Chapter 10 HW

12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Chapter 10 HW
Due: 11:59pm on Monday, December 10, 2018
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Meiosis (2 of 3): The Mechanism (BioFlix tutorial)
Meiosis is mechanistically similar to mitosis in many ways, although it involves two sequential nuclear and cellular divisions rather than one. The two stages of
meiosis are
Meiosis I, which consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I (followed by cytokinesis)
Meiosis II, which consists of prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II (followed by cytokinesis)
Watch the Meiosis animation to learn about each stage in the process. You can review relevant parts of the animation at any point in the tutorial.
Part A - The stages of meiosis

Can you recognize the eight stages of meiosis based on the location and behavior of the chromosomes?
Drag the diagrams of the stages of meiosis onto the targets so that the four stages of meiosis I and the four stages of meiosis II are in the proper
sequence from left to right. (Note that only one of the two daughter cells is shown for meiosis II.)
Hint 1. What are the key events of the stages of meiosis?

Drag the words on the left to the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences on the right
ANSWER:
https://session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=7184340 1/24
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
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1. During metaphase I , pairs of homologous chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
2. During telophase II , the separated chromatids elongate and (usually) cytokinesis occurs, forming
four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells.
3. During anaphase I , homologous chromosomes separate by moving with the spindle microtubules
toward the poles.
4. During prophase II , a spindle apparatus forms and individual chromosomes (each composed of
sister chromatids) begin to move toward the center of the cell.
5. During prophase I , chiasmata form and crossing-over occurs.
6. During anaphase II , sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles.
7. During telophase I , the separated chromosomes cluster at the poles and cytokinesis occurs,
forming two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of replicated chromosomes.
8. During metaphase II , individual chromosomes (each composed of sister chromatids) align in the
center of the cell.
Hint 2. What distinguishes meiosis I from meiosis II?

In meiosis, there are two sequential divisions of the parent cell, producing four daughter cells.
In terms of the behavior of the chromosomes, how does meiosis I compare to meiosis II?
Hint 1. Sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids are the two copies of a duplicated chromosome that form during the replication of DNA. While joined, the two
sister chromatids make up one chromosome, though they eventually separate and form two separate chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess
genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the paternal parent and the
other from the maternal parent. Early in meiosis, homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) pair loosely
along their lengths.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Homologous chromosomes separate in both meiosis I and meiosis II.
Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I; sister chromatids separate in meiosis II.
Sister chromatids separate in both meiosis I and meiosis II.
Sister chromatids separate in meiosis I; homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Meiosis involves two sequential cellular divisions. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and then separate. Thus, although the parent cell is
diploid (containing two chromosome sets, one maternal and one paternal), each of the two daughter cells is haploid (containing only a single
chromosome set). In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate. The four daughter cells that result are haploid.
Part B - Crossing over

Crossing over plays a critical role in increasing the genetic variation among offspring of sexual reproduction. It is important to understand how crossing over
occurs and its consequences in meiosis. Look carefully at the diagrams depicting different stages in meiosis in a cell where 2n = 6. Assume that the red
chromosomes are of maternal origin and the blue chromosomes are of paternal origin.
Drag the labels to fill in the targets beneath each diagram of a cell. Note that the diagrams are in no particular order.
Drag the blue labels to the blue targets to identify the stage of meiosis depicted in each diagram.
Drag the pink labels to the pink targets to identify whether the configuration of the chromosomes related to crossing over is possible
or not.
Hint 1. What are the key events of the stages of meiosis?
Drag the words on the left to the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences on the right.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
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1. During metaphase I , pairs of homologous chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
2. During telophase II , the separated chromatids elongate and (usually) cytokinesis occurs, forming
four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
3. During anaphase I , homologous chromosomes separate by moving with the spindle microtubules
toward the poles.
4. During prophase II , a spindle apparatus forms and individual chromosomes (each composed of
sister chromatids) begin to move toward the center of the cell.
5. During prophase I , chiasmata form and crossing-over occurs.
6. During anaphase II , sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles.
7. During telophase I , the separated chromosomes cluster at the poles and cytokinesis occurs,
forming two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of replicated chromosomes.
8. During metaphase II , individual chromosomes (each composed of sister chromatids) align in the
center of the cell.
Hint 2. Review the animation showing crossing over

