatched to carry out searches and tasks on the Internet and report back to
their owners. This is an efficient way to get things done on the move. Electronic agents are defined
as “mobile programs that go to places in the network to carry out their owner’s instructions”.
Agents are self-contained programs that roam communication networks, delivering and receiving
messages or looking for information or services. Certainly, 3G terminals will give their owners
much more control over their lives than today’s mobile phones. They will be e-assistance,
e- secretaries, e-advisors, e-administrators etc. This kind of control is what home automation
applications anticipate.
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Figure 5: Different 3G/4G applications and corresponding data rates

Figure 6: User Applications

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g. Dating Applications
These are already very popular in Asia including Bangladesh. Many people prefer to get to know
other people without revealing their own identity first. The technical implementation of a dating
application may vary. It can be a simple bulletin board with dating adverts combined with an
anonymous e-mail server, or it could be a lonely-hearts mobile chat room. Users can also set up
their own profiles (or the profile for the company they seek), and wait until the matchmaker
application finds a suitable victim. Dating ads may also include still images and audio
clips.

h. Adult Entertainment
And the last in this list, but certainly not the least profitable, is the adult entertainment sector. This
is the most profitable entertainment business in general, and it will remain so in 3G. The premiums
will be very high. It will be interesting to see how operators deal with adult entertainment.
It is a lucrative market, and they would certainly want to take their share of the profit somehow.
On the other hand, in some countries there may be regulations preventing operators from
providing this kind of service, or it is simply not socially or politically acceptable for an operator
to do so. In any case, it will be very difficult to censor adult entertainment services because,
in most countries, these will be legal or only modestly regulated. UMTS is a global system; thus,
these services can be accessed anywhere. Monitoring access to the fixed Internet is an almost
impossible task, and here we have an Internet with mobile users, who can be anonymous if they
have prepaid subscriptions.
These kinds of applications need big color displays and relatively high data-transmission
capability for downloading still images and video clips. At the present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is
capable of providing users with streaming high-definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the
content of a DVD-5 (for example a movie), can be downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline
access. Payment for services could be handled instantly with the embedded payment card.
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 5G
1. Entertainment and Multimedia

Analysts found that 55 percentage of mobile Internet traffic has been used for video downloads
globally in 2015. This trend will increase in future and high definition video streaming will be
common in future.

5G will offer a high definition virtual world on your mobile phone. High speed streaming of 4K
videos only takes few seconds and it can support crystal clear audio clarity.

2. Internet of things- Connect everything

Internet of Things (IoT) is another broad area for development using supercharged 5G wireless
network. Internet of Things will connect every objects, appliances, sensors, devices and
applications into Internet.

IoT applications will collects huge amount of data from millions of devices and sensors. It requires
an efficient network for data collection, processing, transmission, control and real-time analytics.
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2.1. Smart Home

Smart home appliances and products are catching up the market today. Smart home concept will
utilize 5G networks for device connectivity and monitoring of applications.

5G wireless network will be utilized by smart appliances which can be configured and accessed
from remote locations, closed circuit cameras will provide high quality real-time video for security
purposes.

2.2. Smart City

Smart city application like traffic management, Instant weather update, local area broadcasting,
energy management, smart power grid, smart lighting of street, water resource management, crowd
management, emergency response etc.… can use reliable 5G wireless network for its functioning.

2.3. Smart Farming

5G technology will be used for agriculture and smart farming in future. Using smart RFID sensors
and GPS technology, farmers can track location of livestock and manage them easily. Smart
sensors can be used for irrigation control, access control and energy management.

2.4. Fleet Management

Many companies are using smart tracking devices for fleet management, 5G technology will
provide much better solutions for location tracking and fleet management.

2.5. Healthcare

5G technology will support medical practitioners to perform advanced medical le procedures with
reliable wireless network connected to another side of the globe. Connected classrooms will help
students to attend seminars and important lecturers.