The association of homologous chromosomes and the effects of crossing over are usually shown in two-dimensional diagrams. This short animation
shows the process in three dimensions.
Hint 3. What are the requirements and consequences of crossing over?
Crossing over is unique to meiosis. Its occurrence depends on specific events early in prophase I and it has important consequences for the rest of
meiosis and beyond.
Consider these statements about crossing over:
1. For crossing over to occur, homologous chromosomes must align precisely early in prophase I so that nonsister chromatids can exchange
corresponding segments of DNA.
2. Crossing over occurs at the ends of chromosomes, rather than near the centromeres, because segments of DNA near the centromeres
cannot break and rejoin easily.
3. As a result of crossing over, sister chromatids are no longer identical to each other.
4. Crossing over prevents homologous chromosomes from separating during meiosis I.
Which of the above statements are correct?
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
ANSWER:
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3
1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER:
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anaphase I
telophase I
prophase II
anaphase II metaphase II prophase I metaphase I
telophase II
yes yes no no yes
no
Correct
Crossing over occurs during prophase I when homologous chromosomes loosely pair up along their lengths. Crossing over occurs only between
nonsister chromatids within a homologous pair of chromosomes, not between the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome. Only segments near
the ends of the chromatids, not segments nearest the centromeres, can exchange DNA.
Part C - Changes in ploidy and DNA content during meiosis

The parent cell that enters meiosis is diploid, whereas the four daughter cells that result are haploid.
Which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?
Hint 1. Changes in cellular DNA content
Meiosis, like mitosis, is always preceded by the replication of a cell’s chromosomes, which doubles the DNA content of the cell (an exact
copy of each chromosome is made). Note that DNA replication does not alter a cell’s ploidy level because the number of chromosome
sets in the cell remains unchanged.
During meiosis, the DNA content of a cell is reduced in half twice—once during anaphase I and once during anaphase II. At each of these
stages, the DNA is divided evenly between two daughter cells.
Hint 2. Which processes change cellular ploidy level?

Ploidy refers to whether a cell is haploid or diploid. Diploid cells (2n) have two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from the maternal parent and the
other from the paternal parent. Haploid cells (n) have a single set of chromosomes, none of which has a homologous match.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Sort these processes into the appropriate bin depending on whether the process increases a cell’s ploidy level from n to 2n, decreases the
cell’s ploidy level from 2n to n, or does not change the cell’s ploidy level.
ANSWER:
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increases ploidy decreases ploidy does not change ploidy
fertilization meiosis I DNA replication mitosis meiosis II
ANSWER:
DNA content is halved only in meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
DNA content is halved only in meiosis I. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid only in meiosis II.
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid only in meiosis II.
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
DNA content is halved only in meiosis I. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
Correct
During anaphase of both meiosis I and meiosis II, the DNA content (number of copies of chromosomes) in a cell is halved. However, the ploidy level
changes only when the number of unique chromosome sets in the cell changes. This occurs only in meiosis I (where separation of homologous
chromosomes decreases the ploidy level from 2n to n and produces daughter cells with a single chromosome set).
Meiosis (1 of 3): Genes, Chromosomes, and Sexual Reproduction (BioFlix tutorial)
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Meiosis ensures the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. At the same time, it is a key process that introduces genetic variation into the traits that
offspring inherit from their parents. In this tutorial, you will explore the genetic context of meiosis.
Before beginning the tutorial, watch the Meiosis animation. You can review relevant parts of the animation at any point in the tutorial.
Part A - Meiosis terminology

Drag the labels from the left to their correct locations in the concept map on the right.
Hint 1. The structure of DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix. Most of the time, nuclear DNA exists in various states of packing. DNA is associated with proteins called
histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin, and chromosomes are made up of chromatin.
When the cell is not dividing and during DNA replication, each chromosome is in the form of a long, thin chromatin fiber. As chromosomes condense
during cell division, each chromatin fiber becomes densely packed and folded, making the chromosomes much shorter and so thick that you can see
them with a light microscope.
Hint 2. Can you rank the size of three DNA-containing structures?
Rank these DNA-containing structures from largest to smallest.
Hint 1. Genes and genomes

Genes are the fundamental units of inheritance. A gene is a segment of DNA with a well-defined sequence, whose information determines some
characteristic or trait of an organism.
The term genome typically refers to all of the genetic material within some unit such as an organelle (e.g., the nuclear genome), a cell (e.g., a
bacterial genome), or an organism (e.g., the human genome).
ANSWER:
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Largest Smallest
genome chromosome gene
Hint 3. What are gametes?
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Select the statement that accurately describes gametes.
ANSWER:
Gametes, such as eggs and sperm, are diploid reproductive cells that are involved in both sexual and asexual life cycles.
Gametes, such as eggs and sperm, are haploid reproductive cells that fuse during fertilization in sexual life cycles.
Gametes, such as eggs or sperm, are diploid reproductive cells that are produced in asexual life cycles.
ANSWER:
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chromatin
genes chromosomes genome
traits locus gametes
Correct
Knowing the terms and relationships shown in this concept map will help you understand the role that meiosis plays in heredity, sexual reproduction,
and genetic variability.
Part B - Interactions among chromosomes

This diagram shows a diploid nucleus (2n=8) in which chromosome replication has occurred in preparation for mitosis (top) and meiosis (bottom). The nucleus
at top right is now in prophase of mitosis; the nucleus at bottom right is now in prophase I of meiosis.
Drag the labels to their appropriate targets to correctly identify the various chromosome structures. Labels can be used more than once.
Hint 1. Can you match the terms to their definitions?
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
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1. Chromosome pairs of the same length and centromere location are called
homologous chromosomes .
2. Replicated forms of a chromosome are called sister chromatids .
3. Crossing over occurs between the nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes early in
meiosis I.
4. Chromosomes that differ in length and centromere location are called
non-homologous chromosomes .
Hint 2. What chromosome structure is produced by DNA replication?

DNA replication occurs before the beginning of mitosis or meiosis. During DNA replication, an exact copy of each chromosome is made.
What is the term for the original chromosome and its exact copy?
ANSWER:
centromeres
sister chromatids
nonsister chromatids
homologous chromosomes
Hint 3. How does the alignment of chromosomes after DNA replication differ between mitosis and meiosis?
Before either mitosis or meiosis can begin, the chromosomes must replicate. However, the replicated chromosomes behave differently in cells entering
mitosis and cells entering meiosis.
Which statement correctly describes a key difference between cells entering prophase of mitosis versus prophase I of meiosis?
ANSWER:
For cells entering mitosis, homologous chromosomes function independently; for cells entering meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up.
DNA replication before mitosis produces sister chromatids, whereas DNA replication before meiosis produces homologous chromosomes.
Cells entering meiosis contain twice as much DNA as cells entering mitosis, which is essential because meiosis involves two cell divisions.
Hint 4. The centromere
The centromere is a region of the chromosome where sister chromatids attach to each other. The location of the centromere along the length of the
chromosome is identical for homologous chromosomes but differs for non-homologous chromosomes.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
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non-homologous sister chromatids

nonsister chromatids chromosomes
homologous
chromosomes
homologous
centromere chromosomes
sister chromatids
centromere homologous
chromosomes
non-homologous
chromosomes
sister chromatids
nonsister chromatids
Correct
To understand the process of meiosis, it is essential that you can differentiate between sister chromatids, nonsister chromatids, homologous
chromosomes, and non-homologous chromosomes.
Part C - Animal life cycles

In the life cycle of an organism, meiosis is paired with the process of fertilization. Understanding the life cycle of an organism is the key to understanding how
sexual reproduction ensures the inheritance of traits from both parents and also introduces genetic variation.
Complete the diagram to show the life cycle of a typical animal.
Follow these steps:
1. First, drag blue labels onto blue targets only to identify each stage of the life cycle.
2. Next, drag pink labels onto pink targets only to identify the process by which each stage occurs.
3. Then, drag white labels onto white targets only to identify the ploidy level at each stage.
Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Hint 1. Ploidy level defined
A cell produced by fertilization (called a zygote) contains two sets of chromosomes, one from the maternal parent and one from the paternal parent.
Such a cell is described as diploid. The two gametes (egg and sperm) that fuse in the process of fertilization each contain only a single set of
chromosomes and are described as haploid. If n represents the number of chromosomes in a single set, haploid cells have n chromosomes whereas
diploid cells have 2n chromosomes.
Hint 2. How does mitosis affect ploidy level?