People with chronic medical conditions will benefit from smart devices and real-time monitoring.
Doctors can connect with patients from anywhere anytime and advice them when necessary.
Scientists are working on smart medical devices which can perform remote surgery.
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Smart medical devices like wearable will continuously monitor patient’s condition and activate
alert during emergency. Hospitals and ambulance services will get alerts during critical situation
and they can make necessary steps to speed up diagnose and treatment.

Patients with special needs can be tracked using special tags and precise location tracking devices.
Healthcare database can be accessed from any locations collected data analysis can be used for
research and improvement of treatments.

2.6. Autonomous Driving

Self-driving cars are not very far from reality with the use of 5G wireless networks. High
performance wireless network connectivity with low latency is significant for autonomous driving.

In future, cars can communicate with smart traffic signs, surrounding objects and other vehicles on
the road. Every millisecond is important for self-driving vehicles, decision has to be made in split
second to avoid collision and make sure passenger safety.

2.7. Drone Operation

Drones are getting popular for multiple operations range from entertainment, video capturing,
medical and emergency access, smart delivery solutions, security and surveillance etc. 5G network
will provide strong support with high speed wireless internet connectivity for drone operation in
wide range of applications.

During emergency situations like natural calamities, humans have limited access to many areas
where drones can reach out and collect useful information.

2.8. Security and Surveillance

5G wireless technology is one the best solution for security and surveillance due to higher
bandwidth and unlicensed spectrum.
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6. Advantages & Disadvantages

• 3G

At first sight mobile communication of the third generation may seem very attractive and
advantageous for everybody: on the one hand users will get high quality services such as
excellent sound quality, fast mobile internet connection, new revolutionary services like video
calls or VoIP calls over the internet, on the other hand the mobile operators will get access to the
newest market of such services with a high level of demand, and thus can count on getting super-
profits within a short period of time. Nevertheless, there are also some negative aspects that need
to be considered for both the subscribers and the providers before choosing to use or to provide
such third generation services.

As we know, the standard UMTS, which is the most popular and promising technology used by
most European providers, is also a completely new technology requiring the installation of new
expensive equipment at every base station which is a pretty difficult thing to do taking
into consideration the number of such stations in every small city in town. That's why if you don't
live in a big city, don't expect new fantastic technologies come to you right away. The job needs
time. In this respect the 3G technology yields to the existing GSM networks that exist in almost
every small city and village. Thus, the change of the equipment and the software is connected with
considerable material costs, that's why only big companies are able to afford that. And,
most probably, the cost of the introduction of new equipment and software will be reflected in
tariffs, that's why users shouldn't expect new services to be cheap, at least in the beginning.

Another problem arising for those who want to introduce the new technology on the market is the
necessity to buy new broadband frequencies which is another financial burden for both the carriers
and their subscribers who will have to pay higher prices. In this respect the CDMA
technology developing mostly in the USA and Asia has a great advantage over UMTS as the new
CDMA2000 uses the same frequencies as the old CDMA450 and the increase of the speed of the
data transfer is achieved by improvement of the technology itself, not by acquisition of.
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There are also cases when 3G is introduced by brand new companies becoming monopolies on the
market. In such cases it is evident that some sort of cooperation is necessary with the existing
carriers who will provide roaming services for the clients of such emerging 3G start-ups – wide
coverage takes a lot of time and money, of course.

All in all the drawbacks arising from the introduction of third generation networks may be
considered insignificant and temporary. We all see that the demand for such type of services is
constantly rising – that means the proposition will rise too. In some countries there is already a
high level of competition between the mobile providers offering 3G services.

For us, the users, such competition is surely a positive thing. The more companies will try to win
our attention, the less the prices will be and the more varied services we'll get. Everyone likes the
idea of getting access to the World Wide Web from anywhere. The question is only how soon the
proposition will meet the demand.
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• 4G

4G is set to be available around 2010, getting it right first time will make it a general winner with
the one billion mobile users around the world. The end user can expect low cost per data bit, as
well as speed and reliability, something which is greatly needed, and will become second nature
in the future.
Technology Companies with 4G networks are knocking on the door and mobile operators
are beginning to answer. 4G networks and Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast
and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the
mobile network.