If a parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells produced by mitosis are _____.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
diploid
haploid
Hint 3. How do meiosis and fertilization affect ploidy levels?
As a result of meiosis and fertilization, chromosomes from the maternal and paternal parents are mixed in the next generation.
What effect do meiosis and fertilization have on the ploidy level of cells produced by each process?
ANSWER:
Meiosis decreases the ploidy level from 2n to n; fertilization does not change the ploidy level.
Neither meiosis nor fertilization changes the ploidy level.
Meiosis decreases the ploidy level from 2n to n; fertilization increases the ploidy level from n to 2n.
Meiosis increases the ploidy level from n to 2n; fertilization decreases the ploidy level from 2n to n.
Meiosis does not change the ploidy level; fertilization increases the ploidy level from n to 2n.
ANSWER:
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2n 2n
meiosis
meiosis meiosis
n
n egg sperm n
egg
fertilization
2n
2n zygote
zygote
mitosis
sperm
mitosis 2n
fertilization meiosis
n egg
Correct
Meiosis creates gametes (eggs and sperm) with only a single chromosome set (haploid or n) from parental cells with two chromosome sets (diploid
or 2n). During fertilization, the haploid sperm (n) and egg (n) fuse, producing a diploid zygote (2n). The cells of the zygote then divide by mitosis
(which does not change the ploidy level) to produce an adult organism (still 2n) of the next generation.
In sexual life cycles, meiosis and fertilization keep the number of chromosomes constant from generation to generation.
Meiosis (3 of 3): Determinants of Heredity and Genetic Variation (BioFlix tutorial)
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
In this tutorial you will explore how chromosome movements during meiosis underlie both heredity and genetic variation, the two key characteristics of sexual
reproduction.
Before beginning the tutorial, watch the Meiosis animation. Pay particular attention to the processes that ensure that each daughter cell receives one full set of
chromosomes, while at the same time mixing chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin. You can review relevant parts of the animation at any point in the
tutorial.
Part A - Processes that determine heredity and contribute to genetic variation

Meiosis guarantees that in a sexual life cycle, offspring will inherit one complete set of chromosomes (and their associated genes and traits) from each parent.
The transmission of traits from parents to offspring is called heredity.
Another important aspect of meiosis and the sexual life cycle is the role these processes play in contributing to genetic variation. Although offspring often
resemble their parents, they are genetically different from both of their parents and from one another. The degree of variation may be tremendous.
The following processes are associated with meiosis and the sexual life cycle:
DNA replication before meiosis

crossing over
chromosome alignment in metaphase I and separation in anaphase I
chromosome alignment in metaphase II and separation in anaphase II
fertilization
Sort each process into the appropriate bin according to whether it contributes to heredity only, genetic variation only, or both. (Note that a bin may
be left empty.)
Hint 1. DNA replication

DNA replication, which occurs before meiosis begins, produces replicated chromosomes. If no errors occur during the replication process, each
replicated chromosome consists of two genetically identical sister chromatids. However, it is not uncommon for errors to occur during DNA replication.
Hint 2. What is crossing over?
Crossing over occurs at the beginning of meiosis. Which of the following statements is/are true about crossing over?
Select all that apply.

ANSWER:
Crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles.
Crossing over is a rare event and can only occur at one location along each pair of homologous chromosomes.
Crossing over involves the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA between sister chromatids.
As a result of crossing over, the two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are no longer identical.
Hint 3. Chromosome alignment in metaphase I and separation in anaphase I
In meiosis, the alignment of chromosomes in metaphase I and their separation in anaphase I ensures that each of the four daughter cells receives one
complete set of chromosomes. At the same time, these processes also ensure that the chromosome set in each daughter cell consists of a mixture of
maternal and paternal chromosomes.
As shown in the diagram, the homologous pairs of chromosomes align in a random orientation at metaphase I. Each pair may orient with either its
maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole. In the absence of crossing over, a diploid cell with a ploidy level of 2n can produce 2 n possible
combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the resulting gametes. The diagram shows meiosis in a cell where n = 2 with no crossing over.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Note that with crossing over, the number of possible chromosome combinations is even greater because sister chromatids (which separate in meiosis
II) would no longer be identical (see Hint 4).
Hint 4. How does the alignment and separation of chromosomes in metaphase II and anaphase II affect the outcome of meiosis?
Which statement would be true about the four daughter cells of meiosis II if crossing over occurred during meiosis I? (Hint: Think about the sister
chromatids that separate at anaphase II.)
ANSWER:
All four daughter cells would be genetically identical.
Two of the four daughter cells would be genetically identical to each other, while the other two daughter cells would be genetically identical
to each other.
All four daughter cells would be genetically different.
Hint 5. What is fertilization?
Which of the following statements is/are true about the process of fertilization?
ANSWER:
Fertilization is the fusion of a haploid male gamete and a haploid female gamete to produce a diploid zygote.
The process of fertilization ensures that an organism receives a complete chromosome set from both its mother and its father.
In sexually reproducing organisms, the number of chromosome sets (which is halved during meiosis) doubles at fertilization.
The process of fertilization is random, meaning that any of the possible male gametes can fuse with any of the possible female gametes,
resulting in a zygote with a unique combination of genes.
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Reset Help
heredity only genetic variation only both
Correct
In organisms that reproduce sexually, the processes of DNA replication, the precise pairing of homologs during crossing over, chromosome
alignment and separation in meiosis I and II, and fertilization ensure that traits pass from one generation to the next.
Unlike with asexual reproduction, offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically different from each other and from both of their parents.
Mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation include
errors (mutations) that occur during DNA replication

the production of recombinant chromosomes due to crossing over
the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I
the separation of sister chromatids (which are no longer identical due to crossing over) in meiosis II
the random fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization
Part B - Independent assortment and genetic variation

Consider a diploid cell where 2n = 6. During metaphase I of meiosis, as the pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, each pair may
orient with its maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole. There are four equally probable arrangements of the homologous pairs at metaphase I.
(Note that this problem assumes that no crossing over has occurred.)
The cells below show the eight possible combinations of chromosomes that the daughter cells of meiosis II can receive.
Sort each daughter cell into the appropriate bin depending on which arrangement at metaphase I would create it.
Hint 1. Alignment on the metaphase plate
The arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate determines how the chromosomes will be distributed to the daughter cells. Because the
positioning of chromosomes on the metaphase plate is completely random, maternal and paternal chromosomes assort independently among the
daughter cells.
The diagram shows the two possible arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I in a cell where n = 2. The chromosomes to the left of the
metaphase plate will be pulled to the left pole of the cell, and will end up in one daughter cell. Chromosomes to the right of the metaphase plate will be
pulled to the right pole of the cell and end up in the other daughter cell.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
ANSWER:
Reset Help
Arrangement 1 Arrangement 2 Arrangement 3 Arrangement 4
Correct
One aspect of meiosis that generates genetic variation is the random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I. Each pair can
orient with either its maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole; as a result, each pair sorts into daughter cells independently of every other
pair.
Due to independent assortment alone, a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes can produce 2 n possible combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosomes in its daughter cells. For the cell in this problem (n = 3), there are 23, or 8, possible combinations; for humans (n = 23), there are 223,
or 8.4 million, possible combinations. Note that when crossing over occurs, the number of possible combinations is even greater.
Part C - Crossing over and genetic variation

Assume that an organism exists in which crossing over does not occur, but that all other processes associated with meiosis occur normally. Consider how the
absence of crossing over would affect the outcome of meiosis.
If crossing over did not occur, which of the following statements about meiosis would be true? Select all that apply.
Hint 1. Independent assortment and the daughter cells of meiosis I and II

The independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I contributes significantly to genetic variation among gametes. As shown in the
diagram, homologous pairs of chromosomes align in a random orientation at metaphase I. Each pair may orient with either its maternal or paternal
homolog closer to a given pole. In the absence of crossing over, a diploid cell with a ploidy level of 2n can produce 2 n possible combinations of
maternal and paternal chromosomes in the resulting gametes. The diagram shows meiosis in a cell where n = 2 with no crossing over.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Notice that in the absence of crossing over, the sister chromatids that separate in meiosis II are identical. As a result, pairs of daughter cells that form in
meiosis II are identical. When crossing over does occur, the number of possible chromosome combinations is even greater because sister chromatids
are no longer identical. Thus, all four daughter cells would be genetically unique.
Hint 2. Can you identify the ploidy levels of the daughter cells of meiosis?
Complete this statement for a diploid organism in which n = 6.
Before a cell in this organism undergoes meiosis, the cell has _____ chromosomes. The daughter cells of meiosis I will have _____ chromosomes; the
daughter cells of meiosis II will have _____ chromosomes.
ANSWER:
6/6/3
6/3/3
12/12/6
12/6/6
12/6/3
ANSWER:
The four daughter cells produced in meiosis II would all be different.
The daughter cells of meiosis I would be diploid, but the daughter cells of meiosis II would be haploid.
The two sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome would no longer be identical.
There would be less genetic variation among gametes.
Independent assortment of chromosomes would not occur.
The two daughter cells produced in meiosis I would be identical.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Correct
Crossing over contributes significantly to the genetic variation seen in gametes. This is because the exchange of maternal and paternal genes
between the nonsister chromatids of a homologous chromosome pair creates recombinant chromosomes with unique combinations of alleles.
However, crossing over is not the only process that introduces genetic variation in meiosis I. The independent assortment of homologous
chromosomes (which are never identical) in meiosis I produces daughter cells that differ from each other.
The effect of crossing over on genetic variation is shown below. Without crossing over, sister chromatids remain identical and thus, pairs of daughter
cells would be identical. With crossing over, however, all four daughter cells are genetically unique.
Scientific Skills Exercise: Making a Line Graph and Converting Between Units of Data
Time after Induction Average Amount of DNA

(hours) per Cell (fg)
0.0 24.0
1.0 24.0
2.0 40.0
3.0 47.0
4.0 47.5
5.0 48.0
6.0 48.0
7.0 47.5
7.5 25.0
8.0 24.0
9.0 23.5
9.5 14.0
10.0 13.0
11.0 12.5
12.0 12.0
13.0 12.5
14.0 12.0
How does DNA content change as budding yeast cells proceed through meiosis?
When nutrients are low, cells of the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) exit the mitotic cell cycle and enter meiosis. In this exercise, you will track the DNA
content of a population of yeast cells as they progress through meiosis.
Researchers grew a culture of yeast cells in a nutrient-rich medium and then transferred them to a nutrient-poor medium to induce meiosis. At different times after
induction, the DNA content per cell was measured in a sample of the cells, and the average DNA content per cell was recorded in femtograms
(fg; 1 femtogram = 1 × 10–15 gram). Their data is shown in the table.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Further Reading G. Simchen, Commitment to meiosis: what determines the mode of division in budding yeast? BioEssays 31: 169-177 (2009). doi 10.1002/ bies.200800124
Part A - Making a graph with the data

To see patterns in the data from a time-course experiment like this, it is helpful to plot the data on a line graph. But first, you must determine which variable
should go on each axis of the graph.
What variable did the researchers intentionally vary in the experiment, and what are the units for this variable? (This is the independent variable.)
ANSWER:
time after induction, in hours
average amount of DNA per cell, in femtograms
nutrient concentration of growth medium, in micromolar
Correct
This is the independent variable, which goes on the x-axis.
Part B
What variable’s response to the independent variable was measured by the researchers, and what are the units for this variable?
ANSWER:
average amount of DNA per cell, in femtograms
time after induction, in hours
nutrient concentration of growth medium, in micromolar
Correct
This is the dependent variable, which goes on the y-axis.
Part C
Now that you have determined which variable goes on each axis, the graph can be constructed. An effective graph marks off the axes with just enough evenly
spaced tick marks to accommodate the full set of data.
Assuming that the x-axis tick marks will be separated by 1.0 units (0, 1.0, 2.0, and so on), what is the largest value that should appear on the x-axis?
ANSWER:
0.0
14.0
50.0
140.0
Correct
Part D
Assuming that the y-axis tick marks will be separated by 5 units (0, 5, 10, and so on), what is the largest value that should appear on the y-axis?
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
15.0
25.0
45.0
55.0
Correct
Part E
Use the data at left to make a line graph. To create the graph, first click on “add graph” and select the label “Amount of DNA per Cell Over Time.”
(For more help using the graphing tool, open the hint.)
Hint 1. How to plot data using the graphing tool
To plot a graph and edit your data points once they are plotted, use these tabs that appear above the graph.
1. To begin plotting points, click on the tab. A “Select a Graph Label” window will open. From the drop-down menu, select
“Amount of DNA per Cell Over Time.”
2. As you move your cursor over the graph, the cursor will change to a crosshair and display the x and y coordinates of your cursor’s
location: .
3. Move your cursor to the location of the first data point to be plotted, then click to plot the point.
4. After plotting the first point, the tool automatically enters the “add points” mode. (You can tell that the tool is in the “add points” mode
because the cursor will remain as a crosshair.) If the cursor does not look like a crosshair and you still need to add more points, click on
the plotted line to highlight it, then click .
5. If you need to change the location of a data point, click on the point to highlight it and then drag the point to the correct location. If you
need to delete a data point, click on it to highlight it, and then click to remove the point from the graph.
6. When you have finished plotting all of the data points, click on the “Submit” button under the graph.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F - Using data from the graph
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Most of the yeast cells in the culture were in G1 of the cell cycle before being moved to the nutrient-poor medium to induce meiosis. A graphical version of the
data (similar to the one you just made) is shown .
How many femtograms of DNA are there in a yeast cell in G1? Estimate this
value from the data in the graph.
ANSWER:
12 fg
24 fg
40 fg
48 fg
Correct
There were approximately 24 fg of DNA per cell at the start of the time course, when most of the cells were in G1.
Part G
How many femtograms of DNA are present in a cell in G2?
ANSWER:
12 fg
24 fg
40 fg
48 fg
Correct
G2 follows the S phase, when the cell's DNA is replicated. There were approximately 48 fg of DNA per cell in G2, double the amount in G1.
Part H
How many femtograms of DNA are present in a cell at the end of meiosis I?
ANSWER:
12 fg
24 fg
40 fg
48 fg
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Correct
At the end of meiosis I, the cells have the same amount of DNA that they had in G1. Although the homologous chromosomes have separated, each
is still composed of two sister chromatids.
Part I
How many femtograms of DNA are present in a cell at the end of meiosis II?
ANSWER:
12 fg
24 fg
40 fg
48 fg
Correct
At the end of meiosis II, the cells have half the amount of DNA that they had in G1. This is because the sister chromatids separate in meiosis II.
Part J - Interpreting the graph