IP is pushing its way into the mobile wireless market,” said Visant Strategies Senior Analyst
Andy Fuertes, author of “The Road to 4G and NGN: Wireless IP Migration Paths.” By 2010, the
just-published study finds, there will be 113 million NGN and 4G users, with the market starting
to take effect 2006 and 2007.
A handful of wireless technologies are set to join existing 2.5G and 3G standards, , as 4G and NGN
vendors find a foothold in the mobile market. “The current race is ultimately to wrestle control
from the UMTS and CDMA2000 platforms,” Fuertes said. “Siemens carrying Flarion’s Flash-
OFDM as announced last week is a large step forward for IP-based mobile wireless.”
Service Providers are considering new protocols in search of a migration to an all IP network, a
move expected to lower high-speed data costs and enable new services. Some of these solutions
are considered 3.5G or even 4G.
On the other hand 4G visions take into account installed base and past investments. It has faster
data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth, allow more business applications and
commercialization. Has advantage for personalized multimedia communication tools.
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 5G

1. Increased Bandwidth for All Users

Many people have memories of 3G technology as they watched the progress bar load their web
pages. On 5G, this will be a worry of the past. This means that people won’t feel like they are
fighting for data with all of the other users when they enter crowded spaces such as sports arenas
and airports. With more bandwidth available, people will also be able to use this bandwidth to do
more with their devices, making them more versatile than ever before.

2. More Bandwidth Means Faster Speed

People on 3G and 4G networks may remember struggling to download files or watching videos
buffer for minutes on end, this will not be a problem with 5G networks. Because of the increased
bandwidth, people will be able to use more of it without crowding out other users. With more of
the network dedicated to each individual smart device, smart devices will be able to run faster than
ever before.

3. New Technology Options May Become Available on a 5G Network

With the initial development of smart devices, tasks that could only be performed on a desktop
or laptop computer in the past could suddenly be performed on a smart device, such as email
and web browsing. As network speeds have increased, more and more tasks are being
transitioned from the world of computers to the world of smart devices. With the increasing
network speeds, this could open new doors for smart device technology that may not have been
available.

4. Disadvantage: An Increased Bandwidth will mean Less Coverage.

People may have noticed that their coverage may drop more often than on their 3G network. As the
5G network gets rolled out, this trend will continue. More cell towers will be required to produce
this immense bandwidth because the cells are not able to cover as much space as a 3G or 4G cell.
Because more cells will need to be rolled out, 5G users should expect that their coverage may not
be as widespread at first.
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7. Prospects of 3G/4G/ Next Generation Mobile

Technology

• 3G/4G

- Evolutionary approach may yield opportunities for the 3G/4G.

- Emphasis on heterogeneous networks capitalizes on past investments.

- Strategic alliance and coalition opportunities with traditional non-telecommunication

industries.
- Sophisticated and mature commercialization of 3G/4G technology would encourage
more applications of e-commerce and m-commerce.
- Worldwide economy recover stimulates consumption and consumer confidence,
therefore bring in opportunities for telecommunication sections.
- It is expected and predicted that consumers will continue to replace handsets with newer
technology at a fast rate.
- Desirable higher data capacity rates, the growth opportunity for 3G/4G is very bright
and hopeful.

• 5G
5G (Real wireless world) (completed WWWW: World Wide
Wireless Web):

The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, is started from 4G technologies. The
following evolution will based on 4G and completed its idea to form a REAL wireless world. Thus,
5G should make an important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G;
5G should be a more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits.
 P a g e | 30

8. Conclusion

Nowadays, wireless technology is getting popular and important in the network and the Internet
field. In this paper, I briefly introduced the history background of 1G to 5G, compared
the differences of 3G and 4G, and illustrated how 4G may work for more convenient and powerful
in the future. 4G just right started from 2002 and there are many standards and technologies,
which are still in developing process. Therefore, no one can really sure what the future 4G will
look like and what services it will offer to people. However, we can get the general idea about
4G from academic research; 4G is the evolution based on 3G’s limitation and it will fulfill the idea
of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, offering more services and smooth global roaming with
inexpensive cost.
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