Select Figure 2 in the drop-down menu . The graph with labels indicating the different
phases of the meiotic cell cycle (MI = meiosis I; MII = meiosis II) is shown. Think
carefully about the point on the graph where the line at the highest value begins to
slope downward, indicated by the red arrow.
What specific point of meiosis does this “corner” represent?
ANSWER:
anaphase I
cytokinesis
prophase II
metaphase I
Correct
During cytokinesis in meiosis I, the cell divides, forming two daughter cells that each receives one haploid set of (duplicated) chromosomes. That is
why the amount of DNA per cell drops by 50% during cytokinesis.
Part K
Based on this data, how much DNA is present in a gamete of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
ANSWER:
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
12 fg
24 fg
48 fg
Correct
Gametes have the haploid amount of DNA, which is the lowest amount observed for this sample.
Part L - Applying the results
Given the fact that 1 fg of DNA = 9.78 × 105 base pairs (on average), you can convert the amount of DNA per cell to the length of DNA in numbers of base
pairs. Millions of base pairs (Mb) is the standard unit for expressing genome size.
Calculate the approximate number of base pairs of DNA in the haploid yeast genome.
ANSWER:
0.08 Mb (8.0 x 104 base pairs)
1.2 Mb (1.2 x 106 base pairs)
12 Mb (12 x 106 base pairs )
23 Mb (23 x 106 base pairs)
Correct
12 fg × (9.78 × 105 base pairs/fg) = 12 Mb or 12 × 106 base pairs
Part M
Given the fact that 1 fg of DNA = 9.78 × 105 base pairs (on average), you can estimate the rate of DNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Approximately how many base pairs per minute were synthesized during the S phase of these yeast cells?
ANSWER:
0.19 (1.9 × 10–1 ) base pairs per minute
100,000 (1.0 × 105) base pairs per minute
200,000 (2.0 × 105) base pairs per minute
11,000,000 (11.0 × 106) base pairs per minute
Correct
Because the S phase took place from approximately the 1-hour mark to the 3-hour mark, start by finding the difference between the amount of DNA
at 3 hours and the amount at 1 hour: 47.0 fg – 24.0 fg = 23.0 fg. Now calculate the rate of fg synthesized per minute by dividing that amount by the
number of minutes in two hours: 23.0 fg/ 120 minutes = 0.192 fg/min. Finally, you need to convert from fg/min to base pairs/min: 0.192 fg/min × (9.78
5
× 10 base pairs/fg) = 187,800, or approximately 200,000 base pairs/min.
Chapter 10 Pre-Test Question 7
Part A
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?
Hint 1.
Think about the different purposes and end products of mitosis and meiosis.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
ANSWER:
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Synapsis occurs.
A spindle apparatus forms.
Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.
Chromosomes condense.
Correct
The pairing of homologous chromosomes that only occurs during prophase I of meiosis is called synapsis.
Chapter 10 Pre-Test Question 4
Part A
In alternation of generations, what is the diploid stage of a plant that follows fertilization called?
Hint 1.
In plants, both generations are multicellular.
ANSWER:
spore
sporophyte
gametophyte
chiasmata
karyotype
Correct
The sporophyte is the diploid, multicellular stage of the plant that produces haploid spores by meiosis.
Misconception Question 61
Part A
Identify all possible products of meiosis in plant and animal life cycles.

ANSWER:
Spores
Multicellular adult organisms
Gametes (sperm and eggs)
Correct
In most animal life cycles, the products of meiosis are gametes. However, in plants, the products of meiosis are spores.
12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW
Misconception Question 62
Part A
Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true?
ANSWER:
This cell is haploid.
It is impossible to tell whether the cell is haploid or diploid.
This cell is diploid.
Correct
This cell contains two copies of each chromosome, one from the male parent and the other from the female parent, making it diploid.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 103%.
You received 8.21 out of a possible total of 8 points.

Chapter 10 HW

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12/9/2018 Chapter 10 HW

Meiosis (2 of 3): The Mechanism (BioFlix tutorial)

Part A - The stages of meiosis

Hint 1. What are the key events of the stages of meiosis?

four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells.

toward the poles.

sister chromatids) begin to move toward the center of the cell.

5. During prophase I , chiasmata form and crossing-over occurs.

center of the cell.

Hint 2. What distinguishes meiosis I from meiosis II?

Hint 1. Sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes separate in both meiosis I and meiosis II.

Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I; sister chromatids separate in meiosis II.

Sister chromatids separate in both meiosis I and meiosis II.

Sister chromatids separate in meiosis I; homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II.

Part B - Crossing over

Hint 1. What are the key events of the stages of meiosis?

four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells

toward the poles.

sister chromatids) begin to move toward the center of the cell.

5. During prophase I , chiasmata form and crossing-over occurs.

center of the cell.

Hint 2. Review the animation showing crossing over

Hint 3. What are the requirements and consequences of crossing over?

Which of the above statements are correct?

anaphase II metaphase II prophase I metaphase I

yes yes no no yes

Part C - Changes in ploidy and DNA content during meiosis

Hint 1. Changes in cellular DNA content

Hint 2. Which processes change cellular ploidy level?

increases ploidy decreases ploidy does not change ploidy

fertilization meiosis I DNA replication mitosis meiosis II

Meiosis (1 of 3): Genes, Chromosomes, and Sexual Reproduction (BioFlix tutorial)

Part A - Meiosis terminology

Hint 1. The structure of DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes

Hint 2. Can you rank the size of three DNA-containing structures?

Rank these DNA-containing structures from largest to smallest.

Hint 1. Genes and genomes

genome chromosome gene

Hint 3. What are gametes?

genes chromosomes genome

traits locus gametes

Part B - Interactions among chromosomes

Hint 1. Can you match the terms to their definitions?

2. Replicated forms of a chromosome are called sister chromatids .

4. Chromosomes that differ in length and centromere location are called

Hint 2. What chromosome structure is produced by DNA replication?

Hint 4. The centromere

non-homologous sister chromatids

Part C - Animal life cycles

Hint 1. Ploidy level defined

Hint 2. How does mitosis affect ploidy level?

Hint 3. How do meiosis and fertilization affect ploidy levels?

Neither meiosis nor fertilization changes the ploidy level.

Meiosis (3 of 3): Determinants of Heredity and Genetic Variation (BioFlix tutorial)

Part A - Processes that determine heredity and contribute to genetic variation

DNA replication before meiosis

Hint 1. DNA replication

Hint 2. What is crossing over?

Select all that apply.

Hint 3. Chromosome alignment in metaphase I and separation in anaphase I

All four daughter cells would be genetically identical.

All four daughter cells would be genetically different.

Hint 5. What is fertilization?